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    Chp12.odt 1

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    Devin Parker
    This document summarizes key concepts in cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. The Krebs cycle further breaks down products to produce more ATP and NADH. 2. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. 3. Mitochondria contain enzymes for fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred through protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane to pump protons, building a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

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    Chp12.odt 1

    Uploaded by

    Devin Parker
    61 views4 pages
    This document summarizes key concepts in cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. The Krebs cycle further breaks down products to produce more ATP and NADH. 2. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. 3. Mitochondria contain enzymes for fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred through protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane to pump protons, building a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

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    Chp12.odt_1

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    This document summarizes key concepts in cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. The Krebs cycle further breaks down products to produce more ATP and NADH. 2. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. 3. Mitochondria contain enzymes for fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred through protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane to pump protons, building a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    61 views4 pages

    Chp12.odt 1

    Uploaded by

    Devin Parker
    This document summarizes key concepts in cellular respiration: 1. Glycolysis produces 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose molecule. The Krebs cycle further breaks down products to produce more ATP and NADH. 2. Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to fully oxidize glucose through glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen through fermentation. 3. Mitochondria contain enzymes for fatty acid oxidation and oxidative phosphorylation. Electrons are transferred through protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane to pump protons, building a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis.

    Copyright:

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    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    of 4

    Understand that glucose and other food molecules are broken down to produce usable units of energy in the

    form of ATP and NADH: Know the products of glycolysis fermentation, the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation and where these reactions take place in the cell. Glycolysis:

    Requires 2 ATP Produces 4 ATP +2 NADH Net: 2 ATP +2 NADH


    rebs cycle!The "itric Acid "ycle:

    Products o! the breakdo n o! ) glucose in glycolysis and TCA: *+ C,2- .2/0 C,2 *) 1ADH2- . 2/2 1ADH2 2+ 2 *4 NADH- .23 /)4 NADH *) 5TP- . 2/2 5TP *ATP2 ATP *glycolysisUnderstand the difference between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism:

    Understand that the Krebs cycle produces intermediates for several metabolic pathways -Acetyl CoA is generated by the breakdo n o! !ats" #$nter%ediates o! the &reb scycle are used to synthesi'e %any %olecules(

    including nucleotides and a%ino acids" Understand how metabolic pathways are allosterically regulated Understand how energy is stored in cells #$ ATP%high energy phosphate bond &$ NADH' NADPH' (ADH& two high energy electrons and H+ )$ Acetyl "oA%high energy thioester bond Compare and contrast the use of sugar and fat in energy production ,6erall( !at is a %ore i%7ortant energy !uel than glucose" The a6erage hu%an stores enough glycogen to su77ly energy needs !or one day and enough !at stores !or ) %onth" Also( ) g o! TA5 yields 80. the ATP as )g o! glycogen" Understand where and how fats are oxidi!ed(ats are o*idi+ed within the mitocondria' Understand that mitochondria and chloroplasts produce "#$ by chemiosmotic coupling

    9atri:: contains TCA en'y%es( mtDNA( riboso%es( tRNAs( !atty acid o:idation en'y%es $nter%e%brane s7ace: a !e 7roteins $nner %e%brane *cristae-: o:idati6e 7hos7horylation *,.PH,;- en'y%es ,uter %e%brane: contains 7orin and other trans7ort 7roteins *ie< T,9-" =lectrons are trans!erred !ro% NADH *or 1ADH2- through a series o! electron trans7ort chains 7roteins e%bedded ithin the inner %itochondrial %e%brane"

    %raw and describe the & compartments of mitochondria and explain where oxidative phosphorylation occurs

    Understand why mitochondrial density and cristae density changes in response to energy demand
    ,itochondria that ha-e a higher density of cristae ha-e a larger area of inner membrane and therefore a greater capacity to carry out o*idati-e phosphorylation$ Heart muscle e*pends a lot of energy during its continuous contractions' whereas skin cells ha-e a smaller energy demand$ An increased density of cristae therefore increases the ATP%production capacity of the heart muscle cell$

    %escribe how electrons are transferred along the electron transport chain and why redox potential is important in this process.

    =lectron carriers are arranged ithin the inner %itochondrial %e%brane so that electrons !lo !ro% 7roteins ith a lo redo: 7otential to co%7le:es ith higher redo: 7otentials *!ro% good reducers to good o:idi'ers-" This allo s the% to get easily 7icked u7 and easily dro77ed o!! at each 7rotein" 'xplain how proton pumping is coupled to electron transfer within the electron

    transport chain

    %escribe the components of the electron transport chain


    The electron trans7ort chain consists o! + large 7rotein co%7le:es that are co%7osed o! %any 7rotein subunits and electron carriers" These include: Protein co%7le: =lectron carriers

    *)-" Co%7le: $ *NADH dehydrogenase-: 8 44 subunits( !la6ins( 1e#; *2-" Co%7le: $$$ *the bc) co%7le:-: 8 )) subunits( he%e( 1e#; *+-" Co%7le: $> *cytochro%e c o:idase-: 8 )+ subunits( he%e( co77er ato%s Co%7le: $$# succinate dehydrogenase *7art o! the &rebs cycle$n addition( there are 2 s%all %obile electron carriers: Not a protein *A-" ?biquinone: trans!ers electrons bet een co%7le: $ and co%7le: $$$ and $$ and $$$ *@-" Cytochro%e c: trans!ers electrons bet een co%7le: $$$ and co%7le: $>

    $$$

    $>

    'xplain what the proton motive force is and how it is used to generate "#$
    .lectron transfer is coupled to proton pumping which generates an electrochemical proton gradient /proton moti-e force0 which has two components: (1). An electrical potential: The inside of the membrane is negatively charged relative to the outer (intermembrane) face. /&0$ " p( gradient: The matri* is more basic compared to the intermembrane spac

    'xplain how mitochondria become uncoupled and why this is sometimes important)
    Uncouplers' such as dinitrophenol /DNP0' dissipate the proton gradient by making the inner mitochondrial membrane permeable to protons$
    They sto7 the 7roduction o! ATP by decreasing the storage o! 7rotons in the inter%e%brane s7ace *inhibitors o! electron trans!er- or sto7 the 7roduction o! ATP by inter!ering ith the !unction o! ATP synthase *uncou7lers o! o:idati6e 7hos7horylation-" "

    1ometimes your body does not need ATP and will use uncoupling them to slow it down$

    Know what reactive oxygen species are, how they are generated and why they are harmful
    .lectrons leak from the electron transport chain' producing free radicals$ 2*idati-e and free radicals can damage lipids' proteins' and DNA$ "ells defend against 321 with 1upero*ide dismutase and catalase 3eacti-e o*ygen species: o*ygen ion /2&%0 and pero*ide /H&2&0

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