; CHAPTER 1 : ' INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS AND BASIC LAWS OF Es ON e _ HEAT & MASS TRANSFER BY a DR. T.R.SEETHARAM (PESIT, BANGALORE)eit su eae ood pe tm ea) oo ipaq spinon Katy asnaog sitouodaon2]ustn9 jo SuyoN® ap pean Soe ‘ini pur’ suonisod pony saa som uonEA a 047 a 12 wo ro a ora o or oor er 51 8 Jo fyanonpicn 2g r= W odin paw (62= yaEnp 9 ELD 5 wn W) =a) / A 20108~ MOBIL VA=="D, coap)v=2°D+o 9 > ysis more complex and ivol first approximation analysis for sols with vsable condutvity is cared ou sss ‘constant thermal conductivity which ean average vale ofthe conductivity forthe temperature range of intrest. (07¥) oul) 50-1000 25-250 5020000, Bakass I~] sr SMLeDy= 193 VE vn ops 5 sSunpunonns ao da wo 80] orm HH, muon y=% a vayd m1 sSuypanoen 9 wo, ‘opens ap sim pK pagponge Aus oat maja aw xt wo Nap Ut ‘ay uceip! ou ose a oun. 0 SBpemouns oy hg penn Ag UOePe! a ae Ps 2 oF Uonaoa ipaq ela we prexo se 9g 9 utpunasne 282 a sheave) a vag som xn Kg pons Asous von 2), soompi oxox tengo sux aS “> sms ayo Tenbong or patent scan a yn 0 uo anti uma sananoyy spun sy wON wasp Aso 5 APoq Jom AANbONyE aL orp pee opps fe ota Sonn i Faposqe SHO aC, ut 6.9 prousp soaps en JO Grnooy, 2p pu paca ABs WOPOUE 1 See ree eere eee eee eee eee Tr Tre ETEaETI EEE TERETEIn Ip, 5 ‘Assuming a= forthe plate the ove expesion for Qu reduces 0 Ques Acoli Tar'l “The shove expression canbe used to calculate the et adation hea exchange between a sal area and age suroundings. {As the second example, consider two faite surfaces Ay and Aa as shown in Fig 13. Figs: Radiation exchange between surfaces Ay and A ‘where Fass the faction of radiation energy leaving Aa and reaching Ay: Henee the net ‘alain energy tent frm Ay 10 As is given byID] & I~ ti ar (0X sone gas Bot 5 (oopenpuos) KBza® LS YoREN wo 8 vont 9g ues gus 2025 tone 51g 9 ip Bun pe gpa 30 SoH 2 sau js Ke Bom ou 0 wonnpuos SIs feat unssy i vpef {SUMOPeVm=b SUD=T19 4028419 9¢¢= LL HOM £401 poo 9 fo mpc 3B oF 29 opus wg so aside 9¢ Pee 9 Opa Sa Sonfrssn pen nan oxo se ua oan ph yindas emf tm pT wwonanpuos “y ‘pi somes jo Bsa eum pu rpttod “nyu al ‘2 UR afunys CSi5us paw uou>usousydapnatnion peut Aono eo, tin 20919 ua a eouore we yBhonn posse OU eobansd ko09 ou, "eam aonne 01 eeopdoud ar pur sons fzspanog an Buusno sossondl xn gun nto omosr am das ny) notre anf si Bio majo foe mole oa me Ow ta 4 ks woman 9g eames yt sae a un ps Smo] 58 ua 29 uno auf 030 nog peau ou 9 probay re ‘9 9981 Uo ouiNoA os}H09 © 20 049 Jo UoREAL2SIED yt SEH Pe rea A patouap ae 8 aun fanuoo ox Bupa ar Bio ortL L {sequal othe rate at which thermal energy is leaving the lab atthe surface x = L Thats 0% Qiken= Qa constant By Fourier's law we have Q, == KA (6T/ dt). Separating the varabls and negating both sides ws. x" we have cafee-safir.ora.atacr tort Heat fax eq = Qu Ae X(T, =T3)/. Hence kegh/(Ty-T)=40.x0.05/(40~20)= 01 W/ (m—K) Example 1.2: A concrete wal, whch has a surface area of 20 mand thickness 30 em, ‘separates condoned room air fom ambient air-The temperature ofthe inner surface of the wall is 25°C. lass through the wal for ambient temperature varying from ‘correspond winter and summer condition and dipay your results graphical. ‘Solution: Date Ty = 25°C; A= 20m L=03.m (0 Q= 2500-1007 nl) ranging from 15°C19+38" Cae Ok 1 Qk = (17080) x (0.759025) 100 = 395 n C flows overlongIIo = ‘em9y sx (0) yt 48a eramons se ponoyd eq mow e196 wee arth eset cost 6 oe eres wee ote 889 Kans woHoaH99 | {2p ay pases somo op way W209 i ‘2 ,0r="L19 000 #140 se00= ama | | “LA | -twonnies osr “noma so ee meat au, 2 9 AOE 1 opun 2 f0 amma 916 ab Seper0571 Ince rC=22 (ah-bO (455-310) and een) Inv Gono ee surf aret in Tho aay T.=50°C > a =k): 220% Ansa Qu =Q= BA 15x52 (30-20)27 3600 1 2567x1081 = 567M) Solution:= he Q= Ad, To = dak? rT.) 1548x0252) 120-20) = 29452TIS D “ia pa ee Ag 4s os (1) won meee ERG SEL GET + (O01 JL) ‘ton vets nol oj 4 wo8 8 2 om amps doy 309 wpa 2 perso, (Fg Mzreat 609, SMO KODE! AL 2nd a0 ames sone mano ga 1 29 np my ont pg 1 mE a fogs 006 mnt os oy wtp po vosee9 pea 4 my sre pang og 0 1 enya spo 4 9rsGo sks Pode M4 ns pad nfs op ptee ann eo yd yb oot xset 4 ££ 02044601 £999) men =H Dw ws on postmoden sr wong jo aes oy seu = () A808 GLL~,008) x LOUD 4 ys xsc0" DvD) {u0uv0= N BYLL=S896xS0="™D EO=D. oon 3096 fase we Bangs anes att 8 9996= o0e008)*rico0%,o1U98=TVS) 5 120 ‘rial Ie. Assume T,= 350 K. Then LHS of E.( Bg() Hence Ty < 350 K. 972.6 which is more than RHS of Trial?» Assume Ty = 340 K. Then LHS of Ba, (1) =932.6 whichis sighly less than [RHS. Therefore T should lie Between 340 K and 350K but closer to 340K, rit 32+ Assume T, = 342.5 K. Then LHS of Ey!) = 942.5 = RHS of Fa), Therefore Ts=3425 K Bxample 1.10: The solar radiation incident on the ottde surface of an alumina ‘shading device ls 1000 Wn. Aluminum absor 12 % of he incident solar energy an Alsspates ity conection rom the back surface and by combined conection and ‘radiation from the outer surface. The emssty of alumi is 0.10 and the convective heat transfor concen fo book the surfaces it 15 Wit ~K). The ambient tmerature ofr ay be taken as 20°C Determine the temperature ofthe shading device, ‘Sotutton gase= 1000 W / 3: bsorptivity of luinum = 0 = 0.12; emissivity of sluminum=¢=0.10;h= 18 W (?—K) 204273 «293K; Sola raion Mux absorbed by aluminum = 9,4 Guur= 0.12 x 1000 120 W su “The energy absrbed by alurciaum is dissipated by convection fom the back surfoe and by combined convection ‘aud radiation from the outer surface. Bac Trail I= Assume T,= 300K, Then LHS = 15981 wh be solved by wal ander. Asse T, = 295 K. Then LHS = 15710.73 whi 300K and 295 K Fria} Assume T,= 297 K.. Thea LHS = 15819 whichis: 034%) Therefore = 297 K,em a BHP /LP) t19j 29 e108 ( ‘om om ‘sea ound og = ay nd 4 (avd = (2 enbe hogs a ‘oponpue9 jo my sano Susp, Ge rae) (vd =09v ,.b+ 48/"DE)— I4e)OXVC¥S = XV 790) +") = XV CY orsoudass oun axoqe am simasuo ae do pu d rey Supow pum in ps0 sys Suton GOxV¥E) 19 2= FFL D,01+ 08 PDE-+DI—AVONW b+ 20 erae=O~ D+ " "Yunuops oy 30 Bre owe Jo orvsou jo sary = {xg x enum ag Zoo vopanpvos ey o em — wena an [SHH vopnmin® Baas pains ary + XI DUNE af Ol CoraepUa Remo soureg :o09 ou y+ x pur auton ‘5 4) pnsbas vr Surana un NOLLONGNOD AO SNOILLVNO ONINAFAOD taaldvVHOS57. ] | 5 an wea ae( eT Vas) 20 form: The goncral frm of one see QA) | a“,ononbo ws, 241 poe ota “ eB OID serge kerter 22/2 {0b vont Bcf ON (8) ono wore, 39 ES (UC) ak OFM uaD + OLE MOLL 20/LE fo=cer 10) npues as AEE (I) (OPTED D= Hubs ZOLA Meet POE snp yy uoneabe axoae am KaonPuED tog TERS a SPs oydonds 303 (8) ub (20 46) ee + [se Be) ne e+ Ce 20) KE) 228 am Bos po eae pee "O 20p sworssondas ap AUNMINSGNS werae="+"D ‘ain 2 wots atmjon au 0} oppo Joe | Busey (00.10) 29 Ap xp 8 =30 / 12 = sms pe ARs BEI jo oe JO ae 2p Ay xy .,b= "= aways ay wy wont KB09 fem 94 103A ay A 39 (eg 18) e0 0+ (Ke 40) “IKE @ + (6e/.LE) IKE @) =" & vjsoup 20m) a ou wae 9 ON waANeWOD Jo aE em BOK} oz 29 Ay wy 1) 1) He 2= woHsa aysy xy ey 10) iKe/e= sun 2p ayy Bonn Ka «9 (REPO) -= (He /:00K20°O,0) +99 00rOO)+'1—10= $=" = onan ‘uaa aumjos Jo Soo a ap soso psueHT eay HoNIMpUE Hr BA 2 fo(9) Steay state conduction without heat generator Pr iad £FE/ ay +P /IF =O Bg (2.19) scaled he “Laplace eat @112 =0 and” = 0} 2.19 Peay)| yd soqatusas © oj puny syed 8 309 EAE | 1 SuoRpueD Laxpunol L784 wospuoD Kampamog My i | : 4 lasksomtbererior—onxm | j oa ] ogee my eon ats poneesuf : | won 1 ML59 9) ) a) 70) ‘Surface in contact with Md ‘aT; with surface heat transfer coeficlen hy ‘ig. 29: Boundaries subjected to convective heat transfer fora plane wall Le. Fig. 210: Boundary surface atx =L subjected to radiation heat transfer (ET onan = ut Bx Ls Genta ™ dein: Inthe above equation both Tat, and T, shouldbe expressed in degrees Kelvin 2 1, 4 ig. 2.11: Schematic for general form of boundary condition Energy balane forthe outer surfave i given by the euton Genin? 8 Gar ® Got + on = K(ETI Bho G97 #6 [The ~Tay'l + Ble —oe sz {ayg@uen 10 ueRsu09 wnypow } sannpnpuoa yousous 243 et (9) Uy wonerous6 yeu Sua st) ‘ons 980 sfoves 104 (a) ‘pean 10 Apears sasuen 94 (2) 10 mb + (P/49 4 / pT) ee oy 216u48 5 uaNs 5} wonenbe uoRanpUCD yeoy a4 YUM UI LUNIpaW @L9pSUED “2 yeuassuawip aaa 10 dees so Apeai npr 93508 Ye 3 suo jet ie St (Ge /20) (672) = pee 40 52 wo, 21s uu van «| vonenbs vonanpuoD aeay au YUM uy RIEL @eprsueD TE “ayo 23 u uognqunsip suresoduis 2698 Apeans eue!suaurp-oms es mn FUN hd CD Jo ase! NIN ae igo umous sated rejueas @ api “OFZ 9 99 of (24) wonnqusp meinen aes Kove reuosuawip-on ay) suuusap 03 vonefruLo />RewaLIeW aU Byam hy suyevsduse usylun #28 pauimue 5 J9putMo a 9>euN pons jm =1 yo euniesodus wgin P a2e) sanyo saw ayn pue e/a j2 2s pn ee Nt BUR Y SPE 0 ssBUHID PISS @ VOD “ST ay antDonv09 e yn ns Surgeractue) wuoyfon © ye wOHqE Le oyu OU aun yo a>e)Mesaine Bs -b JO Hes Uaeiin ee ou sapeaUao ‘tim avauno apse jo abessed oka Aq Gut oun Ye sued pou sin jo BuTEEY edu wujtan © e Hae 5 y smPes JO seq neddeD Y “Oz mu Un sumesadwen yusstop 01 Waraaud 943 jo Loren) one aay emul cn ps Spepne 219 pue sed a} 4so09 50 ‘seins, doy 3 seus soso ain pur "L arteseauot We ae ou © J0 Noy a Ay Bue, ve ‘1 powfans 51 yom ayp jo sa29uns 249 Jo a40 AuappNS "y sumesodues won ee hymnal Somoaasd eso weieiea Wom pus sean jo em uN vee 7 eonewownew aia stunt auaDuoo valsuen teay aes Sig eww vomantoo Aa peau salecrp sopuI/o aia Jo esr ue ‘presi Jopuids ah 0 soaps fy mo] a () suse yoo sasuen Yeo atD2NU0 # aim 1 ainaeedNe wsD;UN © ye quae ue vi, vamnaruco Aq wad seteieip sens pani vaiN0 “uf 30 uepsves #28 s0.g2y 312960 ue yay AjwuOjuN paeDys1sDeLNs pdamo 94 Oy (2) Suonipils Atepurog Bua 1 pawefans 1 W yOu fue #i snipes seo "Snipes Jeu J sop @ v 92 sz svonues Avepuney a Jo uaneno} leanewatew 249 ayn Jo {Sbjouen aeoy soaps i ek Jo sierseuze wunjAn eves CM Tg aun os Be um jo ates € 3e Adan eau @ 03 poEafans SSBUADN JO em SUIS Y “FL nena ‘us uleygp “uojenbe veRMpUES Seay feuDBUaLp Pana Om SolnduIE “CZ -worehs aeups00>leauayes aw fuanpuoa Jeduout ajgeuer pue uonessua6.ieay fouls umn vouene voranpuoD eoy apuasep eum yeuolsvawsp-ace du atop “(ampes Aus ¥! 3) aygeuen 3249 Uy Avowoye Sunjanfeosaus eauesyyp #6 o2veay dBsoue ve BuRas AQ 22 ewan jgeuen pus Jeou wepuedap ou stuopenby ueponpues jo woneaueg -yTyo oy “oy “s > 3 ‘A. Detivation of Conduction Equtlonst 24. Solations= +, o 2+ ,-10,+ 00394 = 08/20 o = 0, andr + Q,=@B/3) seems ‘where Qristhe ate of conduction nto the element at adie =k 2m. (@T 20) aw— ay a4 Tya5 oS 5 az ey reYod=,.b + Ges Len 207 @+ (98) Le MRR eG) + Gey 38-9 /e8/ 1) 49 wan sj ut eenpson9 pup oy won opto yo wo} pus a, (4) ORD, 0 eonpay vomnbs axog a Axjonpico (eu wesHoS 30 “02.8 +00/409°9/0 sso (1) ba sop, “NB /AP = X0/ 42 BOPP,“ =70 /0= KEE axcuan opp — x uy woponpuo unjmp a0 ng 9 = Ge/ Le) HoHENPEOS a APD ‘ee (e110 t= b+ 0/120 9076+ oy se hese (4/120 %8/8 6 baa 5} ones cyupo09seeswDas 1 pos aones um 3y wont woponpuas Jom} J BE) (OATS CT, 9) A= a4 70) =041,0) 2) 2 Were (1 20 0112/40 19) = C47.) 2+ (00/0) Here ‘29m 500929 oy ua 51434 SUHON pon voponbo oaoge xp uN “(enero reap ds bipgay +2027 18) 194-}2re— sung am 1)"BA 8 E HE) PRD "Dy stsandea xy SUMMING “eee 247d" 00/90) py bests so, wate s-gnss ‘satan 4p) po (op ay apo oy Bunsen Os ope SRE = Ea OP ODE HPAES = = (041) MON, RLU 2 ¢ +.) Igy) d= wana 30 Kox2 Jo avez yo m= 1/3) ca srt = a2 41 UH Lonsaus 91 J0 a8 =) 9.90) = +9 G0 /'€)- 10 27708) +O1= "94° 0 e730) = °D="D4+0 as vanes 1a a uoponpano ates Koei ape [suysuaup—2U0 24 voenbs samt 20> ‘a4 2N0g¢ aun a wy unos Sa spas Ku 2 ssa 30 eau OUD EPICS swonmes 72 0@/ 16) 4= b+ (0QLLBNN 2/4) 1) 38 on 9/42) 732 ~)297e—) (06/10) "8 ap ai2 = ba Ex7 + sti pazea atin cepa S¢-9- eet mag iw fo ame 9 a 3 sn JP-HT = no 3 UN YoesaIA way Jo 201yy oO 9 TEE ___ For steady ste conduction @ @) =0 For one dimensional rl conduction we For steady state condation,(3T 22) =0 ; For one-dimensional radial conduction we have 'BC/ =O and IT [25 0, Therefore. 31 /9¢= aT / de. With hese simplifications the ‘ene form of conduction equation reduces 10 (19 4 ee 6 For constant thermal conductivity the above equation reduces to (11) 4/de(rthde)+q"7 =0. (© The general form of conduction equation in spherical coordinate system is given by (0?) 8 ae 89 + ae +(e 0 kaTI80) 9 (sn 9 BTIBG) + 4” = PCy TIA) 971990 and 2TBy = 0. Therefore IT /Or=dT /de,Subsitting hese conditions in 2g (1) weave 8dr (dT V a9 +420, For constant thermal conductivity the above equation reduces 10 (UP) ddr (aT Ia) 44" Ne=0. 4a 1 Mathematical Formulation o the Boundary Conditions: 2.8, Solution:- brswoHes "62 | rz | stuonipdoo pena {| (PL=MDY= Me LOA—T= ED) | 10) '0= x78 () 20 sop 09 kmpenog me | omnis. sopmteg 22 -suoggorg worranpteg Jo NopeTaUeG eOBEMONTERL mm wet 1 ues0} 0= eeu.) 0 =? uur Geen, sews ALG GeO tre eM (Gunns 0 30) 9 = Gor4e) "9 a0 suonpano puro‘The governing difereial equation to detmine Tra) is given by una fnatian + Pre hte +a"K=0 Boundary conditions ate: # 0, forall forsit2, . luo 0 forall imaeH, Insulated ‘i OTA) ay=h Thu T) 240, Solution:- foraitx Insulated ‘The governing diferent equation to determine xy) seven by BT Van + PT Vy +G"k=0 224 ‘Boundary condone ae: 4s 13, Solution: The given deren equation i 1) @/8e (ke BT /8e) + 2/02 (k BT 782) + Q"= 0 46® 198 om x dens pe sot (1b Suess a wor : onte ae we 9 vou 5 wont sau neq) voponpuco ae Apes eUeBUC —auo 205 Uofnbo Rune 2 Aus © uy wopompis are peas youoreuaunp on wyI=% wo=a, -auoppuaeAsepunog payed o}pasefans uopsated yay ot soponpuoo ais pros uo avo 20} sue ey 30 Pu Lo 2p ours 5 wo] a Jo TUES 9 4S OL) 1 NOLLONGNOD ALVIS ACVALS TYNOISNAINIG INO | € YALdVHO 0-0 owen rainy Rqusono ap 20H aang ‘2 pus uoutseus yay fa Po uous aS Spam “sz weygoad 1 spewores ‘st ea Ma Ty MESH swonmes S12 o0 sr umgan ep pe Sep ‘wots "euysue-o seeds UoVp ic | Ke Tecan be en fromthe sbove equation ht Qs independent of x nds eons T2OK#C oe 2 g(a canbe wien as Ke M-T) — (i-T) rich can be eval by owing the boundary conitons. paces ep 7 R Plane wal with specified boundary surface temperatures axe where = (AK, rintaned at uniform temperatire Ty ad the surface or = Lis anti’ a anther le. the boundary conions cn be wiiten a follow | fe xeb T= | an equivalent Kc inBg(S2) giver Th = * i ance Rate "KW. p Condon (in 4.0.) gies Tae CLA T, hen or na i Subniuting for C, an Cin Eg 82, gti enpertre stbaon in the plane wal : Too et=T)2=47; Ir i o To-x eee 03) ame Expression for Rate of Heat Transfer ‘The rate of eat ansfer at any section xi given by Fourier’ law as aie kaaneersa i For a plane wall A(x) = constant = A, From Bq, (3.3), dTidx = (T:—Ti) /L. | | Hee Qe THIL Ie 33 | oS ‘The expression for rate of heat transfer Q, can be written as follows: j QehAT-T > Concept frm eine for et fw: e-7)s s i) L 4 F004 44 pouty gw at nme (errr 48mg # 129 98 4, ods ue 20 Baye ve st 479 =0p/19) » 'o=(mrap)2 238.an 4, on nods a 2800 uojenbo aaoge om FopeHoE { ero 4 rae 2 | 508 AB ust oN ps Ke | | — arent a @i-w es ‘a an suopnto om og aut worst par 19.30) Buos a seta ige ty, y FAD 138 90 (6) "ba 01 UogpUED an poe ba uy 18 uomtpana ap Bursa, “Ce Ag Uf umoys se aimadanar w20yun xp0UR ve pour ay t= 1 ates mio a pur anmiodua aotun #8 pau eed aomne uur 7 semen soni pgquoseud yp PUNE OORT| pies Ble Fig. 34:Radial temperature distribution fora hollow cylinder where 6.145) Where Aas (Aa A Al Qa G.150)3 77 y Ta 3 5 LOL UATE DPR L= UM re moog won 29 uo woygoud 2g sUORIPUCEampUROG eu, 1 anos amen uroyunsinoue pooprupe 39 t= sm omnes pu ames soon pe pout 9g = 9 seme 2 ar ROTTEN ST Te TY ‘Hounmduot ooans pomenoa6 ype 20968 NONE -tuoyqad x sono Ampunog 2x1 Buon 4 pour 29 us pi wonton Jos pa!) gh ero mrega tye = OL, va om J, 01 nadia upee sou Sunstone a/o=0P/ a9) » r= tre 228 om 4, cr oder pm ano vorenbs ahoge ap Sunes » “gs (P/ 1p) I~ P or osro” esrer esr aio aon si pais [tus 24014 wore esas p JuuNe "a wayje09 sappuen ey sep ue Le pny sm peivoa gens soySurface at temperature Ts RN @ ig. 3.6 Radial conduction in hollow sphere with prescribed surface temperatures the hollow phere sivenby 62) Now at any radius Subst Bq(G.22)can bewsitenas — Qy=Ti-Ti ‘Where is the thermal resistance forthe hollow sphere a Re(oan)/ (anki 3.235) Radial conduction in ahollow sphere with convective tons at the two boundary surfaces, “The thermal resistance network fr the ove problem s sho Qs= =O lg. 38: Thermal circuit fora hollow sphere with convective omndary conditions ‘312‘901 soodoye ey yom souvts » weap nay fsa oy Jom ‘}Wotuoxboo sauinaes «om amI0d0. v40f map fone 20 eee eng onnbgper are sateen genome oy 0 andy tytn ee ee eee ecanemaa rng @ yi yoeu09 uy sDepanS sayy 56 2} wopssanxo 9 aL ves a UTD TASES ‘99 J0 Vm w yon yeu yo Jo 30s a HH UMOYS os of HOMO SLES lore ys = ose ~[- F ALRat RRS Rs) ALIA) + Lak) # Lal Ak) + Lf Ak) coeficlent hy Ts aan lg-3.11 Schematic and equivalent thermal circuit fr composite wall with ayes in parallel ‘aranged in pralil, Let "be the dimension ofthese layers measvred normal tothe pine of through the composite wall i given by Q=Q1+ +R 3s where Q, = Rate of heat wansfer hough Re sn) (y= Rete of heat transfer trough ayer2, and (Q)= Rate of heat an mt) Now Qi= and i= Where Substring thes expressions in Eq (3.32) an mt Qe Where /Re= UR + UR Vy ht) ce through ayer 1) e We 033) 4.338) ox) 39)“andy pu uaogs ome swede nan rasp Burpuodsan00 oy wa}oj0o sagen re aE pu ey NIA WON ep 280 x) pow 0909 Fay ae pe Lamar aucun 8 pinyin evo aan sysodne9 an Jo ata ou) en ‘gu bare om Bunny touts pods esau |e Bul Hund aummPoN0 modue) nam wore asoge a Uy pow yh *Y 20 sursaue ap Sup Putte = CLD vIn mon ‘0H on (LE paw (GF suonenbo watt (egy nnnnnnnnntminnnnnnnn eel oun 5 vam seein apssno vo pareg wapjco 3 10 waa gn aptso v0 -puny anode 9 10fmmaoe2fSo44 EE TLE) we | 20 wolssndneaacye ou, i 1p YouHp pue aWITT = (3 Surface fn contact wit fd at T nd surface beat rst coeicient hy for th composite sphere of Fig. 3:13 except that the expression be diferem. The se 3.40) Rt Ri +Re+ Ral 1 1 ee WA 4nnth, ei Tw! 7) hoon n n " 1 = , “, o © © Fig. PRL: Schema for problem 3.1 Solution: 320 «ee “Jo wopoasp +39 ‘Dopo eso © used eee ERT 185384 FOSEPU! Wu SEAN “S8)M Ooo'o0e = 0002 X001— = = =20y wa, 819, 0000= 1701 (00r— 008) = snp a;04 ‘x esenou gta Buse omit neg unos aon ay Hae 9 @ +o uonsonp 24 +29 29m Sun) yan vx ag Sep" 05 WEAN sm oar v= : (oe -v4001-=mnapr—— TT ae a fede rorya 4 YeL- WD = spp asereu @ om se 9pm 4 “anesixpup) syomssduor 904TWIT J b nh ‘By Foaie’s law, he rate of ‘eat tanaer in xrecton ‘willbe a constant. Also a any xD=ex. Tein TI Tay tit) =— Keay A (HE). Separating the vavable we get, dT =— (ese) Qu (@xhe) Intern the shve eqn weave fares squeewfou o ToT 4Qlas WICC) (490 o Tet eh PRICK snl) ‘Atx =, T= Tp. Sobatutng this condion in Bg(1) and solving for Q we et @ ‘Subetuting this expression for Q, in Bg (1) we gt the temperature doubt inthe cone follows or Tia) =400+ 12. {201s} > Temperature dictation 1 numerical values of al the thermal ough the compas wal. Also cau the composite wal. ‘Solution: Data Ly = 005 m= 0.10 Ly=0.18 ms ky = 20.W KK): k= 50.Wi 100 Wik) 4) =25 W fin —K) sho= 15 Wht T=400°C: T= 20°C, ' Raw 1 (WA) en = 00H PKI W (A= A= Ags Age Ti) 23x1 3muw oe | 1D S000= re = (OY) 11 = OF \ ore | axe AID 9 EHLOOD == EY) T= OE or, oo xz W199 TODD mm = +00 wet tstyety Sageexterye'y D9 O0EL~'L La] ws b last wp ‘omy | =n ‘aspo= 1: Cem OL =n swroser:Crmmog=4 YE PT: CUI HO= PL ‘tw to "12 OFA OO = 4 yx GD) er t > uw ste yy woe ua an 9) UaIj909 SH Ye EBVO NFA, em penute = aun Boon Sd 9H ous © 800+ 1990+ Z000+ sz100+ WOR HY HE SHEE H =e ‘mtg L900 =~ even xo0t ALE tl 10902 = CNEL sv bes [MA 20970 =m = VO PT ore 1x07 NPA 2 SIN soo DAR al as SCTE2.08 Rea (Ady) nnn 0.00036 °C/W, 2x70 f= HIRE LI Ryo Re nn RD [Now Ry, Re and Ry ae resistances in series so that Qe nn nn enn 86:705 x 10"W (FRR) (0002+ 0.0011 0.00036) ‘Heat wansfor er unt area of he exposed surface given by 4=Q/ As = 86.705 /20=43.35 kW, Q= MTR RS Q= CTT) Ro Red Qn) =O Qe= THT AR ERS) + T—Ta (RR) m7)Jos % tues x mpyap) y= (Am oR PID Kmponeg aL ore o “=P. J )500 fe van xed eg rom ‘usgds © u uopoapuco ype sepa yop 0} Uoptba Bupa =, abut exanpuco ae Sea (>) 2900" syeE LLY = 19 srez= ey caro sepa, P48 = (66000 + ,_01SEE¥)~08/ (02=0S2)= "4 40 mata (arrp-d) cee fcoe ey BID S60) En - v SrOXopOXS Ey — UHI sueo=zto+eroe® rwero=uimgea=4 Mio, rk ogonbeaxore xp way pourage ag UES ate a) J ama ou, = rpaojsay,J Integrating a, (1) tr once, we get Peni =C, oret ore cule 2 Integrating once agnin ws. we get T=-ci/+ Ca From @) (Tags = CI RE ‘ Hence condition () gives =KCV/R =) o ) Crs Rite Condition i) in Eq(2) gives O=—C,/ Ra + Cr or r= C)/R=— (GR RD) 4 Substituting the exprestons for Cand C; in Bg (2) we have aR? aR? eee ke KR ‘Sebstiuting the numerical values for qp ,R and Re we hive iexio'xor? —16xi0txat Tp) anne ‘0 aoxoa or Te) = (40/2) —200 33t ‘Therefore Terb-ni =(60/01)=200 = 200°C. n Cap berween solids Enlarged view of the contact surface Fig. Temperature drop across ‘ermal contact, bathe valleys insulation because of oor thera conduct aspsact 2s ‘offers some by mane ofa few examples Below, Example 3.4- A compose wal con Sof two diferent materials A [k= 0.3 Witer-k)] ‘he thekness em. he outer surface ot i) andie outer surtece of layer 8 face Neat transfer coaticsent of 25 Wl ‘0.33 (mek) (W. Determ ‘and the inner ang outer surface temperatures. a2 Soliton: n23 DS 08 wee (orxix2%2) arse W/O) SLO O= 20101 S100) mmr ee v ' remy suv0 «#2 x 001 "MOL C1200 =m t sevorrsa 9 aaron 295 rasp feOLAY, pur snEUNDS Ea ALE Dp St ELEM IH“ IOO=MUED)§ = ILO YA 001 = 4:9 901 =" Cry x oF =! m SyOmSw SeI.O= Eg HONMOS ‘eieay ain Veamiog soueisso4 Dewey Teunaun aL “(3e/™ DY feuuowg © pue Aenoodso: wu sy pue uu gz Jo IPR ght UL" 32 PaUleulaw 8) Depa Jou aeoum BG TemURUI {51 yo seus sand ag Punoae pode 3 pea 2u0F9 a DRY “are OTORNEX 6 Do l6or= (00% r40 or) Dostts™ OXY atyb-PLa, ‘DgASLEL = (oO ¥r FON) erzLI = My ‘DELI =(COX PAOD ~v6t= MyD-YL= PL Dy E61 = (900% FHO1)—oNE=PYD—IL= VL 40% /CHL="D usr UNA #0] =m EOL Y= an eH (5-00 A/T ALE =H00+ 80+ EEO+ZO+ D0="y +A = My +E AT MI eOO=U Hse revue WX w80= (1 «SOD HOD (ey eC Fro 0= event axe eit ego # == VO NuGA= gw) STO=" (rs s0= "42 OFAN FO= 4 OF mose #84: OF SE = Dg 0801! 9 ,008= 4.9935959 3/8 2 Power required = Quit = Ques + Qnie= 1650+ 727.3 = 2378.3 Wim, 34.0 Dimension Sted State Conduction With Heat Generation: The sovenine ‘equation for one~ dimensional steady ite conduction n solids which are generating is ‘ven as fllows Or Ide +g" k=O ‘Substituting the given expression for q” the above equation reduces to dx +(qg/K)e08 (4 /2L)= 0... a9 ~ 7 —— | [ | | +8 | 8 ~ O re we | lL sony on vos bt aban Somes pa kan 0=9Y_b + GPILP APP Gt) 9 HO} | > a wort ro a pu on wpa sna WIC D= CHU) saeyen yg e0y pe | Rpusintipe ooswutpac a spuinop cee ele o | * Qe ce'0)mesoduaa mepns sano ay pue Corre tg =H. arsencun ano voices eau’ Siieieaass an opens ee me SORLIET =u Gruhn ot rant ut aac oa ye pein Sotonpun ees esses 01519 0/'9=040 ve Stary out says ae See "9 erin Sap supe oven yee mm tgsagige eg 2b Shoyan vem ute oe suey Es by ssp . fa poreusoaie oq us wager vy wall ams Tm 9ou0 ZuyosTaVUy Uscettoss40, — ommsanay e }o SLEGI = SBI + SLL = MF CNL suua9 om 1 \w-risest+su= | Fa 44=*Hepapa— i SCL+ Lim 11508 +05 (0s anoyaneny | (Gaounss 30 5220) 9 = spjp “9. xe = fs Dg SE mmm ED s00x,01xe a 0 SEB = arm nD oN é 600)%,01 x les igs ~ 8 s9pupso I 21 28 2 (6b poe tg oj suqsdno ay anemnees | Lt i ” 50194 240 22eus sno 24 30 se 9m se pos 0 auiv09 [9+ at D140 0, Ba Aulon 9p ulMLerep vorNDNOD R 19 waDyeO> J0jSvER YEOH € Lm Dy Og I Me hatte Ke 9oeunsOy a” =@L1-@R*) ‘Boundary conditions ae: () atr= 0, / r= 0 (axis of symm) egrating Ba @ ° 040=¢,/00rC=0. i sphere ofradus Rin Which 16x 10x (0, Vexi0 wire. form temperature To,3 yay we an an ,.b10 Supnnans O=1 bs 2PI4P 4a ang eon Sune WORN enema eon se pee cna ys NBER) “a L [er= 8 - 11% = ke oneIes “nen 2 01 0). rues eyes Apes [evorsvousP-su0 23 ByLerea “Lainey ‘11 Pur sweisico Suey pug ™D Sy CLD -11= 0 Jue} 940} Buypes9e seoy Bue oU28 611 SSOUINN JO NEM BURY ETNE WOKS x 1,094 C9) TV Ove 2 ae au pacity sea oe Lt [ee ede SL 2 aoe @ wi avn an (6) "BaF pe 9 oy srs a ows ibe tLEPT/de G91 PTT] =O Defining anew variable 0 = —Ty the ahove equation can be writen as eo -+qp{ 1-60) =o o #01 de! ~ G9 H0Kagy/k o dolée -m%¥2q/ mega 09) + 0 where 0\(x) sities the diferent equation 86, de? mB = 0. Solution wo 84.3) sven by Oya)= Aves Are™ x) sais the ferential equation 9, 162 ~m°6,=qu/ Hence ‘The complet soltion (x is therefore piven by OH) Ape AE MAT Poon second order linea noe-bomogentots diferenal equation whose solution is snl8) neous Since thsi Cis a constant sessed) 343 “The constants Ar and Az in Eq (7) canbe determined by uring the two boundary eon whic are 0,48 dx =0 axis of symmetry) ie, 60/dx =0 (ax=L,T=Tyjie,0=0 From Ea, ‘Substituting cond 1 dx = mpave™— Ae] Dweee m{As-Al=0 or AeA qi we get Ale" +e" T= 118 trasfer may either inrease or decrease dapending onthe eat ve magnitude ofthese co ital Reds of Insulation for Cylinder Let vs consier oe ‘smintained a constant tempecatre of, Lethe pipe now be insulted with 3aove se (assy seo 609 eu) woyronuos posto W891 yom 29 Pinom Spe I 5 0-2 / (up wo [=U J99=—— = | ‘0 ! hau ous 2 2 a0 38m 8 2544 OF—YA SOD st wOURo Joya onpo eM) Xp un Lupa oes (Gh gig t00ge sf sopbead UY paioanoats Jo anes 4 po ain 9 a ti a ‘spe eon 0 ona 9, Poiog vont so wor in eazy 0 suioq poe sips ron | wopypoo spsuen yey pus, 3 pny © yy 25}005 ut‘keeping ther sendy operating temperatures at lower and safer levels. Critical Radius Insulation fora Sphere: Thea Pipes canbe repeated fora sphere and ican be shown that fra sphere bf insulation is given by D, Ke 12 Wim) Ty=130°C hh= 120 Wn?-K) Ton 30°C | b= 120 Wit -K) Toe30°C () Conductor with eral thickness of Insulation When the conductors tae the ae of heat loss othe ambient i ven by Qe ADL (Ty Ta) = 1205 0.008 1» (130-30) = 301.6 Wim, (@ When the conductors covered with essofinslation, | De=3e=2 dh) =2x( 12/120) 002m, 93 1 1 (DD) em Rana — dex lox oeLk 0121s (m—"C)/W. 1 1 Rage 116) mn DLR xx ER Restart Ry =0.1218 + 0433 = 02545 f° C)/ W. rT.) (130-30) Sp meen = 39293 W/m the lowest value themes used? re when the Blecricl Resistance = RL = 6% Current teough the eable == 700 A: D = 0.005 m;h-=25 WKn#-K) ;T. = 30°C, Power disspaod = Q= 1" Re = (700)'x 6x 10-*=294 W/m, Bur Qs hac TeorT= Te QV (GDL) xh)a ee le aa cf 6 [ ose, oe SpiS=SLEEDXON+OE="L PUR _rerzooovortexe wera MP ASUEEO= 1270+ 9910= MY sO}, sexsoo0 x01 ¥2xz Mya izeos—— =4 i xopeaxz 1 OBIS DpPT9= sor OXOB-+OC MADAM =H sR ve /OL=D =D MON M/SO¥O™ DIEED + SELDO= MY + May = sUogf aap ren Bupa pn ote on pod amcor we pssia aga oo wee NeuINES EA eu ” ea pujeee snp 04 vonzne Pow 3 pm 14700 wf epg 7 yn wot sasee9 19 senso OL-any 10% 4 = 1209 an Doertics (1E0 + zop0) xe C=. ” Caroma o ete wm coy Gexirworrey wt ORD BLED = — “ev T= ox ve MOH) 2990 (50000 /200) oera) met 2 cm an thermal conduct $0 W/m - 4) ‘od ls of length 25 cm with heat loss from its tip. Solution: i) Given:-D= 0.2 m; k= $0 Witm-K); To 20°; Tox 1200; ‘For a very long fin the rate of hest transfer is given by ) x 0.02" x {120-20} = 25.13 W 16 4) x 0.00% x (12020) x tanh 1.6 When the heat os from the rd tip is not net then we can us the same formula ss incase (i) with modified lng L sven by Le=L 4+ AP=L+ (abil) (xD) = L + D/ 40. + 0.004 0.105 Hence mL, = 16% 0.105 = 1.68 and tah mls = tanh 1.68 = 09329 Hence Q=25.13 x0.833 =23.46 W Example 3 thn ro fun evs action lent and thermal canductvty a1 (2) Obtain an expression forthe tempereture distribution along the length of the od ” (0) Also obtain an expression forthe heat issipation rom the rod to the ambient Solution: The general solton forthe onemensional steady-state temgertredstbution along the length of rod ‘Substituting for and Cs in Ba (1) we have A, cosh mL) sin 2g cosh mx sinh mL sinh mx—8, cosh mL sia mx OF = renee ‘inh mL _ Expression forthe rate af heat dsipation rom the rodoot or OU) B= 0 = (XO? 1; seonpou urbe nog kp wa = (Wg PRG = y= LTT 07 B= CL DIVA /AD~ (2911) 0 Dopy sa 89a +30 GP VAP = 9+ xP HFDP? 20 POF eHFDN+d="OH0 © OHO=4D ‘29 uo tie por 29403 woneab souyeg 43:00 ap wnsypuos aus pears og =H a yuo Ose ae pop Cana ae at 8 Pos ap Jo SUmpancg ap Sea o000| "snot a oso amy au moe se Pos a,x, ua eens S059, usa uopnamstpametadun ys Apa eIsUsp 0 uquev08 ogy uo} 01005 Buds por se a 20 eH i) yur, S140 700) pe <0 (xp 6p) aH,a) ay yD 5 9 5 DD 7 y 334 [Bq(t) isa nonhomogeneous inear second ode ordinary differential equation whose solution ean be writen as 0) =O) + 940 where (0 sisi the homogeneous par ofthe fferesal equation namely a (@Q0x)—n420— nd 0) isthe parcular integral which aisies Eg, (1), Solution to 000) = Cy 0 + Oe enn ime 9x) = B, where Bis Tofind bs) Since the RHS of Ea (1) is a constant let ws 3 constant. Substiadng tis solution a .(1) we have =m B==(q"/) or Ba (g" Jk’) ‘Theefore the complete soliton for Eg, (1) canbe writen a B(x) = Cy e+ Cre # (a kon?) or Tia) = Tot Cy 0 + 074 "km, 9) ‘Boundary conditions ae: () atx =0,7 =0 (iax=L,7=7 Condition (in Bg, (5) gives pate O46, or C4 Cre Ta (Qi?) en) ‘Concition(i) in Ba.) gives To= Ta + Cs e+ Coe + (qh) o Crete Cre Me TT, From Bae) C2=—Ci~Te~ (han, Substatng this expression in Eq(0) we have Gye [C+ Te GA eM = To Te 101 355 To= (Ta Qn’) {1-7 Mla [To 4 (en? To) = T+ iq" Any + ‘Example 2.18:- Two very long sender rods ofthe same diameter are given. One rod is of alminum (k'= 200 W/(rrk)). Te thermal conduct ofthe other 00101 sae uoh0 pen HR aN ORS “edeys moyou 942 aoeine Jouul aut ny s9jsuen 104 243 oyBON “UB sur Jo euesseum ‘th Uy LoToNpOD race ‘oy ees, manda wart a paw OF coy SSesie aih iT oceye temoumes ewes ey MoTIeU € sxe ey pesodaua Sapo 16 aes Pw ws = oy = (-D+dt9¢ey= ego we) +e oro @eu= fo oe—ayu eto y LM 1 wopoous, “soapns aq a toy oe eon HT = 9M pe soeyinspoauy a) ox ys sjsu oH MY oper Rp OH TO, = ary, OH =m mone “ouspe 010 = W fue “eumesedWer woyquie « “1 pue aumeadu ose og! (esenne povuyun + aoeprs Douay“) ene misver dog jeiot = ey a Jo eo sobune = Pew fe ag ouarys Uy © U ROKR De dupa ‘a van 5) oes syste 3eoy fear att e>epns pauuy &.0) 24 MOUs ~6t'E OLdMeE uy peyton Wey n rou ele we 01 (oruyy 08 = ood =H sob Uy E91I0% =" bantu amy = Fy PUES =a DHS (V9 Ca I32= [WD / Ca » 10 89 ayy 29 SNH NINN (0 = Cx) 2O= PEE =X EK LEH SE © Se yr aay ry 1020 poy ya pos sea peep (ed = (a0 arin a =00 ‘quan poromy0 2 19 Boye wouTGDFY sp a0 ai =m orev 007 = -yaronpuo> ewsoxR umouyun a SuHaReg oee0 24 wos 2 02 9° puss eu umdtun 70 pal axa Jo Yeu Se aes 3 9200 “arene io sungusnuan au apeyins a9 You ie paunseew 31 pol wee yo aorieioduay svepns sul "ys ol) aDeNs Wim uORD9AUOD Aa=L e te UayIE ayn oy 3804 bus) ast sod "20%, smesedsdhaoyun ve pouensea sens eats 1 poypere syeuuo¥a #1 pes y>ee 2 pus 940 “sta Bulan OL “MOY osehates what: k243 Wink) (2227-27 = 300°C (Crass section ofthe handle ‘Are of cross section ofthe bar = A= 25x 18x 10~'m?=3.75x 1074 Perimeter ofthe bar=P=2[25+1.5}x 10~*m=8x 10? m (ea) nee ytnesx 8x 1074 eee pala) 1a 3.75 Therefore mL=849x03=256 ‘When the heat los rom the eagh ofthehandle Therefore or (0) When the hand (Dhan = 6 / cosh m= 300/eo8h 2.54 =47 °C, Tdhar=47 + 27= 14°C low made out of «sheet ws = Attom?r Ltt 10-¢n? Pe2x[25+15]=Bem=8x 10 1.5mm thick ® ‘oan mi ~= 557°C, ‘Threore Txt = 587 #27 = 32.57 °C, Reduston in grip emperatre = 74 ~ 32.57 = 413°C, 106(2) 2P)*V51~ 09/10) H4==PD+°D="D apr 2 arompa0> Jo mur jo eH ap YEH sue tf BEY Sava O om “one a 48 OP 0. 20+ POW DHO= DF D="D oon va uy wag omg 2 ” % ope Ym zt = Wu (x-w/m 0g = 54 “OHU)/A St = % OunESy uy Ud ansocueD 4a Jo SeOLaNIDOYS eda wo weyD - CT tao ear RAD or (80/68) O#D evs see) Where )=T Te and m=¥ [MPs /ihiAr #kAd) ‘When the heat loss fom the fin pis nepiibe the soltion to equtin 2) is given by cosh [md.— 2) 0) = 89 mr cosh mi. seal) ‘The rate of eat ane rom the fn bates gven by ren == GaAs + HoA2 (68 dns = mis Ar +haAy tanh mL, Now = Olea! Qe Ay #49 tanh [Noting that BP (kA +kaAs) = the above expression fry simplifirs 0 ‘iah mt ' a ern Y(r2x00314) 108 ‘Therefore Why 15 1 necessary to derive 2 fresh differentia! equation for © one-dimensional steady state femperstre decioution slong the Example 3.24: plane wal 4 cm thick has one of ts surfaces in Mid ae 120% witha surface nest va 30°C; hy = 250 Win): Ty = 30"C; y= 500 20¢2+ 0.0017. TrandTs Solution: Ryy= Thermal resistance for convection athe surfce at, = INRA) = 1/(2803 1) 0008 KW Rg= Thera resistance for convection atthe surface at Ty = IMA = 14500 1) 36 Or R= 0.002 n?-KAV noteases wen rnea—weVDe » SL AOD HCL » solase mr ewrof 2404 om -1=3 pu +2 ¥usousag wont anoge oi Fuso, sevuiderms 227 *4 (op WVIgid+ HPA=="O40 um s00 = (3p PWV =="D, armyan ioqenpucsom ceiiog tn (ads rea “5 core sjsuen yeou 29, ones @ drstag (@) 24g souesias feuuoin 22 ‘248 pue “1 pus 1 saumeseduin 2© pawienveu ae sazeune omy at ‘31 Jo eave yun sad yom 2 wba sosuert Yeu ai 20) uojsaidea Ue darag (8) shueiuoo ave g pve as0uN Cag+r) =u wonenbo ayy © Supiasoe sunyesnde am souen i auld © J Aranpoo [eu 94 ir soe ', 0S = coo x00! + OED +L = EL 2y06= F000 * c0001 = Og = PAD == ‘00001 = 27 01 x6E1 = 401 x19 ‘qu qd 5s“, pu, uaenog a p04 wonAos Sune zPGOrY 61s yo1¥t =O ameHtV=,,01 Yi +O, 01 ie =: Dp01x21 + DoIELO~O91z = O40: og, 10 a ——— =o (sov0-vo Fa ,-01¥2-9121 ieee 3D wo Convyrr == tem age pata sours js sa0eyp 0182-912" Cvoa~ OBL toga + 108 = Pad +=" 20H gyn Dioow- oBez/L+ LI © asst @ DwwU+OE="WA=TL 10 urea-sn=041 ow Dr00- oe! =*¥O- n= tL mU0H “Lp HM oD wy amtoguen amps = sy PCL") =D HON— A sen f— tocr— Fig, P3.26; Schematic or problem 3:36 Datu = 600°C; Tae Ly = 005 m;L4= 010m; tos tastt oan) n see oontt somnt Toft aig —tu b-1.— so 1 ‘ 0": = 00 [1 40.0087, + 7/2) = O.0511 + 0.004600 +t) ) 2} = 041 + O00RTST + 0742%10-*T) Why Simiterty a= 0.04 140.0075 0085 + 15 10°, Whim K) Example 3.27: rate of Win 7 kok (1+ 9T] keke For constant thermal conductivity ky the termperature dsibution inthe wall near and is ivenby .on ‘aay am 40) SapSGRS 9 [PIL 3B p we nox boonpiae ae Ape euoeamp ax 29 wopnbo sere oqdimeng soy ame See w beens, a WG) tue CL Whestese + =a ns Taye BL + Daeg ee tue) 2) + Se ea~ Dee + d+ G2) 84-4 Cu— wed ee + + HG B= Ave DLA anny on 02H HG 12) # 4+ C=O cr sca wre, te EDO) +L WIV-= TD 138 0m 7 = pub 9 =x uanaag pron © ibe eeDUOHD + a al vr = 90 APUI+ DA==3PD —stojaUL—) 41s lo (1 40x) THis] =0 . “) Let Laxey; Then a x =dy 0 dyldx= & Ther Eq) ean be terms ofthe variable yas follows. dy Oy (ETHY) a} Jo=0. T=IC Ra) iny + Ce ‘Sbettutng for’ in terms of'x° we have Ea, 20gives Ta [C/Ca ks) o oat tal) +7; kof In(h+at) . we get the temperature disbuton as: ithe values of Cyn Ca in Ea Te)eh-T)ln (A +ax)/ Ind +a) +7 Expression for rate of heat ransfer: Ateay = KATIE ‘31 or a NA TIER) Lao] A dle Ts—Ti m ft Ts AM-TWe keky[t+e Fig. Ba he (ran x) 28: Figure for Example 3.28 conduction without “0ot soo ase» pub suayh “es 0+ 1] % = Mel BYR cD BuIODDe sper fo feusiew a ge far asoey I") UN el snp obs ena gue asa: dn Yyaee odueey sepunho 23 1 voranpues ay uosvsuyp-200 sussy s9PUIMO ai Yon J)SUE eau jos nag "i (20+ 1] 4 = Mey aye CupIEDDE sre lay souen spur axa euerew aa 9 hyanpuoo few a4, *LBure-9a.oN {usnpes ye eps euiexa pue y sameuoduny wioyun ere orcas “apna a ‘unssy vapunto up yonoan 23a ‘sang uists ain ope aso 0 thm mel a} ot Buputoe npes ) ¥ ca (05.00% $809) dra 2mm 0H 0-0 sy aa seneyp 2 mon oe LOL Sr y.orseere SrO>str0 dot X90 Xoo Tied daa ees enone = OROND Osx isrorsoo) x2 sieale wcrN + ale AE 1922208 anaygy 2°02 'L~OL= nn one pono af SS pe sno gone 66H “9 >> sy YM E4000 OSE / 60°) OF = 11 B= ALIN o= 0: wsro opooaues 29 sours eI a so xa pony ig se ‘ineeduatspunosms ay yee oy Aoi at psa ot pos 4hTe +e @ DA Tre: ‘where dT i the increase in ey K=pVC, oT the elinder in time dt. this condition in equation (2) we get f = 195-30 | oo, Solving fort we get t= 4226 | | | i ‘Lec To be the temperate ofthe cylinder at any tet. Boergy balance forthe eylinder fora = time interval ts given by | o ATI dt (eAWpVC) Te: ~ Putting m= (hA/PVCs) the above equ at/aemT(=mTe 46 Solution )~Ta Then the above equation reduces to i bs a6.sz 91 9/9406) tr 2.) 9909/9406) 9 CL + OP LAP 9 er 1 96g. 0198) Pusey [9 /1+06}u= (ut nny am (1 Vonerbo waxy, 29) BamaANS Lure gm + OP 4p) von 2q n> wopentoaxoge oxy (294d py) =u BoE (on-OHLI Cond v= G0 4) 20 (“yn vas cor anyone 52 von 29 eno 199 ue ads a0 20 open soueg Ag (yr rrreenpuoga wt $9 7406, ” "5/2 (9l)=0 /14P)"=4 pe 9 g06= suo, #10910" 8,01 (09/4819, 06=11'0 tooo ame pie» sag ig += 5 a8) 008 o1-89/ Pt0=5 21g) 7A 86 = 4p I twee! 0 vane awh 2ta puE S000 ea aK en eo ans ae "3 Kaeo saseoou;samesoduoy eau pue 3.06 1H ‘patauooe ot peipvend sry '5 «OS Jo Snaeiodums we theo § Gr expon 2°» | aby BOOBs Bnet aN « 23430 avin aut pul "sWoppen arsesodu3 fu aM GP. OE, nm ‘amendunn sum a amnesty 5 ota VOU. 2 @L-OD + (7) 90 fq vous sou o wosun e se ads pu aumorouy a vga, (th) ~ C81) = 1D ‘2 (2) vonenbo uy uonpces sang (es) 8 4" =6.0%= 1°09 Kareem Ig Fane ” 194 P= 20 hone som w oy enya Uap BEL GL (291.0) = UL (udowd me) =p) 40 (oot) 9 eer = <1). agers bentoeis Integrating throughout wt we have (Te) =m{G0+rs6 Jem +c, or Time Ms904 1/6 Je™ak +Ce- hn) + (e"V6m) ~(e"Y6ni} + Cre“ sl) -90+ 1/6) ‘Therefore the temperature of sphere asa fneton of ime I given by Teo #1904 (Um) + (15 —90 + 1 6m e~ For T() tobe extemmam (&T I) =0. 1 ‘Therefore we have (IT /a) = 15 + (F-90+ L/éms}o""*(-m) =0 ‘Substutng T= 450 °C dod simplifying we get m+ 146)e"%= 16 Oo eM eels aah Row m= (OA pV) # nn PG [aa pRR po 22078107) 3x38 1000 x 0025x082 x10) Using @) & 6) 2). Tepe 90+ (uy (IM62.07410°) + [240-904{1(6x2.07310"))] x expl-A.07e10-* 410 ‘Teoe9.48574(230.5152)(0.9999) TH>0 Heace vue of wil be minim, Therefore eM ={2160 2.071074 1] 25.47 (©) What would be the equilibrium temperature of the iron if the contol ofthe ion Dox di nt swith of the current? Solution: ter dat p = 7840 kg / + C,=490.1/ (= K) k= 70. WK): mal kgite Smin= 3008, Veem/p=1/ 7840 = 00001275 m= 1.278% 10 Levin 4a 50x 0.005 Bi GL /k) = = 0.00568 130bb ma ay pagtten, 0 [ota xse00x08=082 sua, Ded rs yedoreg 2 0 pasojsuen yay agp 8080 pot ‘peas argue na) BOS op Doeel=or+ LETI=L 0 EET =yeage-2— 1800 L=6 ——Sc0r= 1H lop? H 008 =@ nope oer seootes re (OLE BES 0G = —-ayWsd seo os ose. o @ m2 DAE /D)= 200.007 10 29 CONE/O)= 9904, 96 1888 (uP Yn 20 8 ontrd)=00 se uno 99 | w ‘payor vopipvon ‘1qatou a8 a. [ se ae | Ler 42) = X09 YE 49) , tas 8) per fartine oo ig A: Geometry corinat nd Boundary condor ase _ ‘conduction ina slab (1X) @X dx) = 22 and (MC (@Y Id) = 2? | ‘The mathematical formulation of this transient conduction problem is given as follows: Or XI dx!) +X =O, Governing differential equation: 3°T / ax" = (1/a) IT / 2... and (AY it} ad? Y In nation: at'= T=, hO0 | sina wuss tins Ssining ts asosin 49 ¥e abn =L-KG@T Aker =HThey=Tforall'>0 401) = D exp (0349 Cos 0) + Cysn 9} I oan = (a) 207 (489) | e A110, 0=T)~Te=t index cl (4) | sg) et tne shape eens Hence Az = 0, Therefore Bg, (4.15) reduce to : @arx=0,98/2n=0 forali>0 . ‘ase nL KQ8/ Bean Hef >On ‘ao aus 4 ae (x,t) = Ay exp (~ 2) cos (Ax) 44.16) he | Ia 355) > set 1 rouyep “® Aauwnb ogy sysuen way vononpuoa women of ‘upp aun Avw ond ey A805 org Bz [oa J omoute, Deen “Te ssouyoAN “sean soon sree wore padun ous pue uj) Apuotusne pos an urn UoRNgTp amo, sy c ur w 29 a!f0> ase ey aps ay hn oss =m 5] soeranpues az 20TH aq OB | Jo snes ay 2p POUIeU am ge 5071) xeoumnp sop Ponotd i (ep) ars a ssn of saquny pag (cepyrne 4 va 5 pum ames 30 wapuadopup ‘22m Oe x9 one om 2, aun A (C9) Pa WOH; PapMaES oa ‘Twonejs soya ao vopeuteonde tin ovo Busn PeeneAs ae Sh SoU, LF RE 999) ee Jo wn nu poesia 1 Jo sonyea aI 10} pe J one se, ® 04, .W)d9 y= oy esr scum S28 (= 0 ams on 30 anu om ume spuNSURUIP a UoRENbesxOKe my aloe, ® epee Cyr o(Odg -)6ea t= woe 1 saonpas uopmos gat en oy aunladu op out g pasa 5} soume Sees ‘ass 105 om Avo 7a § unt semoce 59 woos xp pu pes eabonees ote *9H95 98098 C0 < OJ sme 0 NopMPUOD msm JO SON) STEP 11/2 = equim nod wos Pee 89/8 SY » (1 %9h9 909(04, 99 2) T= oe ome Corn set “OU 8 way 88] vorsDinp u(y) bay HaHa oF aH Ki ore sp 2094, = mim ay a ap (9h 89 8 "= ap (nay) s0'9 4 1 01 2onpa wonenbeavoge aus #1205 0= xP (09 08%) 509 Yj Auadond youn a1 50) cede eyse yz] =nqrysornf ; + sau ON Hung 3, 8 Ren px Ye Kara OPN We (ps "yz = 7) sou lo -)6ra = x0 60 pu )drory = 0p sonQ=eVGyn -1, sen 23) preset the ntl thermal energy ofthe temperature o Solution: patsa=05x 10-* m/s; =069 W/im—K) = 2800 gn? ;2L= 0.1 m;Ti=230°C; naaw Te= 30°C; h=60 Wi (eK); Since Bi> 0.1, nena temperature graenss Lp Seothcnse etn once Heiss’ wansient temperature chars are to be wed (05 107% 1800) LW Bi= 1/435 = 023 so = (at! L2) =m 0.96 137 From the Heisler’ Therefore (i) when == 7200 we have Fo= = ‘Therefore Ty= Te +0.125 (Ty T,) = 30 +0.125 x (230-306 55°C. 18005, Atthe sufie x/L = 1.0:k/hL = 023 or Te. = Ta 0275 (Ty-T,) =30 +027 arte, 27200 a. Hence They = Te +0275 (To T.) = 30 +0275 x (55-30) =269°C. # Fo =435%20:36 =6.81: Rom chat Q/ Qua =050 069 Que = AC AVET. Te) =k YT) ~T.) = °. x 230-30) 4 276% 10%=276 MI/m “Therefore Q05x276= 128M) 138ey 7) 2 5 >So 3 on e019 = 0 a6un0 29 J) arey 9, oF wees 6 40) Pasmsu‘awh oxy autiuesep ‘(¥-0/m Os" wsIU9eD JFBUEN Yeay aes a4 9 AuaPPRS 3, OF lyse o1duibeg { ty ' wn ert yet or LET = (a2 ~ 002) G 0156/06) S190 ‘rpm ays om 1-01 XEET PEEL xG0= 04 18 Dye Goe— woe) x Er0-+OEs OL=8D ErO+ Le MIL acy, can eros ney MP WOH TO NE/ Tot =a72 1-1) 2 ‘sundaes om puy OL (1) Derse= (oz~c00) x00 +00= 4 ” (LW 80491 = 21:00 gp) = ‘ny oe pt ay wy uonpuCS IoSUED 2) OS WEN ane mu) 04 16D) : pene ue 0S 1rO=08 7 isto x 00d) = a) = a8) aR a py 95 (KE) ~ Hive one #0 S20 0= U2 y02= "LD g002='L sbuinog E20 = 18, | pu 9 Fe2t0=szv0/ S00 I0/(%0)0 aout szo=vosrene spo 39 wo auaap am aed oie oe 2 eo 99 EY 2p 08 = tn) 20 vant 0 () INS HE= 9112 X60= Dawa: 60=—"D/D ‘uEUD OL, SELLA DEX, Sets Og #002 = 1 Ea 0)Solution: Orange is assumsd to be inthe shape ofa sphere. a R= 005 mjT=30"C;Te=2"C;T)=10%C; he $0 Wig? Kk 0.59 Win—K; E aaiexiO ns Ic e-T) Now smn -T9 0.05) =0.24; From chart for transient conduction in 2) 20.286 “The boundary surface emperatre (0-2) temperature Ty which may be greater or 1/Bi=k/bR =039. 7 a eran | § wt) | Therefore —nmw-—-~-~ = 0.286 = 1.7362 expl- 2."Fo) | ie a - Solving for 420 eget A#FO 1.804 oro = 1.906 2.48314) = 0.2925 | | ‘Therefore at = 0.2925 | 7 ern) | 141077 | | | = x | 4.2618) fe | a| ca | on [- | bo | I Big my wmoussw2ygod sin 0p apmona® uy we MapgaUd oF ons \ ‘ a (ase pyre A 66-0 fom) ya PIM X= FIN cy ce8egy (a-@rd+ edo eep/ 0.<2.30) 9 = xng yay HHESHOD v o PHHATGNS Pos ML AY ZT BL To pplienions ae given in Table 51 ‘Table 5.1: Typical Values of heat transfer coeisints Typeot flow Wn? 1 Free convection ai 5-15 ot 23-0 wer 400-800 oy 13-300 oil 50-1700 water 2300-12000 water 3000 ~ $5000 Condensing steam 5500 - 120000et “or 9 pou sx, Kae 4g napfoo Bop yoo 24) ssojsea ‘sans 24s szquoqseamp 5 EN} ep UL pay a J Aso snfonE oy STH IG Siu osu og Foe fom on un bene Gy een er pen 90 pov rani moyses pat nc Kepeng es A set to ol Hoa omy snd ef ef ue mr) Spano ayo Buea, in wsd/9 Oo 9 y “Therefore ifthe vloity profile ws sey is toon an hoe dng cece yw The average value of C fr tl a points at which ts, thickness oF he the Fig. 54: Growth of thivmal bound yer 8x) depends on 9 men dot by Prand is defined as Ree ‘Where isthe cbsoluevigeosty ofthe Hid Cys the pei boundary layer, The relive Edge of thermal boundary layer layer for Now aver a at plate less number called “Prandid aumber ofthe == K(GTAY pa {norms ofthe local het rec coetTient hy tagssi z tery sya y-OLX8590% 01 "5 ‘4g 01 X 8590=4'9 gow sem 30g CTT Cu) z Wg 6p = soja, s-O1X6UI1 x 015, ‘ily 01 6LLT=A'D g oF uatauny 104 TUBKOTF (1) He, O1XLL=A°D gop 1 SANTEE) Do0h="L'sUz="n!, oF xs =Aay -eg suoNNES es 0 Soo. 0 ayn spy Suelo fo fo wf of tnsod wont Spry sm andi 0 28pe Spee} a8 we sommes Hq sunmsowp YO) *§ fo soqune Spnery 210 ony aren iy oyun 01 rou teas vouie fs Sassy rs youre {2p my 0240 ey wo dass sya ; Blomay usnae — souk, so pau Aye Log Yr ‘nay ode 200 ‘sr ay vo mop wategim of aqgeaEde ome st g'5 eS ° ae PUREED gg WS spon futons pre aus bey M253 sea __ arom oenxs) ans ee “oN ve se vam 99 weg 10 worse ou ontod aang = ssi SS POU ATEN NOLAN. Ps s9QunEssUOSLAUp 4NOUY us a gy A ZEEO™ "ON 49 ean soy quo 9550N a0 4p HORAK HAD a surge «'MUZEEO* (279) 9 van soy} sp p90 3 10 "mO}D@ UNOS 5 ny equ ‘ex 0 rwatsyja00 Sep p20] ay vaonag uontta eueGRID oy mgOd -aysunn way pu jsut tnt waning fBofeur HP Se;ouy wanaqeD ~ sprung) sfso1y Woy pw STs 9 me Of eMO~LCerOON YP CU Dm 55 won 99 9 4 0 worse a, Wong seu 5] oeos ne MOY ana UO spun x fut 6 Ay ge) Sale Fao o's bg egy gerne pf 1) 4 van 51 w2:4}200 2aysuen ey Serve a4) am 390] WB] [1 ¥ 04 -seUfoE> safe May aLDay ssa.uossuap ayy jae ey © Jno My 09 EK)09 1 posi og ut ps ven >" vay vara pourago 29 pin 430) we = kore) = 4 50 vopoandx> ona ay 28 am Bug dus pu soysatdho sia Fupmasing Xe ge) EL =" =e Je) ane am 91's uo . cas ere eeTy 9 3) (0) Engine oil For engine oll at 40°C, v=024 x10? mls 541090244 107% ‘Therefore tae =6om 2 (69 Mescune- For mercury at 40° C= 0.107 x 107m 5x10%x0.107x 107% ‘Therefore por nee O27 2 Comments on the typeof flow SINo Typeoffteid xq WL ‘Type of ow ase 425 xy>L—lowis Laminar forenze length 2 Hydrogen 295 pL Flows laminar fren length 3 Water 0.1665 x L ow is laminar forenire length 4g < gylA/ MDA yea EO(SOgg DC D= Pld gd =p YC = owt TARH, MBER pxOTL EI 200 240 MOU 20) MTD en Dea: ‘6 van 512114 99 pts 200 uo aoe 4 OU OH ede Oh ue «01 x8ev7=~ Slee tctee tne ttn ttee age retetee ae e RREEL EEELE220 x Similarly ine2ciixe x o 1 x ‘Therefore Since fh = nihiy Bzg = mem fd . Ga-m? 4, Basie Concepts For Flow Through Ducts :- The basic concept developed on the Tayers for flow over surfaces are also ‘S4d.Voloety Boundary Layer:~ Consider the flow inside a cgular tbe as shows! in Fig5S. Lat Ube the uniform velocity with which the Muld approaches the tube. As the id tle beyond the hypothetical led “Iydrodynami entrance Fig. 5.: development of velocity boundary yer at entrance region of a tube 4x Awaolflow : = (5.20) For flows though dacs it has ben observed that wrbolet flow prevails for Rey 22300wT By wot | er | Ds Pb He Py 24240 es ol anyon = A ee Pad 3 CarD (4) = (8 a 9 eas s9mod Buteng = = dap assed 19 ° — Tie 8 \ nsyon se se- Tae rs moog ea a 2. ~=2dp , ln ‘anyar (ye ba Woy ony (es) yey lag) Sa | ES | ‘1 svonpas (@yz's) ‘ba, 9qmu seIMOH #40} OLDE | A= SU 2000H aE Vp = g om MOHD Ee a le tam) vest uu on (62's) wou (ead) 8 _ oe _soqoy spun tf Yowey weg, | pores mound moje Repoutio 29 ee em ah SR oh \ sm seman 0 nba sos Taos psa obmog ep) wanetinay 20 ot! 005 rs ho a poo (2 3) stp saad 5 YooTP: D > Py es) yy Sy Ny 5 y (S216) Ik mea temperature ofthe fd, fined fellows: semen S.270) | ‘Thermally developed region =o) Fig 8 Variation of tube walltemperatore and bulk uid temperature along the lengthof the ube fe Thermally Developing Region >} +—Thermal Entrance Length Ly—*, i.$7;Devdopmeno Terma Boundary Lage In Flow Thoagh ‘Taal Conta Wall eat Fax Codon 165 166wr fou yom miso pew amet 4 SBIOOD sepueN eH HS (res ‘20uo} uo uo sPuDtpg wea payer feu 20 Uf fees mae 24 a8 om yds pr (25) bg ur woHsENo sup SunSGNS “L-@ORL= 100/10) ajay, ‘sat om (168) Pue (oes) ba woY azo, * (OrL-@ruye ad a narod 4 4 42 ROS AL a es) 2812) 4 (or se ma 3,003 9m 2 03 xg roy 22 hue uo 39h a a TOY A eave e249) 39 @ ay soup aumradoy ue 2 wont asnisedua-e mtn i oan cd wt ‘ing tna > pu em aan 9 Usanang sousu ip saniioduah at = LW a es) ued bt} L “ 1.Tao ITY Te 1 Fw inside » tion factor f and express iin terms ofthe Reynolds umber Re where Regis defied 35 Rey = (Wed) /¥. Solution: 0) = 2m 1 (07 (40d) = 20m 0~20/R?) 8q/D (407 doa) = (GD) Bug /D) =~ 32 p09? F (Glia) 329/64 Fionn = f= meen = neem es (pum) (U—) (PRD! ») y H ig. P56: Schematic for problem 5.6 (e)Develop an expression forthe Fiion fect f 18 ing the pressure drop Op over length H of the Solution: ‘Consider a Mid element of length date else x ham the opin se shown in the Figure. Resultant force ating on the Md ee en by Feip(2Lx 1)~ Ep 4 (lds a] @L x 1)24 2x 1)—tua(d2X 1) == DL pledde ~ (eu + Be de For flly developed No Hence by Newon’s second is no change in the momentum of he fui inadection. FeO, ‘Therefore we have ~2L (dpldz)se ~(ta +a) 2=0 o 121. “wv. tis given that = (0) uy (1 -I"T Therefore Gorey IL} ‘By Newton's law of viscosity ar =~ = Cpe Sina nea + duly pe + HL Sta L phy == WES! LD Cpa gh Substutig tse expressions for gy and yz We havezu om home syonenba wmouony ome /ne vonent Aan sera= -aumeraduin pny veo ua pve eps souermyp aimerséar ayy siepRD SAW SHA vaaMIBG |DUEISD 2m E00 1902 /99="owsn9 =} = Hy YoHDL uw 4g vans 9 ‘nou seouse;pedoionep Aeauseukp oth 10} 010) wane teas? oe =rowng Y=") “CoN eer [vem reve) yeEnergy equation (971/87) + y@us ay)? =0 1 2 uy)=u L Tauy=0 Fig, P39: Schematic for problem 5.9 ‘Show that the temperature distribution 6 glen by Ty) = Te # IRI EYL) ~ G/L) D+ Toe ‘Also show that the heat fx at any y Is aven by G9) = He EGU 2IU? (AA. = 2/2) + = Te Solution: 13 tis given thatthe momentum equations @oray)=0 m With the boundary conditions :(\)aty=0, u(y) =0 snd daty=Lug=U, Tnvegrating equation (1) twice, we have wyp=Ciy# Ce « CContiton (i) in egution (2) gives. r= 0. Condon equation (2) gives U=CiLor C= U/L Substring thes values of C an “The energy equation’ given by aT /9y) =— 1 uy" From equation (3) (usa) =U IL! 4) Wehave KOT 35) = oF @T Nay) =~ Guy? Integrating twice with respec ty we get To)= ~ wexuaytyiiay+ cy +c, “ ‘The boundary conditions are=())aty= OT = Tyand (ary = L.T= Th. {Conition (in equation (5) gives C= Te ‘Condition (i) in equation 3) gives =~ o Substituting the expressions for Cy and To) = ~ Way" 77) +91) (,“OPTI GAH =71 P17 N) OH =81°H 67.18) anes 9 (9) ORAS wig “my MLL YH = KELP) OH 4onpuos ma PT = Kay 0 ny am (4) openko ut wonpuos sp Sunsupsqng ‘0 = (rap) 1 pamnsuy | om 2a O = A ay (gyre tg ah gO CTD CH= ‘ace am (01 o0ds0r bee a0v0 Sura, 194401 OU =f 4p | ‘san 3m £01 1oad¢o gum 2000 Sumesatey UCLA = (40/40) ~ ee ee alee eee ea C1) == om) 2x04 90 (2) vont 04g (Goma (0/0, st moy sone 0) opens i209 ay, om 6s 8 vonnguisip Aso 98 a (1) sone wf pun Jo suossadno ay Susman eyn-='9 ‘sa (1) wopeebo u(y) vomtpuee pu =» son (1) Yoanbo uy () wonpuE ‘ox Wont =42009) ey Eas (ono £1 () am suonpoes Aipeneg =a, moment eAI9= On aang a 601208 oop Bos. su = Aap -ugptebe unui ap moy 22003 st ones o's watgord 2 spewoKPS Ors BE satan +o 8 9) poe 01242 won 2) a0 yen wA- (ev Even + ue) ho 1204~= (6 ‘una 514 Son any 38,Fromequaion ()wehave. Theio=~(what 0) +2 “Therefoow equation (6 edces to UL = ka or Cae WU Kol (14) + Co Lal Kap Lad] + Top + Lf h)) ~ (92) ) + Co Ty Lae Therefore Thata= Twp + (10% LaF GFR) + (HUF HaE 49) + (ka Lag kp La) 1) + Top AtTower surface y=0 Therefore Thag = Thy + ( HUP/KoE (14) + (ky Lag Koya) 1) 55, Concepts of Turbulent Flow: $Sdnroducion:Osvne Repos convced epinenson Tow dough x aneret Tea [Ta at T= Temperature Faction ig. 5.12: Turbulent boundary layer for flow over v8‘2 up om Jue m Ol WHIRGM Jo AIA aH) mleIaNNA KINO Qtys PUN TOYS suo Pry a 30 Aas 2 pw Kissin suru hf ANN, JT im 9 uo wry. 04 jnodsas sah oy pow s=ce] ay 6 /ayed =m 1607 19) 84 (60/004 ‘yam seas mags ayoqume amy mon odsunsg ABzou2 sey M9 Bunga. 24) 815] I, pee (= x se ammneduos a wom jo Woypusd oy ot poms my amteadwom 9) Ke odd mowons 0} hoy Bupa, ap 2% ps Ee stad fo am 8 Gu aK co (Kg IL 16 00) ese 4 2246 con atsasag wes spans 01 Suyosay sioneoydde Suse‘wel asthe heat ransfer, Depending onthe level of rurbulence in the flow Ges ta and may be an onder of magnitude larger than cal egal att sane Th aS ene Prandilmamber, Pr Ths El Bh 543, “This definition is analogus othe ition of Prantl number Pr: Pree ne 5.4, ‘The physical significance of ‘The numerical value of, may vary between I and 2. £5: locty Diobaton in Traln Fo: impoance in practice But no fundemental theory is this expression fr consant ty wih B= Oat y = 0 ves the feiowing distribution for viscous sblayer: 81swear nD ew Sern + ssa e Suu 6a Panu Aeneas 5 onan Aeron :waHG ons an pu Bxp 29 Sp 01H Ws nou 9 ORL LO SUONORBET 9S “Fes erwerawpouyen se 01 A pue a0 (9 ven 9 ksranssneaey 24 Y woRNAIASP AEA BY 4A MOUS “ets ELLER a corey (Ost eh eee oun % ° uo wayneay Ay 942.0194, AUN C9/1) = ogreuaeD AxDoR aba 4 BH A 0 pve fhe /00) 21 = An “an d= (Ue (np) = : savant ‘may wornaia ai w S588 004s (90 24 0 WRU 3 Ge BUTARIS Y's BESS sowayngang fo sxbouer wo sds spout jo uonouny i soye g'sb9 uous ‘6g = 2 mH ne [PPVORRIALNS HAI HD HENS 8 pouyap gu 4 ‘sauvns yo sol an Am 04h omTaya s Tar sins gpcon and ngectng ihr xe ems Ma May a be expressed in tems of _ ‘Mase = Mit @M 18x) Bx and Myay = My (OM, 03) Ay. ‘Substituting these expressions in Eq.553. and simplifying we get (M/E) ax OM Substituting the expressions for M and Mi we, {pu dy) 18x) Ax + (8ipv Bx) Substnning thes expressions in Ea, (om 102)6 S587 ef ln l~ lo 2 sar Pru on wo fupae omy noses Hp toes oyu ‘amssaid a) stesadas um puso af 930) Apa 2 ‘so210 eno a9 Deana pury tw wo tae a as" (9+ (0/0 0) ows" USO) M0) + 01 MON + C0 8 "a= [EK 0) 4+ 4/96) Hd ‘sno se soopenbo witout 24918 9m g's pu 09's ta ‘2 sonar ein vaua pny a Jo Asoo (049-69 ogy = 0 stu suo sans sno 20 suossaxa a) URig0 fONeu aM ONY ar) +0 (149 x9) (6%) + 09 99) = E60) 4+ (907) OI AV XV ts an 365 bg ut sojrano ao, Poss (1 Ay x) (QPG) +09 9g) = (9-169) 2 655 9/14. Cp m0) ‘anyon (Ox0n 0 0 oe ou Ap am om sn non yy amps Se ue terse ¥ T . lever ‘o 2) I, ves "rename A xp MUS 20 EHTOS p , (Chapter 6 : Forced Convection Heat Transfer ‘A Hydro dynamically and thermally developed flow through tubes: 6a, 62. 6a 65, 66. , 100 m long tube for a mass ow rate of 0.015 gis What ore the mean and maximum vetoes of fom? Determine the fiction factor, the pressure drop and pumping poner required for the flow of water at 0.5 kaye and 40°C trough a tae of square cross section of Zlem x2 cm and 12 m long What would be the corresconding valves the poe is of equlaterl-viangular cross section of side 2 cm end lengtn Sm? Water at 30° C with 2 mass fon rate of 2 ka/septers a 2.5 em-ID tube whose ‘wats maineained ata uniform temperature of 90°C. Calcite the fngth of Ee Tbe required to heat te water to 70°C Water at 20°C with a mass flow rate ofS ps enters a crslr tube of §crvtD Band 10 m long. the tube surface Is mania at 80 °C, determine the ex {emperature of water ‘Air 08 27° Cwith a flow rate of 0.01 Kafe ‘Subjected to 8 uniform heat fox of kijm. Oetormine the bullet temparstare ef sir and the duet surface thormaly developed. “Tare kg/min of gud sodium Is heated from a bulk mean temperature of 400°C 10500°C, as fons torough a stlness steal tube of 5 orm ‘The sodium Is heated bya constant wel-heat fx, which ma 189 temporature at 30° length of the tube awing prosertes ft Bee kai k= (oe so-bmi ye fe the bulk mean temperature of sodlum a along the late the length of the tube required. Kssurve the 34 Wilmik)j Gp = 2.274 KylAg-K) ; Pr = 0.00468 6.7. Consider hydro dynamically and thermal ‘mass fw rate of M ky/sinsige 3 68, Mercury ata temperature of 100 ° Cand with 9 velocy of 3 m/senters 2 1.25 fom 19 tube, whi is mabained a 8 unform temperature of 250° Determine the length othe tube reauies 8B. Hydrogynamic and thermal entry lengths: 6.9, Determine the hiya dynamic etry lengths for flow at 60° ¢ and at arate of 1.085 kale of water, etnylene iycel and engine ol through a creuiar tube of 2 ei. twanste-coemciet for ful developed low for engine ol st 60°C Rowing at toa valor engine 0 = 868 kt? Cy = 2047 J/Kg-K) | k= 0.28 W/LorK) v= 0.0725 Kalin) Pre t0s0 Flow over a flat oa, the surfaces of a fat plate 1 tong th 2 vocty of 5 mvs. The plate Is maincined at 9 uniform temperature of Determine the veloty Boundary layer thickness, the surface shear stress and the eat fuk tthe trasing edge of te Determine the drag frce'on the plate andthe total heat transter trom the plate tour. at 30°C flows with a veloc of 20 mys along 2 fat pate ‘malntained at 9 unform temperature of 130°C, Assuming 2 umber of 2 19 Sand ing edge of the 2 m tong separates the tot and co ai streams fel the plete surface. he hat seam at 250°C is ing witha velocity of 50 mV wale the cols stream at 50°C fewing with a ‘the average heat transfer coefficients for Doth ten the two streams per metre with ofthe plate and (b) the lea! heat Mux atthe mid point of the pate. Assume tht Veloay of 15 m/s. caleulte 190est sp 1 8 aypuna axa ssa ¥ os0j0q se yo A9D0}A Buk “d99p ShO1 OF ‘s0Q"M a UD Gunsisvea saan yo ued €J0N0 soy D g OF PUP BnSSB4S DLOYESOUNE Ye ay 61-9 999"0 = 24 put “Oru £600 =H" fm OF x tS = 4) / OH 9zc'0 = Ft 409 DUR "OL /n SE foo sie sushGoy = snyesodden ae an “a su = #4 Bue OS Bia pul Sw San ny Te oag ieee ainseou © np we ou © eau! panos) BeMOCLNAN “BES “grt af sues ge Sry wo) ai go vont yoiadu ue a sen “es Sune ouoo ah 404 (@) 21 nok eta suonipues 3602 shoqe ayy Jo Koes 40) waryiees cofeenuos ay SUMS cost gost ees ws) twin) a a ® . z t myn Popa 2 9 o0e {yun iad Sitod 24a 0 oye a 7 BuBUaNERNy inlens eA yo sBaweD ww St Gud} © sano SMO g OP 3 IY “219 \ | ‘Ue wow pavenaae st neay 2403 (6) bes ee peieoue6 Buea Kio jeunes sum saeey oq 9 eimeveduy aoe sise APeDss aia stewass (8) Uo penne 2210} Desp ss unt "D9 ty H Rout 5) Soyo an i 's/ gx 48 add aia oo way) se019 of E9NOW ue SL eINsaud ithe t pue 9p $2 38 wens ae ue us pede S129 will Sz J0 seit LAIN ¥ “STD opuio e stoise mols a “yppou Sunesauas yay a uy aunaeioduas unre opus ied du fo 26po Supe) oi wo wus B00 0 soueisp © 18 peuonysed inpow © u/s UoRelova saMod Paunbas 9% ala (8) srg mG, =) =u, squge=-n -—— wagh = 1 Dost 811 o0ce = 6 # (4-044 O26 = > LUM t's = 9 vp saniadoua Weplud-ousais aul sf Of Jo LiPoFn ee x Desevese Bi" Way panes 51 snpow u2es "uns g¢¥sbu0) pue ul OT asouNoNe 9 saipour sejouerses SuRe0408 Yea pe niecapul Buren 5 « 0st yo sumeraciue usoyun © 28 pavewjew st aitew tsopim 7 SIC ey V “AT'S 4,08 2 a9 0 sequnu sp0uloy uo aia pue SweBIS OM aya sBnsecns EDTA ma GuNRIORD yo ease ‘Jo suas Om: sun yo sunezodey aun jo uve ageulyue OYs HF femDetermine the ton face and the pressure kop and () the averape hast ‘ropes ofthe Row gases to be same as tat far at ony temperate ducts 64. Sottions- Mass flow rie = m= 0015 kg /5 = 0025 m;1= 100 m; Propet of water at 20°C are: p= 1000 kg/m? ; v= 1.006.x10"@ra¥ 5, Reynolds Number = Re = ty / Whee n= average velocity ofthe fui inthe pipe and y= hydraulic dame forthe pipe. Now m= platy, 4xo0is oO y= i) ph) = = 00305 m/s dash fora cele pipe. a 0.0305 x 0.025 198 2300, fow is laminar. For hyéro-dynamicaly developed lunar low we factor as F641 Rey= 64/7455 = 008, Pressure diop fora total length Lis given by p= (12) (Li) pa? = ¥6x 0.086 x (100 / 0025) x 100052» 0.0305» 156.28 Nin Pumping power = Ap (nip) {56.28 x0 "The velocity ofthe fiat any ads fr Fly developed tubes given by ‘Therefore 62.Soluion Wate ace = 4ab/2(a +b) = 200 (2+ 6) =28/20=5= 0.02 1.264 0.02oa 7 ! tos | L ‘v0 (S5'E) Xpofe 01 X 98°T) X E7010 = "ON augjarou “ac*L9 roe gm a gPHCOO= ON L a +a omens acy Lop Ay oR ay EER Ss 01150 oe I 00% ros . nes rye EOE yen eu pom tomy a1 <6 66150" FI = DE og eae i SIN PL9E9¢ (0/8) 200% 62 x 65'966 x $:0=dy = dor amssag bes, ‘podojasap Kies pan ftpeomeuK oxpky soy ap 109 pours st nou J 96m Supa waygoad a patoade dD sey Sumo Suny . ae ae ‘am ume poopy ay D124 RAGIN] OU ‘GORE 2300, Now is turbulent Assuming the low tobe thenmally and hydrodynamicaly developed, ‘Nu = 0.023 Re" Pr" wih n=04 (as te id sete) =0023 x (1945 x 10°)" (4.34)"* = 7085 7045 20628 est transfer ooeficint = h= Nuk / dy = = B.S WK? ‘005 Heat balance equation forthe toa length ofthe ube can be writen as hdl BT = me Tel 198ay pote ‘aol ° | im 092 el L by Ca) el came ore simbar jou Soop mayqaid stip aouay puv s1aF3y8ou gis 49 0 uoRereA ap Up parou 24 Prnoys Sse,.01 x06 =n NN eT deere ~ | olson aa ti | as < eget som le sein oH 90 9 oN sm A ee [A | ruse lex | ea(LL0S) Xap 01 ¥967 19% €000=70N svoju \ le smgeTsH9op0= 928 190=¥ 85 TOD=H9 QL “ j = ey ee fA " 4 Sars =a NPL ges =>“ qUV8Y 20966 = 8 - 4 . +b lnyo 9 sy =00075 m. Average velocity = t= m/ [pa = nnn 219 mA, Reynolds number = Rey = Yu Y= = 64595 73x10 Since Re,>2300 flow is rrbuent, Assuming that the flow is hydrodymamicaly and ‘thermally developed we have Nag= 0.023 Reg*P, ‘Therefore Niuy= 0.023 x (64595) =1409 Mo.9x 0.02748 Hest ansfercoeticlen 5h = Nig kJ) =m 5157 When? ‘0075 Attheexit oftte abe wehive ge =h [let ~Tal Therefore Teles = Ge b+ To = 5000 515.7 +588 reste 66 Selution: eta: Fluids guid sodium; m= 3160 =005 kh; Ty = 400°C; T= 500°C, = 0.05 m Tos ATa = ATe= 30°C; p= 846.7 kgf: = 68.4 Whe); Pr = 100468 p= 14 She K: v= 02957 x10" 4x 005 Average velocity = uy = Am ( pth) = neem = 0.08 8 ‘we7 xxx 005" 003x005 Reynolds number = Regn ¥ =~ =5107 (0.2987 x10 Sinae Reg> 2500, flow is turbulent Assuming the flow to be hyrodynamicaly and thermally developed and since Pr << (Liquid metal the Nuset number for constant wal heat x ‘condton is given by 201 Nay= 482 + 0.0185 (Rey Pe 12482 + 00185 x [5107 0.00468)" 5.075 5075 x 68.34 . Heat ane coefficient = = Nuy y= ene = 69965 Who =), 0.05 “ergy balance equation forthe total length ofthe ube canbe wren 3s h(RdLabTe= mofo Tad 0.05 x 1274 x (500-400) 365 xxx005450 5 oeter cola for hydroiymamially and therly developed low is given Nou havc 0023 Res” Pr® “0 For cieulafbe of diameter D, Rey = WD Hence Fg (1)canbe writen sD oe 0023 MK pr] Pe x or ty = 0.0234 caMU pn} Pe*D~" a the he redced wo D2, forthe same mass ow ate the by y= 0.0234 [AMA pr] PMID) "M aa Diving Ba) by Ba.) we getapo. DAD 5 02 ‘Sg OL ESLP =A: sy 99-90 =¢ yon6 avo st PTH) wyer= S200 X7491 *9500= "Fou 9s00 =" aepouL a 9002 wr Kuan oa ‘Iran e105 *T Hiv, souemes oHBUCpeADKG 9 9HRH “UREN yO OOEZ > 7H SOUS p19 = ti =o = UN SOUR xa xoy sn SEE = gpa my 2! = fp0pee aesany s1ooxy (RLY O=At il) B49F'596= dD 09 8 aap OHS EM wu sqo0= "P= 8/ FASO HD, 09 = 44 eR UoRN|Og 63 SRT ROT POOR sero Texstigoxxceret uv ery “or=v0a xeuer ret Lavan ex-9uhow my Te H 4 an 9a ogo Yor oj NORE awe staves = 1 apm. OFX (hig 21008) Kogzer = mG pad wu = Knaref ae Moy EK 1 9t6*(05/ S14 fos ~0510 = eres iw Cay LU] =8Ly = soup meade] Uo Dg 05 002 ~Ost= "4 ~"1-="LV!D 9 OST = 001 -05¢="L~AL=ULP PLL= iver xsena+os= 104 S@00-+0S= "ON, Wyse=tyuoseay, c= 147%ey Since Rey < 2300, fow is laminas ‘Therefore y= 0056 Rey dh = 0.056 x 1479 x 0.025 021m. Pid is engine 9 = 864.08 kgs: v= 0.830 x 10° it 4xoo1s Average y= = Ap = me 00384 68.04 xx 0025 00388 x 0.025 Reynols number = Reg = 1055 ‘00x 107* ‘Therefore Ly = 0056 Rey = 0056x 10.55 x0.025=0013 m. = 60°C: m= 0.01 kgs ‘Tosind (9 for fly developed fow. (Hyéeauie diameter Average velocity = uy = m/ (pt s64xa1isT x00. Reynolds number = Ree = (fh)! f= nnn = 138 ‘oom Since Reg < 2300, flow is laminar. Hence (Lads) =. 2009 for abe of square section, ey 205 Ly =009 Res dh = 009. 158001 « 0124 m, Hence 1 =0041 Pedy =0. 8x 1050) x 01, 596m (Gi) Foe fully developed laminar flow trough a square ube Nusel umber s piven by Nay bi/k=2976 Hence 22976 k /dy=2976%0.14/001 41,66 Wier) to be hydrodynamical and thea developed, ies te water from 20 a 70°C. Solutions —— cn ‘Bulk meno temperate of water = A(T + T,)=0-% (Q0-+ 70) =45'C, Properties of wate a bulk ean tenga are p= 92.3075 kh: r= 4.0) vy =05898 x 10°* mis k= 063375 Wi(a-K); c= A179 93Ikg-K Foran esulatera angular tbe, area of low = A= (13 /6)a?= (15/4) 002 206be 7 a9 s0- (01 ¥SLLE) X1990 0H HOO= "PD Sq von n tyoamynn gn open te eye “wesoo0= so GOUxSUDX TAS eo UTs= 08 ‘nny 9m 3009 py ep yun May oY a0; >4L “sipo doen og we 2etum sy oy oy, 0T X $2 cb Ogu sproUkey OND a UUNEEY soresuez™ G01 ORD /T Eg = (R) = y= ape Suygen aye saquiN SOUR 1 (@ “cea FeO se O1 2081 =A: gat = J 0m. oF 116 0 sedans D958 (52+ SL) xS0= CL Mu)e = ames wea Saft AIL TLC emaLNTM ee ) swopMES Try RT ROHS tps toss yi ou JeuNse popup Kym 0 wers= xeooxeversel saves © “ave "4=d, oon gimp 2M Jo noua ast ay “LY Ta =O na moor (o2~01) « 66t1P* 109 = CL Mga = O= 37m on asuEN 34 J aE 3, Vos= fore sow 0€=0L- 001 =%L~"L="L0'9,08 = 02-001 ="L-"L="LV MeN susego¥ ire ween rous ton Aquos ss nu 285005 we ema tao Supa anny aM) 01 Xe =126x107? ‘Therefore Wht = Hoe) Ch = 4x 10982 54x 1.26 10°? or ‘he = 00173 Nin® 43) Local Nusselt number athe tiling edge ie given by Nigh, = 0.382 Re £01382 x 2.795 x 10%) % x (0.708) a 1555 ‘Hence local het transfer coefficient atthe ling edge I given by tila = (Non 4)/ Le 185.5 x 0028 1 = 4384 Wi) ea fox st the ailing edge = Goer = Pet] TT) 24384 (05 -29)=2107 Wie? ®) (6) Drag fe: Fe tag AE 2% te X= 2 ODITE= OOBIGN ‘Therefore average heat asf coeticient shy = 2 Ba. = 4354 x2 8.708 Wen? —K) and Average heat fas = = [fg] (Ty Te)= 8.708 x 0 = 435.4 Wit?) 642, Solution:e —— 2 10m T= Te=10'C ) GAD ©) Quant (2) Qataa s85ITng Rey = 2% 10° Tofied ‘Mean film temperature = (Ts +7.) =O x (130 430) = 80°C, Propet of aro mean flrs empertare ae: v=21.48x 10°* ns; Pr = 0.692 k= 0.03040 W lm), loxs Re, tb =o For turbulent Flow of ai over a plate he local Nusselt nomber ie given by Noy =0.0295 Re,"*Pr Hence Noe, = 0.0296 x (1.86. 10 9° (04652) "" =m 2m x0os047 ‘Therefore fsa] LP k= 2808 oF Da == = 28 Wiln?-K) 3 Hea ux ate walling eles = gla, = -21 Ta 30) = 2100 W © Reg ae Xe Rosy 28 10x 2076x 10-* 210m uz | | ‘6200 s8 _ a | 681 -0895= "0 FH ay i non ln (Seine 4908x8200 ¥ LO og 70)= >t | owe | | . i (oe OE) x1») xz ¥e= LAO Y= | SCLPE™5y 01 ¥21¥ 4990. zxu00=¥ 0 | ox goin ere 90 y¥LE00=¥ amu | | | y-pSmussog tts sous ummone sno oa a ane | “potwo «ome | oBiE® | 195-01 ¥ 6651190 ov0)=0N oo, | Ose =f, 01¥2]1990~yf01¥2]xLE00=¥ amu eG 7 ict xsivo] x06 = | 7 peste ag) otto | pee | le s/s1200'9,05= L831 PED <_____ | so fanpage | cee i Saaoree Dy 0st= - xy, - ; Sia | ces Uv areenro si 05 = Pag g05e= 90 51010 4d yg 9990 | 4 vag 9 oda mae 3430) seaay ' 2e 01 dau st nol 25001 . swonnies ¢r9 i ln % “ 1688 5p Qn eoTd ays 5 y Py o ence for the hot surface Chana = Nie kL mene 2 1961.76 Wie) ) Mean im rps forte col suc = 150 +50) = 100°C. Prope of atthe mean Sm empertute ae: V=23.33x10"* ms Fr = 0683, ecsie4 Wik) 3x2 Reeth Venn 1286 108 a5 410" Terfore Nun (0.695) "(0087 x (1.286% 1089347) =219 2219 x003188 Hence forthe cold surfsce (hyn #2 38.33 Wi. 3 (Gi) Thereof best trae fromthe hor eam to cold sr steam given by Qe (Tas Ta) /TRart B+ Ral ‘Where R= Thema essence offered by hot sutac for cbmvecton, Rag Thermal resistance offered by col sutec for convection, sad R= Thema exsunc offered by the plat for eondtin, 1 Now Ra =1/ huh =m 903% =0100554 KY W. Similarly Ree= [bla A = 0.01615 m*-K/W. ReL/Ak. Since kis not given tis assumed that kis very largeie R= 0. ‘Therefore (Q= (250-50) /[ 00554 + 0.01415) 10,157 W. (Gv) At mid point ofthe paw x=1.12. a3 ‘Therefore fr the hot fui Rely = Ye Rey =O x 2.865 x 10° = 14325 «10 which > Re ‘Therefore flow is trbslent at md poin ofthe plate Hence (Noleah 0.037 8 = 0037 x [5014 10°)" 06815)" =29 Hence =2739 x 04393), Similarly ou = 037 x (05 x 1.286 x 10°)" x (0.693)"" 1451 Hence Theale 1451 x O03184 1 = 462 Hea yea the ld poin of he pati given by Gelatin Tey To} = Urata -Tel chat Ta Tarte Tye mms: Co 2.334250)+50 Hence Ty. ‘Therefore go(taa = 1077 x (25018741) = 6743 Wis? Also check for quslhova —aldIha.a = 46.2 x (187.41 ~50)= 6348.34 Wir? 6.4, Soltion:ste opnog S19 BPTI 2 ese oe 081 = 1000) X01 = 6 bene 9 von ano sin we oq ym oqspou yo axed wmse ou pa M1 eub+8L=¥, 9 vans suonipuosdpneg ap of Le (= App 21 peasy s 200s 19 = £8 (2 suONIpUCD KaepurOg aL mat an Jo sano 2g J0 opp 4 pamSHONSTeUIPION xy IR 9) lt Ag? st uomanbe uonoapuas Sumaav08 9) anpow 2203 m5 OF x S611 = BUN SUT = 1 ) £97 36 = (LL) Mia) = Ab = wopeUE ad pets ah 0 orgy marse™ (o-seo. {OSLO Lee (G01 XSLEGyGOIX LEOLISESHOO) (OO ¥SLIE00 Sy Pyny ore =H Op Ze= ww or = = 9605128 — tau gse=!x 4]Tap. 2 ‘ug 15 msi Te = 25°C Idd tell = EQ. ‘Meon film temperature = ¥4 (Ty + T.) = 0.8 x (115 #28) = 70°C. Propet far «70°C ep = 1.051 ka v= 2005 10“ Pr 6995 =0.0295 Wim): To find () Drag fore Fo: 6) Q (Reynolds number = Rey = ua v= 15 x 0.025 2005 x 10-* = 18703 From ihe char the dag coefficient Cp = 12 ‘Therefore drag force = Fo]= Youn ILD Co = 05 x 1.0281 x 15x 1 x 0035 x12 3453 (yom Het dak for sth eeree Nast under gen by "Rie= baits (ae +006 Res”) PP = (04x 187034 0.06. 18703) x 0.699)" =8h08 B04 0.0295 “Therefore by Nag kd = nnn = 99.17 Wie K) ‘0.025 ea eansfor = Q= hytdL{Te~T) = 99.17 x 230.025 x 1x (115-25) 701 W 616 Solution: 0,910 mis T= 27" tid tal 5 /-—— 1+ EO nine (Giver:- y= 1000 Wim; k= 240 Win) x 770 kg Cp = 900 KK To find () Ty under steady state condition Gp sime * sequited forthe surface to reach temperate of P= 10)"C Since Tei not known ts not possible fea he propris a che mea ln temperate Hence the problema hs be solved by wal and err procedure Trial 1s» Caleuations ace stared using he props of se a, Propetes of ara 27°C are = 11704 kgs y= LOST Kikg-Ki y= 15.68. 10°: k= 0.02624 Wink Pr=o.708 Reg UaD Jy 6S Is66x 10"* (rash canbe considered forse) ‘Therefore Now Rubik = (D4Rei"*+ 005 Res”) = (04x 6977.9" 40.06% 6977.5 x(0.708)"4-= 45.79 4579 x 002624 ‘Theefore buy= Nv k/D Now QyeheaDL (Ts —T.) 218oS om) cd mutt é Oa gg gD HN vases) sor eomOON sas sowom8umae annbs 3 |=7 pg =3 my wot es ay, OLE fey Cuppa omen a yea8ueun sens 04 (1) sov0= 14 OEM 9eOO=AE-FuELSDOE= GWA, OF KER T= MBE LTT =e :30 9, G14 Jo spunea a4 ‘poe ago sound wus yo my aE J aE aan eh 49 doy aassad p30 NOREEN () HY CH, I= Ose = 45's 1 =P0 OLN GOeA IO jOE=L-eG aoe — ~O-0-F - €S735 aE) 9 (i) ForNy 220 the average Nustel numbers gven by i | aceon nat Here e=027 ;m=063{n=0. Therefore Niue 027 x 2965)" 0.7087 =6.74 Since N <20, the above value of Noy hast be mailed by a comection factor. Hence (Nog) ia= cuales ForRe=2969 and N= 10 from the gaphey=098 ‘Therefore [Nag nea = 09 refore buy 36 0026340. Case) Eullateral Triangular Arrangement: Ta } > ma 621, Solation, 992 Wr),vet AOS =M OXISRE® OE SLE)XOTY XOPLOLXTSEIGOXB=D 10 Cu-sn" Menten «= swans a a 8 Yoyo pum aR sum 2 uo so 209 pum sans sagn ay! weaning sume Asa03 ‘Orgone = ‘ we seo = 9/18 ay} == WoIr200 ED a ABHIDNY ssicvox eat revi out x62 sou 960 =(o1ynemrnygio <0 OR TH/ML S10 = 0784 SOPEO= 4:32 2, 20 By 202 =(0E + $£E9xS0= am z sult =-T'op sur = moruse: 201 =A = #01 J0.9quMN "2, of ="‘A Free convection from/to 72. 73, 25. 26. 29. 78. Chapter 7 : Free Convective Heat Transfer [A vertical plate 30 gm high and 1m veide and maintained at # uniorm temperature of 120 °C Is exposed to quiescent air at 30"* C.Caleulate the Sverage heat transfer coeffcent and te total heat ranfer rte fromm the plete 1.25 cm x 25 on is Insulated on one side onstrate of 600 Wim by fee 30? C, Getermine the suroes termperature ofthe plate. Determine the neat transfer by free convection fom 9 ‘a 100 °c and Plate of 25 em dlameter with both surfaces mahntalned at » uniform temperature of 100° Cle suepended in horizontal poston in etmospherie si 20'C.Detarmine te heat wansfer trom the pate Consider an electrically neates plate 25 cm x 25 em in which one surface & thermalt insulted and the other surface is cisipating heat by free convection Into atmespherc alr at 30°C. The heat fyx over the surfce Is uniform and Fesuls na pean surface temperature of 50 C. The pate i ncined makeng an Bnole of 50" from the vera. Determine the nent fogs Rom the plate or (0 ested surface acing up on (i) Nested surace facing conn. ip eater of wicth 20 em is placed with Is wicth oriented pater, heat by fee convection fe 20,° C. if the surfoce temperst termine the length ofthe heater oy toto the atmesphen {A plate 75 cm x 75 em is thermally Insulated onthe one side and subjected to 2 folarredasion fax of 720 Wi/mt onthe other surface, The plate manes angle 9F 60 "with te vertical such that te het surface is facing upwards te surface Is exposed to 258 Cana the heat tancter is by pure free onvection determine the equilbrium temperature of he plate Sm long vertical tube at 2 uniform tempers Isexposed to quiescent air at 20°. calculate the ate of heat the surface to i, What would be tne Mest tranefer rate ifthe tube mere kept howeontly? Arortzontal ee ‘wy he a ofthe ete, a heat clsspation rate of 30, fate the surface temperture ns Tyo 120°C + T.=30'C Mean temperature of sie = 05x (120-430) = 73°C Propentes of ist 78°C are Fst we have tesablsh whether the fw become turbulent wi plat by evaluating the Rayleigh number st x= Le 981 x2.874x 10 Gry= (GRATE) / v2 nen 205558 \ = 162% 10" \ (12030)x03" Rayleigh number = Ro = Grr 1.62 x 10" 093 = 1.12 10% \ Since Ray < 10” low is lamina forthe ent high he bers given by rom data hand book) Ni = 0.59 « (Ra) "= 0.59 x (1.12 108)" = 60.695 606x003 206 20 mm in diameter and 200 mm long is rated st 0'W. I te neater s horizontally postoned inh large tank of water at 20°C, hat would be ie surface femperntre the he piven length ofthe Hence te average Nusselt{B60= WL 01x EO0E= (612 +09) 8 8H. 09 me josSHAbNg ‘2,08 =(0e+ 00 {Dp 0t A195 001 = Lt gD =aued an 0 ny =] = | sueNND eG ORE RAT TPP 0000S, “Do ctet=w9/ 009 +06="L Qs aunaay tu Ua van sna 8) ada Jo sunadon e8INS A, “pans woman 2m ne pre apo sto 30 30] penae> 2a UNS ‘Ot Bm 09 = SCO seeEOO KLESH = ‘mop 1259 go (GOE*902) L170 *501 = MPON SET = MON! sony “md on yo ys ao 05 wont woLy he 401 x907= 9990 ~ $570 009 ¥, 9 iy 01 6eSe= NOUN 4 SEEETO =H Wg oF ELBE (ELE + $0) spo" A 9, si Jo oping Do SL#(0E-+ 020) xF0=aimemdu any HoH, Dg0TIFO, ELI #9 7HOB + HEAL HIM (4 gk 19 = yous 2 ne “pout st wen 220 2 gpg moe yea power WO amy JOAN PREPED a SOUS 04 wom 1F9= seo rsoRzOO KEES =H | vores, LESS po (01 X19) XLCOXSTT = PON ST = “ON soo spy 50 uu 9 4p 05 nang 51 Mo OT ams 01197 0 2G-01xL68D x968e00 alg GIB) Nd = eh eooe* 186 Sip OA x YOR! = EUICR 96HeAFO= 13,09 = (08 +061 x ¢0= 20 su 00H "3,06" 017009 + 06 = 4/94 L= "LLL "LU AUN, rey oF = 4 2uey DEL + yy gpd Poe TONY aya,= 0102896 Wi(mK);v= 1897 «10°F ms Rays GnPrat gal =123x108 From data handbook corespondingt this value of Ra have N= 0.593 (1.23. 108) 62.13, Therefore hay = 62.13 x 0.02896 0.3 =5.99 Wne-K) Rate of het transfer = Q= hy(2LWVAT) = 5.99 x @x 03x03) 100-20) 86255 W Case i) When the plate horizontal nner cree Dase- T= 20°C Temperate of ot the suces = Ty = 100°C: Maun fim temperatrg 03x 000s 20)= 60°C = W =02 5 0.02896 Wier) (4) To find ho= Characters length = L= AP = LW 1(21L*W)) aL /4L=i6=03/4= 075m 229 075) Senn $0696 or Rap = 1923 x 10% From dt 2 for aie surface facing upwards with costa surface empearure hugh = 0.54 x (Ra) = 0.54 (1.923% =2011 Hence ayy = 20.11 x 0.02896 /0075 =7.76 Wak) 3m hand book fo erage Nussec aus wos Tora eat ost ir =(03 x03) x (100-20) x 7.76 £3.88) 83808 W plate with D=028 m:Ty= 100%, =20% 0125 14 = 0.0825 m ‘Mea lm temperature = 0.5 x (100 + 20)= 60°C. = W= 0.25 m Propentes of ira 60°C are: = 1.K60++278) = 3.008 x 107 y= 1897 1078s; 0.02896 Whk) gare’ 98tx 3.009% 10 ~20) (0.0625)? Rags er Phe ene 10.6963 & wee {OV 66 = a EOE CL= ROE, GUSTY LS =a Sm ‘ory soeeoo= eOlxge=(e1z + step md ae Fito xco= ameadirn wry way, ‘598970 4a 8/01 xO8'ST=A2 25 1 Wao onsiold 2, F721 =| \ Fonpg 9 M8P=(OE- 09) X(GCOXSTO XHE=D 00H ‘Or JA #RE= 57O/ 16L200% SyrE =" srve= 40S 809,01 ¥€70) x9¢0= ad @ 090) 9°0 =n ‘kauone septic tue st oeyns porn au ue RINE Hess 1} UOHIOS A proms Buses poroy yin 2d pou) ke BUS (OC-OOXGLOXSTOXSOP=D EFM, ca “1 8m sur =sz0/ T6LHOO XE OE = 10H £9 #9 (OS 09x OF £22) X6F0= yd 05090) 60 = ON = _-pamag ot su uonmauce Buywo(o ats PeSSH par 99 owURD REED koe ay 299129 wa 210 YOK 01 X= 930} 1009 puBy FP WO ip ME sous sy sop po a aera oy sed ou TUR OU SY DUS on le, + on | wth wm oe" | a PTT TTT TT Tt gene Denn + | le in ones 6 . MUSSEL =2E6X OE- ODD ¥ST xSVOKH=D ! ‘O1~ gMUMES= S00 exo XW = HMO, { Ie cea lon(969°06550)+ 1 i a0 9 ay 0 109) 1860 +050~ [ON iB (or s699) Doren + [prea “ 008 +o0mi = > torreon Gee +osyt = B51 Hl | uic0+090=,, NI pottuse! = A-0H4 062004 | ie . 969101498 9,091 jo ondaNg ‘ 8am sp aque nsny sence mn 7009 pom BP OAT Su in ° ottupsegoororestamy ecenigy—umston eon | lo: Gorse) os | OT S919 men nD | EB £500 (02— 001) %,.01 xG008* 16 ,puME | }- In le lnTIN. a y ay Do) D Pr= 0684; v= 17.45 x 10°*m, (1+ @.5590.6985) "9° Hl (60x 104x084) } Hence Nowy = 7.84 0° hy = 7.84 x 0.028 0025 = 8.78 Wit Here e206 49987 fram ay Since he calculated value hy deviates very much fom the asumed valeone more eration i required. (ii) Trial 2: Assume hes = B.78 WHne-K). Proceting inh se wy atin al we ave Ty = 70. Proprio ear 30° Ecos Wa Hence Ty = 4875 % 50°C UK; Pr= 0.8598; 105-27) x0.025? = 64x 104 (64x 10'x0.698) [Ny] "= 060+ 0387 J ~ 1©289 orNuy = 835 Hence a = 835 x 0.02865 0.025 =95691 Win, ‘The calculated value of hy gres withthe assumed valve within 5% iterations stopped. “The equlbrum terperatr ofthe surice = Ty =27 + 30 (Rx 0.028 x9,8691) =ar'c. 740, Solution: & @ T 1 Data L.=033 mid = 001 Qe = 550 W: To = 20°C; 550 Wall et 1x = ge Qa i.) = ene = S887 Wh ‘exdare03) SioeT st own, ul oper ona fe vod he me For ie convection in gud the ore of heat tsirceticient is round 10 to 1000, ‘We X).Let us assume he» 1000 WK). Hence Ty = Tat Ga! hr =20-+ $8357 / 1000 = 78.4 C. ‘Meas film txnperature = 0.5 x (20+ 78.4) = 492°C, Properties of water it 49.2°C are: p= 3.108 10? =5519% 10° Ray=5:5198 10s 368% 203 107, For horizontal cylinders Nusselt numbers given by Nas=CRay* with C= 0.128 and n= 1/3 for this vale of Ras Hence Nays 0.125 203 « 107)!" =33.908 Hence 495 33.08 x 0699/01 = 216621 Whim! -K) rit 2 Assume hy: = 216621 WA)a9 9 5 yD vo hag so ati oe (OF MK SCTE = TOY RLGOD SLE = I DHMEESLE T= ao 2G 01090 B81 = S000 mE Pa «(100 ¥ (00 ~ 1560) % 0 0 mend wy WoW? Dy SST €2/LSERS +02 *L ati c= M4 sums tomy 1 Nore = Ove y= 14 OL UIE OREO= 1:20 3,0 ‘Dp SS9¢= (VES + 02) x0 = amend sy OHH, 1{r+ @vpiyide Pay | | i fi (weappy olixays (@) Force balance on a vapour element atthe same distance x fom OP pududyg + ly #1 udp tds (p+ or @riay) = Ayn 8. wn Expression for (pdx) intern of vapour density py ein be bined by inking force 8s tatanee fora vapour element as shown if Fig. padadye + ly (7 roe balance gives temperature diseibuton i ines. SIS OS co PTSALC lc 241a 9 8 ow ‘o=eeno-e0e 1 198 am Buen epee. uya=bp ‘wan 09 wo aun an uf wns rao aresiapy09 p30) aoe ABIL ' a es bp 40 99 208 UF up = bp = uauajsyesopuos ay ssisejsuen way JO HRN SoH ore fomdju amp x Aue 2 sup aX J a oy SU 9 coy Mt wa 7 (8) ~ hg] nn = cee vs ‘ke antbepuce nw uOKNG KupoRH HA am. (cb HUD 0p 1a a €or nds yom we a0 SF. ew eme) 0 1+) = ney B80) = (ene) Wemes 2am 61 nota in Stave re sun, sen 39 e IER SMO SHASei slBD) Now Trrfore o sl 8) “The oa Noe aber Na can heer be wen as hx BL (PL~ A) hig Nae ne sono a aes) ky mi (Ty— Tok, “The average nt ane cece fr lenin L ofthe pati ven by reece. «9 Tecan be seen from Bq, (8.8) that hy = Cx™™, where irene worn Sen 10) mot) ta Hence tee cnyepe hae cami eaner™ Shit for Crom. (10) we ave (um) gk? ferns (689i tomennnnn( 11) mT —Tok ‘84, Condencation on Inlined Surfaces Nostel,s analysis given ove can ely be ‘extended o inclined plane surfaces making an | ple Fe. 82. Fig. 82: Condensation on an Inclined plane surface asin Op. (0, aed = OSL nn wy Tue zontal tuber The analy of the outside srfce of «horizontal tube s more complies 87 sorface. Noss analysis fr laminar flm-wise condensation onthe surface of horiaont "ube gives the average eat wansfer coefficients hg = 02725 ‘where D isthe ouside damere ofthe be A oon ‘ondensstion ona vertical tbe of length L andag iD i are be es eS ee - wae mop <8 Ae99 ke unum 1 one Leesa aa fy aucd pas I o ‘ |. - ln on Ie eos eu posse ge emesog ouonemopuns rainy? C8 3 ln I ke ™ S ery ae le 2p 00 ons Fu of Unous sea fq>4 usu Sag ORO ‘jon Km Uap RUaNEOD ES|NEG age BHOHIDY Wo WORESIIPNON yg le le |. woppgm sabe say two remap aq ree tones aso ub nm soa PM Ron ys le ns Jp aah 0 en anemone sole Assi done KeEE a a T a ae) | ' L a 1 | . woes = 0.026 Pr! (Rey, + Res(Pr./ Pa) 1% so. oreesedB.28) | 7 le. where Rex= (4M) (xDiu): Rey (4 (8.26) j Thestowe epaon creas he epee daa wi 5% ee, > 50 | co Re, > 20,000. ln ae | a | | cr | = | vray fe soso pn aloe soo aie es : esi tal ah an e053 . eat» ' x51 | ae bgt GATT) 6) enh 056 aOR gy 249 Z 230 \F 3 Soy, y D caja etc (or-09 xox = my 94 20 (1) 0 Ws 00H 01 xose rele C01 x60ee x0, OLE = T0420 CII =CS— ee UAT as 01 X60er*01x 501 xSBE nm A Se ET nil 01 21660) 6) xTUVOXOLW ON) ELE ia ———— mere = 75g HAO nee CL=D ot orn anya (Iba wy yy SumpspAS LE ee oat ou ssaoqos(erey bg au) a poy uaonne von PHILO AF sO yo eH A UA, act ee eee Eee “tyatoy “props on ney sop s0 ay ep ENE < My ug “By 5] oy atestepuco a gos! > ou ams sO 186 91g 2m =e ‘oom ar ey PE, wozo0xr aw anja 30 st nee mo ORE oy BUR 5 805 we xe my te ee 8 THU (ou-08) x01 x99909 | CL—DT ‘1-H A 99909 = a uaa st 24 omunssy wu) eis ate sgemanuayyH at seo "Ba 6oee = p08 WEN 01 x 18E {iB 946 ="8 am 2, $2.1 Gea po esopen Jo soodos ‘2p SL = (04+ 08) x ge ams uy WHY 9, 04 = 21D, 08 =" “MEOSHMNIES ‘woapssucn ann sen sys fo 240 equ spoucoy pot} aoonng wane ay sou c1s0= tg 01 X¥LTS OnE S80="™T “or gmhiAOReCL «COPEL NSCOR MUR ELO MIE = Oran neve = 70x (601 -011), 01 xeaszheb (T=Te) 7036%1.0% (80-70) Hence Mat er BOBO te 72509 10° { can be seen thatthe ripples onthe surface increase the eat uansfer coefficeat by out 15%). Bxample 8.3 Ar free saturated steam at 68°C condenses onthe surface of avril ne ef 002m. The nbe surfaces mained ara uniform temperature of 38°C. Caalare the length ofthe tube required to have a condensate low rate of x10 ky Sotution:Dats-T,= 65°C; Ty = 35%; y= 0.025 m; M=6x 10? kp. ‘To find lng of the ube, ‘Mean il temperature = 0.5 x (65+ 35) = 50°C.Propeties of eondeasite ‘Giquid water) at $0°C are: ky = 0.640 Witm-K); w= 0:562.x 107? N-aim'; p= 990 gin’ Ar 65°C, hy = 2346 10° Jk-K). 4x6x1077 (0562 10° 5503) = 3599 Wii?) oo ‘Heat lance equation gives Mfyg= by ADAL [T= Ta) Mig, 6107742346107 Therefore ae hy Dy Ts =Te] =166m Example 8 hoylontl tubes of 27 em OD, arranged in at uniform temperature of 75%. Caleulate athe abe Solution: Data-Ty= 85 °C: Ty= 75 %C;D,= 00127 m Le Lm [Number of tubes in vertical ter = N= 5 ; Total mmber of tubes =n = 225; ‘Mean film tengeratute = 0.5 x (85 +75) = 80. Properties ofthe condensate (guid vate are: = 0.668 Wi: ALBSC hy 2296 107-4. For N horizontal bos arranged ina vert he = 0725 0725 x (981 «(9747 x (0.687) * ag nT WI inseee ast teae ne aeaia Qe ha Aug (Te Ta) by 8 DAL CTT) 27142 228 x xO0127 x 14 89-75) = 641.14 x 107 W UM shy Hen Ts —Tad)ose CLD Tas tH ON, 01-0 1m 8605 = 18H 081 = aT EHD yg ORD L100 =H ‘suman ada jo onng a yng song oF sy mo 29 US sur 2,001 {tba 986 = ayn «01 pc8CD= OU) EBO= 4 ‘sopra 24)", Ont =. pea oe amsuppuco ap jo sound aL 7 UE enng aug gy sd fo wong 4 a nf Bayi oy yom eye ay ao cin OY eh SPE oad Buoy 20 soon in yo soaapues 9,001 wes omnes oun mes (05-00 xseoox2¥e956 Cu-"D8asy ea ee ea ean 01 x88¢2 x99100 uw CLD Pera ~ 9s wopenbo oueeg opt “Og vesse = «11-1 (68903 186) (56-01 860) fo) «L090 =" 0H , My w) L4000= "4 0 ro L000 4 GOED — nay nM 1 $A ERO = U/-N «01 x BEOPO= NH OLADINGSIO= "Ya Pin aeupuos a Jo sonny D, 09 = os +04) ¥ £0 = siesaduoy _guonesuapc9 unt woymgan spond fo unvodaot wacfunts 9 pours.Or Tee Ty —( Wha hw L)- But Rey. = 4M / Wor MAW = Re. 4 ae 1800 x 0.2824 x 107° 2287 x ‘Therefore Te=Ty~ fo 100 = re i Shy L 4 5098.2 nc Trial 2: Asura Te = 72°C Mean fl temperature= 05x (100+ 72)= 86%. Proper ofthe condensate 86°C; k= 0677 Wile-K): y= 03349. 10-7 Ns 1968 Skg Ar 100°C hy =2257 x 1023-1). Hence ae 00077 x (1800)94% Lo a0 (013389. 10°57 968.5)? = 4341 Wa W 1800 x 0.3349 x 10? 2257 x 10? ‘Therfore Ty 10) ae GONE, “x54 x2 ‘Since the exleulated value of Tis quite different fom the assumed valve, one more iteration isteqied. Trial 32 Assuming Ty = 60°C and proceeding on the same lines ss shown in til 2 we se hy = 4365 W in 1) and hence T. = 59°C, sumed (difeenc is within 2%). The eration ues very close othe valve pped. Hence T= $9 °C, Example 88 Air fre saturated sear at 90°C condenses onthe outer surface of 25 em (0D, 6 lng vertical ube, whoveouer owface mariana at nfo tempera (60°C Caleta etree condensation of eam at he abe sce. 8 ‘Salton: Dats T= 90 5: Ty = 30°C; Dy 0.028 mL =m. Vera ube ‘Mean fil emperaie = x (90+ 60)= 75 °C, Properties ofthe condensate at 75°C are: y= 0671 Wile = 03805 x 10"? Np 9748 eh? At 90°C, y= 2289 x 10° keX). Wedonotinoy where canst ow ans tule We tate suming lamina low apd then check for tana flow condo Forlamina flow gpk hy Ig 0948 [mn yi Ty —T.) Hence buy = 0943 x £29353 Wa?) Forlominar ow hurl = 1aTRec Or Re, =(1.47/ ny P@k'/ 2) = (1.47 29353)" x [9.81 x 0671" x 974.8" (0.3805 x 10~)') =13 Since Re, > 1800, flow isurbulent. For turbulent ow barn? oF = hal (TT hgsods 04 naan Boog aoe oi EDU sown you ot asnes9q tsp su 5 UL 39. voksy) 2,01 puosag poratouys *yy eV “cn soda wong ou pus Bones we Ut pnb & SDE ep aN ys HP ‘Apaardbas gL 9 58 1 PL0 5 sae 4 a4p00. tea au spuadzp "b ea wses wo ej op 2 Lopow 943! PoE Hossa 5 pbit 3 ua soy suonipuea Bunsen pun ansoo Kew BuO 9-00 4997SEBS |- erase nme et | ‘Table 8 ~1: Values of Cyr of Eq. (8.28) for various liquid ~ surface combinations £8.14, Poo! Boiling Correlations: Ligui — srt mination cery by. a) 19 ‘soumd end wowing 20049 yoy vorper nj yey 2, tH pPOES Yor WTPIPOS Se yoy wpe ay | HH ew + TH -ojsuen wou fn am ep ys so Cfo aS years ergs on pw (ef + t=) jen ao seein ening aug = 4 sep ap = ere no Beane = UR suwta ge 1200 wigs) °d oo, ss pou 92 =o PO rm ny pos. oq one ro uonen sry ‘SO sap shone ‘al 2108-9 81> 1 pO" aE PPE~ 1 80 72 ee = (TB AGN * 9 LCO=W)A SMH nm — 059) ba oun pay:pou Summa, ‘2 popuaunuoaar ung y peng snk 3 epi Loe 0 28 og) 20 8 woe orf ats aznbs #2 ya tp a8 U4 8173 9 popup aasusionzs m9 BUH LZ By P/O =) "puns es Hon FUN eh 2 we pom roy yd 4) sou sais oyaeop aa weFe - cy ee) wD "y 1 Tet —Tat) (eetra-t) (Ts—Tax ‘where a= sbsorpiviy of quid and e= emissivity ofthe hot abe 'Ba4(.34 is dificult to use because a tril and emor approach is needed o determine h. When hls salle than Ea (834) canbe replaced by Debt hy ‘8.15 ustrative examples on poo biting ‘Bxample 29: Saturated water at 100°C is Boled wih a copper heating element having a ‘eating surface area of 0.64 m hich is maintained a uniform temperanreof 115. ete eh on hr cf epoca critical fla. ‘Solution: Given:-Ty.= 100°C; Ts = 115°C, Surface area = A= 0.04 mi 11836) Properties of quid water at 100% ae: Cy = 4216 kg ~K); b= 2257 x 10° kg; 1 = 960.6 kg/m; p= 0.5977 kg/m’; Pr= (0 = 58.8 10" Nim; AT, = 115 ~100= 15°C. m= 282.4x 10 eghen— 3) Since AT, is between $C and 30°C the boing is inthe nucleate rege. (Gr 0.0130 for water ~ eopper combination and for water a= |For nucleate boiling region we can use Fa, (8.28) which ss follows: 28) ‘Sabstatng the given values we have s216x15 Solving forge we get qe 2488 x 10° W/m 265 Hence oa beat ransfer = Q'= Age = 0.08 x 4.86 102 19.36 10° W = 19.36 4W, tc ofevaperton = M = Q7 hy= s7x (Critica heat ux ean be calulted fom Bg (8.31) namely ex 0.148 bgp? fo" #¢61~ pd] Hence Gan =0.149 x 2257 x 10° (08977) " x[SB8x 107" 9.81 4 (060.6-09977))" = 1.261 «108 Win? = 1.261 MWin Properties of witer a 100°C are: p= 957.9 kl y= 2257 x 10° gs an = 4.808 kgf Cyr = 2.6 10? IKhg-KY y= 0.0331 W/ aC, v= 1485 107° Sobstvtng these values inthe x82 S6E= PFET XH SL =A = SoHE “ome gaia vet = ceug-ex20 ee eee “Bur, o1 xBIRE=005*891e 0+, 01 xustE=*LV OO (01 = 9'¥0=9°9, 006 = 001 ~oC01 ="L—"1.= "Lt Gon = 2M troy sore = 0 teayy of: cre not utord a ete g0b 8912 = 49 ‘(s-uyy 5 01% £8C =: sufhy 99710 = *d HCx-tYM 91900 = “Stud eyo eon 8 ann 600 fr fino PL 2001 9 oO arp g0 pin pomeranian nv > te dato fo Bumog wf ayqois uramp moroyfooo safenss way aur armmaqey ~<¢1°g aqeuorg W2Stt=Cs1 +001 =AL 20H arse 2a ames soe os 5 0 Fost gz 4a BuyOg teANL 14 BUM, OT §96°7 =m syio=? coveustexe90 ‘o¢1010="9 wonuguos seddoo~2em Jog AYR 01 XB'BS» 49184 9056 ='4:01-8a)4 9 Sei =1a 9/84 7200 = W408 = 9) 51 Buo9 2p sods fo apo ‘od pono 39 i ose smo to 9 poo yo evese="t =" ovr o1vusee= 4 58 10= V-stonp suon0g "WM, 01 X9EL= SSI MCL 900084) x 9LP= "LF V Hm 0 9900 “or mer ETDY YE O0P="EDE- = UON,© o> saT79 yo 2 75 5 9 | Overall heat transt water at 25 °c. Chapter 9 : Heat Exchangers conticant: 4 sebty 018 ena a brass condenses tude 6 Wate mea leer pl=z7mm tttt ‘Aira 15°C& 20 ms Fig. P92: Schematic fr problem 9.2 transfer coeffient bated onthe outside surface area rermal resiseances ue to convection, twbe-wal CBoduction sn ouing end make comment 1. Mean Temperature Diference Method: 9.3, Ina heat exchanger hot fui enters ot 60 and leaves at 48°C, where a5 the cia side Mud unmaes), ang (@) cold se fd mixed). 20ut ssssueunx seis pazs-orbe omy a 10 26ueiox9 a1 9u9 ay -awaunbueLie fequouene ou ain 29 pnam uty “eave Soeuns YM ee BOW Mp GE => JsGueoxe soneu aya fr ssGuMtxs 26:8) oxy oy ve owes ain a1 BAbueIDI Sows oy seopuiaoo sojsven 3e0y foro ap 2euh pounete ae Keay slaGueisxa owt ai Uaoiog Afenbo eS | nog fo SUL "9" gg UNOUe fe ope je 9 uo ojesed pe apm sre a4 uo e996 Uf Pnsouca SaBenusNs ea) Moy sewunen Jayowse conch saBveNDND. oN nOy sau ip Soveuraynd sin aseauseo oy poson ssf ana wwonese| goUe 3 2s} tunuedvene semis y "yeu/mh $8 1 usu seen soy "3948 619. OST weu ERIC} 2 » 9) Howe peo > 08 O19) -nbih 70 5/0 eT YeDU 08 paEn sf J8EUEIDXE yay) 20d aIgAeD ma “srafuetnxe o4p p09 uy Aenbe cn ads a smoy 010m pu ‘sd nem a ay “86 UEHDKD Om OLA UBDHEDG A 9u98 u MOY spiny 2a oa (e) ususbuese 22g 248 S| Soyoyoy 43 40 yoy ses sosueR aeay aun Susu! Jo MIR IE dutod oi wou w ¢ 5 Save sages 19U ous "Sy C002 5 aNes Moy 9UL Dy dig (05/00 2 =") Ho ue Buyoo> Aq peseoy aq of 51 » Oe de pue W/ 0008 Jo tel 902 Ve tem “amore ae 8ue\>x@ seoy WO} tunes FNS) OM, “S16 “poigew nan -3 49 4a se yom se po\nou aoveiayp sumesodwen eau aun hq weygeid 240 Sno S-Wh oss 99 0% wweDURDD vasuan 294 ue yur ze0'z af ot F010) > oumnesy ‘paxwun sae aia pu "De po suaezocuse Yj ue 1 soteM Jo W/O Z99t Suan aT Toes ot pacodbad Sixt pts ua] wou sg se 24> pue vopsunss ‘aunswep age pue seunteloduny J) fsxes Moy Ss ABU} oun AU Cutsessouy Aad o 09 e PY oD 8a 0 Aa {pro 348 aseanu) 62 Pasop sat wl Op #1 iabuetone ih yo waboot aur ‘Ss 29 te soneo) put > » OFF Ze sniuo sqrt sauus out yOnou Guo, 3 ¢ Oc se seneo| pus dz ze sseueioxe ain ayia 2203s seyniue mA Di But "apous mou saunas aun wo Seneiodo sabveuDna Yeu sqnn-U89009 Y “EES “101/04 or 58 Spiny aye ZO eBY a8 aL HL ‘vajuen wou jo ae ae ove spy 8A eg jo sauesedusy ayo 9 SUNDA Paxtwun spr god uae mow ssoz f euoboesve SY) J, ws 95 5) JOBURRD Bit ease saejne ain pue y-avjm 25 5 s96URIRS S448 usIsyeeD )sC0 a = Jo6uewore a a eave 21: e204 ots og = wares 1jsveN Tea 5A0 borcy. ‘nu 30 so} © IDX Ez'0 = poy plea yo eis Moy seen S/O1 = be yosaes Moy S5er, ua Bujneysasceinee seoy moy vsivNeD 0) BP peo aun jo aumesadues rau pue Pin 20 sp jo sunieeduel axa NR SIDED “TTS oy une vou end () ,v0URBUeLe 2yt | sesvaNDeYe BIsOd Linuew U3 oer ry oy 7 04 ase "na/BY g = pny pes 249 Jo Bie moy See a/b y= ny oy 9a 2! Hoy Shh -aueupx9 194 © 0120)91elep BUMNEIO) eu “OFS (runs Dm =2 Aq von6 s seausanaye 919s = D0nes Aedes nym s2bueyoxe 204 Moy oquneD je MONS S'S ;poxnow nan ~ ssauent9H3 “3 rovers Jomo 521 tf OD0E PuE 908 28 Ops iajem PU EE Nd 10 B}y009 29/50 12 [enPnU a1 ue UIL/DN QDs} aye? NOU ezem out }pasnbau seq saqumu aya ae!Oxe>“sogna aKa JO eptsno ail Uo SesuepeD in Bue (Guo! Wz pue dO UP 6 “at yO sz) seam avi ¥BNouA smo mien a, “unes2id ojoqasoune te Busuapue Wears jo doy a HOS 5 OF Ot 52 wou yen Buea ny peubisop 993 3 98veGox9 teoy sam ue ogs'y “86 aye, gre souls, 294 949 BHD “L/h Goes) u8eY0> 2a; eau yeiano su J "D ¢ 06 Ye SOMES! PLE a « OPT senea ult 3 0g 1 paw s/04 2 4 ae iyo 104 i porn soba ean “6 86x ap Jo 28 2epns pounsau 4 uMaTaE «9k wits 998 1 wens soysven seay fessn@ 24 se se sasuewpxe ayn ane) pu sa a0 0) sews Sonvadaad Bumney ‘sase6 toneure aus € 70 ese 4e)y 08 019 «OF we ( aie toy ay (Oat) SoBe8 oy S9eN sabusyoxe ee may Sad ase 9 96A.Qvecall heat transfor coefficient, 9. Solution: m os tn00 Wah paring 1 Fienonni8 ww ai o01340 oe 00158 Tofind i U5 Uy |. Overt heat wstfer oeficient based on inside surface areas piven by. Us em ation AJA HARBOR, + (88. “Tofind hy: Propenies of water at 25°C are: k= 06805 Witm-k); v= 0.985K 10"Fmns; Pr 6.22 Rey Und/¥ = 15x0.01240945x10"° = 21270 ‘Since Rey> 2300, flow ie trbalent. Nays hess 00234Re*x (PO = 1385 ym 1385 x 0.6085 0.0134 = 6289.5 Wni-K) uy (0.0158/0.0134)(0.0134/0.0188)x0.00018, Us 1747 WieK) mmHE: Ph aa oe siz r IAL OL XET (1 L200%3)/ 0000 = (IPH I= OV /04 = OH SETEAE F4M5 01 N6CO=A? OWI SETA IA OTL = L Ceeonz0 0)" 2 (Sper eAxE It) = (PFO) BICATETIY = a “ i MAL 6LS00 =(1*2200%8) / 000 =T'PH/E = IVE =P : \. 286,54. 0 J soneadosd 4 pay 0 > WA 9600 = L xug00%2) 1 = TEEyL = CYAN =H (. Oram ext = Levussev0 * roe = 4 POEL = ygHOL0 * Long (19660900 + 59698) HO] = APY o0oH co. 1 = (Wes) sine sog Ie, se") Xe Loy HIOD + 5a FO) = AAP PON | “7009 pony exp was 19696 5.0 PULEOOXOE = 4/0" Poy ke. tocosta yu omy sse00= 4 l~, sm o,s1 8 mo somdont sop ap ssi Buoy Ie pay ob ed ee Gove xt e200%) = YPN = Cv ler Och ove = TeHOIBLESO KTR =H - BIL = ol) y( E200 = -PH= Po e -wayng ney ‘00EZ Sy Pa > > ‘Overt canter coeicint based on curse surface t —————————— (8) (i+ (B/AH) lomlae ‘As (42K) log) = 0 1958 Winky Since Thy =Th,, both paral low and counter flow arrangement will give the same vale of (AT). Hence (AT) = @9.6~25)~(996~50)/ loge (99.6~25 612% 5-50)) Q = mx Cy(TepaTe) = £33. 4200(50-25) = HTa550W Q= UsAclATa) oF Ae = Q/ Ue ATs) = 874650 (1954 x 61.2) at, Surface wen ofeach be = ay = ndyL = 4x.0029x2 =o, Hence number of tubes = n = Ag/ ag = 7314/0822 = 40.14 = 41 99 Soto: 2s Fora counter flow HE effostivenessis given by o-(1+NTU) 9.40 Solution: Since my Cry < CRs 236pete y x oy a a ae 7 a ,2 Had 2 se salle ae wad SL-s8 = SLstr0-s79 20 “reas0ug (9 pom by~ r= MU NLeHEH AW = OHH = ooze xsvo = ou PMR BL WSUT OGRh =D ¥AASLO-= 2,005 Mu: Hur oso1 =>" 984 ¢ =e AHL Noy sxe suon9s 11yo Tos 5 7 mee 14595 Since mC > my Che, hencee = ecm @ ns = 0.986 mon 14805 ua 52x50 NTU = wee ‘m.Cpe 14595 From char for ress flow with both Huds unmixed, a= 06 ‘when im Cp > me Che, Te-Te, Theta Oe Te, = Tase HT) . 10 +06 450-170), = ae Abe mx CR CTE—TR) = mh CP THT) mCp, Hee Thy = Thy — mmx Tey~Te] Th = MOC ; Thy = OSC; Tye; THATHC: L cxse i) Ta=20°C ; Tee BPC; TH = HOC ; th =U) 3 G@ mx cRia-20) 6vias sini 8967 = OSS /TUES XBT = V sou Sommyyn = "Gdom)/ yn = z= AUN WoL 4=#/ £9 yP61 = Opty XeprO = %tO7U OHI ETONS= aor xaLz0 = “O"w + pote AUN —3 a vormos etexoss — Casa por oe Oo 6108s ° Dati€ = 999KEO= CA ovo ume wos St = (06-081 9108-865) = 4 SEE = (OE-8'68)/05-090 =a 2,99" = Clae~091 (865 ~ os11"Br 7 (06 ~05)~ (865-051) = ML) ates = {ooze e9r0) 61085] + oF = e8mw/D) + PL ="L IO lee CHES HHH = Dosy 2m 61085 = [os ~osil eave BuzV™ (LPL) MD XM =O OF OF NS = 0 FQ0E= BLE Byr one” =*lQ sy 9y'9=u NEM PIM HOD OS™ MUL 12,051 = ME WBE La0e = "4D 91 RLEO-= FH £10: pI OH ‘poetuun em po pm AH mou ss) pow GL A9 oH MONI PI WSroP = OF x(O6zEIHEH) 9) = eenaicine ‘Therefore C= 1166.7/5833.3 = 0.20 | an | \ anes (Cold: water: me= 5000/3600 = 1.39 kes To 30°C Cy 4200 14(kg-K) assured NU meiner 2 oto: my = 20003600 = 0.55 kes C= 2100 IMbg-K) Tye 90°C | Ronee cue!) Bothbe flown sin | oe The arrangement for this case will be as shown with figure below: | |. | pipelines Ee L Nate ago at29e) Seco . | Ee ‘Aad mCgh= (3000/3600) x 2 i | three mcqoemCn | | = | Eo962 on “Me ostNutBt = (—oROsts sou Jefonypes roy poor oy wo soureg 48:20 (eye Spgs a ‘sna ema ops asan8 98 pur oFumy>x9 Gono ul 3URS 3 — span GH=i5l $8051 ° Broo = HE eis on —— ea eer o aL “asdyox agp 809305 ‘urs 09 Progeny myer 3 Wg 20} ue a | “H(AOHH) PUR YN SPATS AH au eo 820} smy poo pur 14 jo seme 9 AN MODY PRONEAM 9, PUYOL, 50 = osts/ Liat = > 00H N=S/E 0stS= ore xse1 = NOM ra BI 0008 x s806'0 = "HO We 8% SeoSO™ TILICL = "arose sso :psn are fumypx0 0} EUS On ey (1) 258 EY = OSB/SHESE XT = V sou serra ="éom)/ vn = ots aN wepeo sox [se-0s1) «000 BBE LIB = ern sete mm oseoee = [$¢~oal ney e821 = BH wey sauna aes (as 1m ose == t= I at wu th ow ome. a fe vo ely Sasi TEIN euraate 30) 80 ors mos jo) STE TT, 290g reousBuma sn (2) aoe w RB pH 9 2HTOT DD i 7 7H aD [Buations 1.2.3 may be solve forthe thee unknowns Ty" Ti’, TT solations are as follows: [Bgn lean be rearranged after cross multiplying as or 1," =T06T + 57055=0 106: 706457055, 2 Trt 7, = RSE OTE TS 13 ‘Tyg’ cannot be 613°C. Therfore.. =95'C Therefor, 0-93=77°C And 1. Ti 20345*93+283=608°C ne,o!8271, vn 20H =O. ‘Therefore fromchar, NTU =1.16 Therefore Ae a tte aA, ‘Therefore total area rogired to meet the het load =2.48242= 4 92m? than the 4.276 require in the one larger hes exchanger. In addition the cost, pe unit ari greater so thatthe most economical choice from te heat aster point of ‘view would be the single large heat exchanger CHAPTER: 10 RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER oR cow oa) ‘Where i= wavelength of radiation (nm) and v= frequency (19 Usually its more conver 10 specify wavelength in micromeres, which sequal 19 (0m : lysate in Fg 101 298yoo oor eo seu “veo way 9 Any As “suctoud pad Aovar 0; 0 uormpe ey sus od op bag 298}5 € uo PPP WoHTPES Jo HAA TOT cd 25 S008 ep im pu ators Kab()Ditfase Reiation Specular Radiation ig03: Specular and Dios R eissongt canon ‘media re compared. Emisivity of a Surf 201 temperature. tis denoted bythe syabet | se. es IE ‘Monochromatic Emissivity ofa Surface (3) JeE+ 0-96 102 LAWS OF RADIATION 102.1 STEFAN — BOLTZMANN LAW:ie i f , | \ i | © | L : : : i : | aman vu ep apna ugouny eee | f (0 sad juasnpip Jo sxomod a41sstuxo 30 vostedwo:) (q) wor “Bid | ve ) I S967 OLE = 5B6NAD = » sosr= sry og une sa Jo ane a OP Ho j mh | $96 >=6 os | |, sees ® | )- \ Z | amennday poe yoy aun waren sd au on TE) FOU ML ; (a 2989 Sing, ———— [= TunenuassysP &q pourrigo Ins "1 wo suo spuodap. Wg ar Vane a |- | i | I a a Koo oa torso Om EAE SL [° ‘sepFuoqanes 3U219j31p 403 asmIesadiera [satin une nami oy eat sen sn ma SPINOR lee \ - i |I 5 3 Ty 99 102.4 KIRCHOFP'S LAW: ‘This aw states that the surface isin dermal equim ity ofa surface is equal ois absorptivity whan the surounding. roof: Consider a perfec black enclosure the one which absorbs lth incident radiation falling on (se Fig 10,5). Now let the radiant fx fom this enlosre er unit area seving at some are be qr Wit, lock Enclosure body is placed inside the enclosure and allowed yo come to themal ull, the enegy absorbed by the body rust be equal tothe ise there would be an energy flow into ce out of the body, which ‘would rie or lower is temperature. At hermalequlbium we may write | series allow ito comet thermal eq Bxample 10.1: The emission of radiation froma surface con be apprsinaed os blckbdy ‘radiation at 1000K. wavelength a which he mavinun pecira Solution: The radiation fox emited by the Blackbody over the wavelength Byenby “The integration quite inthe above equation hasbeen done numerically and the results awe ‘presented inthe form ofa table. The able gives the value of Das where (From the sme table, for Dy. = 0.108, 7 = 2222, Hence = 22/1000 ©2222 rn epee mene yT = 2.002898, 1000 K, hy e0.002808§ (000 = 2.898 x 10m =2898 jm, The monvctromate emsshity of a sanface ello mane se0 ford tou ses woenseg suse ade eee rong Mata pu SUID 2049 Jo AY HP HLM 29 flu ay yo ospuno grows 1 LOH aos ‘sip ered e009 om) wastage ads ey vom afuesns © typ el eae ae WO fra adel weeyery,25, a we have Ay and Apform an enclosure Fig. B10.12 (0soro= sro xe= (rigs eg ammoo@ Suz = rate =e sug ¢ = "TeupI Jo ‘pe uous agp Bury 09 PY pus Ky sear Teaba ows ov POPP eV Came (2) ps0 Sor ertuns 20j ean ptr Ht pil) ae pr ora ha w UNO sowatuete asad oul 'yp wo ied © 4 sonpne mindunpar ons ang TOT TNT OF(6) this cose Avis divided into three equal ares AyAw and As 8 shown below Now Fia=Fis+Fuat Fis =3x0.54 0462 Example 10.18; Determine the Shape factor Fs for the configurtion shown in Fig E10.15 ig. E10.15 Figure for example 1015, Solution: AeFer AtFex Fae Fig= Fate = A a 29 Ae Fes Fea) = A a is) Values of Fy, Fe Fs and Fay canbe obtained fom char 2 follows. Tofind Fes Ase Ags3x2=6 m7; 2m Lf WeLyW= 25 0.67; From chat Fa, =0.22 Similarly we <> et Fey=016;F44=0323 Fann 027 ‘ ai Mee Fg [022-016] = "(022-0271 9007 rr a ‘Example 10.16: Find F.2 forth coniguration shown in Fig. £10.16p | b \ 7 cee (ee | a | | Pp \ | | \ | | | | : | [- | arte atyatyety ea TOT axdonexs 303 amndng LOT BH \ weyery vw | ke Watyaty a 0% Sueoy | ee | is | twos 05 san orga Sta Joo In | Kc | | le crore srt st 5 8 TET | | | 1 | | lk i ko i | | | |9 e am ln ie st Ag Age Aa Ag Ss 2 05x2=1m 15x2=3m? 2xde4nt Fig. B10.1%(0) From cart: Fay = 006; Bua=0.17 Fos =02 006+4x02~3017 Hence Fy = een = OTS Example 1018: Find the Shape factor Fs forthe configuration shown in Fig E10.18, Solution: Refer Fig. 510.18). . at Fuat Fie Buus Fig Hence Fia Fiat 2Fia BFiat2 (APIA Prom example 10.16 we have Fa =Fhio~Fes Hence Fis = Fis +2 (Ae! Prom chart Fig =015: an Age Act Av Fig E108 (0) Henge F.2=015 42% (023-020) =0.29TI TF a y a Sooo a 9 9D99 9 9 y oe Wiy)~ teed 10 i Sgr aunt 9m @)'bg woud Techy i po rere ow resets ‘24et an aojroyy aso ;ue us UID] SY PEE “hy AIS act ee ojo p= "ype pargscysthiema xo 98 2002} ans oto Fy pur Sy ty “hy ded 2 Jo oul xp 01 sjnxpuodod LAPIN a SOPBUCD oar eee 30) sandy: fora oc 0ra fu ap mos “opr au u go ust ory ‘s>eNs ey Om Use spy mow 21 04 uoyssade> 8 UEIGO TERA UTE SSIS 5 SHOT AE SITET set 4g a8 a (0) wong sro tu y er 01a 2.274 won a.ogmn rn > rn y y yp o (st AQ-AtAd atl (arly) 2A, 24, Exumle 1021: A truncated cone has top and bottom dismeters of 10ca and 20cm and a ‘sight of 10am. Celelate the shape factor between the top surface a the side and the side and ise. o Lifr= 10/10 Hence fromehart Fy Therefore ) Rae Aa. F.acan be direty obtained fom chart as fllows: and La/t=$/10=05. 012, von X O12 048 Rusel-Bus1-048=052 Rut Rat Fas india 0, n=10cm neSem Letom ig. £10.21: Figure for example 10.21 Hence Rise -Fus=1-048=052 Therefore Riss Now Ayen(e) +m ilri-n)* +L) =x (54 10 452+ 104) 5269 en? Therefore o =1-012=088 xo vn k O88 = 0525 ° Terefore Figs 1 =[Fpu + Rial 1-10.25 + 00778) = 0397ty Sstmpanosing = = - ~ fc ie oe ! | i : | | | E \ : | I I oreo si c | une | | i span | nti i \ f “oO | ec v | \ | [. | i vo 14) y ‘Solutio: Refer Fig. $10.23(a)- which goes othe suroundings canbe intercepted by an imaginary "Now I and 2! form an enclosure. Therefore ffom the above Fess Fuaah Rr Refer o Fig, 51023(ck All the radiation from (1) which goes othe suoundings canbe intercepted by an imaginary surface 2 ads shown in Fig. Now, 1, and 4 frm an enclosure Rat hat heal but Fg = Fg tho Fy Fea Fo foe fortwo paral coaxial discs (2) and (4) Fg 0383 F,,=1-0.38320617 ap off 2 ‘A DARE +R, =1-2x009= 0.383 -R., =1-0.383=0617 Me Refer to Fig, £10284) al and Fg =O: Fy =0 Refer to Fig, E1023): ‘Surroundings (3) ean. be replsced by imaginary surfaces (5) and (4) a6 shown in Figbelow Now 1, 2,4.nd So Futhiot n H Hence 1 Ay But Rat Ret Fhs= land Riss Fee Ps 1 Or tee Foe ae eo Fas Fare Peas Fase hand Fas = Pas Howe Rat Rue “9 a Fait Beat Poa Bs and Fs.s= 0. ene + Pat Bua o Bat Bio “ To find Fs: ity =2.0/05 = 4 )15/L= 15/2075; cd5 5 3S aa 2g y) 52 ao D 16 “sump ean soem jum oy usa oy PUR 209 pa}oyas 9B KBv9 HPL i oes Burs tune aneo0g 3oya009 sour ‘8 pogo ou vo. 1. Ad Pag foo © HE song opus sees yong tom 50 ey eo Ga Weve = sm umnnoa ‘quand 1 by Supeas pont Bue op @a-Mprty=e sm, Fay =Ptaiy na meartuty — Naty = Tap eeiganD sty pw HY vanning ema 193 29 ruMatv=t0 “sry a= i sq gosta P51 V OHS ELUTEW =e, sonpng og OnL a eo MEH NOREEN FTE A. nay weay Eman eaea y 2,3 2B) (1-00. 0r0= eEV/G-8., Hence expresion for Q, canbe written a follows Q=A0-G-e8y/d-9) the radiation heat low rate. Therefore a radiating surface canbe replaced by an element a= shown in Bi 1015 & Rated) 5 ‘ig 5; amen representing rrc estan te Raaon network mb ‘Now let ws consider the radiation heat exchange between two surfaces Ay and Az, Radiation which leaves Ay and strikes Aas given by Qua Sinilry Raation which leaves Azad strikes, mer as ‘Therefore net (0 Anisgiven by (4029) 10.8.3 NETWORK METHOD FOR RADIATION HEAT EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO ‘PARALLEL INFINITE GREY SURFACES “The radlation network forthe shove problem wll bs shown in Fig 10.17, ss TyorenAr Gy) | bs Tyaeey Ay Fig 1017 Radian neta fre pee ine ress (BB) 346seis (61 O13EL w umogs S| 3HOm HH UL tyY =P fun sity sven 94 were por ey yepesep conan somne \ 0, mm prenaons omar bere ou eon rote pe rgpe = Sug uy uno ty Aa pos0209fE09 29 19 x04 04 uous om ye QUE Ka pss Gyno YGF BA ty atosiy AcFig 1020) Raiaon Network fora thee sone enlonire 1g 1609) Radiation ne thre =2one enone ig 1021) Radiation in tree =n eer A ing erating ice 30We y TS + 9 99 9 a9 3 ) 9399 9 we 0=81 == b SD +PD=" ‘supp sepou w atuneze yout save woutpes"uonmipe! ams Kpeate st SPINA 6SYO™ JM 659, O0E FOL LIS = BL2= Pa {WIN SPEL= J M SHEL, 009%,..01 ¥19'S= FLO {BUNA YETEL= $8) MTZEE= 008 se Str=(80x(XDI/E=(tatV)/1= 8 OS= (ZO (eo wyeeo=zo-1eta~ Tee anor Os My pur T= y+ Eys Fag O70 =" =Fg URES HOLL “ye Or 78 wr wage 5 wsjord ss 0p {yom a0 uopmyper 41/0 = aon im oan a upuocne by 29:00 2mron, se orga “send om wong Suva tp yBro.u) COE 03) HOVEIPE! 24. 9 Geeon sy werent Lp (CREW + Cay] Htgly tom why 8 en Nea ou seo nD =2D-=% along, “928 uy “aa5j08Sumeypoed e516 J eon ++ ‘orusukpouni 30 oy 1K S04 pues aes An sou uo 28 80 conan 21,0180 vopean2 ye 29 4} oae LONE) EOE AAah Wah) Nahog x Re Rs oe BINH (oH) (H-0889)_ 9 as Stas simily Q, =, +2 = Q,~Qy~Qy=9 te Bcd 220 1g921 2Q24Z a enanKw 2a sy But, +0,+0, =020, =-[0, +0, J=-[1721242557] 0, =-197654 Example 10.25 The configuntion of x furnace can be approximated as an equlterl ‘angular duct whichis suff 00K with aa emissivity of 08 andthe cold walls reading wall Determine the net ‘Solutions Avs Ags A= im? 7)=900K,€)=08 Tr=d00K, C508 ‘The ratiation newark forthe above problem will eas shown fr example 1028 333 08 Ae x08 Using Hotes cros sting formula, we have (Atm) Dl osap on, 3h Ox a “TRS as eh 2025 _Ex-B,_olT-Tf)_ 5.67610] 900" —400" RR 1.833 = 19503 Wi m™ 2,+0, +, =0 and 0, =0-9, =-Q, =-19503 W/m? Example 10.26 A shor cyindialenlosure i main ig P426. Assuming C3= Cyl; Ce0.8 doeerineQ, and Qe rom chat, Fig = (178 = the temperatures as shown in “The radiation network forthe shove problem wil be as shown for exenple 1024 asSAS a yauRunaas 95¢ 1189 gveseee OTT coy [r-F2](B)(-222) (Be (toe oi TopaHeX OPIS BSA pag [ soe ipraay uy anogs s 9g weyosd 489) yowou Tupuodsauen a4 pee saoKONDS A TTT re anv rece A aber eeetation fo tere epee way moe (canbe een stemines. Tie ‘laseated below. ‘Considr an enclosure made up of N zones Let Gy be the imadiation at zane QQ Aves ‘Radiation leaving Aj and sng A, en by Qa asin Iain al zane an acing ois thereore given by (0034) 12 AB (ware, ‘rom Ba (10.36) an (10.369) ows hat 3=0-00-ERi3 ces Equations (4.36) and L provide 357 Consider Ea. 1037 And By = oT is known becasse ‘em be solved for unknown rdiositis J, (/=1,2.3 ~.N)and knowin eM ne Me 14.0356) cusve)a Ss) JD 35 9 5 T7S55 svamun 2q wes pr if snoypes 0 womb J wg MUL ag Su, FE IF 35 Koo BAIS OF ane aM "UNOIY Apeaye aT Ef 2S ‘vorenbo on mo pourasaiap aq uo 23m vonmpes wnousun ayy ual “f soMoHpes UNCUT 39} paxfor IE suoNENbe seo $300) ose @rvon & (ron NOT Hey pues (avon -4011 = fou 401 =~ won “soy 58 04 sane eoron) N ‘owen (96) ba 250 UE a Sa coro) aseay #4019 pow f=130) 1 =%9 a3 a 2 oy VY, |Say a9 sooo 0b: aa tdatte Example 10.25 Solve example 10 the femaining one. Bj ( a) Fy tteheesienss YO 1.2; on =56rxi0* xb" <2 1-08)02 «005, on «5.610 x60 = TAB I? specified for2 zones and radiaon fx is specified for sod my =8y~ Fy fori =3 0--08)x05 21.25 mpgs ee 195 = matrix equation can now be writen 3 allows: ont sete ° 1 Ti, Ty and 6 the above tres equations ean beeo i ei ‘aad sjpotou Bua ah Sowoypu ina) souls anzcadurt pnb eo eB 5 091] 9yO4 un Jd noo ao a a) UD soma topmnoaoo auf Y 9pEs PaRy Wyo Bo Um km sp. pts por yoy 2 qed aom 0 souopundop woystnP Bunsen NDS: eero@a-=*¥/ "0 2 pousep 2g unos amy Au om ops worn Jo wasmeyoUr etsy ae pUPEpUN o. suo uedsuen ay soquoeop won vost 5994 an pen ‘8h py au sone mueoU yo UodsuEn a S9quDHEp women -sncosit tuo jo vodsuen my sqnsp Uonenb wogonpo? a a “peau > Coyne) ‘safe pny wong sans 2450) vonenbo 9) puE (2/19 1-=4y/d) woponpuno me 30m som ALPINE La Boa ATS wonDamp 230 £33 ea OL EU vse UY worunsue9 2p Jowolny 20} van an Os NOD113, DEFUSIONIN GASES: LAND bas propose a semi-empirelequstion for ‘he elilsion coefficient in eases 12) offers convenient expression or calalatng the diffusion coeicient for various compounds and mixtures, but should ot be used : when they ae available paral pressures by making use ofthe ideal-as equation of ‘The idea-gs equation of state can be writen as peoRr. 3) ‘The density p represents the mass concentration tobe used in Fick's lw. The ga — constant fora pacar gus may expressed In terns of the is constant Rand the ‘molecular Weight ofthe gas: a ven 8) Where R= 8314 tkg-mol-K) = 0.08205 m?atmitkg 01 -K) CConsequeatl Fick's law ofits follows Ca pn= (on Hence (C4138) = MgB ifizothermal iffision is considered, Subst stem Dan Ma (RT) (dp) x ‘Similarly we can also wrt fo the dfusion of eomponent B into component Aas (116) Reservoir of 8 Ns Fig 11.3: Sketch illustrating equim espectively.to his snd vice versa The ation each molecule of Ais replaced by @ molecule of B Naz sm = DawfA/GR TH (dpa) 366we aye opt sods soy o wren YT a 1 \ “a z a Sess suo Sopsouit doe TRORER VARIG) HOS LUTTE YON IMO FOUORTGAT “p11 } ze x6 88 xs02800 84,01 210; Vieo~ coi pestoxvm xetowe, 01 ¥9r0~ wae Ayuace st 2N Jo ons ojeven spe UL, une 20-1 xz «4% sae G0-= 1 x60=" OFFS) oe = 120.01 XSTVS Cw Zz = xy = WHA w yzsL'9 =p TG wt xpd) ~= spr) 0= xpi + Cx “ounsodso se pu y a 020 ipa pap)TT T7090 ~ ws ‘tic movement may be necessary to accomplish thi ‘concentration profes in the iin the tank We fart behave a del gases ‘As the water evaporates, steady state this upward mover the concentration tan x no net mass movement of ar downward, Consoquet Mass diffusion of water vapours given by aman == Da A [My / (RT) Apis) and bulk transport of wate vapours given by eM (reac PwAL mA RT Substting fru we get Pay Daw (aan = Pw rr (pat) A RT py (wet = (ada + (Mado « PeMvDaw =~ Da AIM / 1) (pla) +e mp) A 369 RT ‘Also p= p+ pa. P= constant. Hence (Ap) = ~ (dps): Dun = Dyw= D. Hence the expression for (ht Fedaces to DAM (ou hat =m pws) = [bn + pal Pa RT DAMy or (mat === 2m (pw) pl -Pw RT Equation 1113 called Stefan’s Faw, I my be invegruedw give (at = se fnten~ RTGa=%) Mustratve example 1 TO.amin diameter an tn; T=25 +273 = 298 K:R = 8314.3N-mvkMol- pressure at 25°C = 3.166 KPa a5i43 x298x 015 23131 107 igs 30 ] | | |‘une roo = "497, uo 79600 = a E= 9 B62 = 5/Ryq 01 xEE= si xexz xsoee0'0 eroma'seee=Vi 1 -1ou 50 ema socH70 4 tum €0= 1x 0=5%d Aims ume $0 1x0 NM aH OD) =d/ MENON uwro=P:0c0= 20) :0¢0 p=") Co) exe = ase = 490g SHARES SET TTTT isoubsp =x (6 gow. 84 S955 50 x OW = YN 1g haps sm soy asp 90 0 wogensa009 OW => 1 poand02o vooey ae = /'9 = 790-8444 se voye oq eu sprue snouts jo stun a) ‘8 pete sg mounds yo Me uonDeUf ow wou auatD8o) 21K net (=e) nm (ot) us 6 vorbey ou jo 91H wantin 99 UB (91 Nba ‘maa 4p yo woptanaove fe} I =D a5 ‘yO = Mate ony oy t= ‘oo £0 x Uo p99} sopads 0 sore qu 90:04 ptsasaa gos tena anage Od 0 st ero GYM, (89-9) sastevg Vg won 2uyien vo gtx =x 01 I eX tH (S111) ba JO wonsTon a 2/9900 -= (7H) = YN,50D TODO TIFT > 9 5 mS [a.00)10.0-001),sHFod949 9999999999999 900