Presentation Outline: Engr. Faisal Ur Rehman Lecture 09: RS
Introductory lecture on remote sensing. This lecture includes Concept of remote sensing, principle of electromagnetic radiations, electromagnetic spectrum, characteristic of RS data, types, interpretation, and analysis.
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Presentation Outline: Engr. Faisal Ur Rehman Lecture 09: RS
Introductory lecture on remote sensing. This lecture includes Concept of remote sensing, principle of electromagnetic radiations, electromagnetic spectrum, characteristic of RS data, types, interpretation, and analysis.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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06/29/11 1
CE-317 GIS/RS AppIication to CiviI Engineering
Spring 2011
Engr. Faisal ur Rehman
Lecture 09: RS 06/29/11 2 Presentation Outline
Concept of RS
Principle of Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Characteristics of RS Data
Spatial, Spectral, Radiometric, Temporal
Resolution.
RS Data Interpretation and Analysis
06/29/11 3 Concept of Remote Sensing
Remote sensing refers to the activities of
recording, observing, and perceiving (sensing) objects or events in far-away (remote) places.
In remote sensing, the sensors are not in direct
contact with the objects or events being observed. 06/29/11 4 Concept of Remote Sensing
In a more restricted sense, remote sensing refers to
the science and technology of acquiring information about the earths surface (i.e., land and ocean) and atmosphere using sensors onboard
airborne (e.g., aircraft or balloons)
or
spaceborne (e.g., satellites and space shuttles)
platforms
06/29/11 5 Concept of Remote Sensing
Electromagnetic radiation normally is used as the
information carrier in remote sensing.
The output of a remote sensing system is usually
an image representing the scene being observed.
A further step of image analysis and interpretation
is required to extract useful information from the image. 06/29/11 6 Concept of Remote Sensing
Depending on the scope, remote sensing may be
broken down into: 1.satellite remote sensing (when satellite platforms are used) 2.photography and photogrammetry (when photographs are used to capture visible light) 3.thermal remote sensing (when the thermal infrared portion of the spectrum is used)
06/29/11 7 Concept of Remote Sensing 4.radar remote sensing (when microwave wavelengths are used) 5.LiDAR remote sensing (when laser pulses are transmitted toward the ground and the distance between the sensor and the ground is measured based on the return time of each pulse). 06/29/11 8 Concept of Remote Sensing
The technology of remote sensing evolved
gradually into a scientific subject after World War II.
Its early development was driven mainly by
military uses.
06/29/11 9 Principles of Electromagnetic Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy with
the properties of a wave, and its major source is the sun.
Solar energy traveling in the form of waves at the
The visible spectrum has a great utility in satellite
remote sensing and for the identification of different objects by their visible colors in photography. (0.40.7 m wavelength)
Infra-red waves can be further partitioned into the
near-IR, mid-IR, and far-IR spectrum, which includes thermal radiation. (from visible range to about 1 mm in wavelength)
IR radiation can be measured by using electronic
detectors. 06/29/11 14 Electromagnetic Spectrum
IR images obtained by sensors can yield important
information on the health of crops and can help in visualizing forest fires even when they are enveloped in an opaque curtain of smoke.
Microwaves are emitted from the earth, from
objects such as cars and planes, and from the atmosphere. (1 mm to 30 cm)
These microwaves can be detected to provide
information, such as the temperature of the object that emitted the microwave.
06/29/11 15 Electromagnetic Spectrum
Because their wave-lengths are so long, the energy
available is quite small compared with visible and IR wavelengths.
Therefore, the fields of view must be large enough
to detect sufficient energy to record a signal. 06/29/11 16 Electromagnetic Spectrum
Most passive microwave sensors thus are
characterized by low spatial resolution.
Active microwave sensing systems (e.g., radar)
provide their own source of microwave radiation to illuminate the targets on the ground.
Transmission refers to the movement of energy
through a surface.
06/29/11 17 Electromagnetic Spectrum
The ratio of transmitted radiation to the incident
radiation is known as transmittance.
Reflectance is the term used to define the ratio of
the amount of electromagnetic radiation reflected from a surface to the amount originally striking the surface.
When a surface is smooth, we get specular
reflection but for rough surface we get diffuse reflection. 06/29/11 18 Electromagnetic Spectrum
A portion of this energy then is reemitted, as
emittance.
Using their reflectance differences, we can
distinguish these common earth-surface materials.
06/29/11 19 Reflectance of Earth Surface Materials 06/29/11 20 Characteristics of Remotely Sensed Data
All sensing systems detect and record energy
signals.
Remote- sensing systems include: aerial cameras
and video recorders, electronic scanners, linear/area arrays, laser scanning systems, etc.
Data can be analog or digital.
06/29/11 21 Characteristics of Remotely Sensed Data
The success of data collection from remotely sensed
imagery requires an understanding of four basic resolution characteristics, namely, spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. 06/29/11 22 Spatial Resolution
Spatial resolution is a measurement of the
minimum distance between two objects that will allow them to be differentiated from one another in an image.
It is a function of sensor altitude, detector size,
focal size, and system configuration.
Types are High Spatial Resolution and Course
Spatial Resolution.
06/29/11 23 Spectral Resolution
Spectral resolution of a sensor refers to the
number and size of the bands it is able to record. 06/29/11 24 Radiometric Resolution
Radiometric resolution refers to the sensitivity of a
sensor to incoming radiance.
That is, how much change in radiance there must be
on the sensor before a change in recorded brightness value takes place.
06/29/11 25 Temporal Resolution
Temporal resolution refers to the amount of time it
takes for a sensor to return to a previously imaged location.
Therefore, temporal resolution has an important
implication in change detection and environmental monitoring. 06/29/11 26 Remote Sensing Data lnterpretation and Analysis
Remotely sensed data can be used to extract
thematic and metric information, making it ready for input into GIS.
Thematic information provides descriptive data
about earth surface features.
Themes can be as diversified as their areas of
interest, such as soil, vegetation, water depth, and land cover.
06/29/11 27 Remote Sensing Data lnterpretation and Analysis
Metric information includes location, height, and
their derivatives, such as area, volume, slope angle, and so on.
Thematic information can be obtained through
visual interpretation of remote sensing images (including photographs) or computer-based digital image analysis.
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