Introduction to MATLAB

Markus Kuhn

Computer Laboratory

Michaelmas 2009

What is MATLAB
high-level language (garbage collecting, var-len structures) BASIC-like syntax, with elements from C, GUI IDE basic data type: 2- or 3-dimensional oating-point matrix most operators and functions work on entire matrices hardly ever necessary to write out loops uses internally highly optimized numerics libraries (BLAS, LAPACK, FFTW)

comprehensive toolboxes for easy access to standard algorithms from many elds: statistics, image processing, signal processing, neural networks, wavelets, communications systems very simple I/O for many data/multimedia le formats popular for experimental/rapid-prototype number crunching widely used as a visualization and teaching tool
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What MATLAB is not

not a computer algebra system not a strong general purpose programming language limited support for other data structures few software-engineering features; typical MATLAB programs are only a few lines long not suited for teaching OOP limited GUI features

Some of these limitations have been reduced in recent releases, e.g. release 13 replaced slow interpreter with a JIT compiler (JVM).
Free alternatives: GNU Octave (http://www.octave.org/) reimplements a MATLAB subset. SciLab (http://www.scilab.org/) is another MATLAB-like package. R specializes on statistics and plotting (http://www.r-project.org/). Python, a full-featured programming language, has with its numpy and matplotlib packages (http://matplotlib.sourceforge.net/) also evolved into a serious competitor and MATLAB-lookalike. 3

not a high-performance language (but fast matrix operators) not freely available

Availability and documentation

Installed on Intel Lab PWF Windows Intel Lab PWF Linux (/usr/bin/matlab)

PWF servers linux{2,3}.pwf.cl.cam.ac.uk

Computer Laboratory Windows and Linux PCs Start matlab, then type helpdesk

Full documentation available online in HTML and PDF

http://www.mathworks.com/access/helpdesk/help/helpdesk.html

Read Getting Started section of the MATLAB manual Use the command help function-name

PWF MATLAB may be a year behind the latest release. If you spot problems with the PWF MATLAB installation, please do let the lecturer know ( [email protected]). 4

MATLAB matrices (1)

Generate a magic square with equal row/column/diagonal sums and assign the resulting 3 3 matrix to variable a: >> a = magic(3) a = 8 1 3 5 4 9

6 7 2

Assignments and subroutine calls normally end with a semicolon. Without, MATLAB will print each result. Useful for debugging! Results from functions not called inside an expression are assigned to the default variable ans. Type help magic for the manual page of this library function.

MATLAB matrices (2)

Colon generates number sequence: >> 11:14 ans = 11 12 >> -1:1 ans = -1 Specify step size with second colon: >> 1:3:12 ans = 1 4 >> 4:-1:1 ans = 4 3

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>> 3:0 ans = Empty matrix: 1-by-0

>> 3:-0.5:2 ans = 3.0000 2.5000

2.0000

Single matrix cell: a(2,3) == 7. Vectors as indices select several rows and columns. When used inside a matrix index, the variable end provides the highest index value: a(end, end-1) == 9. Using just : is equivalent to 1:end and can be used to select an entire row or column.
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MATLAB matrices (3)

Select rows, columns and submatrices of a: >> a(1,:) ans = 8 1 >> a(:,1) ans = 8 3 4 >> a(2:3,1:2) ans = 3 5 4 9 Matrices can also be accessed as a 1-dimensional vector: >> a(1:5) ans = 8 3

>> a(6:end) ans = 9 6 7

>> b = a(1:4:9) ans = 8 5 2 >> size(b) ans = 1 3

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MATLAB matrices (4)

Use [ ] to build new matrices, where , or space as a delimiter joins submatrices horizontally and ; joins them vertically. >> c = [2 7; 3 1] Mask matrix elements: c = 2 7 >> find(a > 5) 3 1 ans = >> d = [a(:,end) a(1,:)'] 1 d = 6 6 8 7 7 1 8 2 6 >> a(find(a > 5)) = 0 >> e = [zeros(1,3); a(2,:)] a = e = 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 5 0 3 5 7 4 0 2
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MATLAB matrices (5)

Operators on scalars and matrices: >> [1 1; 1 0] * [2 3]' ans = 5 2 >> [1 2 3] .* [10 10 15] ans = 10 20 45 Inner and outer vector product: >> [2 3 ans = 78 >> [2 3 ans = 2 3 5 5] * [1 7 11]'

5]' * [1 7 11] 14 21 35 22 33 55

The imaginary unit vector 1 is available as both i and j, and matrices can be complex. Related functions: real, imag, conj, exp, abs, angle

Exercise 1 Find a short MATLAB expression to build the matrix 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B = 9 7 5 3 1 1 3 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 Exercise 2 Give a MATLAB expression that uses only a single matrix multiplication with B to obtain (a) the sum of columns 5 and 7 of B (b) the last row of B (c) a version of B with rows 2 and 3 swapped Exercise 3 Give a MATLAB expression that multiplies obtain 0 1 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 (a) the matrix (b) the matrix 2 3 1 2 3 4 5 4 two vectors to 0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
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Plotting
20point raised cosine 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
0.4 0.2 0 0.2 0.6 0.4 1 0.8 real imaginary

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15

20

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x = 0:20; y = 0.5 - 0.5*cos(2*pi * x/20); stem(x, y); title('20-point raised cosine');

t = 0:0.1:10; x = exp(t * (j - 1/3)); plot(t, real(x), t, imag(x)); grid; legend('real', 'imaginary')

Plotting functions plot, semilogx, semilogy, loglog all expect a pair of vectors for each curve, with x and y coordinates, respectively. Use saveas(gcf, 'plot2.eps') to save current gure as graphics le.
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2D plotting
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1

15 10 5 0
20 0 20 10 20 10 0

0.5

0.5 20

5 10

xl = -20:0.3:20; yl = -20:0.3:20; [x,y] = meshgrid(xl, yl); r = sqrt(x.^2 + y.^2); s = sin(r) ./ r; s(find(r==0)) = 1; plot3(x, y, s); grid on;

15 20 20

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10

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imagesc(xl, yl, s, [-1 1]); colormap(gray); set(gca, 'DataAspectRatio', [1 1 1]);

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Some common functions and operators

*, ^ imread, imwrite, image, matrix multiplication, exponentiation imagesc, colormap /, \, inv bitmap image I/O A/B = AB 1 , A\B = A1 B, A1 plot, semilog{x,y}, loglog +, -, .*, ./, .^ 2D curve plotting element-wise add/sub/mul/div/exp conv, conv2, xcorr ==, ~=, <, >, <=, >= 1D/2D convolution,
relations result in element-wise 0/1 size of vectors and matrices

length, size zeros, ones, eye, diag

all-0, all-1, identity, diag. matrices

cross/auto-correlation sequence

fft, ifft, fft2

discrete Fourier transform

sum, prod, min, max

sum up rows or columns

xlim, ylim, zlim

set plot axes ranges

cumsum, cumprod, diff

cumulative sum or product, dierentiate row/column

xlabel, ylabel, zlabel

label plot axes

wavread, wavwrite, sound

audio I/O

find
list non-zero indices

csvread, csvwrite
comma-separated-value I/O

figure, saveas
open new gure, save gure
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Functions and m-les

To dene a new function, for example decibel(x) = 10x/20 , write into a le decibel.m the lines function f = decibel(x) % DECIBEL(X) converts a decibel figure X into a factor f = 10 .^ (x ./ 20); Only the function that has the same name as the m-le in which it is dened can be called from outside the le; all other functions are only visible inside the le. The function keyword sets the variable whose value will be returned and lists the parameter variables. The m-le must be in the current directory (cd) or MATLABs search path (path) to become accessible. Use edit db to edit the m-le, help db to show the rst comment lines and type db to show its source text. M-les can also contain just sequences of statements instead of a function denition. These are called simply by typing their name.
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Example: generating an audio illusion

Generate an audio le with 12 sine tones of apparently continuously exponentially increasing frequency, which never leave the frequency range 3003400 Hz. Do this by letting them wrap around the frequency interval and reduce their volume near the interval boundaries based on a raised-cosine curve applied to the logarithm of the frequency. First produce a 1 s long waveform in which each tone raises 1/12 of the frequency range, then concatenate that to a 60 s long 16-bit WAV le, mono, with 16 kHz sampling rate. Avoid phase jumps. Parameters: fs d fmin fmax n = = = = = 16000; 1; 300; 3400; 12; % % % % % sampling frequency [Hz] time after which waveform repeats [s] lowest frequency highest frequency number of tones
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Spectrogram of the rst 3 s:

4000 3500 3000 Frequency 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

0.5

1.5 Time

2.5
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Example solution:
t % % % l f p % p s % a w = 0:1/fs:d-1/fs; % timestamps for each sample point normalized logarithm of frequency of each tone (row) for each sample point (column), all rising linearly from 0 to 1, then wrap around back to 0 = mod(([0:n-1]/n)' * ones(1, fs*d) + ones(n,1) * (t/(d*n)), 1); % freq. for each tone and sample = fmin * (fmax/fmin) .^ l; = 2*pi * cumsum(f, 2) / fs; % phase for each tone and sample make last column a multiple of 2*pi for phase continuity = diag((2*pi*floor(p(:,end)/(2*pi))) ./ p(:,end)) * p; = sin(p); % sine value for each tone and sample mixing amplitudes from raised-cosine curve over frequency = 0.5 - 0.5 * cos(2*pi * l); = sum(s .* a)/n; % mix tones together, normalize to [-1, +1]

w = repmat(w, 1, 3); % repeat waveform 3x specgram(w, 2048, fs, 2048, 1800); ylim([0 4000]) % plot w = repmat(w, 1, 20); % repeat waveform 20x wavwrite(w, fs, 16, 'ladder.wav'); % make audio file

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Exercise 4 Modify slide 17 to produce tones of falling frequency instead. Exercise 5 (a) Write down the function g (t) that has the shape of a sine wave that increases linearly in frequency from 0 Hz at t = 0 s to 5 Hz at t = 10 s. (b) Plot the graph of this function using MATLABs plot command. (c) Add to the same gure (this can be achieved using the hold command) in a dierent colour a graph of the same function sampled at 5 Hz, using the stem command. (d) Plot the graph from (c) separately. Try to explain its symmetry (hint: sampling theorem, aliasing). Exercise 6 Use MATLAB to write an audio waveform (8 kHz sampling frequency) that contains a sequence of nine tones with frequencies 659, 622, 659, 622, 659, 494, 587, 523, and 440 Hz. Then add to this waveform a copy of itself in which every other sample has been multiplied by 1. Play the waveform, write it to a WAV le, and use the specgram command to plot its spectrogram with correctly labelled time and frequency axis.
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