Engineering Materials For Electrical Engineers: INGE 3045
Engineering Materials For Electrical Engineers: INGE 3045
Engineering Materials For Electrical Engineers: INGE 3045
INGE 3045
GENERAL INFORMATION
Course Number Course Title Credit Hours Instructor Office Phone Office Hours e-mail Web-site INGE 3045 (GEEG 3045) Engineering Materials for Electrical Engineers 3 Dr. Pablo G. Caceres Terrat T-205 787 832 4040 Ext 3498 Tuesday and Thursdays from 1:30 to 5:30pm [email protected]
http://academic.uprm.edu/pcaceres
Assessment
The course will be assessed in the following manner: 1st Partial Exam 22% 2nd Partial Exam 20% Final Exam 18% Quizzes 32% (*) Class Attendance 8% (**) (*) Eight quizzes total value of 32%. (**) After the second missed class, one point will be deducted in the final grade per each missed class (up to 8 points).
Grades
Attendance
Attendance and participation in the lecture are mandatory and will be considered in the grading. Students should bring calculators, rulers, pen and pencils to be used during the lectures. Students are expected to keep up with the assigned reading and be prepared to answer questions on these readings during lecture. Please refer to the Bulletin of Information for Undergraduate Studies for the Department and Campus Policies.
Exams
All exams, excepting the final exam, will be conducted during normal lecture periods on dates specified dates. The final exam will be conducted at the time and location scheduled by the University. Neatness and order will be taking into consideration in the final exam marks. Up to ten points can be deducted for the lack of neatness and order. You must bring calculators, class notes and blank pages to the exams.
Texbooks
W. D. Callister, Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction (John Wiley 2003, 6th edition) Donald R. Askeland and Pradeep P. Hule; The Science and Engineering of Materials; (Thomson: Brooks/Cole; 2003, 4th edition) William F. Smith; Foundation of Materials Science and Engineering (McGraw Hill, 2004 3th edition) My lecture notes are in the web http://academic.uprm.edu/pcaceres
TENTATIVES DATES
Tuesday Thursday Tuesday Thursday
01/17 Atomic Structure 01/19 Atomic Structure & Bonding & Bonding
01/24 Atomic Structure 01/26 Crystal Structure 01/31 Crystal Structure 02/02 Crystal Structure & Bonding Quiz 1 02/07 Solidification & Defects Quiz 2 02/21 NO CLASS 03/07 Basic Concepts, Band Theory 03/21 Hole Mobility Quiz 5 04/04 Polarization Quiz 6 04/18 Magnetism 02/09 Dislocations & Grain Boundaries 02/14 Dislocations & Grain Boundaries 02/16 Grain Bound., Diffusion. 03/02 Electronic Materials 03/16 Conductivity, Hole Mobility 03/30 Dielectric Materials, Polarization 04/13 HOLY WEEK. 04/28 Optical Materials
02/28 Exam 1
03/14 Semicond., Intrinsic, Extrinsic 03/28 Dielectric Materials, Polarization 04/11 HOLY WEEK 04/26 Magnetism Quiz 7 09/05 Mechanical Properties. Quiz 8
03/23 Exam 2
04/06 Supercond. Magnetism, 04/20 NO CLASS
OUTCOMES
After the completion of the course the students should be able to: characterize structure-property-performance relationship distinguish the structure of different types of materials specify the microstructure of an alloy from phase diagrams analyze the mechanical, magnetic, optical and the electrical properties of materials select materials for various engineering applications establish how failures occur in materials and how to prevent them.
Chapter Outline Historical Perspective Stone Bronze Iron Advanced materials What is Materials Science and Engineering ? Processing Structure Properties Performance Classification of Materials Metals, Ceramics, Polymers, Semiconductors Advanced Materials Electronic materials, superconductors, etc. Modern Material's Needs, Material of Future Biodegradable materials, Nanomaterials, Smart materials
Historical Timeline Beginning of the Material Science - People began to make tools from stone Start of the Stone Age about two million years ago. Natural materials: stone, wood, clay, skins, etc. The Stone Age ended about 5000 years ago with introduction of Bronze in the Far East. Bronze is an alloy (a metal made up of more than one element), copper + < 25% of tin + other elements. Bronze: can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms. The Iron Age began about 3000 years ago and continues today. Use of iron and steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed drastically daily life of a common person. Age of Advanced materials: throughout the Iron Age many new types of materials have been introduced (ceramic, semiconductors, polymers, composites). Understanding of the relationship among structure, properties, processing, and performance of materials. Intelligent design of new materials.
Evolution of Materials: A better understanding of structurecomposition-properties relations has lead to a remarkable progress in properties of materials.
Structure Properties
Materials Science
Processing
Processing Structure Properties Performance
Properties
Properties are the way the material responds to the environment and external forces. Mechanical properties response to mechanical forces, strength, etc. Electrical and magnetic properties - response electrical and magnetic fields, conductivity, etc. Thermal properties are related to transmission of heat and heat capacity. Optical properties include to absorption, transmission and scattering of light. Chemical stability in contact with the environment corrosion resistance.
Structure
Subatomic Level: Electronic structure of individual atoms that define interaction among atoms. Atomic Level: 3-D arrangements of atoms in materials (for the same atoms can have different properties, eg. Diamond and graphite). Microscopic Structure: Arrangement of small grains of materials that can be identified by microscopy. Macroscopic Structure: Structural elements that can be viewed by naked eye.
Solids
Ca10(PO4)6OH2
oxide
polymer
metal
polymer
'Electronic' properties of solids: .those dominated by the behavior of the electrons Electrical conduction: insulating, semiconducting, metallic, superconducting
'Electronic' properties of solids: .those dominated by the behavior of the electrons Optical properties: absorption, emission, amplification and modification of light
laser mirror prism
window
IBM
Length-scales
Angstrom = 1 = 1/10,000,000,000 meter = 10-10 m Nanometer = 10 nm = 1/1,000,000,000 meter = 10-9 m Micrometer = 1m = 1/1,000,000 meter = 10-6 m Millimeter = 1mm = 1/1,000 meter = 10-3 m Interatomic distance ~ a few A human hair is ~ 50 m Elongated bumps that make up the data track on CD are ~ 0.5 m wide, minimum 0.83 m long, and 125 nm high
10-2 m
1 cm 10 mm
Natural Things
10-3 m Dust mite 200 m Ant ~ 5 mm Human hair ~ 60-120 m wide Fly ash ~ 10-20 m Red blood cells with white cell ~ 2-5 m 10-4 m 1,000,000 nanometers = 1 millimeter (mm)
Microwave
0.1 mm 100 m
Microworld
10-5 m
0.01 mm 10 m
Infrared
10-6 m
Nanoworld
10-8 m
10-10 m
Soft x-ray
10-9 m
Ultraviolet
0.1 m 100 nm
0.01 m 10 nm
1 nanometer (nm)
0.1 nm
10-2 m
Manmade Things
The Challenge
10-3 m
10-4 m
0.1 mm 100 m
Microworld
10-5 m
0.01 mm 10 m
Infrared
O O
10-6 m
Red blood cells Pollen grain Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structure Many 10s of nm
10-7 m
Ultraviolet
0.1 m 100 nm
Nanoworld
10-8
0.01 m 10 nm
Nanotube electrode
Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.
10-9 m
Soft x-ray
1 nanometer (nm)
10-10 m
0.1 nm
Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter Corral diameter 14 nm
Chemical classification:
molecular ionic covalent metallic
bonding
Metals
Cu-alloys Ni-alloys Ti-alloys Alumina Si-Carbide PE, PP, PC PA (Nylon)
Ceramics, glasses
Soda-glass Pyrex
Polymers,
GFRP CFRP elastomers Butyl rubber Neoprene
Composites
KFRP Plywood
Silicon, GaAs
Woods
Electronic
(Semiconductors, Magnetic, Optical)
Bio-materials
Natural fibres: Hemp, Flax, Cotton
Composites:
Composites consist of a mixture of two or more materials. Most composite materials consist of a selected filler or reinforcing material and a compatible resin binder to obtain the specific characteristics and properties desired. Usually, the components do not dissolve in each other and can be physically identified by an interface between the components. Fiberglass, a combination of glass and a polymer, is an example. Concrete and plywood are other familiar composites. Many new combinations include ceramic fibers in metal or polymer matrix.
Biomaterials
A biomaterial is "any substance (other than drugs) or combination of substances synthetic or natural in origin, which can be used for any period of time, as a whole or as a part of a system which treats, augments, or replaces any tissue, organ, or function of the body". Biocompatibility The ability of a material to perform with an appropriate host response in a specific application Host Response The response of the host organism (local and systemic) to the implanted material or device.
Miniaturization
Nanostructured" materials, with microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 100 nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic components, materials for quantum computing.
Smart materials
Smart materials are those that respond to environmental stimuli in a timely manner with particular changes in some variables. These are materials that receive, transmit or process a stimulus and respond by producing a useful reversible effect.
The piezoelectric effect is: 1. the production of a voltage when a crystal plate is subjected to mechanical pressure or when it is physically deformed by bending. 2. The physical deformation of the crystal plate (bending) when it is subjected to a voltage.
BF image
Organic matter
HAADF image
400 nm
50 nm
Environment-friendly materials
biodegradable or photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste processing, etc.
Open-cell aluminum foam
Capacitors
If you can increase the total surface area of the the two plates, your energy storage increases. Composite nanotube
Natural Synthetic
Question: Of the 100 top revenue generating entities in the world, how many are multinational corporations and how many are nation states? 76 multinational corporations 24 nations