THE SECREts OF K Pop

W ESTERN SEOUL AD S
aRK IdE
MaGaZINE

INsIdE THE IdoLs RECoRdING CoNtRaCts

REVEaLEd!

THE SasaENG FaNs

IssUE 1 NoVEMbER 2013

WEstERNIsING BEaUtY PRodUCts

Kpop & Its EFFECts

INsIdE!

EXCEssIVE StaLKING TERRIFIEs IdoLs

ON SoCIEtY, PLastIC SURGERY aNd tHE FasHIoN INdUstRY SOUTH KOREA A SILICONE SOCIETY

A DARK SIDE TO K POP

CONTENTS

WS
MaGaZ INE

STE BEA RNIZI PRO UT NG DUC Y TS!

WE

Editors Letter
The ideology behind Western Seoul Magazine and this Novembers issue

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The K Pop Industry

An in depth look at the Korean Pop Industry

Want To Become A Star?

The audition process YOU can enter for a chance of stardom!

SM Entertainment Model Trainee Contract

Take a look inside your idols contracts and day to day lives

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KPop & Its Effects On Society
K-Pop and its links with Plastic Surgery, your appearance and the contents of your cosmetic bag

Management Influence
Read about the management teams that spend every day with your idols.

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The Sasaeng Fans

Meet the fans which are ruining idols lives

Going global
How K-pop is planning for their global take over.

In this issue
Refrences

ello Readers! In this special edition of Western Seoul, we explore the world of K-pop through western eyes and see how western societies view Korean Pop Culture. Reports particularly in Western media show great concern regarding the cold stark reality that goes unseen behind the bright lights of K-pop stardom. South Korea with its many advancing technologies has now over taken Brazil and the USA to become the worlds Cosmetic Surgery capital. The rise in procedures has had unfortunate influences over K-pop stars and consequently their adoring fans. This months issue looks at the moneymaking machines and the processes that contribute to the successes of the K-pop industry and its starlets. It will reveal the good, the bad and the temporarily ugly features of the K-pop culture, its links with cosmetic surgery and the effects upon South Korean society and its fashion and beauty industries. We hope you enjoy this special edition of Western Seoul and its accompanying tracks from your favourite K-pop stars. Yours,

Editors Note H

Gemma Hagan EDITOR IN CHIEF

The KPop Industry

orean Pop Music, or K-pop as it is most commonly known, is not just a type of music that can be found in the East, for its artists and fans involved it is a culture, a way of life. Think large groups of fresh-faced teenyboppers, performing meticulously rehearsed dance routines all to the sounds of bubblegum pop and power ballads to R&B and Euro dance. The leading girl and boy bands in K-pop, referred to as idols have been seen to cause complete hysteria within the media and amongst their fans, turning a working industry into a fanatic civilization across the whole of South Korea. Kpop as a music genre has taken its inspiration for success from the rise of the internationally known pop groups which began in the mid 90s. These included the likes of The Spice Girls, NSYNC and No Doubt releasing catchy pop songs with hugely popular music videos, subsequently generating hundreds of thousands of fans worldwide. Within the Korean culture there is a term named Hallyu translated it means

The K-pop songs are written not only to appeal to the South Korean fan bases but also to have mass-global appeal. Therefore, like the songs from Lady Gaga and alike K-pop tracks are not inhibited by Koreas socially conservative culture and beliefs. The songwriters are also often Korean Americans who have travelled to Korea from the West to conquer the K-pop industry. They understand Western society and help Eastern and Western music tastes conform in order to produce multi-million dollar tracks to propel K-Pop stars into global recognition. The idols have highly over active Twitter accounts and their management groups control fan pages that are available in a multiple of languages.

These videos are highly promoted on the website, they are some of the most watched videos to date and help catapult Korean stars into international limelight. PSY is a typical example with his first worldwide single Gangnam Style that now has over 1 billion hits on YouTube. This increased rate of social networking and digital distribution of K-pop related videos have aided the rapid expanse of K-pop beyond Korea and into the far West. Some of the most successful groups today beginning their global expansion are girl groups, Girls Generation and 2NE1 (pronounced twenty one) and boy bands, SHINee (shiny) and TVXQ Boy band group SHINee (Tong Vfang Xien Qi), translating to The Risising Gods of the East.

. THE KOREAN WAVE This is the export of all things cultural and in

cludes film, television dramas, historical culture, celebrities and of course K-pop, its now most profitable export. K-pops international growth is down to its strong desire to globalize and its music industries embrace of social media and the video site YouTube.

K-pop star PSY

The K-pop industry has also reduced the usually lengthy time period that fans have to wait to see their favourite bands new music video and in most cases upload them to directly to YouTube.

WANT TO BECOME A STAR?

ehind all of the fame, adoring fans and celebrity lifestyles, there are dark secrets that have been trying to surface for a number of years.

1. Walk In Auditions

These secrets would reveal what really goes on behind the closed doors of the idols and music entertainment giants that rigorously control every possible element of this industry. Unlike in Western society where the big wigs of the entertainment world seek out fresh new talent, Koreans seek out success themselves, often attempting to jump on the road to stardom from the tender age of just 9 years old. They enter lengthy audition process which usually consist of three main stages.

Many people willingly enter themselves into an audition held at a music agency head quarters. Due to the growing popularity of K-pop these auditions are often in groups of 10 auditionees at a time, each expected to stand out from the rest performing a song, dance routine and in some cases even an acted scene. Koreans also submit video auditions and enter themselves onto TV talent shows. Those who are successful progress on to the next stage.

2. The Callbacks

The successful performers are invited back for another audition of the same format, however this is in front of industry composers, songwriters and choreographers.

What Are the Chances?

Even though they have signed a contract with a record label there is no definite promise that the individual will be put into a group or developed fully as a solo star. The individual will go through rigorous daily training for sometimes up to thirteen years with only hopes of being debuted and launched into the public eye.

3. Final Stages

If they succeed at the previous stage, they enter the final audition; this is held in front of the Head of a particular entertainment company. If they impress in this final audition they are given a contract to sign to become a trainee and soon begin preparations to become a K-pop star.

KPop Star Hunt- Starts November on tvN

S.M. Entertainment Trainee Contract 2013

This page shall serve as our agreement between S.M Entertainment (hereinafter referred to as the Producer) offering training and possible recording services to you ______________ (hereinafter referred to as the Artist). The agreement shall commence as of the date hereof and shall continue until the completion of the Producers services. As a S.M Entertainment Kpop trainee you must fully acknowledge and follow the terms and conditions of this contract. Terms & Conditions: CONTRACT & FEES 1. This contract is effective for thirteen (13) years, ending 8th November 2026, whether or not the artist has been successfully debuted or not. 2. A $20,000 fee will be charged to any single member of the group who may wish to terminate their contract early. 3. S.M Entertainment will fund up to $500,000 per group member before and during their debut, however this will need to be paid back to S.M Management after a group/solo artist debutes. TRAINING 1. Training days will be Monday-Saturday, each day will be fourteen (14) hours 2. Training MUST be attended at all times 3. Training will consist of gym activities, singing, choreography, swimming, Korean/English language lessons and acting lessons. LIFESTYLE ARRANGEMENTS 1. Food and accommodation will be supplied free of charge throughout the duration of your training period. You will live with the members of your group or with other training solo artists. 2. Only breakfast and healthy snacks are allowed, drinking water after 7pm is forbidden to reduce bloating 3. You will be given a new (stage) name, you must only answer to this name 4. You must only be heard speaking Korean in public 5. Socializing is only allowed on Sundays (free day), this will only be with your other group members or those of management. 6. You MUST refer to male members of your management team as APPA (father) and UMMA (mother) for female members of your management team. 7. You will be given a minder 24/7 hours a day, they will accompany you at all times, including W/C visits in public. 8. Sunglasses MUST be worn at all times when in public to prevent tiredness (pre-double eyelid procedures if applicable) S.M Entertainment reserves the right to: 1. Remove personal phones from artists and replace with a single phone for kpop group use 2. De-activate all personal social media platforms of the artist(s) 3. Prevent all romantic relationships until after debuting with S.M Entertainment 4. Allow make-up to be applied by the artist(s), this will only be done professionally and when applicable. 5. Choose a middle or front girl/boy of the group, this individual will be heavily promoted and the face of the group 6. Monitor and control the diets of the artist(s) if applicable 7. Send artist(s) to cosmetic surgery consultations if applicable It is hereby agreed that I (the artist(s)) agree to all points stated in this contract and wish to begin the training contract with S.M Entertainment. Signed: S.M Entertainment Head Producer: _______________ Artist(s): _______________

SM Entertainment
he K Pop trainee contracts often referred to as slave contracts in the western society, are very lengthy and can last as long as thirteen years. There is no definite promise that upcoming stars signed to such agreements will ever be debuted into the public eye as the new it band and management can drop the stars at any time and terminate their contract. Some Kpop wannabes who dont make it into the limelight after years of boot camp style training often need counseling sessions. This may seem extreme, however these individuals have sometimes been a trainee since

Model Trainee Contract!

they were just ten years old. They move away from home and attempt to carry on with their studies to their best abilities and their management teams become temporary parents, doing everything for them. This usually means years later when they return to the real world many do not know the basics of adult living. Complaints from retired members range from not knowing how to pay their taxes to not knowing how to use public transportation. While some agencies attempt to solve this problem by providing counseling programs and private tutoring of standard high school courses, this is limited to a very small number of large agencies. (Shin, 2012)

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MANAGEMENT INFLUENCE
K-pop as in all areas of its industry takes this too far and some have criticized their relationships, regarding them as bordering perverse. The majority of all potential artists relocate to Seoul the capital of South Korea and are re-housed in paid for accommodation with their fellow band members. Due to their intense 14-hour training days, most of their time including socialising and even toilet trips are accompanied by at least one of their management team. High levels of respect are given to the management by the often young and impressionable wannabe idols, they see them as parental figures and refer to them as

ll artists seeking success have a close bond with the members of their management team, however,

Appa meaning father for the male management members and Umma meaning mother for the female management members. This is one of the main reasons the K-pop industry has been heavily criticized with concerns management become temporary parents to the youngsters away from home and are guided and worryingly sometimes deceived through the promise of stardom into becoming the moneymaking making idols worshiped by millions.

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eing adored by hundreds of thousands of fans in Korea and more recently Western countries is one of the most lucrative aspects which drive young Koreans into the pop industry. However, within K-pop there is an underlying sub-culture which has gained publicity as obscene stories have emerged of fans and their excessive love for their idols. Their name? The Sasaengs.

SASAENGS
This 24/7 addiction to knowing every detail about the stars takes over the Sasaeng fans lives, they often lose full time jobs and therefore in extreme cases resort to prostituting themselves in order to fund their stalking. Leading such a desperate lifestyle one would presume money was restricted for the Sasaeng fans, however they shell out thousands of dollars to pay for new services that have been created to make profit on the rise in popularity of stalking the K-pop stars. Such services include illegal taxis. These vehicles are hired by Sasaeng fans for sometimes up to five hundred Korean dollars for nine hours of pursuing the idols and their management around South Korea.

MEET THE

200 km/ h, run red lights and make continuous illegal U-turns to keep on the tail of the fans idols. In January 2011, K-pop idols Super Junior were involved in a seven-car collision as they were leaving Changi Airport for their hotel. Media reports said that the collision had allegedly been caused by 8 Sasaeng fans who were dangerously tailgaiting the idols minivan (Soh, 2012).
JYJs Yoochoon sneaks around a car park to avoid Sasaengs, not knowing they are taping him

"I know they are ripping me off, but how else can I keep up with my idols?
Sasaeng is derived from the Korean word Sasaenghwal which means privacy, ironically, as these crazed individuals seem to have no understanding of this concept when it comes to the K-pop stars of today. These extreme groupies are as young as 13 and range up to an average age of 22. They live their lives around the stars and their actions, often ruining their education, draining bank accounts and risking lives to get the idols attention. They commuticate with each other via the Korean version of Whatsapp Kakao Talk to find out the stars latest locations and often sleep for just a few hours a night in internet cafes, where they wake up and begin the chase again the next day. Reported obsessive behaviours have included; installing trackers on the stars cars and cameras in their hotel rooms, breaking into their homes and kissing them while asleep to writing letters to the boy band stars in menstrual blood and even poisoning their rival boy band members with liquid adhesive.

Luckily, non of the group were hurt in the crash but this begs the question; as K-pop grows ever more popular how far will the Sasaeng fans go if they continue to fail in gaining their idols attention? Does the need to seek out their attention override a human life? If a Sasaeng fan is for some reason unable to stalk their idol temporarily, there are services available, similar to a Big Brother format that can stalk their idols for them. For a set fee, such companies will follow the K-pop stars and report any news and whereabouts directly to the Sasaeng fan. The fans are rewarded in a positive way by the idols that will usually post an Aegyo photograph, a photo of themselves showing cute waves, smiles and winks.

Sasaengs caught on camera lying in the road to prevent their idols leaving their studio

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I know they are ripping me off, but how else can I keep up with my idols? I cant drive in Korea, and public transport is out of the question these taxis know where all the management companies, favourite eateries, and hangouts of the stars are (Emily, 2013). She also reported these taxis drive in excess of

B2sts YoSeob rewarding fans with a typical aegyo pose

Unfortunately some Sasaeng fans feel violence is the easiest way of being remembered by the idols, from scratching and punching to pulling out hair to keep and insulting the stars. These fans feel their reward is from making other Sasaengs jealous by claiming they caused the injuries seen on the faces of their idols in the media.

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KPOP

GOING GLOBAL CUL TURAL ASSIMILATION OR

JUST PLAYING COPY CAT?

Beyonce: Crazy In Love

hyuna: Bubble pop

t is not only its Korean-American songwriters that bring western influences into the K-pop industry but also the American stars themselves. The world famous pop stars of America, who Koreans look up to, inspire all areas of the industry from fashion trends worn by the starlets through to the creative music videos seen in the K-pop world.

who are renowned all over the world are seen as their inspiration, many of the K-pop groups look to their songs and videos as food for thought. It is questionable however, whether their inspiration is portrayed too literally as the styling, choreography and sometimes even themes in the K-pop videos are very similar to the American artists. Is this East meets West? Has K-pop started the cultural assimilation between South Korea and the western world? Or is this just a case of playing copy cat in order to gain world wide stardom?

Hip-hop style clothing usually seen on the likes Jay-Z and Lil Wayne have permeated the South Korean music industry and are seen on nearly all debuted K-pop groups, particullary boy bands. The music entertainment groups are desperately seeking global success for the K-pop groups under their management. The American super stars

J.LO ft LL cool j: All i have

BIGBang: forever with u

You decide.

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on society and the fashion industry

Kpop & Its effects

ll celebrities are admired for their physical appearance; usually their dedicated fans mimic their clothing trends, hairstyles and beauty regimes. In Korea however, due to the immense popularity of the K-pop idols, the fans not only want to dress like them, they want their physical attributes as well. How is this done? Plastic Surgery.

in five korean women have had some sort of cosmetic operation

-The Economist, 2009.

one

The country has over taken the likes of Brazil and the USA with the highest rate of procedures vs. its total population. The facial transformations Koreans re- South Korea has the highest total procedures of plastic quest resemble those of westerners with surgery in 2010 according to ISAPS larger eyes, straight noses and heart shaped faces that in Korean culture are seen as successful. The culture stresses that beauty is a means of success, and if you are blessed with good looks you will in later life be successful in gaining a career, marriage and children.

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However the rise in requested cosmetic procedures has been blamed on the Korean music industry in particular, K-pop. Recently, PSY the international K-pop star, revealed that his record label urged him to get plastic surgery in order to become more successful within the industry.

The CEO response to that was Just a bit? (PSY 2012) PSY turned down the offers for plastic surgery but later gained international stardom with his single Gangnam Style. This pressure applied to the young upcoming stars who are desperate for

The agency heard my raps and were picturing a 6ft tall, sharp looking, trendy guy. But the CEO opened our meeting with What are we going to do with this? How about we make him wear a cool mask? Everyone was coming up with solutions to my looks problem, they said, How about a bit of plastic surgery here and there?

How about we make him wear a cool mask?

success is seeing identical westernized looks spread across the industry and consequentially society as South Koreans all strive to achieve lifes greatest accomplishments via the scalpel.

Miss Korea 2013 contestants

There is an increasing trend for young Koreans being given the gift of double eyelid surgery as high school graduation presents from their parents in order for them to pursue a successful education at universities, often in the West. This procedure involves the skin around the eye being re-shaped to create a upper eyelid with crease. This trend is rapidly reducing the age of patients receiving plastic surgery to mid teenage years. This has caused great concern so much that in 2011, South Koreas Ministry of Education issued a booklet to warn high school students about Plastic Surgery Syndrome. The problem has escalated with strings of surgeries opening in the affluent South Seoul and Gangnam areas, creating what is known as South Koreas Beauty Belt. Surgeries are also heavily advertised around public transport stations, offering relatively cheap procedures to create a better you.

Despite this plastic bombardment, the procedures are still seen as a taboo within Korean society. The public receive surgery just as casually as westerners get their greys covered in the hair salon; everyone does it but not everyone is willing to admit to it. This has created a blurred vision of what natural beauty is in Korea and leaves the citizens questioning who is naturally beautiful and who has been surgically enhanced. The plastic surgery phenomenon has filtered through many of Koreas industries including the beauty industry. This year it has been reported that plastic surgery is to blame for creating a beauty clone parade in the Miss Korea 2013 competition. Judges of the competition found it increasingly difficult to choose their winner as the contestants looked so similar due to the same formulas followed by surgeons to mould Eastern features into Western ones.

Not all Koreans are fortunate enough to afford permanent transformations, and this has been noted by the beauty industry. New products have been created to maximize potential profits to be made out of young Koreans seeking western features. Products such as Double Eyelid Strips (clear adhesive strips applied to eyes to create a western crease) and Double Eyelid Glue are now available in the beauty aisles of drug stores. Skin whitening treatments and creams are also readily accessible for those Asians seeking out Caucasian tones. As a result of this, there has been a vast increase of how-to YouTube videos, which are immensely popular due to Koreans seeking advice about how they can look like their idols with westernised features.

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'The Western beauty standard has permeated across virtually all international beauty markets and with frighteningly effective apparatus of disseminating cultural imperialism through advertisements, pop stars and Hollywood it comes as no surprise that 'Western' means beautiful in more places than not'
(Ahmed, 2013)

Darkness Double Eyelid Tape $6.99

EYE TALK Double Eyelid Glue $6.99

With Eastern music tastes, fashions and physical appearances becoming increasingly westernized particularly in South Korea as this article has depicted, I have begun to question how much further this cultural merging trend will go before we begin to lose the factors that make our world culturally diverse. Plastic surgery was originally used to repair human features disfigured by disease or accidents, now it is widely used for aesthetic reasons to transform unwanted features into those desired by the world all over. Will the future generations slowly nip and tuck themselves to the extent where we begin to become physical

clones of each other as seen in Miss Korea 2013? This introduces the question, with ever advancing technologies particularly within South Korea, how long will it be before cloning itself is used in plastic surgery? There is already progress into using Therapeutic Cloning to reproduce single organs for transplant operations, so will we soon be able to clone individual features? DNA cloning is being developed which enables specific desired features to be selected for the controversial designer babies, could we soon be able to clone our youthful faces to be later implemented when everything starts heading south?

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ISA KNOX Whitening Cream $201.00

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"

n my own opinion, individuality is what makes us beautiful. The idea that successful Korean pop stars are seen as a standard of beauty to be imitated is worrying as the adoring fans are blind to see that manipulation and fakery introduced by their management plays a big part in what makes these idols so successful and attractive. The East and West should come together in the form of restoring peace and eradicating war and terrorism, not by sharing a materialistic culture where physical beauty holds the highest importance in societies, who would inevitably lose what makes them proud and a part of their own heritage.

NEW SINGLE OUT NOW!

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GIRLS GENERATION - MR TAXI

In This Issue
Cited References
Page 10: Shin, Eugene (2012) The Ugly Truth Behind K-pop Idols (August 2012) Available at: http://www.humanrightskorea. org/2012/the-ugly-truth-behind-k-pop-idols/ (Accessed 17.10.13) Page 13: Unknown, Emily (2013), Sasaeng Stalkers (Part 3): The crazy lengths one Sporean K-pop fan goes to (Soh, Elizabeth) (August 2013) Available at: http://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/sasaeng-stalkers-part3-one-fan-korean-sasaeng-092622496.html (Accessed 17.10.13) Page 14: Soh, Elizabeth (2012) Sasaeng Stalkers (Part 2): Obsessed K-pop fans in Singapore? (2012) Available at: http:// sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/sasaeng-stalkers-part-1-sasaeng-singapore-084138184.html (Accesed 17.10.13) Page 18: The Economist (2009), The Most Plastic Surgery-Happy Countries In The World Revealed (Hooken-Smith, Kim) (2012) Available at: http://uk.lifestyle.yahoo.com/plastic-surgery-most-popular-south-korea-cosmetic.html (Accessed 19.10.13) Page 19: PSY (2012), PSY Told To Get Plastic Surgery If He Wanted Pop Success (Baggs, M) (2012) Available at: http://www. gigwise.com/news/76762/psy-told-to-get-plastic-surgery-if-he-wanted-pop-success (Accessed 20.10.13) Page 22: Ahmed, Meher (June 2013), What K-pop Has To Do With South Koreas Plastic Surgery Obsession (2013) Available at: http://jezebel.com/what-k-pop-has-to-do-with-south-koreas-plastic-surgery-573424674 (Accessed 22.10.13)

Business Insider, (June, 2013) Koreas Plastic Surgery Obsession Is A Glimpse Into The Future Available at: http:// www.businessinsider.com/korea-is-obsessed-with-plastic-surgery-2013-5?op=1 (Accessed 28.10.13)

Videos

Page 6: Girls Generation. (2013). Girls Generation- I Got A Boy. [Online Video]. 01 January. Available from: http://www.youtube. com/watch?v=wq7ftOZBy0E. (Accessed: 27.10. 2013). Page 7: Kpop Star Hunt Taiwan Audtion Episode 1, (no date) [Online Video] Available from: http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=TiMhUXQklQ8 (Accessed 27.10.13) Page 14: EXO group arriving at Gimpo Airport (2012) (Korean News Media) [Online Video] Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i8wcuHnZS4A (Accessed 27.10.13) Page 17: Beyonce- Crazy In Love (2003) [Online Video] Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViwtNLUqkMY (Accessed 22.10.13) Hyuna- Bubble Pop (2011) [Online Video] Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bw9CALKOvAI (Accessed 22.10.13) Page 21: How To: 4 Ways To Create Double Eyelid (2011) [Online Video] Available from: http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=SE8rRpFXFHY (Accessed 3.11.13)

Images

Cover Page: Miss A and Baek Ah Yeon, (2012), Miss A and Baek Ah Yeon For Ceci Magazine October 2012 [Advertisement] Available at: http://kpopconcerts.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/MISS-A-AND-BAEK-AH-YEON--CECI-MAGAZINEOCTOBER-ISSUE-12-F.jpg (Accessed on 1.10.13) Page 1: Subway Station Advertisement (Circa 2011) JW Plastic Surgery Advertisement [Advertisement] Available at: http://www.koreabang.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/emoticon-surgery.jpeg (Accessed 1.10.13) Page 2: Hyuna for Hazzys Accessories (2012), Hyuna for Hazzys Featured in NYLON Magazine Sept 2012 [Advertisement] Available at: http://kbox.com.br/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/hyuna-nylon-magazine-002.jpg (Accessed 2.10.13) Page 3: My Own Image (2013) Available at: https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10152169868609465&set=a.1015011 3721044465.315017.736514464&type=1&theater (Accessed 2.10.13) Page 4: Eyelid Trainer, (Circa 2010), Korean Eyelid Advertisement, [Advertisement] Available at: http://hishop.my/image/data/ CandyDoll/eyelid%20trainer%203.jpg (Accessed 4.10.13)

General Reading

Shim W C, Idol Maker Behind K-pop (Kindle Edition) (Publish date unknown) (Publisher Unknown) [Book] TANK Magazine, Five Alive Special 5th Anniversary Issue, Tank Publications LTD (2008) Volume 3 Issue 7 BAPRAS (The British Association of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeons) The Voice of Plastic Surgery Available at: http://www.bapras.org.uk/research (Accessed 27.10.13) Wikepedia, Sasaeng fan Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasaeng_fan (Accessed 12.10.13) Wikipedia, K-Pop Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop (Accessed 6.10.13) Beyond Hallyu, (April 2013) Why do they do that? Korean culture and the K-pop industry Available at: http://beyondhallyu.com/k-pop/how-korean-culture-has-shaped-the-k-pop-industry/ (Accessed 6.10.13)

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Page 5: PSY at 2011 EMAs, Unknown Just Jared Photographer (2011), PSY at 2011 EMAs, [Photograph] Available at: http:// cdn03.cdn.justjared.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/psy-hammer/psy-mc-hammer-performance-05.jpg (Accessed 8.10.13) Page 6: Boy band SHINee, Photographer Unknown, (Circa 2012) [Photograph] Available at: http://images4.fanpop.com/image/photos/23300000/SHINee-shinee-23313072-2475-1650.jpg (Accessed 8.10.13) Page 7: TVN Advert, TVN Channel, (2012), TVN KPop Star Hunt, [Advertisement] Available at: http://www.hellokpop.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/tvn-kpop-star-hunt-season-1.jpg (Accessed 14.10.13) Page 8: Girls Generations Tiffany Performing on Kpop Star TV Show, Photographer Unknown, (2012) [Photograph] Available at: http://www.kpopstarz.com/articles/7611/20120422/lady-marmalade-k-pop-star-tiffany-taeyeon-girls-generation-snsd-soshi/photo24.htm (Accessed 14.10.13) Page 9: S.M Entertainment Logo [digital image] Available at: http://static.tumblr.com/tbind0j/no8m49bwm/sm-entertainment.jpg (Accessed 13.10.13) Page 10: Kpop Group 4Minute On Stage in Kuala Lumpur, Ongys, Joshua (2013), [Photograph] Available at: http://cdn.joshuaongys.com/wp-content/gallery/2013-events/2013-aia-kpop-concert-kl-4minute-11.jpg (Accessed 10.10.13) Page 12: Seven Color Kiss, U-KISS Photoshoot, (Photographer Unknown) (Circa 2010) [Photograph] Available at: http://www. allkpop.com/article/2010/04/dj-mo-twister-responds-to-u-kiss-fangirl-rage#axzz2jcNcEWpp (Accessed 12.10.13) Page 13: Sasaeng Fans in Road [Image], Soh Elizabeth (2012), Sasaeng Stalkers (Part 1): K-pop fans turn to blood, poison for attention Available at: http://sg.entertainment.yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/sasaeng-groupies-gone-wild-part-1-kfans-141105992.html (Accessed 17.10.13) (Faded) Sasaeng Fans (date unknown)(Photographer Unknown) [Photograph] Available at: http://img.pingbook.com/ picdb/news/110820kpop/13.jpg (Accessed 17.10.13) Page 14: JYJs Yoochoon stalked on carpark CCTV (date unkown) [CCTV Footage] Available at: http://dedetillmanblogs.files. wordpress.com/2012/07/yoochun-allkpop-stalker-fans-cctv-1.jpeg (Accessed 16.10.13) B2st YoSeob aeygo pose (date unknown) (photographer unknown) [photograph] Available at: http://sg.entertainment. yahoo.com/blogs/singapore-showbiz/sasaeng-stalkers-part-3-one-fan-korean-sasaeng-092622496.html (Accessed 16.10.13) Page 16: Beyonce- Crazy In Love (2003) [Screen Shots] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ViwtNLUqkMY

(Accessed 18.10.13) Hyuna- Bubble Pop (2011) [Screen Shots] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bw9CALKOvAI (Accessed 18.10.13) JLO ft LL Cool J- All I Have (2002) [Screen Shot] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yeSJ2YdhG5k (Accessed 18.10.13) Bigbang- Forever With U (2006) [Screen Shot] Available at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYCD2KUB3WQ (Accessed 18.10.13) Page 18: Plastic Surgery Procedures per 1,000 population 2010, [graph] The Economist Online (2012) Available at: http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2012/04/daily-chart-13 (Accessed 12.10.13) Page 19: Scalpel (photographer unknown) [photograph] Available at: http://www.conrad-electronic.co.uk/medias/global/ce/5000_59 99/5300/5300/5301/530131_BB_00_FB.EPS_1000.jpg (Accessed 1.11.13) Page 20: Miss Korea 2013 Beauty Pageant (2011) (photographer unknown) [photograph] Available at: http://s1.ibtimes. com/sites/www.ibtimes.com/files/styles/v2_article_large/public/2011/08/22/149666-participants-of-the-2011-miss-korea-pageant-pose-for-the-swimsuit-comp.jpg (Accessed 9.10.13) Page 21: Double Eyelid Tape (2013) [Photograph] Available at: http://www.ebay.com/itm/ws/eBayISAPI.dll?ViewItem&item=27117 7137340&item=271177137340&lgeo=1&vectorid=229466 (Accessed 2.11.13) Double Eyelid Glue (2013) [Photograph] Available at: http://www.9channel.com/taobao/product-505775491943-japangenuine-koji-%2F-eye-talk-double-eyelid-glue-woman-my-biggest-michelle-phan.html (Accessed 2.11.13) Whitening Cream (2013) [Photograph] Available at: https://www.daybeauty.com/boutique/index.php?route=product/ search&search=isa%20knox (Accessed 2.11.13) Page 23: Plastic Surgery Before/After (2013) Available at: http://kpsurgery.co/page/2# (Accessed 2.11.13) Page 24: Girls Generation- Mr Taxi (date unknown) (photographer unknown) [Advertisement] Available at: http://th04.deviantart. net/fs71/PRE/f/2013/028/2/e/girls__generation__snsd____mr__taxi__japanese_ver__by_mhelaonline07-d5t0kor.jpg (Accessed 3.11.13)

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Back Cover: Girl (2012), Girl The Perfume by SNSD (group) [Advertisement] Available at: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-o_HdxRIshMY/UL3zwS2faoI/AAAAAAAARow/KezUvoxtvyc/s1600/snsd+yuri+girl+de+provence+perfume.jpg (Accessed 3.11.13)

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