IUBAT

INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY.

A##$&n'ent prepare( b": Na'e: Sa((a' H)##a$n So!a&. ID: *+*+,+,, ro&ra': BS-E S)b.e%t: HY **+ Se%: D A##$&n'ent #)b'$t to: $.)#! /ant$ G!o#!. Fa%)lt", !"#$%# Depart'ent. Date o0 #)b'$##$on: 1+t! -ar%! 1+*2

IUBAT
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Lab report on:
F$n($n& Gra3$tat$onal A%%elerat$on.

A##$&n'ent prepare( b": Na'e: Sa((a' H)##a$n So!a&. ID: *+*+,+,, ro&ra': BS-E S)b.e%t: HY **+ Se%: D A##$&n'ent #)b'$t to: $.)#! /ant$ G!o#!. Fa%)lt", !"#$%# Depart'ent. Date o0 #)b'$##$on: 1+t! -ar%! 1+*2

Name of the experiment: Determine the value of gravitational acceleration

Theory:
A bar pendulum is the simplest form of compound pendulum. It is in the form of a rectangular bar (with its length much larger than the breadth and the thickness) with holes (for fixing the knife edges) drilled along its length at equal separation. If a bar pendulum of mass M oscillates with a very small amplitude about a hori ontal axis passing through it! then its angular acceleration (d"#dt") is proportional to the angular displacement . $he motion is simple harmonic and the time period T is given by

where I denotes the moment of inertia of the pendulum about the hori ontal axis through its center of suspension and l is the distance between the center of suspension and %.&. of the pendulum. According to the theorem of parallel axes! if I& is the moment of inertia of the pendulum about an axis through %.&.! then the moment of inertia I about a parallel axis at a distance l from %.&. is given by 'here k is the radius of gyration of the pendulum about the axis through %.&. (rom this two equation we get!

'here L is the length of the equivalent simple pendulum! given by

$herefore! $he point at a distance L from the centre of suspension along a line passing through the centre of suspension and %.&. is known as the centre of oscillation. $ime period T will have minimum value when l ) k.

Apparatus:
*. +ar ,endulum ". -top watch .. -cale

Procedure:
*. +alance the bar on a sharp wedge and mark the position of its %.&. ". (ix the knife edges in the outermost holes at either end of the bar pendulum. $he knife edges should be hori ontal and lie symmetrically with respect to centre of gravity of the bar. .. Displace the bar slightly to one side of the equilibrium position and let it oscillate with the amplitude not exceeding / degrees. 0ake sure that there is no air current in the vicinity of the pendulum. 1. 2se the stop watch to measure the time for "3 oscillations. $he time should be measured after the pendulum has had a few oscillations and the oscillations have become regular. /. 0easure the distance l from %.&. to the knife edge. 4. -uspend the pendulum on the knife edge of side + and repeat the measurements in steps 4 56 above. 7. (ix the knife edges successively in various holes on each side of %.&. and in each case! measure the time for .3 oscillations and the distance of the knife edges from %.&.

Observations:

0easurement of $ and l -ide + -l. 8o. $ime for "3 oscillations (t) .".*3 .*.73 .*..3 .*..3 .*."3 L %m *.4* *./6 *./7 *./7 *./4 1/./ 13./ ././ .3./ "/./ $ime for "3 oscillations ( t) .".33 .*.73 .*..3 .*.33 .*."3 -ide + L cm *.43 *./6 *./7 *.// *./4 1/./ 13./ ././ .3./ "/./

* " . 1 /

Calculation:
2sing the formula for L as given!

2sing the formula for g as given!

0ean value of g

Results:
$he acceleration due to gravity! g

Remarks:
'e should be very careful when we take the measurement. $here should not be any angular movement of the bar pendulum.

IUBAT
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Lab report on:
-$%ro'eter.

A##$&n'ent prepare( b": Na'e: Sa((a' H)##a$n So!a&. ID: *+*+,+,, ro&ra': BS-E S)b.e%t: HY **+ Se%: D A##$&n'ent #)b'$t to: $.)#! /ant$ G!o#!. Fa%)lt", !"#$%# Depart'ent. Date o0 #)b'$##$on: 1+t! -ar%! 1+*2

Name of the experiment: Determine the radius and cross sectional area of
a cylinder by using micrometer.

Objectives:
*. $o know the use of micrometer. ". $o measure the radius and cross sectional area of cylinder.

Theory:
A micrometer is a device used widely in mechanical engineering and machining for precision measurement! along with other metrological instruments such as dial calipers and vernier calipers. 0icrometer screw5gauge is used for measuring accurately the diameter of a thin wire or the thickness of a sheet of metal. It consists of a 25shaped frame! fitted with a screwed spindle which is attached to a thimble! as shown in (igure. 0icrometers use the principle of a screw to amplify small distances that are too small to measure directly into large rotations of the screw that are big enough to read from a scale. $he accuracy of a micrometer derives from the accuracy of the thread form that is at its heart. $he basic operating principles of a micrometer are as follows9 $he amount of rotation of an accurately made screw can be directly and precisely correlated to a certain amount of axial movement (and vice versa)! through the constant known as the screw:s pitch (for single start screw thread). A screw:s pitch is the distance it moves forward or backward axially with one complete turn. $he screw has a known pitch such as * mm. ;ence in this case! for one revolution of the screw the spindle moves axially by * mm. $his movement of the spindle is shown on an engraved linear millimeter scale on the sleeve. <n the thimble there is a circular scale which is divided into /3 equal parts. 'hen the anvil and spindle end are brought in contact! the edge of the circular scale should be at the ero of the sleeve (linear scale) and the ero of the circular scale should be opposite to the datum line of the sleeve. If the ero is not coinciding with the datum line! there will be a positive or negative ero error. $he least count of the micrometer screw can be calculated using the formula given below9 =east count ),itch# 8umber of divisions on the circular scale

Apparatus:
*. 0icrometer ". %ylindrical ob>ect

Procedure:
*. ". .. 1. /. %heck the range of measurement of the micrometer. 8ote that the micrometer is in ero error. (it the ob>ect between the spindle and anvil. $ake the sleeve or liner scale and circular reading. ?epeating the steps * to 1 we get more reading. =inear scale reading x mm 7./ 7./ 7./ 7./ 7./ %ircular scale division n mm "6 ". ./ "6 "1 =east count =.% mm 3.3* 3.3* 3.3* 3.3* 3.3* @alue of Diameter circular d)xAy scale mm division y)n =.% 3."6 7.76 3.". 7.7. 3../ 7.B/ 3."6 7.76 3."1 7.71 0ean diameter mm

Observations:
8o. of observation

* " . 1 /

7.7B

Calculation:
=east count! =.%

) ) 3.3* mm Diameter! d ) 7.7B mm ?adius! r )

) ) ..B6 mm Area of cross section ) ) 17./1 mm"

Results:
$he radius of the cylinder! r ) ..B6 mm $he area of cross section ) 17./1 mm"

Remarks:
'hile taking micrometer reading! care should be taken to clamp the spindle in position! before taking it away from the cylinder! as due to friction the -pindle will rotate and give a wrong reading. $urn the spindle always in the clockwise direction to avoid backlash error.

IUBAT
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Lab report on:
Sl$(e Cal$per.

A##$&n'ent prepare( b": Na'e: Sa((a' H)##a$n So!a&. ID: *+*+,+,, ro&ra': BS-E S)b.e%t: HY **+ Se%: D A##$&n'ent #)b'$t to: $.)#! /ant$ G!o#!. Fa%)lt", !"#$%# Depart'ent. Date o0 #)b'$##$on: 1+t! -ar%! 1+*2

Name of the experiment: Determine the radius and area of a cylinder by

Objectives:
*. $o get familiar with different parts and use of -lide %aliper. ". $o measure the radius and area of cylinder through -lide %aliper.

Theory:
A @ernier scale or -lide caliper is a small! moveable scale placed next to the main scale of a measuring instrument. It consists of following parts9 0ain -cale9 It is a simple ruler made of metal. Inside Caws9 $hey are used to measure the internal features of an ob>ect such as the internal diameter of a hollow cylinder. <ne of these is fixed while the other is movable. <utside >aws9 $hey are used for normal measurements of lengths of various ob>ects. <ne of these is fixed while the other is movable. -crew9 It is used to fix the length between the >aws once the measurement of the ob>ect has been taken by the >aws. @ernier -cale9 It is similar to a normal scale but it has divisions which are different from the common * mm. Depth ,robe9 It is a metal depth that is used for measuring depths! such as the depth of a cylinder. =east %ount of @ernier %aliper9 =east %ount refers to the smallest distance that can be measured using an instrument. It indicates the degree of precision of an instrument. 0ost of the vernier %alipers have a least count of 3.*mm. =east count can calculated using the formula. =east %ount ) =ength of * 0-D D =ength of I @-D 'here 0-D and @-D refer to 0ain -cale Division and @ernier -cale Division respectively &enerally 8 divisions on main scale coincide with 85* divisions on vernier scale * @-D is equivalent to (85*)#8 main scale divisions 2sing the formula for =east %ount! we get =% ) * 0-D D *@-D ) * 0-D D (85*)#8 0-D ) *#8 0-D

Apparatus:
*. -lide %aliper ". %ylindrical ob>ect

Procedure:
*. $he cylinder is held between the outer >aws and the screw is tightened. ". $he reading of the main scale (0-?) which is to the left of the ero of the vernier scale is noted. $his reading is the 0ain -cale ?eading. .. $o take the vernier scale reading (@-?)! look up for the division on the vernier scale which exactly coincides with any of the main scale reading. It has to be noted that exactly one division coincides with the main scale divisions under any circumstances. 1. $he length of the ob>ect is calculated using the formula9 =ength ) 0-? A (@-? E =%) /. $hen we take the length of the cylinder to calculate its area.

Observations:
8o. of observation 0ain scale reading x mm "4 "4 "4 "4 "4 @ernier scale reading n mm 7./ "./ ../ / 7./ =east count =.% mm 3.3/ 3.3/ 3.3/ 3.3/ 3.3/ @alue of Diameter circular d)xAy scale mm division y)n =.% 3..7/ "4..7/ 3.*"/ "4.*"/ 3.*7/ "4.*7/ 3."/ "4."/ 3..7/ "4..7/ 0ean diameter mm

* " . 1 /

"4."4

Calculation:

Diameter! d ) "4."4 mm ?adius! r )

) ) *..*. mm =ength of the cylinder! l ) 6/ mm Area of the cylinder ) ) ..*1*4 (*..*.)" 6/ ) /*.1/ *3. mm"

Results:
$he radius of the cylinder! r ) *..*. mm $he area of the cylinder ) /*.1/ *3. mm"

Remarks:
'e should make the clam screw lock so that the >aws donFt move. 'e should careful about finding the vernier scale best lines up with the main scale.

IUBAT
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Lab report on:
F$n($n& Re0ra%t$3e In(e4 b" )#$n& re%tan&)lar &la## #lab.

A##$&n'ent prepare( b": Na'e: Sa((a' H)##a$n So!a&. ID: *+*+,+,, ro&ra': BS-E S)b.e%t: HY **+ Se%: D A##$&n'ent #)b'$t to: $.)#! /ant$ G!o#!. Fa%)lt", !"#$%# Depart'ent. Date o0 #)b'$##$on: 1+t! -ar%! 1+*2

Name of the experiment: Determine the refractive index by using

Theory:
'hen light travels from one medium to another! it generally bends! or refracts. $he law of refraction gives us a way of predicting the amount of bend. -nell:s law gives the relationship between angles of incidence and refraction for a wave impinging on an interface between two media with different index of refraction. $he sin of the angle made by the ray with the normal to the surface of interface between the mediums is directly proportional to the velocity in that medium. $his law can be mathematically explained with the following diagram. 'e know that the phenomenon of refraction is taking place because the speed of light changes when it is travelling from one optical medium to another. $hus we can define refractive index in terms of the speed of light in the two media. As per -nellFs law! 'here! i ) $he angle of incidence r ) $he angle of refraction ) ?efractive index

Apparatus:
*. ". .. 1. ?ectangular glass slab ,ins -heet of white paper -harply pointed pencil

Procedure:
*. ,lace a rectangular glass slab on the white sheet of paper. ". $race the boundary of the glass slab. 3. ?emove the glass slab and draw a normal 88 at <. 1. Draw a straight line I< inclined at an angle with the normal. I< is the incident ray. /. (ix two pins on the incident ray I<. 4. ,lace the glass slab within its boundary A+%D. 7. =ooking from the other side of the glass slab fix two other pins on ? such that I! < and ? appear to lie on the same straight line. B. ?emove the glass slab and the pins. 0ark and >oin the pin points. 6. 8ow we get the angle of incident i and refractive r.

Observations:
8o. of observatio n * " . 1 / Angle of incidence i ". o "B o .3 o .4 o /7 o 3..6 3.17 3./3 3./6 3.B1 Angle of ?efractiv e r *4 o *6 o "3 o ". o .B o sin r ?efractiv e index Average

3."B 3... 3..1 3..6 3.4"

*..6 *.1" *.17 *./* *..4

*.1.

Results:
$he refractive index! ) *.1.

Remarks:
'e should be very careful when we fix the pins aligned with the previous pins. 'e should not move the glass slab when we are fixing the pins.

IUBAT
INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF BUSINESS, AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY.
Lab report on:
F$n($n& Re0ra%t$3e In(e4 b" )#$n& a &la## pr$#'.

A##$&n'ent prepare( b": Na'e: Sa((a' H)##a$n So!a&. ID: *+*+,+,, ro&ra': BS-E S)b.e%t: HY **+ Se%: D A##$&n'ent #)b'$t to: $.)#! /ant$ G!o#!. Fa%)lt", !"#$%# Depart'ent. Date o0 #)b'$##$on: 1+t! -ar%! 1+*2

Name of the experiment: Determine the minimum angle of deviation and

Theory:
$he medium which is limited by two down word smooth parts is called the prism. 'hen the incidence ray fall on it! it creates some angle and refracted from it. $hus! passage through the prism causes the beam to deviate from its original direction by an angle. $his angle is known as the angle of deviation. Its magnitude (for a given prism) depends only on angle i and wavelength of the light used. It has a minimum value for a certain value of I and particular wavelength of light. $he definite relationship between the prism angles A! the angle of minimum deviation D! and the index of refraction is

;ere! ) ?efractive index A ) ,rism angle Dm ) Angle of deviation

Apparatus:
*. &lass prism ". ,ins .. -heet of white paper 1.

-harply pointed pencil

Procedure:
*. ,lace the glass prism on the white sheet of paper.

". .. 1. /. 4. 7.

$race the boundary of the prism. ?emove the prism and draw a normal 8< at <. Draw a straight line I< inclined at an angle with the normal. (ix two pins on the incident ray I<. ,lace the glass prism within its boundary. =ooking from the other incline side of the prism fix two other pins on ? such that I! < and ? appear to lie on the same straight line. B. ?emove the prism and the pins. 0ark and >oin the pin points. 6. If we increase the line I< and the refractive ray ? they will intersect on <G. *3.8ow i is the angle of incidence and D is the angle of deviation.

Observations:
8o. of observation * " . 1 / Angle of incidence i ./ o 13 o 1/ o /3 o // o Angle of deviation D 1* o 13 o .6 o .B o .7 o 0inimum angle of deviation Dm

.6 o

*."7

Results:
$he minimum angle of deviation Dm ) .6o and refractive index! ) *."7

Remarks:
$he pins should fix vertically straight. $he angles should be measured carefully.