298

Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits

TABLE 8.4 In Determining the Step Response of a Second-Order Circuit, We Apply the Appropriate Equations Depending on the Damping

Damping Overdamped Underdamped Critically damped

Step Response Equations9 x(t) = Xf + A[ eiV + A2 e*2' x(t) = Xf + (B[ cos <odt + B'2 sin a>dt)e~ x(t) = Xf + D[ te~al + D'2 e~al

Coefficient Equations x(0) = Xf + A\ + A2; dx/dt(0) = A\ s, + A2 s2 x(0) - Xf + B\ ; dx/dt(0) = -aB\ + <odB'2 x(0) = Xf + D'2; dx/dt(0) = D\ - aD'2

where X* is the final value of x(t).

Problems
Sections 8.1-8.2 8.1 The resistance, inductance, and capacitance in a parallel RLC circuit are 2000 ft, 250 mH, and 10 nF, respectively. a) Calculate the roots of the characteristic equation that describe the voltage response of the circuit. b) Will the response be over-, under-, or critically damped? c) What value of R will yield a damped frequency of 12 krad/s? d) What are the roots of the characteristic equation for the value of R found in (c)? e) What value of R will result in a critically damped response? 8.2 The circuit elements in the circuit in Fig. 8.1 are R = 200 ft, C = 200 nF, and L = 50 mH. The iniPSPICE MULTISIM tial inductor current is - 4 5 mA, and the initial capacitor voltage is 15 V. a) Calculate the initial current in each branch of the circuit. b) Find v(t) for t > 0. c) Find iL{t) for t > 0.
P S P I C E

b) Calculate the roots of the characteristic equation for the resistance in part (a). 8.6 a) Change the resistance for the circuit you designed in Problem 8.5(a) so that the response is underdamped. Continue to use components from Appendix H. Calculate the roots of the characteristic equation for this new resistance. b) Change the resistance for the circuit you designed in Problem 8.5(a) so that the response is overdamped. Continue to use components from Appendix H. Calculate the roots of the characteristic equation for this new resistance. 8.7 The natural voltage response of the circuit in Fig. 8.1 is v(t) = 75<r800,)'(cos 6000/ - 4 sin 60000V, t > 0,

when the inductor is 400 mH. Find (a) C; (b) R; (c)V0;(d)/0;and(e)/L(/). 8.8 Suppose the capacitor in the circuit shown in Fig. 8.1 has a value of 0.1 juF and an initial voltage of 24 V. The initial current in the inductor is zero. The resulting voltage response for / s 0 is v(t) = -8e-250t + 32^ 1 0 0 0 ' V.

8.3 The resistance in Problem 8.2 is increased to 312.5 ft. Find the expression for v(t) for t > 0.

MULTISIM

8.4 The resistance in Problem 8.2 is increased to 250 ft. P S P I C E Find the expression for v(t) for t > 0.
MULTISIM

8.5 a) Design a parallel RLC circuit (see Fig. 8.1) using component values from Appendix H, with a resonant radian frequency of 5000 rad/s. Choose a resistor or create a resistor network so that the response is critically damped. Draw your circuit.

a) Determine the numerical values of R, L, a, and <w0. b) Calculate iR(t), iL(t), and ic(t) for t > 0 + . 8.9 The voltage response for the circuit in Fig. 8.1 is known to be
500* v(f) = Dite' + D2e -500/

t >0.

Problems

299

The initial current in the inductor (/()) is -10 mA, and the initial voltage on the capacitor (VQ) is 8 V. The inductor has an inductance of 4 H. a) Find the values of R, C, Dh and D2. b) Find ic(t) for t > 0 + . 8.10 The natural response for the circuit shown in Fig. 8.1 is known to be v(t) = -l\e-im + 20e- 400 ' V, t > 0. If C = 2 /xF and L = 12.5 H, find iL(i)+) in milliamperes. 8.11 Tlie initial value of the voltage v in the circuit in Fig. 8.1 is zero, and the initial value of the capacitor current, / c (0 + ), is 45 mA. The expression for the capacitor current is known to be ic(t) = Axe-m)t + A2e~m\ t > 0+,

8.16 In the circuit shown in Fig. 8.1, a 2.5 H inductor is shunted by a 100 nF capacitor, the resistor R is MULTISIM adjusted for critical damping, V0 = - 1 5 V, and /() = 5 mA.
P S P I C E

a) b) c) d)

Calculate the numerical value of R. Calculate v(t) for t > 0. Find v{t) when ic(t) = 0. What percentage of the initially stored energy remains stored in the circuit at the instant / c (r) isO?

PICE

8.17 The resistor in the circuit in Example 8.4 is changed to 3200 a. a) Find the numerical expression for v{t) when t > 0. b) Plot v(t) versus t for the time interval 0 s f < 7 ras. Compare this response with the one in Example 8.4 (R = 20kft) and Example 8.5 (R = 4 kH). In particular, compare peak values of v(t) and the times when these peak values occur.

MULTISIM

when R is 250 ft. Find a) the values of a, co{), L, C, Ah and A2 Hint: dic(0+) dt diL(0+)
ell

diR(Q+) dt

-v(0) L

1 / c (0 + ) R C

P S P I C E

b) the expression for v(t), t 2: 0, c) the expression for iR(t) > 0, d) the expression for iL{t) : 0. 8.12 Assume the underdamped voltage response of the circuit in Fig. 8.1 is written as v(t) = (Ax + A2)e~al cos (o(,t + y'(^i
_

8.18 The two switches in the circuit seen in Fig. P8.18 operate synchronously. When switch 1 is in position a, switch 2 is in position d. When switch 1 moves to position b, switch 2 moves to position c. Switch 1 has been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switches move to their alternate positions. Find v0(t) for t > 0.

A2)e~at sin a>dt

Figure P8.18

The initial value of the inductor current is /(), and the initial value of the capacitor voltage is V{). Show that A2 is the conjugate of A]_. (Hint: Use the same process as outlined in the text to find A\ and A2.) 8.13 Show that the results obtained from Problem 8.12 that is, the expressions for Ax and A2are consistent with Eqs. 8.30 and 8.31 in the text. 8.14 In the circuit in Fig. 8.1, R = 5 kft, L = 8 H,
PSPICE
MULTISIM

in

P S P I C E

8.19 The resistor in the circuit of Fig. P8.18 is increased f r om 100 H to 200 O. Find va(t) for t > 0.

MULTISIM

125 n p , v0

= 30 V, and / 0 = 6 mA.

a) Find v{t) for t > 0. b) Find the first three values of t for which dv/dt is zero. Let these values of t be denoted *j, t2, and r3. c) Show that t3 t\ T(l. d) Show that t2- tx = Td/2. e) Calculate v(t{), v(t2), and v(t3). f) Sketch v(t) versus t for 0 < t < t2. 8.15 a) Find v(t) for t > 0 in the circuit in Problem 8.14 if the 5 kfi resistor is removed from the circuit.
MULTISIM

8.20 The resistor in the circuit of Fig. P8.18 is increased "sn from 100 ft to 125 ft. Find vjt) for t s 0.
MULTISIM

P S P I C E

8.21 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P8.21 has been in position a for a long time. At J = 0 the switch moves instantaneously to position b. Find v0(t) for /s0.

t = ()

16 X lO 3 /*

a\
7.5 V %4kft

/ b
24 kft

b) Calculate the frequency of v(t) in hertz. c) Calculate the maximum amplitude of v(t) in volts.

!4nF

? 15.625 H A

300

Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits

8.22 T h e inductor in the circuit of Fig. P8.21 is decreased to 10 H . Find va{t) for t > 0. 8.23 T h e inductor in t h e circuit of Fig. P8.21 is decreased to 6.4 H. Find v0(t) for t > 0. Section 8.3 8.24 For t h e circuit in Example 8.6, find, for t > 0,
PSPICE
MULTISIM
( a ) v { t )

8.30 T h e resistance in the circuit in Fig. P8.29 is changed

t o 312.5 a . Find iL(t) for t > 0.

8.31 T h e resistance in the circuit in Fig. P8.29 is changed

t o 250 ft. Find iL{t) for t > 0.

8.32 T h e switch in t h e circuit in Fig. P8.32 h a s been PSPICE o p e n a long time before closing at t = 0. Find ir (t)
MULTISIM
f o r fe a

.(

b ) iR{t).

a n d ( c )/ c ( 0

. Figure P8.32

8.25 For t h e circuit in Example 8.7, find, for t 3: 0, " (a) v(t) and \(b) ic(t\ MULTISIM / -\ /
v

3 kfl

8.26 For the circuit in Example 8.8, find v(t) for t > 0. 15 V 8.27 T h e switch in the circuit in Fig. P8.27 h a s been open MULTISIM a l n t n n e ^ e f r e closing at t = 0. Find a) v0(t) for t > 0 + , b) iL{t) for t > 0. Figure P8.27 156.25 a

8.33 Switches 1 and 2 in t h e circuit in Fig. P8.33 a r e synPSPKE chronized. When switch 1 is opened, switch 2 closes and vice versa. Switch 1 has b e e n open a long time before closing a t / = 0. Find iL(t) for t 2: (). 8.34 T h e switch in the circuit in Fig. P8.34 has been open PSPICE for a long time before closing at t = 0. Find v0(t)
mnsiM
f o r /

>

0 >

25 V

v0 < 312.5 mH

Figure P8.34

400 a 8.28 Use t h e circuit in Fig. P8.27

/^ =0 12 V 1.25/xF

+ M l .251

a) Find the total energy delivered to t h e inductor. b) Find the total energy delivered t o the equivalent resistor. c) Find the total energy delivered to t h e capacitor. d) Find t h e total energy delivered by t h e equivalent current source. e) Check t h e results of parts (a) through (d) against t h e conservation of energy principle.

8.35 a) For the circuit in Fig. P8.34, find i0 for t > 0.

b) Show that your solution for L is consistent with

8.29 A s s u m e that at t h e instant the 60 m A dc current source is applied to t h e circuit in Fig. P8.29, the iniMULTISIM tial current in the 50 m H inductor is - 4 5 m A , a n d the initial voltage on t h e capacitor is 15 V (positive at the upper terminal). Find the expression for iL{t) f o r / > 0 if # equals 200 H .
PSPICE

the solution for v0 in Problem 8.34. 8.36 T h e switch in t h e circuit in Fig. P8.36 has b e e n PSPICE o p e n a long time before closing at t = 0. A t t h e time the switch closes, t h e capacitor has n o stored energy. Find va for t > 0. Figure P8.36 250 a /=0 7.5 V !4H

Figure P8.29

+ v0,
25 fiF

60 mA

'/.(0M5(
Figure P8.33 5 kfl Switch 1

)60mA

Problems 8.37 There is no energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P8.37 when the switch is closed at t = 0. Find v()(t) forr>0.
P S P I C E Figure P8.37

301

b) Change the resistance for the circuit you designed in Problem 8.40(a) so that the response is overdamped. Continue to use components from Appendix Ff. Calculate the roots of the characteristic equation for this new resistance. 8.42 The current in the circuit in Fig. 8.3 is known to be

400 n
t ^ = 0

+1 vAl.25H

12V

1.25/nF:

i = 51<r2(,,),)' cos 1500f + B2e~2mt sin 1500/, t > 0. The capacitor has a value of 80 nF; the initial value of the current is 7.5 mA; and the initial voltage on the capacitor is -30 V. Find the values of R, L, Bh and B2. 8.43 Find the voltage across the 80 nF capacitor for the circuit described in Problem 8.42. Assume the reference polarity for the capacitor voltage is positive at the upper terminal. 8.44 In the circuit in Fig. P8.44, the resistor is adjusted PSPICE for critical damping. The initial capacitor voltage is iiimsm 1 5 y a n c j t n e j n { t i a l inductor current is 6 mA. a) Find the numerical value of R. b) Find the numerical values of i and di/dt immediately after the switch is closed. c) Find vc(t) for t a 0.
Figure P8.44

8.38 a) For the circuit in Fig. P8.37, find ia for t > 0. b) Show that your solution for ia is consistent with MULTISIM the solution for v in Problem 8.37.
PSPICE

Section 8.4 8.39 The initial energy stored in the 31.25 nF capacitor in the circuit in Fig. P8.39 is 9 /xJ. The initial energy stored in the inductor is zero. The roots of the characteristic equation that describes the natural behavior of the current i are -4000 s _1 and -16,000 s _1 a) Find the numerical values of R and L. b) Find the numerical values of /(0) and di(0)/dt immediately after the switch has been closed. c) Find i(t) for d) How many microseconds after the switch closes does the current reach its maximum value? e) What is the maximum value of/ in milliamperes? f) Find vL{t) for t > 0. Figure P8.39

TA
!320nF

R -vw125 mH

PSPICE

8.45 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.45 has been in position a for a long time. At t = 0, the switch is moved instantaneously to position b. Find /(0 for t > 0.

31.25 nF
Figure P8.45

8012
AM-

8.40 a) Design a series RLC circuit (see Fig. 8.3) using component values from Appendix H, with a resonant radian frequency of 20 krad/s. Choose a resistor or create a resistor network so that the response is critically damped. Draw your circuit. b) Calculate the roots of the characteristic equation for the resistance in part (a). 8.41 a) Change the resistance for the circuit you designed in Problem 8.40(a) so that the response is underdamped. Continue to use components from Appendix H. Calculate the roots of the characteristic equation for this new resistance.

10 H

8.46 The switch in the circuit in Fig. P8.46 on the next page has been in position a for a long time. At / = 0, MULTISIM the switch moves instantaneously to position b.
PSPICE

a) What is the initial value of t>fl? b) What is the initial value of dvjdtl vjf) c) What is the numerical expression for for t > 0?

302

Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits Figure P8.46 1 kO

Figure P8.50 2kO

3 kO
-AAA

250 n 400 mH
60 V

/=0 75 V

o.i

MF:

8.47 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.47 has P S P I C E been closed for a long time. The switch opens at * r = 0.Find a) i()(t) for t > 0, b) va{t) for t > 0.
Figure P8.47
f = 0

8.51 The capacitor in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.50 is changed to 4 ju.F. The initial energy stored is still zero. Find v()(t) for t SE 0. 8.52 The capacitor in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.50 is changed to 2.56 ^tF. The initial energy stored is still zero. Find va(t) for t > 0.
P S P I C E

300 a

>v
500 n | f / , , ( 0
2.5 mH

8.53 The switch in the circuit of Fig. P8.53 has been in position a for a long time. At t = 0 the switch moves instantaneously to position b. Find a) vo(0+) b) dv()(Q+)/dt c) v(t) for t > 0.

80 V

6
Figure P8.48

:4() nF

Figure P8.53

8.48 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.48 has been closed for a long time. The switch opens at t = 0. Find vt)(t) for t > 0.

8.54 The switch in the circuit shown in Fig. P8.54 has been closed for a long time before it is opened at t = 0. Assume that the circuit parameters are such that the response is underdamped. a) Derive the expression for vjt) as a function of Vg, a, cod, C, and R for t > 0. b) Derive the expression for the value of t when the magnitude of v0 is maximum.
Figure P8.54

8.49 The circuit shown in Fig. P8.49 has been in operation P S P I C E for a long time. At t = 0, the source voltage suddenly MULTI5IM jumps to 250 V. Find v(){t) for t > 0.
Figure P8.49
^AV-

t = 0

\ic

R -AMr-

+ Liva{t)

8kH

160mH + 10 nF!

50V!

v[t)

8.55 The circuit parameters in the circuit of Fig. P8.54 are R = 4800 ft, L = 64 mH, C = 4 nF, and iunsm ^ = _ 7 2 V
P S P I C E

P S P I C E

8.50 The initial energy stored in the circuit in Fig. P8.50 is zero. Find v(){t) for t > 0.

a) Express va(t) numerically for t & 0. b) How many microseconds after the switch opens is the inductor voltage maximum?

Problems c) What is the maximum value of the inductor voltage? d) Repeat (a)-(c) with R reduced to 480 ft.
P S P I C E

303

b) How long does the circuit take to reach saturation? 8.61 a) Rework Example 8.14 with feedback resistors Ri and R2 removed. b) Rework Example 8.14 with vol(0) = - 2 V a n d vo(0) = 4 V. 8.62 a) Derive the differential equation that relates the output voltage to the input voltage for the circuit shown in Fig. P8.62. b) Compare the result with Eq. 8.75 when Rtd - R2C2 = RC in Fig. 8.18. c) What is the advantage of the circuit shown in Fig. P8.62?
Figure P8.62

8.56 The two switches in the circuit seen in Fig. P8.56 operate synchronously. When switch 1 is in position a, switch 2 is closed. When switch 1 is in position b, switch 2 is open. Switch 1 has been in position a for a long time. At ( = 0, it moves instantaneously to position b. Find vc(t) for t > 0. Figure P8.56

w4.(')

1811

8.57 Assume that the capacitor voltage in the circuit of Fig. 8.15 is underdamped. Also assume that no energy is stored in the circuit elements when the switch is closed. a) Show that dvc/dt = (a)Q/a)(i)Ve~lxl s'mwdt. b) Show that dvc/dt = 0 when t = mrfo)th where n = 0,1,2 c) Let tn = mr/aj, and show that vc(t)
= y _ y/_|\n e -tHr/Brf

d) Show that 1
(X = 777" m

8.63 The voltage signal of Fig. P8.63(a) is applied to the cascaded integrating amplifiers shown in M U L T 1 S I M Fig. P8.63(b). There is no energy stored in the capacitors at the instant the signal is applied.
P S P I C E

vc{h)
::

- V
,

Td

vc(h)

- V

a) Derive the numerical expressions for va(t) and vai(t) for the time intervals 0 < t < 0.5 s and 0.5 s < t < tm. b) Compute the value of tS(lt.

where Td - t3 - t{. 8.58 The voltage across a 100 nF capacitor in the circuit of Fig. 8.15 is described as follows: After the switch has been closed for several seconds, the voltage is constant at 100 V. The first time the voltage exceeds 100 V, it reaches a peak of 163.84 V. This occurs 7r/7 ms after the switch has been closed. The second time the voltage exceeds 100 V, it reaches a peak of 126.02 V. This second peak occurs 3-77-/7 after the switch has been closed. At the time when the switch is closed, there is no energy stored in cither the capacitor or the inductor. Find the numerical values of R and L. (Hint: Work Problem 8.57 first.) Section 8.5 8.59 Show that, if no energy is stored in the circuit shown in Fig. 8.19 at the instant vs jumps in value, then dvjdt equals zero at t = 0. 8.60 a) Find the equation for v(,(t) for 0 < t < rsat in the circuit shown in Fig. 8.19 if ui(0) = 5 V and vJQ) = 8 V.

Figure P8.63 MrrAO

0.5

(a)