Fourier Series

Periodic Functions
A function f(x) is said to be periodic if its
function values repeat at regular intervals
of the independent variable. The regular
interval between repetitions is the period
of the oscillations.
Periodic Waveforms
Consider the given sine wave function:


where:
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
+ =
=
|
=
| =
t A t f
t A t f
sin ) (
) sin( ) (
frequency
frequency angular
amplitude A
=
=
=
t
=
=
2
_
nt displaceme time
angle phase
period T
_
_
2
=
=
= =
=
|
|
=
t
Periodic Waveforms
A
T
=
|

Fundamental Frequency
Consider the given linear combination of
sinusoids:

where:

1
= fundamental angular frequency
2sin
1
t = fundamental component
0.8sin2
1
t = first harmonic
0.7sin4
1
t = component w/ lowest
frequency
t t t t f
1 1 1
4 sin 7 . 0 2 sin 8 . 0 sin 2 ) ( = = = + + =
Harmonics
A function f(x) is sometimes expressed as
a series of a number of different sine
components. The component with the
largest period is the first harmonic, or
fundamental of f(x).
y = A
1
sint is the first harmonic or
fundamental
y = A
2
sint is the second harmonic
y = A
3
sint is the third harmonic, etc.
Example 1
Find the fundamental frequency of the
following Fourier series:
t t t t f b
t t t f a
t t t
t t
80 cos 40 cos 2 20 cos 5 ) ( : ) (
80 cos 40 cos 5 ) ( : ) (
+ + =
+ =
Example 2
Find the amplitude and phase of the
fundamental component of the function:
t
t t t t f
1
1 1 1
3 cos 3 ......... ..........
2 sin 5 . 3 cos 5 . 1 sin 5 . 0 ) (
=
= = =

+ + =
Recall:




a
b
b a R
where
t b t a t R
1
2 2
tan
:
sin cos ) cos(

=
+ =
+ =
u
= = u =
Example 3
Sketch the graph of the periodic function
defined by
1 ) ( ....... 1 0 .......... ) ( = < s = T period t t t f
Example 4
Write down a mathematical expression of
the function whose graph is:
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 t
1
f(t)
Example 5:
Sketch the graph of the following periodic
functions:
2 ; 1 1 , ) ( : ) (
2
= < s = T t t t f a

< s
= < s
=
t
t
t
t
t t
T t
t f b
2
, sin
;
2
0 , 0
) ( : ) (

< s
= < s
=
1 0 ,
3 ; 0 2 ,
) ( : ) (
t t
T t t
t f c
ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS:
A. Even Function if:



B. Odd Function if:
) ( ) ( t f t f =
) ( ) ( t f t f =
Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
a)
t
f(t)
4
t
4
t

Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
b)
t
f(t)
Example 6
Show that f(t) is even
c)
t
f(t)
3
Example 7
Show that f(t) is odd

t
f(t)
4
t
4
t

Produtcs of ODD-EVEN Functions:

even x even = even
odd x odd = even
even x odd = odd

Example 8
State the product of the following
functions:
(a) f(t) = t
3
sin wt
(b) f(t) = t cos 2t
(c) f(t) = t + t
2
Fourier Series
Decompose periodic functions or periodic
signals into the sum of a (possibly infinite)
set of simple oscillating functions, namely
sines and cosines (or complex
exponentials).
The study of Fourier series is a branch of
Fourier analysis.
Fourier Analysis
A set of mathematical tools to break down
a wave into its various frequency
components.
Dirichlet Conditions
A function f(t) satisfying the following
conditions:
1. f(t) is periodic with period 2; i.e.
f(t+2) = f(t)
2. f(t) is a single-valued and finite in each
period.
3. f(t) has a finite number of finite
discontinuities in each period.
4. f(t) has a number of finite maxima and
minima in each period.
Fourier Series
Is a series used to represent a periodic
wave in either exponential or trigonometric
form.
The series has the form of;
| |

=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos
2
) (
n
n n
t n b t n a
a
t f e e
t n b t b t b t b
t n a t a t a t a
a
t f
n
n
e e e e
e e e e
sin ... 3 sin 2 sin sin
cos ... 3 cos 2 cos cos
2
) (
3 2 1
3 2 1
0
+ + + + +
+ + + + + =
Fourier series representation of f(t)
over the interval t .
Let the function f(t) be defined on the
interval t . Then the Fourier
coefficients a
n
and b
n
in the Fourier series
representation of f(t)

| |

=
+ + =
1
0
sin cos ) (
n
n n
nt b nt a a t f
Fourier series representation of f(t)
over the interval t .
where:

}

=
t
t
t
dt t f a ) (
2
1
0
}

=
t
t
t
ntdt t f a
n
cos ) (
1
}

=
t
t
t
ntdt t f b
n
sin ) (
1
for n = 1,2,.
Fourier series representation of f(t)
over the interval L t L.
Let the function f(t) be defined on the
interval L x L. Then the Fourier
coefficients a
n
and b
n
in the Fourier series
representation of f(t)

=
(

+ + =
1
0
sin cos ) (
n
n n
L
t n
b
L
t n
a a t f
t t
Fourier series representation of f(t)
over the interval L t L.
where:
}

=
L
L
dt t f
L
a ) (
2
1
0
}

=
L
L
n
dt
L
t n
t f
L
a
t
cos ) (
1
}

=
L
L
n
dt
L
t n
t f
L
b
t
sin ) (
1
for n = 1,2,.
Fourier Series of Even Functions
(Half Range Cosine Series)
If f(t) is an even periodic function which
satisfies the Dirichlet condition, the
coefficients in the Fourier series of f(t) are
given by the formula;

=
+ =
1
0
cos ) (
n
n
L
t n
a a t f
t
where:
}
=
L
dt t f
L
a
0
0
) (
1
}
=
L
n
dt
L
t n
t f
L
a
0
cos ) (
2 t
0 =
n
b
; ;
Fourier Series of Odd Functions
(Half Range Sine Series)
If f(t) is an odd periodic function which
satisfies the Dirichlet condition, the
coefficients in the Fourier series of f(t) are
given by the formula;

=
=
1
sin ) (
n
n
L
t n
b t f
t
where:
; 0 ; 0
0
= =
n
a a
}
=
L
n
dt
L
t n
t f
L
b
0
sin ) (
2 t
Example
Find the Fourier series of the function
t t s s = t on t t f ) (

=
=
=
=
=
1
0
sin cos
2
) (
cos
2
0
0
n
n
n
nt n
n
t f
n
n
b
a
a
t
t
Answer:
Example
Expand the given function into a Fourier
series on the indicated interval.

s s
s s
=
0 5 , 4
5 0 , 4
) (
t
t
t f
Answer:

=
=
=
=
=
1
0
5
sin ) cos 1 (
8
) (
) cos 1 (
8
0
0
n
n
n
t n
n
n
t f
n
n
b
a
a
t
t
t
t
t
Example
Find the Fourier series of the function
| | t t, ) (
2
= on t t f

=
+ =
=
=
=
1
2
2
2
2
0
cos cos
4
3
) (
0
cos
4
3
n
n
n
nt n
n
t f
b
n
n
a
a
t
t
t
t
Answer:
Example
Write the sine series of f(x) = 1 on [0,5]

=
=
=
=
=
1
0
5
sin ) cos 1 (
2
) (
) cos 1 (
2
0
0
n
n
n
x n
n
n
t f
n
n
b
a
a
t
t
t
t
t
Answer:
Convergence of Fourier Series:
Dirichlet Conditions
First Convergence Theorem:
Let f be piecewise smooth on [-L,L].
Then the Fourier series of f(x)
converges at each point x of (-L,L) to
(f(x+) + f(x-))
Convergence of Fourier Series:
Dirichlet Conditions
This means that at each x between L
and L, the Fourier series converges to
the average of the left and right limits of
f(x) at x.
If f is continuous at x, then the left and
right limits are both equal to f(x), and the
Fourier series converges to f(x) itself. If f
has a jump discontinuity at x, then the
series converges to the point midway in
the gap in the graph at this point.
Convergence of Fourier Integrals
Let f be piecewise continuous on every
interval [-L,L] and suppose that converges.
Then the Fourier integral f converges to
[f(x+)+f(x-)]
At each x at which f has a left and right
derivative. In particular, if f is continuous at
x and has a left and right derivative there,
then the Fourier integral at x converges to
f(x).
Fourier Transform
Let f be piecewise continuous on [-L,L] for
every positive number L and suppose
converges. The Fourier transform of f is
defined to be


The fourier transform of f is therefore a
function F{f(t)} of the new variable . This
function, evaluated at , is F{f(t)} ().
) ( ) ( ) )}( ( { e e
e
F dt e t f t f F
t i
= =
}

The Heaviside Function (Unit Step
Function)
The Unit Step function is defined by

>
<
=
0 , 1
0 , 0
) (
t
t
t H
Example
Express the function in terms of H(t) and find its
Fourier transform

>
<
=

0 ,
0 , 0
) (
t e
t
t f
at
Properties of Fourier Transform
1. Amplitude Spectrum
2. Linearity
3. Time Shifting Theorem
4.Frequency Shifting Theorem
5. Scaling
6. Time Reversal
7.Symmetry
8.Modulation