Q. 1. List advantages of ICs. Ans. IC or integrated circuits have several advantages.

Some of them are enumerated below: (i) Very small size (ii) Less weight (iii) Low cost (vi) High reliability (v) Low power consumption.

Q. 2. List types of ICs. Ans. On basis of fabrication techniques ICs can be classified as: (i) MonolithIc ICs (ii) Thin and thick film ICs (iii) Hybrid or multichip. On basis of chip size ICs are classified as: 1. SSI - Small Scale Integration 2. MSI-Medium Scale Integration. 3. LSI- Large Scale Integration 4. VLSI-Very Larg Scale Integration.

Q. 3. List characteristics of ideal op-amp. Ans. Ideal operational amplifier has following characteristics: (i) Its open loop gain isinfinite. (ii) Its input impedance is infinite. (iii) Its output impedance is zero. (iv) It has infinite frequency bandwidth.

Q. 4. Why cannot inductor be fabricated on an IC? Ans. Inductors have large size and also dissipate more heat. That is why inductors cannot be fabricated on ICs.

Q. 5. Give truth table for J-K flip flop. Ans

Q. 6. Draw and label the pin diagram of IC 741. Ans. The IC-741 is available in 8pm and 14 pin versions we give pin diagram for 8 pin IC-741

Q. 7. Why an inductor cannot be fabricated on an IC? Ans. Inductors have large size and dissipute large amount of heat that is why inductors cannot be of fabricated on an IC

SHORTANSWER TYPE-QUESTIONS

Q. 1. Give Pin diagram and its description for IC 74 XX series. Ans. IC 74 XX series ICs are a part of TrL, (Transistor Transistor Logic) circuits. They are 14 pm ICs. These ICs have high voltage range, wide temperature range, low power dissipation. The last two digits XX signify the logic employed. For example: 7400 is quad 2 input NAND gate. IC 7402 is quad-2 input NOR gates, IC 7404 is a hex inverter and so on. A general pin diagram of IC 7400 Is shown:

Q.2. Explain the working of R-S flip-flop. Ans. R-S flip-flop is a set-reset flip. An R-S flip-flop consists of a pair of cross coupled transistors. Each collector drives the opposite base through a biasing resistance. In such circuit, one transistor is saturated while other is cut off. If first transistor is saturated, its collector voltage is almost zero, there is therefore no base drive for second transistor and it goes into cut off and its collector voltage increases to a value enough to produce a base current which keeps first transistor in saturation. Depending on which transistor is saturated, Q output is either high or low. The schematic symbol alongwith circuit for R-S flip-flop is shown:

Q .3. Compare R-S flip-flop with D flip-flop. Ans. R-S flip is a set-reset flip-flop which is used in conjunction with clock pulses to change the state of the system. D flip-flop is a delay flip which is used in conjunction with clock pulses to delay the signal output. Truth tables for clocked R-S flip-flop and D flip-flop are as shown: R-S flip-flop

Q. 4. What is an integrated circuit ? y is it so commonly used discuss? Ans. IC or integrated circuit is a collection of number of circuit elements and circuits on a single chip. It is a micro electronic circuit ICs are commonly used because they possess number of advantages. Some of these are enumerated below: 1. Extremely small size

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Very low weight Very low cost. Reliability is high Power consumption is low Easier to replace Increased speed of operation Improved functional performance.

Q. 5. Explain the terms: CMRR and output offset voltage. Ans. CMRR is common mode rejection ratio for differential amplifier. It is defined as ratio of differential voltage gain to common mode voltage gain. Ad CMRR= ACM CMRR is a measure of rejection of signals common to both inputs of differential amplifiers. For an ideal differential amplifier, CMRR should be infinite. Output offset voltage : With ICs it is possible to have a nearly perfect matching between two transistors of a differential amplifier. But there exists a small difference between two transistors which gets amplified to an offset voltage. It is an unwanted output signal.

Q. 6. What is a T-flip-flop ? Give its symbol. Ans. When J & K terminals of JK flip-flop are connected together, we get a T flip-flop. The common input terminal is called T. When high level igna1 is given as input, output of flip-flop will toggle with every new clock pulse thereby reducing frequency at output to half of frequency of clock signal. T flip-flop can this be considered as frequency divider. Its symbol is shown.

Q. 7. What is meant by IC- Timer ? How is IC-555 used to generate square waveform explain. Or How is 10-555 used as frequency divider ? Explain. Ans. IC timer is a monolithic timing circuit which can produce accurate and highly stable time delays. IC of series 555 are used as IC timers. They can be used to produce time delays and oscillations. IC-555 timer is either available in 8 Pin configuration on in 14 pin configuration. This IC consists of 23 transistors, 2 diodes and 16 resistors. It can be used to generate square waveforms by using it as a free running a stable mutlivibrator. Circuit is as shown:

The external resistance RAP RB capacitance C are used to control timing of output voltage (high or low). Pin connections are pin 1 is grounded ,Pin 2 and 6 are shorted and connected to ground through capacitor C1 Pin 3 is output terminal, Pin 4 and Pin 8 are shorted and connected to Pin 5 has a bypass capacitor C1 Pin 7 is connected to Pin 6 through a resistance.

Pin diagram below is shown below

Q. 8. What are limitations of ICs? Ans. The following are limitations of ICs: (1) If one component fails, whole IC needs to be replaced. (ii) Their power rating is low. (iii) We need to connect inductors and transformers externally. (iv) They have low operating voltages. (v) The resistances and capacitances are voltage dependent.

Q. 9. Give Pin diagram and discription of 10741. Ans. 1C-741 is one o the most versatile and widely used members of operational. amplifier family. It is basically an 8-pin IC, whose pin diagram and description is given below:

The first stage is a double ended high gain differential amplifier with a constant source to increase CMRR. It determines input resistance of IC. Second stage is intermediate stage which is also a differential amplifer driven by output from first stage. It has high gain.Third stage is level shifting stage which is a emitter follower circuit. It is used to shift d.c. level at output of second stageto zero volts w.r.t. ground. It helps to maintain operating point of succeeding stage Fourth stage is output stage. It usually consists of a push pull amplifier which is used to increase output voltage and current capability of amplifier. It has low output resistance.

Q. 10. What are flip-flops ? How are invertors used to represent R-.S flip-flops ? Discuss.

Ans. A flip-flop is a bistable multivibrator having two stable states. It is basic memory element.. One of the stable states is called SET and other is RESET or clear. It normally has two inputs and two outputs. The outputs are complementary. in addition to inputs, a flip- flop has a clock terminal which has a train of pulses applied to it. The state of output at any instant depends on past outputs and data inputs present at that instant of time. The state can be changed only when clock pulse is applied. Two inverting transistors can represent R-S flip-flop. This is as shown:

Here one of the transistors works in saturation region and other is cut off region (inverse of saturation).

Q. 11. What are integrated circuits ? What are its advantages over discrete components? Ans. Integrated circuits are an assembly of number of circuits on a single chip of standard size. The advantages of integrated circuits over discrete components are: (i) Complex circuitry and connections involved while using discrete components avoided. (ii) Size of circuits becomes smaller. (iii). Efficiency of such circuits is more. (iv) They consume low power (v) They have high operating speeds.

Q. 12. Draw the circuit of JK flip flop and explain its worldng with help of truth table? Ans. The circuit for the flip flop is as shown:

When clock pulse is high then only output is available. For low clock input, no output is available. When J and K input are both low, output is the previous stage. When J is low and K is high, itis reset When J is high K is low, it is set when both J and K are high then flip flop will toggle. The waveform is as shown:

Q. 13 What is the need of voltage regulator in a power supply ? Discuss the applications of voltage regulator IC 7805. Ans. Voltage regulators are required in a power supply in order to give specific value of voltage. Also, voltage regulators can provide positive or negative biased voltages. Voltage regulators have features such as programmable output, facility to boost output voltage or current internal protection such as thermal short down, floating to facilitate higher output voltage etc. Since they are small in size they reduce size of power supply and power supply design becomes quick and easy. IC 7805 voltage regulator is a fixed voltage regulator. It is a positive voltage regulator having three terminals. It gives regulated supply of +5V DC for TTL logic circuits. It is also used in electronic circuits where +5V regulated supply is required such as with micro controller etc.