Numerical Analysis

Limitations of analytical methods led to the evolution of Numerical methods. Numerical

Methods often are repetitive in nature i.e., these consist of the repeated execution of the
same procedure where at each step the result of the proceeding step is used. This process
known as iterative process is continued until a desired degree of accuracy of the result is
obtained.
Solution of Algebraic and Transcendental Equations
The equation f(x) = 0 said to be purely algebraic if f(x) is purely a polynomial in x.
If f(x) contains some other functions like Trigonometric, Logarithmic, exponential etc.
then f(x) = 0 is called a Transcendental equation.
Ex: (1) x
4
- 7x
3
+ 3x + 5 = 0 is algebraic
(2) e
x
- x tan x = 0 is transcendental
Bisection Method:
This method is used in locating a root of the equation f(x) = 0 between a and b.
If f(x) is continuous between a and b, f(a) and f(b) are opposite in sign then exists a root between
a and b.
For simplicity, let f(a) < 0 and f(b) > 0
The first approximation to the root is ) b a (
2
1
x
1
+ =
If f(x
1
) = 0 then x
1
is the root of f(x)=0
If f(x
1
) is + ve then root lies between a and x
1
and the second approximation to the root is
) x a (
2
1
x
1 2
+ =
Now if f(x
2
) is - ve then the root lies between x
2
and x
1
and the third approximation to the root is
) x x (
2
1
x
1 2 3
+ =
This process is continued until the root is found with desired accuracy
Fig.
1. Solve x
3
- 9x + 1 = 0 for the root lying between 2 and 3 using bisection method in six stages.
Answer:
f(x) = x
3
- 9x + 1 = 0
f(2) =-9 -ve
f(3) = 55 +ve
5 . 2
2
3 2
x
1
=
+
=
ve 8 . 5 ) x ( f
1
=
Root lies between 2.5 and 3
75 . 2
2
3 5 . 2
x
2
=
+
=
f(x
2
) = f(2.75) = -2.9 -ve
Root lies between 2.75 and 3
875 . 2
2
3 75 . 2
x
3
=
+
=
f(x
3
) = 2.875 = -1.111 -ve
Root lies between 2.875 and 3
9375 . 2
2
3 875 . 2
x
4
=
+
=
f(x
4
) = -0.09 -ve
Root lies between 2.9375 and 3
969 . 2
2
3 9375 . 2
x
5
=
+
=
f(x
5
) = 0.451 +ve
Root lies between 2.9375 and 2.969
953 . 2
2
969 . 2 9375 . 2
6 x =
+
=
f(x
5
) = 0.17 +ve
Root lies between 2.9375 and 2.953 95 . 2
2
953 . 2 9375 . 2
x
6
=
+
=
Method of false position or Regula-Falsi Method:
This is a method of finding a real root of an equation f(x) = 0 and is slightly an
improvisation of the bisection method.
Let x
0
and x
1
be two points such that f(x
0
) and f(x
1
) are opposite in sign.
.
Let f(x
0
) > 0 and f(x
1
) < 0
The graph of y = f(x) crosses the x-axis between x
0
and x
1
Root of f(x) = 0 lies between x
0
and x
1
Now equation of the Chord AB is
) 1 ...( ) x x (
x x
) x ( f ) x ( f
) x ( f y
0
0 1
0 1
0

=
When y =0 we get x = x
2
) 2 ...( ) x ( f
) x ( f ) x ( f
x x
x x . e . i
0
0 1
0 1
0 2

=
Which is the first approximation
If f(x
0
) and f(x
2
) are opposite in sign then second approximation
) x ( f
) x ( f ) x ( f
x x
x x
0
0 2
0 2
0 3

=
This procedure is continued till the root is found with desired accuracy.
1. Find a real root of x
3
- 2x -5 = 0 by method of false position correct to three decimal
places between 2 and 3.
Answer:
Let f(x) = x
3
- 2x - 5 = 0
f(2) = -1
f(3) = 16
a root lies between 2 and 3
Take x
0
= 2, x
1
= 3
x
0
= 2, x
1
= 3
) x ( f
) x ( f ) x ( f
x x
x x Now
0
0 1
0 1
0 2

=
) 1 (
1 16
2 3
2
+

=
= 2.0588
f(x
2
) = f(2.0588) = -0.3908
Root lies between 2.0588 and 3
Taking x
0
= 2.0588 and x
1
= 3
f(x
0
) = -0.3908, f(x
1
) = 16
) x ( f .
) x ( f ) x ( f
x x
x x get We
0
0 1
0 1
0 3

=
) 3908 . 0 (
3908 . 16
9412 . 0
0588 . 2 =
= 2.0813
f(x
3
) = f(2.0813) = -0.14680
Root lies between 2.0813 and 3
Taking x
0
= 2.0813 and x
1
= 3
f(x
0
) = 0.14680, f(x
1
) =16
0897 . 2 ) 14680 . 0 (
1468 . 16
9187 . 0
0813 . 2 x
4
= =
Repeating the process the successive approximations are
x
5
= 2.0915, x
6
= 2.0934, x
7
= 2.0941, x
8
= 2.0943
Hence the root is 2.094 correct to 3 decimal places.
2. Find the root of the equation xe
x
= cos x using Regula falsi method correct to three
decimal places.
Answer:
Let f(x) = cosx - xe
x
Observe
f(0) = 1
f(1) =cos1 - e = -2.17798
root lies between 0 and 1
Taking x
0
= 0, x
1
= 1
f(x
0
) = 1, f(x
1
) = -2.17798
) x ( f .
) x ( f ) x ( f
x x
x x
0
0 1
0 1
0 2

=
31467 . 0 ) 1 (
17798 . 3
1
0 =

=
f(x
2
) = f(0.31467) = 0.51987 +ve
Root lies between 0.31467 and 1
x
0
= 0.31467, x
1
= 1
f(x
0
) = 0.51987, f(x
1
) = -2.17798
44673 . 0 ) 51987 . 0 (
51987 . 0 17798 . 2
31467 . 0 1
31467 . 0 x
3
=


=
f(x
3
) = f(0.44673) = 0.20356 +ve
Root lies between 0.44673 and 1
49402 . 0 20356 . 0
38154 . 2
55327 . 0
44673 . 0 x
4
= + =
Repeating this process
x
5
= 0.50995, x
6
= 0.51520, x
7
= 0.51692, x
8
= 0.51748
x
9
= 0.51767, etc
Hence the root is 0.518 correct to 4 decimal places
Newton Raphson Method
This method is used to find the isolated roots of an equation f(x) = 0, when the derivative
of f(x) is a simple expression.
Let m be a root of f(x) = 0 near a.
f(m) = 0
We have by Taylor's series
..... ) a ( f
! 2
) a x (
) a ( f ) a x ( ) a ( f ) x ( f
' '
2
'
+

+ + =
..... ) a ( f ) a m ( ) a ( f ) m ( f
'
+ + =
Ignoring higher order terms
f(m) = f(a) + (m - a) f
'
(a) = 0
) a ( f
) a ( f
a m or
'
=
) a ( f
) a ( f
a m or
'
=
Let a = x
0
, m = x
1
ion approximat first the is
) x ( f
) x ( f
x x then
0
'
0
0 1
=
.
.
.
ion approximat second the is
) x ( f
) x ( f
x x
1
'
1
1 2
=
Method Raphson Newton for formula iterative the is
) x ( f
) x ( f
x x
k
'
k
k 1 k
=
+
1. Using Newton's Raphson Method find the real root of x log
10
x = 1.2 correct to four
decimal places.
Answer:
Let f(x) = x log
10
x - 1.2
f(1) = -1.2, f(2) = -0.59794, f(3) = 0.23136
10 log
x log 1
) x ( f 2 . 1
10 log
x log x
) x ( f have We
e
e '
e
e
+
= =
x log e log
10 10
+ =
K 10 10
k 10 k
k 1 k
x log e log
2 . 1 x log x
x x
+

=
+
Let x
0
= 2.5 (you may choose 2 or 3 also)
7465 . 2
5 . 2 log e log
2 . 1 5 . 2 log 5 . 2
5 . 2 x
10 10
10
1
=
+

=
7406 . 2
7465 . 2 log e log
2 . 1 7465 . 2 log 7465 . 2
7465 . 2 x
10 10
2
=
+

=
Repeating the procedure
7406 . 2 x
3
=
equation given the of root the is 7406 . 2 x ~
2.Using Newton's Method, find the real root of xe
x
= 2. Correct to 3 decimal places.
Answer:
Let f(x) = xe
x
- 2
f(0) = -2
f(1) = e - 2 = 0.7182
Let x
0
= 1
f
'
(x) = (x + 1) e
x
We have
k
x
k
k
x
k
k 1 k
e ) 1 x (
2 e x
x x
+

=
+
8678 . 0
e 2
2 e
1 x
1
=

=
8527 . 0
e ) 8678 . 1 (
2 e ) 8678 . 0 (
8678 . 0 x
8678 . 0
8678 . 0
2
=

=
8526 . 0
e ) 8527 . 1 (
2 e ) 8527 . 0 (
8527 . 0 x
8527 . 0
8527 . 0
3
=

=
places decimal 3 to Correct . root required the is , 8526 . 0 x ~
3. Find by Newton's Method the real root of 3x = cosx + 1 near 0.6, x is in radians.
Correct for four decimal places.
Answer:
Let f(x) = 3x - cosx - 1
f
'
(x) = 3 + sinx
k
1 k k
k 1 k
x sin 3
x cos x 3
x x
+

=

+
6071 . 0
) 6 . 0 ( sin 3
1 ) 6 . 0 ( cos ) 6 . 0 ( 3
6 . 0 x 6 . 0 x When
1 0
=
+

= =
6071 . 0
) 6071 . 0 ( sin 3
1 ) 6071 . 0 ( cos ) 6071 . 0 ( 3
6071 . 0 x
2
=
+

=
Since x
1
= x
2
The desired root is 0.6071
4. Obtain the iterative formula for finding the square root of N and find 41
Answer:
N x Let =
or x
2
- N = 0
f(x) = x
2
- N
f
'
(x) = 2x
Now
k
2
k
k 1 k
x 2
N x
x x

=
+
k
k
k
x 2
N
2
x
x + =
)
`

+ =
+
k
k 1 k
x
N
x
2
1
x . e . i
41 find To
41 36 that Observe <
6 x Choose
0
=
4166 . 6
6
41
6
2
1
x
1
=
)
`

+ =
4031 . 6
4166 . 6
41
4166 . 6
2
1
x
2
=
)
`

+ =
4031 . 6
4031 . 6
41
4031 . 6
2
1
x
3
=
)
`

+ =
Since x
2
= x
3
= 6.4031
4031 . 6 41 of value The ~
5. Obtain an iterative formula for finding the p-th root of N and hence find (10)
1/3
correct to 3 decimal places.
Answer:
Let x
p
= N
or x
p
- N = 0
Let f(x) = x
p
- N
1 p '
px ) x ( f

=
1 p
k
p
k
k 1 k
px
N x
x x Now

+

=
Observe that 8 < 10
3 / 1 3 / 1
10 8 <
3 / 1
) 10 ( 2 . e . i <
Use x
0
= 2, p = 3, N=10
1666 . 2
) 2 ( 3
10 2
2 x
2
3
1
=

=
1545 . 2
) 1666 . 2 ( 3
10 ) 1666 . 2 (
1666 . 2 x
2
3
2
=

=
1544 . 2
) 1545 . 2 ( 3
10 ) 1545 . 2 (
1545 . 2 x
2
3
3
=

=
1544 . 2 ) 10 (
3 / 1
~
6. Obtain an iterative formula for finding the reciprocal of p-th root of N. Find (30)
-1/5
correct to 3 decimal places.
Answer:
Let x
-p
= N
or x
-p
- N = 0
f(x) = x
-p
- N
f'(x) = -px
-p - 1
Now
1 p
k
p
k
k 1 k
x p
N x
x x

+

+ =
5 . 0
2
1
) 32 ( ce sin
5 / 1
= =

We use x
0
= 0.5, p = 5, N = 30
process the peating Re , 50625 . 0
) 5 . 0 ( 5
30 ) 5 . 0 (
5 . 0 x
6
5
1
=

+ =

506495 . 0 x , 506495 . 0 x
3 2
= =
5065 . 0 ) 30 (
5 / 1
~

proof not read
Finite Differences
Let y = f(x) be represented by a table
x : x
0
x
1
x
2
x
3
. x
n
y : y
0
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
n
where x
0
, x
1
,x
2
.x
n
are equidistant. (x
1
- x
0
= x
2
- x
1
= x
3
- x
2
=.=x
n
- x
n-1
= h)
We now define the following operators called the difference operators.
Forward difference operator (A)
) x ( f ) h x ( f ) x ( f + = A
1 n ,..., 2 , 1 , 0 r , y y y
r 1 r r
= = A
+
s difference forward first
y y y
.
.
y y y
y y y
1 n n 1 n
1 2 1
0 1 0

= A
= A
= A

s difference ond sec the called are ,...., y , y , y
2
2
1
2
0
2
A A A
) y y ( ) y ( y Now
0 1 0 0
2
A = A A = A
) y y ( ) y y ( y y
0 1 1 2 0 1
= A A =
0 1 2
y y 2 y + =
1 2 3 1
2 ly
y y 2 y y ||| + = A
r 1 r 2 r r
2
y y 2 y y + = A
+ +
0 1 2 3 0
3
y y 3 y 3 y y : Note + = A
r
k
2 k r 2
k
1 k r 1
k
k r r
k
C ) 1 ( .... y C y C y y + + + = A
+ + +
Difference Table
x y Ay A
2
y A
3
y A
4
y A
5
y
x
0
y
0
Ay
0
x
1
y
1 A
2
y
0
Ay
1
A
3
y
0
x
2
y
2 A
2
y
1
A
4
y
0
Ay
2
A
3
y
0
x
3
y
3 A
2
y
2
Ay
3
x
4
y
4
. s difference leading the called are ,.... y , y , y
0
3
0
2
0
A A A
Ex: The following table gives a set of values of x and the corresponding values of y = f(x)
x : 10 15 20 25 30 35
y : 19.97 21.51 22.47 23.52 24.65 25.89
Form the difference table and find ) 15 ( f ), 20 ( f ), 10 ( f ), 10 ( f
4 3 2
A A A A
x y
A A
2
A
3
A
4
A
5
10 19.97
1.54
15 21.51 -0.58
0.96 0.67
20 22.47 0.09 -0.68
1.05 -0.01 0.72
25 23.52 0.08 0.04
1.13 0.03
30 24.65 0.11
1.24
35 25.89
04 . 0 ) 15 ( f , 03 . 0 ) 20 ( f , 58 . 0 ) 10 ( f , 54 . 1 ) 10 ( f
4 3 2
= A = A = A = A
Note: The nth differences of a polynomial of n the degree are constant.
If f(x) = a
0
x
n
+ a
1
x
n-1
+ a
2
x
n-2
+ + a
n
, a
0
= 0 then 0 ) x ( f , h ! n a ) x ( f
1 n n
0
n
= A = A
+
1. Construct a difference table for y = f(x) = x
3
+2x + 1 for x = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
x y A
y
A
2
y
A
3
y
A
4
y
1 4
9
2 13 12
21 6
3 34 18 0
39 6
4 73 24
63
5 136
2. If y
0
= 1, y
1
= 11, y
2
= 21, y
3
= 28, y
4
= 29. Construct the difference table.
x y Ay A
2
y A
3
y A
4
y
x
0
1
10
x
1
11 0
10 -3
x
2
21 -3 0
7 -3
x
3
28 -6
1
x
4
29
Backward difference operator (V)
Let y = f(x)
We define Vf(x) = f(x) - f(x - h)
i.e. Vy
1
= y
1
- y
0
= A y
0
Vy
2
= y
2
- y
1
= Ay
1
Vy
3
= y
3
- y
2
= Ay
2
'
'
Vy
n
= y
n
- y
n-1
= A y
n - 1
1 r 1 r r r
y y y y

A = = V
Note:
1. V f(x + h) = f(x + h) - f(x) = Af(x)
2. V
2
f(x + 2h) = V(Vf(x + 2h))
= V {f(x + 2h) - f(x + h)}
= Vf(x + 2h) - V f(x + h)
= f(x + 2h) - f(x + h) - f(x + h) + f(x)
= f(x + 2h) -2f(x + h) + f(x)
= A
2
f(x)
|||
ly
V
n
f(x + nh) = A
n
f(x)
Backward difference table
x y Vy V
2
y V
3
y V
4
y V
5
y
X
0
y
0
Vy
1
X
1
y
1 V
2
y
2
Vy
2
V
3
y
3
X
2
y
2 V
2
y
3
V
4
y
4
Vy
3
V
3
y
4
V
4
y
5
X
3
y
3 V
2
y
4
V
4
y
5
Vy
4
V
3
y
5
X
4
y
4 V
2
y
5
Vy
5
X
5
y
5
1. Form the difference table for
x 40 50 60 70 80 90
y 184 204 226 250 276 304
and find Vy (30), V
2
y (70), V
5
y (90)
x y Vy V
2
y V
3
y V
4
y V
5
y
40 184
20
50 204 2
22 0
60 226 2 0
24 0 0
70 250 2 0
26 0
80 276 2
28
90 304
Vy (80) = 26, V
2
y (70) = 2, V
5
y (90) = 0
2. Given
x 0 1 2 3 4
f(x) 4 12 32 76 156
Construct the difference table and write the values of Vf (4), V
2
f (4), V
3
f (3)
x y Vy V
2
y V
3
y
0 4
8
1 12 12
20
12
2 32 24
44 12
3 76
36
80
4 156
Central Differences Operator ()
Let y = f(x) be represented by a table
x : x
0
x
1
x
2
x
3
. x
n
y : y
0
y
1
y
2
y
3
y
n
Note 1:
1 0 0 1 2 / 1
y y y y y V = A = = o
2 1 1 2 2 / 3
y y y y y V = A = = o
n 1 n 1 n n 2 / 1 n
y y y y y V = A = = o

Note 2:
1
2
2 / 1 2 / 3
y y y o = o o
2
2
2 / 3 2 / 5
y y y o = o o
3
2
2 / 5 2 / 7
y y o = o o
Note 3: We have
) x ( f ) x ( f ) 2 / h x ( f
0 1 0
= + o
|
.
|

|
.
|

+ = o
2
h
x f
2
h
x f ) x ( f
Note 4: Central difference table
x y oy o
2
y o
3
y o
4
y
x
0
y
0
oy
1/2
x
1
y
1 o
2
y
1
oy
3/2
o
3
y
3/2
x
2
y
2 o
2
y
2
o
4
y
4
oy
5/2
o
3
y
5/2
x
3
y
3 o
2
y
3
oy
7/2
x
4
y
4
1. Show that:
i)
4 5 6 5
2
y y 2 y y + = o
2 / 9 2 / 11 5
2
y y y o o = o
5 6 2 / 11
y y y = o
4 5 2 / 9
y y y = o
2 / 9 2 / 11 5
2
y y y Now o o = o
) y y ( ) y y (
4 5 5 6
=
4 5 6
y y 2 y + =
ii) prove that
1 0 1 0
2
y y 2 y y

+ = o
2 / 1 2 / 1 0
2
y y y

o o = o
0 1 2 / 1
y y y = o
1 0 2 / 1
y y y

= o
2 / 1 2 / 1 0
2
y y y

o o = o
) y y ( ) y y (
1 0 0 1
=
1 0 1
y y 2 y + =
2. Given f(-2) = 12, f(-1) = 16, f(0) = 15, f(1) = 18, f(2) = 20
form the central difference table and write down the values of oy
-3/2
, o
2
y
0
, o
3
y
1/2
by
taking x
0
= 0
x y oy o
2
y o
3
y o
4
y
-2 y
-2
12
y
-3/2
4
-1 y
-1
16 o
2
y
1
-5
oy
-1/2
-1 o
3
y
-1/2
9
0 y
0
15

2
y
0
4
o
4
y
0
-14
oy
1/2
3

3
y
1/2
-5
1 y
1
18 o
2
y
1
-1
oy
3/2
2
2 y
2
20
5 y , 4 y , 4 y
2 / 1
3
0
2
2 / 3
= o = o = o

Shift operator (E)
E f(x) = f(x +h)
E
2
f(x) = f(x + 2h)
E
n
f(x) = f(x + nh)
Note: 1
) x ( f ) h x ( f ) x ( f + = A
) x ( f ) x ( Ef ) x ( f = A
) x ( f ) 1 E ( ) x ( f = A
) x ( f ) 1 E ( ||
2 2 ly
= A
) x ( f ) 1 E (
n n
= A
0
n
2 n 2
n
1 n 1
n
n 0
n
y ) 1 ( .... y C y C y y + + + = A

Note 2:
) h x ( f ) x ( f ) x ( f = V
) x ( f
E
1
) x ( f ) x ( f = V
|
.
|

\

= |
.
|

= V
E
1 E
.
E
1
1
1. Show that
i)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0
6
y y 6 y 15 y 20 y 16 y 6 y y + + + = A
ii)
2 3 4 5 2
3
y y 3 y 3 y y + = A
2. If f(x) = x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 11x + 6. Prove that the second difference is 6x + 18 using h = 1.
6 x 11 x 6 x ) x ( f
2 3
+ + + =
6 ) 1 x ( 11 ) 1 x ( 6 ) 1 x ( ) 1 x ( f
2 3
+ + + + + + = +
18 x 15 x 3 ) x ( f ) 1 x ( f ) x ( f
2
+ + = + = A
) x ( f ) 1 x ( f ) x ( f
2
A + A = A
18 x 15 x 3 18 ) 1 x ( 15 ) 1 x ( 3
2 2
+ + + + =
= 6x + 18
3. If f(x) = e
ax
show that f(0) and its leading differences form a G.P
f(x) = e
ax
f(0) = e
0
= 1
) 1 e ( e e e ) x ( f
ah ax ax ah ax
= = A
+
) e e ( ) 1 e ( ) x ( f
ax ) h x ( a ah 2
= A
+
ax 2 ah ax ah ah
e ) 1 e ( e . ) 1 e ( ) 1 e ( = =
ax n ah n
e ) 1 e ( ) x ( f = A
which is in GP where first term = e
a(0)
= 1
Common ratio e
ah
- 1
4. Find i) Asinx ii) Atan
-1
x iii) Alog x
i) Asinx = sin (x + h) - sinx
2
h
sin
2
h
x cos 2 |
.
|

+ =
ii) x tan } h x { tan x tan
1 1 1
+ = A
)
`

+ +
+
=

x ) h x ( 1
x h x
tan
1
)
`

+ +
=

1 hx x
h
tan
2
1
iii) x log ) h x ( log x log + = A
|
.
|

\
+
=
x
h x
log
|
.
|

+ =
x
h
1 log
5. Evaluate i)
3
3 2
Ex
x A
ii)
2
2
e
E
|
|
.
|

A
choose h = 1
Answer:
i)
) x ( E
) x (
3
3 2
A
3
3 3
) 1 x (
] x ) 1 x [(
+
+ A
=
2
) 1 x (
6
+
=
ii) ) e e ( e
x 1 x x 2
A = A
+
x x
e e e A A =
x
e ) 1 e ( A =
} e e { ) 1 e (
x 1 x
=
+
x 2 x
e ) 1 e ( ) 1 e ( ) e ( ) 1 e ( = =
6. Find the missing term from the table:
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 3 9 - 81
Explain why the value obtained is different by putting x = 3 in 3
x
.
Note:
The above problem can be worked in two methods
Method I denoting the missing value as a, b, c ..etc. Construct a difference table and
solve.
Method II Given a set of n values, assume A
n
y = 0 or (E - 1)
n
y = 0 expand using
binomial theorem.
x y Ay A
2
y A
3
y A
4
y
0 1 2
1 3 6 4
2 9 a - 9 a - 15 a - 19 -4a + 124
3 a 81 - a 81 - a -3a +105
4 81
Put A
4
y = 0 (assuming f(x) its be a polynomial of degree 3)
i.e., -4a + 124 = 0
a = 31
Since we have assumed f(x) to be a polynomial of degree 3 which is not 3
x
we obtained a
different value.
Method 2:
(E - 1)
4
y
0
= 0
y
4
- 4E
3
y
0
+ 6E
2
y
0
- 4Ey
0
+ y
0
= 0
y
4
- 4y
3
+ 6y
2
- 4y
1
+ y
0
= 0 y
3
= 31
7. Given u
1
= 8, u
3
= 64, u
5
= 216 find u
2
and u
4
x u Au A
2
u A
3
u
x
1
8
x
2
a a - 8 -2a + 72 b + 3a - 200
x
3
64 64 - a b + a - 128 -3b - a + 408
x
4
b b - 64 -2b + 280
x
5
216 216 -b
We carryout upto the stage where we get two entries ( 2 unknowns) and equate each of
those entries to zero. (Assuming) to be a polynomial of degree 2.
b + 3a - 200 = 0
-3b - a + 408 = 0
We get a = 24 b = 128
Method 2:
Given 3 set of values
Assume A
3
u
0
= 0
0 u ) 1 E (
0
3
=
0 u Eu 3 u E 3 u
0 0 0
2
3
= +
0 u u 3 u 3 u
0 1 2 3
= +
i.e., 0 u u 3 u 3 u
1 2 3 4
= +
0 8 a 3 ) 64 ( 3 b = +
0 200 b a 3 =
0 u u 3 u 3 u
2 3 4 5
= +
0 a ) 64 ( 3 b 3 216 = +
0 408 a b 3 = +
0 408 b 3 a = + +
Solving we get a = 24, b = 128
8. Given u
0
= 0, u
1
= 12, u
2
= 81, u
3
= 200, u
4
= 100, u
5
= 8 find A
5
u
0
without using
difference table.
Ans: A
5
u
0
= 755
Try these
9. Find the missing value in the table
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 2 4 - 16
Answer: a = 8.25
10. Assuming that the following values of y belong to a polynomial of degree 4.
Complete the next 3 values.
x 0 1 2 3 4
y 1 -1 1 -1 1
Answer: a = 31, b = 129, c = 351