ABB SR Transformers-121031

review
A world in transformation 6 Power below the waves 33 Transforming industry 45 Sustainable and available 64
ABB
The corporate technical journal
Special Report Transformers
Transformers are essential pieces of electrical equipment that help to transmit and distribute electricity efficiently and reliably. They also help maintain power quality and control, and facilitate electrical networks. ABB is a global leader in transformer technologies that enable utility and industry customers to improve their energy efficiency while lowering environmental impact. Our key technologies include small, medium and large power transformers, as well as traction and other special-purpose units and components. In this special report of ABBReview, we present some of the latest developments and innovations from our wide range of transformers and components, which can be found across the entire power value chain and are critical components of the grid.
ABB review special report
Contents
Transformers in transformation Transformer applications
A world in transformation ABB is the worlds largest transformer manufacturer and service provider A legacy of transformation ABB is a leader in voltage and power breakthroughs
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UHVDC Meeting the needs of the most demanding power transmission applications Responding to a changing world ABB launches new dry-type transformer products The quiet life ABBs ultralow-noise power transformers Power below the waves Transformers at depths of 3 km Shrinking the core Power electronic transformers break new ground in transformation and transportation Balance of power Variable shunt reactors for network stability control Workhorses of industry Industrial transformers in a DC environment
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Trends in transformation
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Smart transformer Transformers will have to do a lot more than just convert voltages Composing with components Innovative and high quality transformer components and services for diverse needs Sustainable and available Enhancing performance and reducing environmental impact of existing transformer fleets Green-R-Trafo Safety makes a green transformation Changing trends New technologies for the evolving grid
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Contents
Editorial
Transformer pioneers
Bernhard Jucker Head of Power Products division
Dear Reader, The commercial application history of transformers dates back to the end of the nineteenth century. The worlds first full AC power system, built by William Stanley, was demonstrated using step-up and step-down transformers in 1886. The transformer played a critical role in the outcome of the so-called war of currents, tilting the balance in favor of Teslas AC vision. ABB (then ASEA) delivered one of the worlds first transformers in 1893, integrating it with the first commercial threephase AC power transmission link another of the companys innovations connecting a hydropower plant with a large iron-ore mine in Sweden. Today, with a presence in over 100 countries, more than 50 transformer factories and 30service centers, ABB is the worlds largest transformer manufacturer and service provider with an unparalleled global installed base and a vast array of power, distribution and special application transformers. These transformers can be found wherever electricity is generated, transported and consumed in power plants and substations, industrial complexes, skyscrapers and shopping malls, ships and oil platforms, locomotives and railway lines, wind parks, solar fields and water treatment plants.
the world. This will enable up to 10,000 MW of power (the capacity of 10 large power plants) to be transmitted efficiently over distances as long as 3,000km. Earlier this year ABB also introduced a PETT a revolutionary traction transformer that uses power electronics to reduce its size and weight while increasing the energy efficiency of the train and reducing noise levels. Other recent pioneering developments include 1,200kV AC technology, subsea transformers that can supply power at a depth of 3,000m, ultralow sound transformers for noise-sensitive environments, and innovative amorphous core and biodegradable-oil-based transformers. ABB has also introduced high-efficiency distribution transformers, both liquid and dry-type, that can reduce energy losses by 40 to 70 percent. ABB continues to develop innovative asset optimization, refurbishment and maintenance solutions to serve the existing global installed base. ABB transformers can help customers address new challenges and opportunities like the integration of renewables and distributed power generation as well as accommodating new types of electrical loads such as data centers and electric vehicles shaping the evolution of more flexible, stronger and smarter grids. We hope you enjoy reading this ABB Review special report in which many of ABBs accomplished engineers share technology perspectives across a range of applications.
Markus Heimbach Head of Transformers business unit
Their most important function is to transform or adapt voltage levels, stepping them up for long-distance high-voltage transmission from the power plant, and stepping them down for distribution to consumers. ABB transformers contribute to grid stability and power reliability, while ensuring the highest safety standards and striving to increase energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact. Besides setting new records in transformer power ratings for both AC and DC trans mission, ABB has pioneered a number of innovative transformer solutions over the past 120years. The most recent of these is the development of a 1,100 kV UHVDC converter transformer the highest DC voltage level in
Bernhard Jucker
Markus Heimbach
Editorial
A world in transformation
ABB is the worlds largest transformer manufacturer and service provider
MaX CLaesseNs History is marked by a series of great inventions that have
swept across society, acting as stepping stones in the emergence of the modern world. Most people would agree that re, the wheel, modern transportation and communication systems, culminating with the Internet all have a place in this list. Maybe less obvious but equally pivotal is the large-scale transmission and delivery of electrical energy over long distances. This breakthrough that would not have been possible without the transformer. This article takes a brief tour of the history and technology behind the transformer and looks at the different ways in which ABB has advanced and applied it.
Power transformers were the main reason that the three-phase AC transmission system could establish itself as the main T&D technology around 130 years ago.
round 130 years ago a technical revolution took place that was to be a vital step in the development of modern so ciety. That revolution was the commercial generation, transmission and usage of electrical energy. Nobody today can imagine a world without electricity. However, this article will start by taking the reader back to the early days when pioneers like Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse and their ideas were competing for the transmission system of the future: Should it be DC or should it be AC? Very early electrical installations were l ocal: The sites of generation and con sumption were at most a handful of kilometers apart: Direct connections from the steam- or hydro generators to the consumers were in the range of hun-
dreds of volts. In the early 1880s, for e xample, the Edison Illuminating Com pany supplied 59 customers in Lower Manhattan with electricity at 110 V DC. But the energy demand of the fast g rowing cities and industrial centers called for an increase in power trans mission capability. The small steam- and hydro generators were no longer sufficient and larger p ower plants were erected more remote ly from the cities. Voltage levels had to be increased to keep nominal currents on the power lines moderate and reduce losses and voltage drops. This was the time of the birth of a new component: the power transformer. In a transformer, two coils are arranged concentrically so that the magnetic field generated by the current in one coil i nduces a voltage in the other. This phys
ical principle can only be applied in AC systems, as only a time-varying mag netic field is able to induce a voltage. By using a different number of winding turns in the two coils, a higher or lower voltage can be obtained. The ability to transform from one voltage level to another one was the main reason for the breakthrough of AC three-phase transmission and distribution systems. These AC systems operate at a frequency high enough that human short perception does not see the time variation (flickering) and
The power transmission breakthrough would not have been possible without the transformer.
low enough that switching equipment can be operated safely. The best compromise was the well-known 50 or 60Hz of the todays mains supplies.
Title picture Transformers are a vital link in the power transmission and distribution chain.
1 Transformer development
1a The worlds largest transformer in 1942 (220kV / 120MVA) Vrtan substation Stockholm, delivered by ASEA
1b The worlds rst 800kV UHVDC power transformer for the 2,000km Xiangjiaba-Shanghai transmission link, delivered by ABB in 2008
Power transformer technology made tremendous progress during the last 130 years.
Transformers need an amplifier for the magnetic field so that the number of winding turns can be kept low. This amplifier is the so-called magnetic core. It consists of ferromagnetic iron, which contains microscopic elementary magnets that align to the transformers magnetic field as a compass needle aligns to the Earths magnetic field. The iron core is made of many thin ferromagnetic steel sheets that are electrically insulated against each other and stacked. This reduces classical eddy losses. The use of special alloys and manufacturing methods enables a minimum needed e n ergy to change polarity of the elementary magnets. This basic physical principle of transformers is still the same today as it was 130 years ago, but energy density, efficiency, costs, weight and dimensions have drastically improved. This can be compared to the history of cars and the internal combustion engine: Here too the basic principle has remained unchanged in 100 years, but technical progress has transformed the scope of possibilities a lmost beyond recognition. During the first decades of electrification, the main focus in transformer research and development was to increase power capacity (the power that can be transmitted by one unit). Furthermore, more and more effects concerning voltage transients b ecame known that could endanger the transformers insulation. These include resonance effects in the coils that can be triggered by fast excitations such as the
overvoltage impulse of a lightning strike. New coil designs mitigated these resonance effects. Transformers are the main current-limiting element in case of short-circuit failures in the transmission system. The socalled stray reactance, which represents the magnetic flux outside of the mag netic core limits the increase in current in such an event. If high currents flow through the coils uncontrolled, mechanical forces try to press the coils apart, and may cause damage if the construction is not sufficiently robust. Due to the resistance and inductance of the power lines themselves, the voltage level may vary depending on load conditions. This means that less voltage arrives at the receiving end of a power line when the load is high. To keep the voltage level within an acceptable range, power transformers usually include an on-load tap changer to vary the number of active winding turns of coil by switching between different taps. In medium voltage (MV) distribution, this is usually done ofine: This means the tap changers are adjusted once before the transformer is energized and then remain xed. The increasing importance in recent decades of UHV (ultra-high voltage) DC transmission lines for high power transmission over very long distances (greater than 1000 km) has made it necessary to develop UHV-DC converter transformers, which are a huge challenge especially for
2 Distribution transformers come in two main categories
3 Dubais 868m high Burj Khalifa building is equipped with 78 ABB dry-type transformers
4 Single-phase pole-mounted transformers, for small power classes up to 167kVA
2a Liquid filled
5 One example of an extreme application is this 600MVA / 230kV phase shifter
2b Dry-type
the electric insulation system. The 800kV 1, UHV-DC Xiangjiaba-Shanghai line for example, has a capacity of up to 7200 MVA, which is roughly comparable to the consumption of Switzer land. Distribution transformers On the distribution level (transmitted power up to 10MVA) there are two main categories of transformers 2: Liquid filled (using mineral oil or replacement fluids such as synthetic or natural esters) and dry type. The liquid filled transformers are the most compact and cost efficient solution, whereas dry type transformers are preferred in environments where fire safety is of special importance such as, for example, underground substations, mining sites, marine and some industrial applications 3, 4. Standard versions of distribution transformers are cooled passively as the heat generated by losses is transported away from the core by natural convection of the insulation medium. In the case of l iquid filled products, this heat is then transported through the tank walls by thermal conduction and removed by the natural or forced convection of air. Dry transformers in closed environments
usually have a forced internal convection flow of air to ensure sufficient cooling of the transformer core. AMDT (amorphous metal distribution trans f ormers) is an upcoming technology that reduces losses inside the magnetic core. Although the amorphous materials are still more expensive than standard grain oriented steel, their application can be justified depending on how these losses are capitalized over the lifetime of the transformer. Power transformers When the transmitted power exceeds around 10 MVA, special designs are required to cope with the mechanical forces of short circuit currents, higher i nsulation levels and increased cooling requirements. For these ratings, liquidfilled transformers are usually used. The insulation between the windings becomes more and more demanding at higher voltages. Furthermore, resonance effects inside the winding itself have to be considered to avoid insulation failures during highly dynamic impulse stresses such as lightning strikes which may reach amplitudes of one to two thousands kilovolt with a 1 s rise time.
Dry-type transformers are the preferred technology for applications in which fire safety is of special importance.
6 ABB is the worlds largest transformer manufacturer and service provider, capable of delivering high-quality durable products and services all over the world
7 ABB is supplying the traction transformer for the new Velaro D high speed train
ABB transformers are found wherever electricity is generated, transported and consumed in power plants and substations skyscrapers and shopping malls, ships and oil platforms, locomotives and railway lines, wind parks and solar fields, water and wastewater plants. The worlds tallest building, the 828 meters high Burj Khalifa in Dubai is equipped with 78 dry-type ABB transformers to ensure power reliability 3. The nearby Dubai Fountain, which is illuminated by 6.600 lights and shoots water 150 meters into the air, is also equipped with ABB transformers. For almost 120 years, ABB has produced commercial transformers and continued to enhance them by developing new technologies and materials that raise efficiency, reliability and sustainability to a new level. ABB has set the world records for the most powerful many times from the worlds first transformers of 400kV and 800kV in the 1950s and 1960s, to the most powerful UHVDC transformers for the 800kV, 2000km Xiangjiaba-Shanghai transmission link in China 2. By developing new high-performance materials and using fire-resistant insulation liquids, ABB has improved the efficiency, safety and environmental friend liness of transformers. The new eco-friendly product lines can achieve energy savings of 40 50 percent.
For almost 120 years, ABB has produced commercial transformers. ABB has set the world record for power many times.
Transformers with power ratings above some ten MVA are a key element in the supply of large regions or industrial areas. As a rule of thumb, it can be considered that one person has an average electrical power demand of 1 kVA, which means, that a 400 MVA transformer transfers the power needed by 400,000, the equivalent of a medium sized city. Such transformers have to comply with special requirements on safety and reliability and also have to provide a very high efciency and low sound level. In recent decades, high voltage DC lines have also become increasingly important, especially in large countries such as China where they connect industrial centers to the remote regions where the electricity is generated. ABB now offers standard solutions for DC converter transformers for up to 800kV DC. A transformers located directly next to a power plant is called GSU (Generator Step-up Unit). A GSU transforms the electric power from the medium voltage of the generators to the high voltage transmission level. To balance power ow between parallel power lines, phase shifters can be used. These are transformers (usually with a 1:1 translation ratio) that adapt and control the phase angles of voltage and current to optimize the power transmission capacity of the lines. Phase shifters exist up to a power rating of 1,500 MVA 5. Today transformation efciencies of up to 99.85 percent are achievable by using special magnetic steel qualities and optimized designs. The heat losses, even at
these high efciencies, are still signicant: For the 400MVA unit mentioned above, for example, it would be still around 600 kW under full load conditions. The cooling system thus remains a challenge. Additionally, the weight and size of such devices has to be dimensioned carefully since there are limitations in the maximum transportation possibilities in the different countries 6. Traction and special transformers Railway vehicles use a special type of transformer that must be highly compact, reliable and robust. Operating frequencies vary (according to countries and systems) from 16.7 Hz to 60 Hz with power classes of up to 10 MVA. To permit trains to cross borders between countries, traction transformers must be compatible with the different frequencies and power systems. ABB offers optimized solutions for all these different railway applications, stretching up to high speed trains with their challenging needs 7. Moreover, ABB makes a variety of further transformers for special applications, for example for subsea electrication or for operating variable speed drives.
Max Claessens ABB Power Products, Transformers Zurich Switzerland [email protected]
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A legacy of transformation
ABB is a leader in voltage and power extensions
ArNe Hjortsberg, PieraLvise Fedrigo, Thomas FogeLberg Power transformers are a very important part of ABBs business, as well as that of the original corporations that came together to form ABB. This merger created a unique opportunity to integrate the vast experiences and different technical competencies from all the founding companies. Prior to 1900, these companies pioneered different aspects of power transformer development. In 1893, ASEA, one of ABBs parent companies, supplied one of the first commercial three-phase transmissions in Sweden from a hydro power plant to a large iron ore mine some 10km away. Transformer manufacturing soon emerged in most countries in Europe and in the United States. ASEA, BBC and other predecessor companies rapidly gained expertise in the manufacturing and installation of transformers. Today, ABB draws upon 700 years of combined experience of transformer design and manufacturing.
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1 Pulling the Gotland cable ashore in 1950. The power link connected the island to Swedens mainland power grid, supporting the development of the islands economy
BB and its predecessor companies have consistently stood at the forefront of the manufacturing and development of commercial transformers 1. As transmission distances from remote generation increased, the transmission voltage had to rise to keep losses down and to reduce the number of lines needed in parallel. In the early 1950s, Sweden commissioned ASEA for the worlds rst 400 kV transmission system with a length of about 1.000 km and 500MW capacity. This breakthrough in extra high voltage (EHV) transmission set a new standard for Europe. In the latter part of the 1960s, the Canadian province of Quebec followed suit. Similar to the situation in Sweden, it too had abundant hydropower yet large geographic distances between the power source and industrial areas. Together, the power com pany Hydro-Quebec and ABB developed a 735 kV EHV transmission system. In the United States, large thermal power plants, from which the power had to be distributed over long distances, were also being built. This resulted in the introduction of a 765kV system. In the early 1970s, the Tennessee Valley Authority commissioned its rst
Title picture 1,100kV ultrahigh voltage direct current transformer in the ABB HVDC test facility
1,200 MVA power plant at Cumberland, Tennessee. ABB built the rst generator step-up transformers (rated 420 MVA) in a single-phase design. These transformers represented a technical breakthrough in terms of power capacity on one wound limb. At the same time, ABB entered a development program together with American Electric Power (AEP) aiming for the highest technically feasible AC transmission voltage. For this purpose, ABB built a full-size single-phase network transformer for 1,785 kV, rated at 333 MVA. This test transformer was installed and successfully operated at the research facility until completion of the research proSimilar gram 2. development programs occurred in other countries. For example, a full-size ABB transformer and shunt reactor was built in Italy for 1,000 kV and installed at the ENEL test station Suvereto.
current (UHVDC) has resulted in ABB emerging as a major player in pushing transformer technology to new levels. The TrafoStar technology platform In August 1987, the Swedish ASEA and the Swiss BBC companies merged and formed ABB. Shortly afterward, ABB merged the transformer manufacturing parts of Westinghouse in the United States, which also included the former General Electric transformer technology, as well as Ansaldo in Italy and several Spanish factories. National Industri in Norway and the Finnish company Strmberg had become part of ASEA just
ABBs HVDC technology has had a truly revolutionary impact on the way that e lectric energy is delivered all over the world.
before the merger. T ogether, these companies contained a very large portion of all the power transformer knowledge and experience in the world. After the merger, a number of task forces and research and development groups were established to evaluate the experience and best practices from a wide range of previously independent transformer manufacturers. Major objectives were lower costs, shorter production times, higher
During the last few years the need for even higher capacity long-distance transmission has resulted in renewed interest in ultrahigh voltage alternating current (UHVAC) voltages in the range of 1,000 to 1,200 kV AC in China and India, and the development of 800 and 1,100 kV ultrahigh voltage direct
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2 The 1,785kV ultrahigh voltage transformer installed at the USAEP-ASEA test station (USA)
ABB has promoted and successfully performed more short-circuit tests than any other supplier.
quality and reduced test room failures. These objectives have remained the main focus for ABBs continued transformer development. As a result, ABB succeeded in unifying its technology into a common platform, TrafoStar, and today it offers products with the same high standard of quality wherever in the world the transformers are manufactured 3. The TrafoStar techno logy platform includes the following key ingredients: Common design rules based on experience from all ABB predecessor companies Common design system and design tools Common manufacturing processes, equipment and tools Common quality and failure analysis systems Common feedback and continuous improvement programs Common training and education systems ABB launched the common concept, TrafoStar, more than 15 years ago, with integrated engineering tools, manufacturing accu-
racy and major suppliers with common material specications, testing and quality management system. This concept is now used for large power transformers in all ABB plants globally. Since the inception of TrafoStar, more than 15,000 power transformers have been produced; of these, 2,000 units are very large generator step-up (GSU) transformers and intertie transformers. More than 1,000 power transformers of more than 60 MVA rating are produced every year. This unique business concept has allowed ABB to amass design and manufacturing experience in a truly global way, for continuous process improvement 4. Since ABB is also one of the worlds major suppliers of all types transformer components insulation materials and kits, tap changers, bushings, and electronic control equipment the company is in a unique position to control product quality and per formance. Serving the new electric power markets Since the inception of ABB in the late 1980s several major changes in the electric power
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3 TrafoStar
ABBs knowledgebase is built from the 700 years of combined experience from several companies including:
ASEA Ansaldo/Ital Trafo/IEL/OEL/OTE BBC GE, United States
National Industri Strmberg Westinghouse
ABB utilizes a common design and manufacturing platform in all 13 power transformer factories worldwide. ABB has delivered more than 14,500 power transformers (over 17,000,000MVA) based on TrafoStar, including over 20,800kV UHVDC units and over 500,735kV to 765kV AC units to all major global markets. Through continuously improved design and manufacturing procedures, ABB has reduced test failures by 50percent between 2000 and 2010. As a result, ABBs short-circuit withstand is now more than twice as high as the market average.
The unique TrafoStar business concept has a llowed ABB to amass design and manufacturing e xperience in a truly global way.
markets have occurred. As the original domestic, country-based networks have been built out and matured, markets were opened up and deregulated in the western world to promote competition and efcient interconnections and creation of regional networks and markets. This evolution led to a change in relations between transformer manufacturers and buyers, from local to more global relations, and with a greater focuson economic aspects on both sides. As a result, manufacturers also had to becomemore global, leading to consolidation and concentration of the industry. ABB was perfectly prepared for this development, and emerged as the world leader in power transformers. Simultaneously, the emerging markets in Asia and South America started to have a major inuence, and later dominated the demand for power transformers. The rapid build-out in China and later India and other emerging markets created a boom period for transformers during the rst decade of the new century, causing very high material prices for copper and core steel, and long delivery times and various other imbalanc-
es. A very rapid build-out of manufacturing capacity occurred particularly in Asia, causing a substantial overcapacity at the end of the period, with new imbalances and instabilities in material prices. ABB, with its global position and common technology, emerged as a major forerunner during this period. In the present market, utilities and other power transformer buyers have a much more complex procurement process. Many of their local manufacturers and sub-suppliers are gone and many new unproven players have emerged. The local service support organizations have been transformed or are no longer available. Economic pressure has increased and new load patterns and highly loaded networks are challenging demands on the reliability and stability of the networks. Safe and reliable operation is a key but requires a procurement process for transformers and other equipment that can correctly identify quality products. This is a formidable challenge. ABB supports its customers in this new challenge by delivering a very well proven and reliable product with veried quality properties as well as a stable service and support organization. Power system reliability Modern power systems are increasingly complex with a large number of individual components. To ensure reliable operation, it is essential that the key elements, such as large power transformers, have a very high degree of availability, minimizing the outages of individual components or whole blocks of power generation. The ability to withstand short-circuits is recognized as a very crucial function of power transformers in the network. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC),
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and other commissions, specify the requirements on power transformers and how their performance should be veried. There is, however, extensive evidence that many transformers are not as shortcircuit proof as assumed. Failures caused by short-circuits are still a major cause of transformer outages, and failure rates vary widely between different countries and systems, depending on network characteristics and equipment installed. Different networks have varying problems. In rapidly developing regions with increasing demand for electric power, more and more generating capacity and interconnections are added to existing systems. However, the western world is characterized by expanding cross-border electricity trade, integration of wind and other renewables, changing load ows and aging components. Several of these circumstances mean that old as well as new transformers will be exposed to even more demanding severe short-circuit stresses. Assuring transformer quality ABB has continued its predecessors active participation in international bodies such as CIGRE (the International Council on Large Electric Systems), IEC and IEEE helping to establish stringent standards on test levels and test procedures to verify transformer performance and quality under various operational conditions. Successful factory acceptance testing of new transformers is necessary but not in itself sufcient to demonstrate service quality in all respects. Dielectric performance is very well covered by appropriate international standards that have been developed over the years.
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4 High-voltage direct current (HVDC)

ABB maintains its lead in HVDC technology and to date, has installed 60,000MW of HVDC transmission capacity in 70 projects, and is a market leader in the manufacture of high-voltage transmission cable as well. ABBs HVDC technology has had a truly revolutionary impact on the way that electric energy is delivered all over the world. Some of the worlds biggest cities, including Los Angeles, So Paulo, Shanghai and Delhi, rely on HVDC transmission to deliver huge amounts of electricity, often from thousands of kilometers away, with remarkable efciency and minimal environmental impact. ABBs achievements using this remarkable technology include the worlds longest and most powerful HVDC installation, the Xiangjiaba- Shanghai power link currently under construction in China, which will deliver 6,400MW of electricity over 2,000km (shown here) and the worlds longest underground cable transmission system, the 180km Murraylink HVDC Light project in Australia see picture 1b page 8. The improvements achieved by ABB drives in energy efciency, productivity and process control are truly remarkable. In 2008, ABBs installed base of low-voltage drives saved an estimated 170 TWh of electric power, enough to meet the annual needs of 42 million European households and reduce global CO2 emissions by some 140 million metric tons a year. That is like taking more than 35 million cars off the road for a year. As society faces the challenge of reducing environmental impact while meeting rising demand for electricity, ABBs drives will be making a positive contribution to a better world.
By the early 1950s, developments in current conversion technology led by ASEA, ABBs Swedish forerunner, enabled the company to build the worlds rst commercial HVDC power link between the Swedish mainland and the island of Gotland 2. Since this installation, ABB has continued to develop HVDC technology, replac ing the fragile mercury-arc valves in the 1970s with semiconductor devices.
The areas of thermal and mechanical integrity, however, are arenas where design and production weaknesses can pass tests without being detected. ABB has therefore made specic efforts in design, production, supply chain and testing philosophy of large power transformers to verify thermal and mechanical performance. A key measure of the mechanical integrity of the transformer
factors. In high-voltage systems, the most probable type of SC is a single-line-to-earth ashover, normally due to environmental conditions such as a lightning strike on the line, etc. The relative severity of the different types of faults depends on the characteristics of the system, in particular on the SC impedance value of the transformer and the SC apparent power of the system. Forces and related withstand criteria in windings can be split into two components: radial forces and axial forces. The failure modes for radial forces include: Buckling of inner windings Stretching of outer windings Spiraling of end turns in helical windings The failure modes for axial forces include: Mechanical collapse of yoke insulation, press rings and press plates, and core clamps Conductor tilting Conductor axial bending between spacers Possible initial dielectric failures inside windings, followed by mechanical collapse The SC forces are calculated in ABB with advanced computer programs based on detailed nite element methods (FEM) that also take into account axial displacements
ABBs short-circuit withstand is over twice as high as the market average.

is a short-circuit test, which ABB has promoted and successfully performed more frequently than any other supplier. Mechanical rigidity of the transformer will become one of the most vital performance factors for the future. There are three reasons for this: The ability to withstand short-circuit (SC) stresses Seismic requirements Transport handling SC forces give rise to mechanical forces on windings that can reach hundreds of tons in milliseconds. The current peaks and the corresponding forces depend on many
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5 TrafoStars short-circuit reliability is more than twice the industry average

TrafoStar rated 25 MVA or higher, short circuit tested 19962011 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2550 50100 100200 >200 MVA (rated) 31 out of 35 tested units 25 MVA were passed between 1996 and 2011, corresponding to 11% test failures. Total test failures 28% Initially not ok Number of transformers Initially ok 40 32 24 16 8 0 2550 50100 100200 >200 MVA (rated) All transformers rated 25 MVA or higher, tested by KEMA 1996-2009 12 Initially not ok Initially ok
5a ABBs TrafoStar transformers
Number of transformers
5b Transformers tested by KEMA
ABB draws upon 700 years of combined experience of transformer design and manu facturing.
caused by workshop tolerances and pitch of helical type windings. Windings are dimensioned for maximum compression forces, where dynamic effects are included. An extremely important feature of ABBs SC technology is that inner windings subject to radial compression are designed to be completely self-supportingwith regard to collapse by free buckling. This means that the mechanical stability of the winding is determined by the properties of the copper and conductor geometry only, a cautious design principle that has served ABB very well. Short-circuit strength verication The new IEC Standard 60076-5 (2006-2) provides two options for verifying the transformers ability to withstand the dynamic effects of a SC: A full SC test performed at a certied laboratory A theoretical evaluation of the ability to withstand the dynamic effects of SC events based on the manufacturers design rules and construction experience, in line with the new IEC guidelines.
Due to the high investment costs of SC test equipment, such test facilities are available in only a handful of locations in the world. The test requires power capacities in the range of a large power grid together with sophisticated control and measuring equipment. One such facility is KEMA in the Netherlands, where a number of SC tests were carried out on behalf of ABB. In spite of the high cost, ABB has performed a large number of such tests to guarantee quality. 35 ABB TrafoStar power transformers of different designs have been SC tested, with a failure rate as low as 11 percent 5. KEMA reports presented at CIGRE and other technical conferences show the total test failure rates for power transformers to be 28percent of the performed SC tests for the whole industry [1]. ABBs test record over the last 16 years has been 5 failures out of approximately 50 tests, or only 10percent. When the ABB test results are compared to the result of all other manufacturers the remaining manufacturers show SC test failure rates several times higher than ABB. Future ambition for ABB quality efforts In the future, new ways of rating transformers through better control of the thermal capability can help reduce the use of expensive materials. New standards should take the load prole into account, and allow for more exible specications to deal with more complex load patterns. This will require the integration of more intelligence. Other possibilities are to further increase the mechanical, thermal and dielectric integrity of transformers to better equip them to deal with the greater stresses that will affect future networks. Since transformers stand
for a substantial part of the network losses, energy efciency programs will further require transformer designs and technology with lower losses. For more information about ABBs transformer technologies, please see A world in transformation on page six of this special report.
Pieralvise Fedrigo ABB Power Products, Transformers Sesto S. Giovanni (Milan), Italy [email protected] Arne Hjortsberg ABB Corporate Research Baden-Dtwill, Switzerland [email protected] Thomas Fogelberg ABB Power Products, Transformers Ludvika, Sweden [email protected]
References [1] Smeets, R.P.P., te Paske, L.H. (2010) Fourteen Years of Test Experience with Short Circuit Withstand Capability of Large Power Transformers. Travek VIIth International Science and Technical Conference on Large Power Transformers and Diagnostic Systems, Moscow, Russia.
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UHVDC
Meeting the needs of the most demanding power transmission applications
Thomas FreYhuLt, Mats BergLuNd, ke carLssoN HVDC (high-voltage
direct current) power transmission is an efficient and cost competitive way of transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances. ABB has extensive experience with HVDC technology, and has developed and built converter transformers for the most demanding projects, including products for ultrahigh-voltage transmissions. 800kV UHVDC (ultrahigh-voltage direct current) transmission was put into commercial service in 2010; 1,100kV UHVDC is now being developed. This article considers some important steps in the design and development of technology for the most demanding power transmission applications.
he need for electric power is rapidly increasing in the developing world. Power sources close to consumption centers have already been harnessed, and present efforts are exploring ways to generate and move power from further away, especially sources of renewable energy. Developing countries such as China, India and Brazil have large populations and are modernizing quickly, but closing the gap with the developed world will require a large amount of electric power. HVDC is the most environmentally friendly and economical way of transmitting large amounts of electric power. Compared with AC, DC transmission needs much narrower right-of-ways, while higher voltages reduce both electricity losses and the cost of building large-scale power lines. As generation takes place further and further away, higher and higher transmission voltages are required. The highest DC transmission voltage has almost doubled during the last decade 1. The swift pace of economic development in certain regions has meant the time to develop equipment to support higher transmission voltage levels has been very short. Chinese customers in particular have pressed for rapid development and delivery of the rst projects using UHVDC
technology, driven by the immediate need for transmission assets. Compounding the pressure, stringent reliability requirements are a prerequisite of these very large transmission projects. Transmission basics The State Grid Corporation of China put the world`s first 800 kV DC transmission system into commercial operation in 2010. It is a 2,000 km long power line with a capacity of 6,400 MW, generated by a large hydropower plant in Xiangjiaba and transmitted to Shanghai. The AC to DC converters are built as 800kV double circuits with eight series-connected, six-pulse converters. The transformers are single phase, two-winding units. In total, 24 converter transformers are needed at both the sending and receiving ends. Depending on the position of the transformers within the converter, four different designs are needed with different DC voltage ratings (800, 600, 400 and 200kV) where the transformers connected to the uppermost and lowermost bridges had to be built for the highest DCpotential 2. For the Xiangjiaba to Shanghai project ABB designed and built transformers for the receiving station. The transformers
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1 Some of ABBs key HVDC projects

Itaipu Three Gorges projects Xiangjiaba Shanghai Ningdong Shandong Jinping Sunan North East Agra Hami Zhengzhou Zhundong Chengdu 3,150 MW / 600 kV DC 3,000 MW / 500 kV DC 6,400 MW / 800 kV DC 4,000 MW / 660 kV DC 7,200 MW / 800 kV DC 6,000 MW / 800 kV DC 8,000 MW / 800 kV DC 10,000 MW / 1,100 kV DC Brazil 1982 China 2003 China 2010 China 2011 China 2012 India 2015 China 2014 China 2015
2 Basic arrangement of transformers and converters

+800 kV DC
3 Measurement setup
600800 kV
400600 kV
200400 kV
500 kV AC
0200 kV
for the higher voltages were designed and manufactured in Ludvika, Sweden. The remaining units were manufactured by ABBs partners in China. System requirements for converter transformers The basic function of the converter transformer is to adjust the line voltage of the AC side to the HVDC transmission voltage. In addition, it must fulll other specic requirements, including: A galvanic separation between the DC and AC systems Specied short-circuit impedance High content of current harmonics Large range of voltage regulation In conventional AC/DC converters, the transformer acts as a barrier to prevent DC voltage from entering the AC network. One of the transformer windings is connected to the AC side, which is also called the line-side winding. The other winding is connected to the converter valves, called the valve-side winding. DC voltage results in additional demands on the insulation structure in comparison to AC voltages. After long and dedicated research and development, ABB has developed a successful insulation system suitable for the highest transmission voltages for AC as well as DC.
Earth
800 kV DC
The design of the valve is such that the rate of current increase must be controlled when the valve starts carrying current. The rate of increase largely depends on the transformer reactance, which also has to be fullled within narrow limits for two individual transformer units. The high content of current harmonics requires special attention be paid to con trolling additional and stray losses in the transformer, when it comes to total losses and the risks of local overheating in the windings and metallic components exposed to stray ux from windings and internal current carrying leads. In order to optimize the reactive power needed for the operation of the converter, depending on load variations the system designer generally species a large range of voltage ratio variation between the line and valve sides.
Pioneering work In the late 1970s, ABB did pioneering work in this area when the rst set of transformers for 600 kV DC transmission was delivered to the Itaipu HVDC project in Brazil. The transformer concept used for Itaipu has been a template for most HVDC converter transformers: a single-phase design, with two wound limbs and two outer limbs for the return ux. The windings are arranged concentrically with the valve winding on the outside. The line winding is divided into two coils the one for the tapped part is located closest to the core, followed by the nontapped section. This arrangement is benecial for the topology of the valve-side, which requires AC as well as DC insulation. The basic Itaipu concept has undergone continuous improvements, such as valveside bushings protruding directly into the valve hall. Eliminating the need for separate bushings between the transformer terminal
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4 800 kV converter transformer
and the interior of the valve hall helped to reduce the cost and complexity of station layouts. In addition, step porcelain bushing housing was replaced by composite material, and within the bushing compressed gas replaced oil. These new materials remove the risk of disastrous consequences in the event of a bushing failure. AC and DC stresses The stress patterns for AC voltage between two electrodes are fairly straightforward. The stresses of different materi-
ing application are well-known, at least for moderate voltage levels. The stress pattern for a DC voltage applied between electrodes will have a similar distribution in the initial phase after the application of the voltage. After the initial state, the electric stress pattern goes through a transient state, nally ending up in a steady state, often after several hours. In contrast to AC, the material para meters that govern behavior under DC stress display larger variation and the background physics is very complex. Variations of material parameters and design have large consequences for the electric stress occurring inside the transformers, and this is why insulation structures have to be designed and manufactured with great care to achieve a reliable result. ABB has developed the means to accurately measure stresses in models of the insulation systems used in HVDC converter transformers. Electric stress in more complex insulation structures can be modeled and measured using the electro-optic Kerr effect. Polarized light passing through transformer oil changes its polarization state depending on the electric stress applied. Detection of the phase shift between light components parallel and perpendicular to the electric eld allow measurements of the magnitude
ABB has developed the means to accurately measure stresses in models of the insulation systems used in HVDC converter transformers.
als in combined insulations depend primarily on the permittivity of the individual materials. In order to reach reliable operation, the stresses for each of the insulating materials must not exceed a recommended value. The insulation structures in an HVDC converter transformer are built up from cellulose-based solid insulation and mineral oil as an insulation and cooling medium. The free distance in a liquid insulating material must be controlled by intermediate insulation barriers to reduce the risk of abnormal voltage breakdowns. In short, predicting stress distributions caused by AC waveforms is straightforward, and the material parameters are stable under different operating conditions. The physics and its engineer-
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5 Additional dielectric tests for the valve winding together with corresponding voltages and durations
Polarity reversal 966 kV Applied AC voltage 902 kV
90
120
165 t (ms)
60 t (ms)
Applied DC voltage 1,246 kV
Applied switching surge
120 t (ms) 1,600 kV
2,000 t (s)
It was necessary to acquire hands-on experience with the characteristics of vital components in the transformers.
and direction of the electric eld. The low numerical value of the Kerr constant of transformer oil, and fairly moderate eld stress in the uid phase of the insulation places stringent requirements on the measurement system to achieve sufcient accuracy to measure magnitude and direction of the electric eld 3. The Kerr cell measurement has given ABB valuable information about the stress distribution in multibarrier insulation systems used in high-voltage power transformers in transient as well as steadystate conditions. For a more accurate analysis the distribution of space charges has to be considered, especially for a barrier system with small ducts between the individual barriers. The traditional method of resistive steady-state distribution has important limitations, and reliable insulation structures cannot be developed based only on such a theoretical method. However, calculation models based on true charge transport behavior developed by ABB and calibrated by real measurements are the basis for all design rules concerning reliable insulation structures for all ABB converter transformers today. The challenge of UHVDC Although ABB had all the basic knowledge in-house, it was also necessary to acquire hands-on experience with the characteristics of vital components in the transformers, as well as external connections, particularly on the valve side. For that purpose, a full-scale test model was built, complete with tank, windings, internal connections and valve-side bushings for the development of equipment for use in both 800kV and 1,100kV DC transmis-
sions 4. Over time, models were exposed to very demanding operational and test conditions to fully demonstrate reliable performance. Special attention was paid to components with complicated geometry, like windings and the connec tion between the valve winding and bushing. An intricate balance between solid and uid insulation has to be achieved in the design of the transformer insulation. The HVDC bushing was another component needing special attention. As its air side enters the valve hall, it is essential that a breakdown not lead to re or damage from shattered pieces of the bushing. For that reason, the insulation system around the bushing lead is a condenser body, and the space between the body and the cylinder-shaped insulator is lled with compressed gas. Silicon sheds are extruded on the tube outside to permit indoor or outdoor use. Scientic advances have not only been made in transformer insulation, but also bushings. Challenges similar to those in oil and cellulose insulation also exist in air insulation systems. An ABB innovation enabled the electric eld to be measured on the surface of an insulator on the bushing of an HVDC transformer. Simulation models are calibrated by actual measurements, and special phenomena are integrated into the bushing design. Tests A transformer is subject to delivery tests after it is manufactured, assembled and installed on site. These tests are for verication of dielectric and operational re-
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6 Success story: the worlds most powerful UHVDC converter transformer
ABB has successfully developed and tested a 1,100kV UHVDC converter transformer, breaking the record for the highest DC voltage level ever achieved, which means more electricity can be transmitted efciently over even longer distances. The Xiangjiaba-Shanghai link commissioned by ABB is the world`s rst commercial 800kV UHVDC connection picture 2 on page 8. It has a capacity of 6,400MW and at just over 2,000km is the longest power link of its kind in operation. The new 1,100kV converter transformer technology just tested will make it possible to transmit more than 10,000MW of power over distances as long as 3,000km. Higher voltage levels enable the transport of larger amounts of electricity across very long distances with minimal losses, using HVDC technology. Converter transformers play a critical role in HVDC transmission, serving as the vital interface between the DC link and the AC network. The development of 1,100kV transformers addresses several technology challenges, including the sheer size and scale of the units, electrical insulation including bushings and thermal performance parameters. UHVDC transmission is a development of HVDC, a technology pioneered by ABB more than 50 years ago, and represents the biggest capacity and efciency leap in more than two decades.
quirements set forth in the unit`s specications, as well as the internal ABB quality assurance program. Compared with a conventional power transformer in the AC network, an HVDC converter transformer must be tested for the ability of valve-side windings to withstand DC voltages. In operation, the valve
external terminals of the winding are connected together and the voltage is applied to the two terminals simultaneously. During the test with applied DC voltage, the level of partial discharge is measured. During the transient period after the application of voltage, there may be occasional charge movements within the insulation system. These movements give rise to a noticeable partial discharge signal on the valve-side terminals. The phenomenon is well known and recognized in current standards. The industry has therefore accepted an upper limit on the number of occasions such bursts of partial discharge can take place during the tests. Furthermore, the frequency of bursts must diminish during the course of the test. The world needs UHVDC Driven by economic growth, demand for power and the need to efciently integrate renewable power generation, it is clear from developments in AC networks that UHVDC will have a major role to play as power systems evolve. The expansion of this role is also clear from the interest in extending the capabilities of UHVDC transmission in the recent years. Given UHVDCs very high ratings, it is essential that these valuable assets operate safely, reliably and efciently.
Driven by economic growth, demand for power and the need to efficiently integrate renewable power generation, it is clear that UHVDC will have a major role to play as power systems evolve.
windings are exposed to an AC voltage and a superimposed DC voltage. A DC transmission must be able to handle the fast transition of power from one direction to the other. Such transitions also mean a switch in converter polarity, from positive to negative, and vice versa 5. Operation with continuous DC voltage, super imposed AC voltage and DC polarity reversal will be reected in additional dielectric tests of the valve-side windings; tests with DC voltage, tests with AC voltage and tests with switching surge voltage are in accordance with IEC standards. All four types of test are considered to be nontransient, with a uniform voltage along the valve winding. For that reason, the two
ABB has the proven tools and expertise needed to design and manufacture reliable UHVDC converter transformers. This solid technology background ensures that even in the fast-developing UHVDC area, customers can be sure that ABB equipment is designed, tested and built to the highest standards of operational stability. Of the UHVDC projects awarded globally, ABB is by far the largest supplier and is determined to maintain this lead with further advances in the technology 6. So what is the next step for UHVDC? Chinahas clearly expressed an ambition to achieve even higher DC transmission voltages. That ambition has materialized in an R&D program for 1,100 kV UHVDC transmission, which of course requires a range of different equipment, including converter transformers built to support these record-breaking UHVDC transmissions. Rising to the challenge of these very ambitious development plans, ABB was the rst to qualify HVDC converter transformer technology at the 1,100 kV voltage level as well, but how that came about in detail is a story for another day the continuing story of ultra-efcient, ultrahigh-voltage direct current electricity transmission.
Thomas Freyhult Mats Berglund ABB Power Products, Transformers Ludvika, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] The authors acknowledge the contribution to this a rticle of the late ke Carlsson, ABB Senior Trans former Specialist.
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Responding to a changing world

ABB launches new dry-type transformer products
MartiN CarLeN Responding to new requirements in a changing world, ABB is complementing its portfolio with new dry-type transformer products that help make electricity supply systems more efcient, reliable, safe and environmentally friendly.
BB began developing drytype transformers for medium voltage applications in the 1970s, recognizing that oilfree technologies help transformers comply with the highest safety standards for people, property and the environment. Using drytype transformers, electric substations can be placed in commercial or industrial buildings without undue con cern about fire risk. They are easy to install and maintenance free.
ABB recently complemented its portfolio with new products that will play a major role in future transmission and distribution (T&D) systems. ABB also offers a broad portfolio of specialty prod ucts for many, often specialist, applications 1.
ABB dry-type trans formers have evolved into what we now call standard dry transformers. They are mostly used to distribute electricity to end users, and are available with different coil technologies: Vacuum Cast Coil (VCC): high quality, well-protected windings Vacuum Pressure Impregnation (VPI): allows efficient cooling Resibloc: ultimate mechanical strength, qualified for extreme climactic conditions (60C)
Customer interest in products that are both economically and ecologically efficient i nspired ABB to develop a dry-type transformer product family that exceeds expectations in these areas.
Efficiency, space and reliability counts Customer interest in products that are both economically and ecologically efcient inspired ABB to develop a dry-type transformer product family that exceeds expectations in these areas. The EcoDry transformer family provides ultra-efcient products with loss values that easily meet or exceed industry standards or legal requirements. EcoDry enables customers to select a product optimized for a specic
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1 Additional dry-type transformer and reactor products
2 Comparison of TOC (total ownership cost) of standard and EcoDry amorphous metal core transformers (see ABB Review 2/2012, p.47)
Rectifier and converter transformers Transformers for marine applications Transformers for wind turbines Air-core reactors Iron-core reactors Transformers and reactors for rolling stock Capitalized loss Standard EcoDry
0 50 100 150 200 Relative costs (%) First costs A = $10 W; B = $2 W
3 Life cycle analysis performed for a standard dry transformer and an EcoDry transformer (1,000 kVA, 20 percent load) (see ABB Review 2/2012, p.46)
4 A triangular wound core which consists of three identical core rings. Left: perspective model. Right: model seen from above
Global warming potential (kg CO 2-equiv.) Acidification potential (kg SO 2-equiv.) Eutrophication potential (kg phosphate-equiv.) Human toxicity potential (kg DCB-equiv.) Ozone layer depletion potential (kg R11-equiv.) Photochem. ozone creation potential (kg ethene-equiv.) Standard dry EcoDryBasic 0 20 40 60 80 100 Relative environmental impact (%)
application, minimizing the cost of related investments. Transformer losses occur in two areas: rst, the load independent no-load loss, which occurs in the iron core due to the cyclic change of magnetization resulting from the connected AC voltage; and secondly, the load loss, which depends on the electrical resistance in the transformer windings and on the actual transformer current. Overall, this produces an efciency curve that is load dependent. When the transformer load is low, the no-load loss will dominate, whereas at high load, the load loss is dominant. Analysis of the total ownership cost (TOC) [2] will help in the selection process 2. EcoDryBasic substantially reduces no-load loss with a core made of amorphous metal. The no-load loss of the EcoDryBasic is 30 percent that of the no-load loss in dry-type transformers fitted with normal steel laminate cores. And these savings add up: when a small, 1,000 kVA dry-type transformer is operated for 20years, CO 2 emissions are reduced by 140,000 kg, which is equivalent to burning 60,000 liters of oil. Utility distribution transformers often operate at a
rather low average load of 20 percent [1]. EcoDryBasic has lower losses than low-loss, oil-immersed distribution transformers. In industrial processes, transformers frequently run at nearly maximum capacity. In its EcoDry99Plus transformer, ABB has developed design enhancements that reduce transformer losses by 30 percent or more. EcoDryUltra combines features, reducing both no-load and load loss, and providing ultimate efciency over the whole load range. In the event of strongly varying loads, for example in solar and wind power generating applications, or for operating the transformer at medium load, EcoDryUltra is the ultimate choice. Although EcoDry transformers require more materials in construction, energy savings over the equipment`s lifetime more than compensates for this, and makes this product a winning solution environmentally, as demonstrated by life cycle assessment (LCA) [2] 3. Another way to increase transformer excellence that also enables compact installations and reduced losses is with the
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5 TriDry configuration reduces weight and footprint
6 Characteristics and ratings of ABB dry-type distribution transformers
Standard dry transformer Well proven and highest reliability Core: Stacked core, 3-leg Coils*: VCC, VPI or Resibloc round, rectangular or oval Voltage: 0.140.5 kV Power: 540,000 kVA Special characteristics: Well-established and proven Benets: Non-ammable and self-extinguishing No maintenance High short-circuit strength Easy installation Low-loss designs possible
TriDry Compact, efcient, safe Core: Triangular, continuously wound core Coils: VCC round Voltage: 1.136 kV Power: 1002,500 kVA Special technical characteristics: symmetrical transformer Benets: Low loss Different and compact footprint Low magnetic stray elds
EcoDry Ultra-efcient transformer Core: Amorphous 3-leg Evans cores, or stacked core Coils: VCC, Resibloc rectangular Voltage: 1.136 kV Power: 1004,000 kVA Special technical characteristics: Amorphous core Benets: Minimum losses Most interesting solution in case of medium or high electricity costs Environmentally benecial
Note: Some products may not be available globally.
7 Loss classes according to EN 50541-1 and positioning of TriDry and EcoDry product families
No-load loss (NLL) A0-50% Bk Load loss Ak EcoDry Basic TriDry Standard A0 B0 C0
Ak -20%
EcoDry Ultra
EcoDry 99Plus
The core of a TriDry transformer is wound from a continuous strip of magnetic steel without any joints, therefore avoiding the related losses.
TriDry transformer. This small revolution in transformer technology uses a triangular core conguration which restores the symmetry of three-phase AC systems. Similar to a generator or motor where the poles are arranged in a circular conguration, TriDry phases also have a circular arrangement 4. This differs from conventional transformers with a planar layout, where the phases arranged side by side result in differences between middle and outer phases, incomplete utilization of core material, and other deciencies. The core of a TriDry transformer is wound from a continuous strip of magnetic steel without any joints, therefore avoiding the related losses. The width of the steel sheet varies in order to produce an almost D-shaped cross section of a core ring. Three core rings of almost rectangular shape are mounted together to form a three-phase core with triangular shape. Each core leg is made up of two D-shaped parts from two core rings combined, resulting in a circular cross section. Since the core cannot be opened, the windings are directly wound onto the core and vacuum casting is also done directly onto the core.
In this symmetrical, triangular set-up, each of the three core legs is linked directly to the other two, and feature symmetrical and short distances for the magnetic ux. In addition to the usual rectangular path via the core rings, the ow of ux is also possible via the triangular arrangement of yokes. If the magnetic ux in the yoke sections of one of the core rings becomes too large and the yoke saturates, the ux can pass through the other two core rings, amounting to a ux through the three yokes arranged in a triangle. The TriDry triangular conguration enables compact installation with a reduced footprint and up to 20 percent less weight 5. The symmetry of the technology results in transformers of the highest reliability, reduced in-rush current, reduced sound levels, reduced magnetic stray elds and reduced losses 6. Standards for losses or minimum efciency values for transformers are different in different countries. China is well advanced by having dened different efciency classes, including standards for amorphous transformers, for a number of years. In Europe, different loss classes for dry-type transformers have been introduced only recent-
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8 EcoDry amorphous transformers provide ultimate efciency over the whole load range
9 PoleDry is a dry-type transformer for pole-mount applications
10 Characteristics and ratings of PoleDry transformer and outdoor testing at KIPTS
Ultimate safety in overhead distribution Core: Stacked core, 3-leg
Coils*: VCC, with cycloaliphatic outdoor epoxy Voltage: 1.124 kV Power: 50315 kVA, 3-phase Special technical characteristics: No air-gap between primary and secondary coil Integrated bushings Corrosion resistant core protection Benefits: Dry-type transformer for pole-mount application with size and weight comparable to oil-lled unit Environmentally friendly Unattractive for copper theft
ly, with the launch of EN 50541-1. Note that the losses of the EcoDry amorphous transformer are half those of the best loss classes specied by EN50541-1 7, 8. Going overhead Overhead distribution is common in many countries and in rural areas. It is an easy and fast way to set up an electricity distribution grid and provide power to consumers. Transformers, for stepping down the voltage used in overhead power lines to the level needed by customers, are directly mounted on the poles. Traditionally, pole-mounted transformers are oil-immersed units. The oil makes very good insulation, but presents environmental and safety risks. If the transformer tank ruptures or leaks due to an internal failure or external damage, the liquid will run out and contaminate the ground. This is especially problematic in protected water areas, in rivers and lakes, or public and national parks. In addition, leaking transformers will also soon stop working. In some countries, the theft of copper or oil from pole-mounted transformers is an important issue. Electric utilities not only have to replace the damaged units, but also clean up and dispose of the oil-contaminated ground, which is often much more expensive than replacing the transformer itself. And the risk related to inammable oil is an issue, especially in residential and forested areas. To eliminate these problems, ABB developed PoleDry, a dry-type transformer for pole-mount applications 9. It is non-
ammable, does not need an enclosure, and is comparable in size and weight to oil-immersed transformers. Due to its cast aluminum windings, it is also not a target for theft. Creating the PoleDry transformer required some special considerations. Eliminating the air gap between the primary and secondary windings, which is typical of drytype transformers, removed the risk of contamination or ingress of animals between coils, and is very important for ensuring high reliability in an outdoor transformer. PoleDry is therefore manufactured with solid insulation between the windings, and utilizes hydrophobic cycloaliphatic epoxy (HCEP) to encapsulate the wind ings. This epoxy provides superior outdoor performance in other applications, and is also outstanding in terms of resisting re, UV rays, erosion and external tracking. Bushings are cast together with the windings, and are fully integrated to prevent any water penetration. Simulations and experimental tests were done to control the electric elds, optimize the design and avoid any tracking on the surface. A nal important feature is the cores special corrosion protection. PoleDry has been tested in the harsh outdoor environment of ESKOMs Koeberg Insulator Pollution Test Station (KIPTS) in Cape Town, South Africa. KIPTS is close (30 meters) to the sea, which provides an environment that includes plenty of exposure to UV, rain, wind and sand erosion, industrial pollution, salt-laden moisture, and wildlife 10. Coils and cores were tested in a salt-fog chamber, which allows
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Dry-type transformers are easily installed in buildings or underground, and do not require costly additional protective equipment or other infrastructures.
controlled and accelerated cycling between phases with salt fog, clean fog and UV radiation up to 50 times as intense as natural UV radiation [4]. The rst 20 com mercial units, three-phase transformers with a 100kVA power rating and with 15 or 20kV primary voltage, are destined for the Italian utility, ENEL. Going underground An opposite approach was necessary for the submersible transformer. This unit is suitable for underground installations, in vaults or subways which are occasionally, or frequently, flooded with water 11. An example of submersible transformer installations is the network transformers used in the city of New York (NYC). These three-phase transformers with power ratings of 500 to 2,500 kVA are connected to a network protector, and serve loads in New Yorks downtown. They are typically placed in vaults under grates in the sidewalks. In the event of heavy rain the vaults, which do not have drainage systems, can become partially or fully ooded. In addition, all surface debris washed off from the streets ends up in the vaults. In traditional oil-immersed network transformers, internal faults or short circuits can lead to large, street-level explosions and fires, which can cause significant harm to people and property. For this reason Consolidated Edison (ConEd), the electric utility in New York, approached ABB and asked for a dry version of these transformers. Pilot dry network transformers have now been in operation since the middle of 2011. An important prerequisite was the dry transformers had to t the dimensions of the existing vault dimensions. They also had to contain a grounding switch integrated with the VCC transformer in a robust tank. This enables easy grounding in case the network requires maintenance work. The dry transformer itself is maintenance free, and is designed to be low sound emitting for urban environments. Multiple arc-fault testing was required by ConEd in order to prove the unit`s safety. Feeding power-hungry cities A burning transformer in an urban area, producing smoke and fumes and widely visible to the public is a nightmare scenario for T&D operators. Although the
11 Submersible dry-type transformer for network application
Safety for environment and people Core: Stacked core, 3-leg
Coils: VCC, high temperature insulation system Voltage: 1.117.5 kV Power: 1001,000 kVA Special technical characteristics: Mounted in completely sealed enclosure Low sound level
Benets: Transformer installation can be ooded Non-ammable and self extinguishing Applicable as network transformer No risk of oil spills
risk of any piece of electrical equipment failing can never be completely excluded, the consequence of such a failure may be heavily dependent on the technology used. With new dry-type transformers, it is possible to minimize the consequences of such occurrences. Voltage classes for dry-type transformers typically range up to 36 kV, and their application is mainly in the distribution grid. Following intensive research, ABB has introduced HiDry72, a dry-type transformer for the 72.5kV voltage class. This means dry-type transformers are now available 12, for sub-transmission voltage levels 13. Urbanization and the rapid growth of megacities requires more and more power in downtown areas, and using higher voltages to deliver it is benecial. Dry-type transformers are easily installed in buildings or underground, and do not require costly additional protective equipment or other infrastructures, such as oil pits, etc. Since vacant space in big cities is limited and expensive, these types of transformers not only provide optimized performance, but also an improved appearance. A number of new concepts had to be introduced in order to produce a dry transformer at this voltage level, including
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12 Electric field intensity in a 10MVA, 72.5kVA dry-type transformer
13 Characteristics and ratings of ABBs HiDry transformer for subtransmission

HiDry Getting power into cities Core: Stacked core, 3-leg
14 Success story: power reliability for the worlds tallest building

When it was completed in January 2010, Burj Khalifa in Dubai became the worlds tallest building with 164 floors and a total height of 828 meters. To ensure power reliability throughout the enormous building, it is equipped with 78 ABB dry-type transformers, which are renowned for their mechanical strength and reliability picture 4 page 9. The nearby Dubai Fountain, which is illuminated by 6,600 lights and shoots water 150 meters into the air, is also equipped with ABB transformers. It is the worlds largest fountain.
Coils: VCC, Resibloc Voltage: 40.572.5 kV Power: 1,00063,000 kVA Special technical characteristics: Dry-type transformer for sub-transmission (72.5 kV voltage class) Benets: Inner-city and underground installation Water protection and re risk areas oil & gas and industrial applications
3D simulation of the electric eld intensity in a 10 MVA 72.5 kV dry-type transformer and dielectric testing of the transformer beyond the limits
It is now possible to use dry-type transformers in certain applications for the very first time, thanks to ABB innovations that have increased energy efficiency and made higher voltages possible in compact outdoor and submersible installations.
shielding rings in the windings; conductive shielding pieces for the clamps and magnetic yokes; rounded corners in windings and shields; and an optimized number of barriers and barrier arrangements to control the electric field in the insulating air. The combination of numerical simulations and experimental testing on model devices and full-size prototype transformers helped ABB create competitive designs. 72.5 kV dry-type transformers require a footprint similar to oil transformers. While cooling equipment and radiators in oil transformers require considerable space, dry-type transformer coils are
directly cooled by air. The higher temperature rise of the dry-type transformer makes cooling more efficient due to a higher temperature gradient and i ncreased radiative cooling at higher temperatures. However, since dry technology requires larger dielectric clearance distances, the core and therefore also the mass of the dry-type transformer is slightly larger, which also results in a somewhat increased no-load loss. The load loss is comparable to the load loss of an oil transformer, so total losses are only slightly larger with a dry-type trans former. HiDry 72 transformers can be provided with an on-load tap changer. They have high short-circuit strength, thanks to strong reinforcement of the coils by the solid insulation material and their cylindrical geometry. They are suitable for substation retrofits, or for new installations, and paralleling with existing oil transformers is possible. Besides inner city and underground substations, HiDry 72 is a perfect choice for power plant applications, substations in or close to buildings, in caverns or in protected water areas, and industrial applications such as chemical plants or oil and gas installations. For example, two HiDry 72 transformers rated 25 megavolt ampere (MVA), 66/13.811.9 kV with on-load tap changers will be installed in the new Estdio Fonte Nova in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, which is one of the stadiums hosting the 2014 FIFA Soccer World Cup.
The launch of ABBs new dry-type transformer products addresses an important need for safe and environmentally-friendly power products usable in a variety of applications, including urban settings and environmentally sensitive areas 14. It is now possible to use dry-type transformers in certain applications for the very first time, thanks to ABB innovations that have increased energy efficiency and made higher voltages possible in compact outdoor and submersible installations.
Martin Carlen ABB Power Products, Transformers Zrich, Switzerland [email protected] References [1] Targosz, R., Topalis, F., et al, (2008). Analysis of Existing Situation of Energy Efficient Transformers Technical and Non-Technical Solutions, Report of EU-IEE project SEEDT. [2] Carlen, M., Oeverstam, U., Ramanan, V.R.V., Tepper, J., Swanstrm, L., Klys, P., Striken, E., (2011 June). Life cycle assessment of dry-type and oil-immersed distribution transformers with amorphous metal core, 21st Int. Conf. on Electricity Distribution, paper 1145, Frankfurt. [3] Singh, B., Hartmann, Th., Pauley, W.E., Schaal, S., Carlen, M., Krivda, A. (2011, June) Dry-type transformer for pole mounted application, 21st Int. Conf. on Electricity Distribution, paper 952, Frankfurt. [4] Krivda, A., Singh, B., Carlen, M., Hartmann, T., Schaal, S., Mahonen, P., Le, H., (2011) Accelerated testing of outdoor power equipment, Conf. Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, Acapulco, Mexico.
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The quiet life

ABBs ultralow-noise power transformers
RAMSIS GIRGIS, Mats BerNesj Everyone is familiar with the char-
acteristic hum that transformers produce. In sparsely populated areas, this drone will disturb few, but in urban areas it can be of concern and can even fall foul of local noise level regulations. Probably the strictest noise ordinance in the world is enforced in New York City, so, when ABB recently produced a number of transformers for the local power utility, these had to be very quiet indeed. This required a significant effort by ABB to develop an understanding of the processes involved in sound generation, transmission and radiation in transformers. Such knowledge has enabled ABB to supply successfully low- and ultralow-noise transformers to many major cities around the world.
ransformer hum is characterized by several pure tones. The frequency of a number of these is in the range where the human ear is most sensitive. Moreover, transformer noise, being of tonal character, causes irritation and discomfort. There are three sources of sound/noise in power transformers:
Core noise
Load noise
Core noise is caused by the magnetostriction property of core steel. It has components at multiples of 100 or 120Hz (for 50Hz and 60 Hz transformers, respectively). The relative magnitudes of the noise at the various harmonics is dependent on core material, core geometry, operating ux density and how close the resonance frequencies of the core and tank are to the exciting frequencies 1.
Cooling equipment noise
Load noise is mainly generated by the electromagnetic forces that result from the interaction of the load current in the windings and the leakage flux produced by this current. Another source of load noise is tank vibrations caused by the leakage flux impinging on tank walls. The main frequency is twice the supply frequency, ie, 100 Hz for 50 Hz transformers and 120 Hz for 60 Hz trans formers.
Power transformers of ABBs present design generation typically have noise levels that are significantly lower than those built 20 or 30 years ago.
Transformer load noise increases with the load. Also, at higher loads, fans ramp up and add further noise 2. Design features of ABB low-noise transformers Power transformers of ABBs present design generation typically have noise levels that are signicantly lower than those built
Title picture Transformers situated in urban settings often have to comply with very strict noise regulations. Through comprehensive technology development effort, ABB has been able to produce transformers that comply with the strictest regulations around.
Fan and pump noise is mostly broadband with insignicant low frequency tones.
The quiet life
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1 Typical frequency spectrum of noise produced by a 60 Hz power transformer (Lp = sound pressure level)
80
2 Noise components and total noise of a 250 MVA transformer
70 60
70 50 60 Lp (dB) Sound level (dB (A) 40 30 20 40 10 30 0 120 240 360 480 600 720 840 960 1080 1200 0 0 25 50 75 100 125 MVA 150 175 200 225 250 Core noise Fan noise Load noise Total noise
50
Frequency (Hz)
The ConEd requirements impose other design restrictions, such as tight limits on weight, width and height to permit transportation in Manhattan.
20 or 30 years ago. Some of the more important means to achieving these low levels of transformer noise are: Transformer cores are now designed to provide a more uniform distribution of magnetic ux with a lower content of ux harmonics in the core and core joints. Detailed 3-D magnetic eld modeling allows optimization of the core and, thus, minimized core noise. The core is held together by a clamping structure that provides uniform pressure on the core laminations while avoiding local deformations. ABBs inhouse tools calculate the vibrations of the core, taking different modes of vibrations and mechanical resonance, as well as the complex forces exciting a threephase transformer core, into account. By carefully considering the dynamic properties of the transformer core and tank, it is possible to successfully de-couple core vibrations from the tank. Also, a number of techniques that attempt to reduce the transmissibility of the core vibrations, and hence the resulting sound radiation, are exploited. Both core and tank resonances are avoided. This entails accurate pre-determination of resonance frequencies. Acoustic simulations, veried by scale models and full-size experiments, provide the tools needed to avoid core and tank resonances and reduce sound radiation.
Sound panels or enclosures covering the entire tank, or parts thereof, have been used for transformers that must fulll very low levels of noise. Winding resonance is avoided and winding designs that provide for lower magnitudes of leakage ux are used. Tank vibrations are signicantly reduced by shielding against leakage ux. Lownoise fans, or soundabsorbing elements at the inlet and outlet, reduce fan noise. In the case of ultralow-noise transformers, fans may not be used at all. ConEd transformer requirements Consolidated Edison (ConEd) is a power utility serving New York City. In order to satisfy the stringent limits that the city ordinance imposes on all sources of noise in the city, the ConEd specication for new power transformers has stringent noise requirements:
ABB invested a significant R&D effort and were rewarded with a contract from ConEd to produce the first ultralownoise 93MVA transformers.
A 15 to 20dB lower total noise level than is typical for corresponding sizes of transformers. Guaranteed noise levels not to be exceeded at 100 percent voltage combined with 100 percent load or at maximum over-excitation combined with 40 percent load.
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3 2-D modeling of mechanical resonance in a five-limb, threephase core
5 First generation of ultralow-noise ConEd transformers with sound enclosure
4 3-D modeling of sound radiation from the tank of a threephase transformer
6 Second generation of ultralow-noise ConEd transformer with tank sound panels
Limits are enforced not only on the total noise levels but also on each individual frequency component of the transformer noise. Taken together, the maximum allowable noise levels of the frequency components correspond to a total noise level of about 54dB(A) at 100 percent voltage and full current. In comparison, transformers of this size would typically have noise levels in the 70 dB(A) range for no-load (core plus fans) noise alone. This demonstrates the extent of the ConEd noise requirements relative to typical, or even lownoise, transformers. Guaranteeing the level of each frequency component is an order of magnitude more difcult than guaranteeing the total noise level of a transformer. These were not the only challenges. The ConEd requirements impose other design restrictions, such as tight limits on weight, width and height to permit transportation in Manhattan; tight limits on transformer impedance variation across the range of the tap changer; and signicant overload requirements (up to 200 percent), while limiting allowed temperatures of hotspots in the windings and structural members at different loads. Ultralow-noise transformers for ConEd Designing power transformers with such ultralow noise levels, while satisfying all the other performance and size limitations, required:
Accurate calculation of the frequency spectrum, and total spectrum, of core noise at different operating core ux densities. Accurate calculation of core, tank and winding resonances to ensure these are sufciently removed from the main exciting frequencies of the transformer vibrations. Accurate calculation of load noise for different types, arrangements and dimensions of winding as a function of current density and for different tank shielding types. Effective methods to reduce all components of transformer noise and an understanding of the contribution of each. Proper transformer mounting techniques and a full understanding of their impact on the different frequency components of the transformer noise. Accurate indoor measuring techniques for very low noise levels in a factory environment in the absence of a sound room for testing the transformer. More accurate calculations allow optimized design margins and improve the feasibility of meeting such tough performance specications 3, 4. A success story As of spring 2003, ABB had the technology to design low-noise transformers, but
It was possible to upgrade the design of these transformers to have signicantly less core and windings weight while satisfying the ConEd requirements.
The quiet life
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7 Third generation of ultralow-noise ConEd transformer without sound enclosure or panels
8 Reduction of weights and noise levels between original and most recent designs
MVA 93 65
Core weight
-10% -18%
Copper weight
-16% -27%
Active parts
-12% -22%
Core noise (dB)
-3.7 -4.9
Load noise (dB)
-9.2 -2.7
not to the levels required by the new ConEd ultralow-noise transformer specications. Consequently, ABB invested signicant research and development effort over a period of several years and were rewarded with a contract from ConEd to produce the rst ultralow-noise 93 MVA transformers. These transformers were designed using the then best technology and were delivered in 2005. The rst was equipped with a sound enclosure 5. The second and third transformers had only sound panels attached to the tank walls 6. After this delivery, ConEd awarded ABB an order for ultralow-noise 65 MVA transformers. These were produced with no external sound enclosure or panels 7. In fact, the second unit was designed with signicantly less winding weight while exhibiting 4dB lower load noise than the rst unit. Not only that, but, frequency components of the total noise of the transformer were
etween 2 and 5 b dB lower than the levels specied by ConEd. As a result of this success, ConEd ordered more of these 93 and 65MVA transformers for delivery in 2008 and 2009. Meanwhile, it was possible to upgrade the d esign of these transformers to have signicantly less core and windings weight while still satisfying the ConEd requirements. The technology development undertaken by ABB for the 93 MVA and 65 MVA transfor mers resulted in a 10 percent and 18 percent core weight reduction, respectively, compared with the original designs. Similarly, a 16 percent and 27 percent copper weight reduction was achieved, resulting in corresponding 12 percent and 22 percent reductions in active parts, respec tively, while achieving 3.7 dB and 9.2 dB reductions of core and load noise for the 93 MVA transformers and 4.9 dB and 2.7 dB reductions of core and load noise for the 65MVA transformers 8. This transformer technology is now being used by ABB designers worldwide to produce optimal designs for low and ultralownoise transformers for other customers in metropolitan areas around the world. Application opportunities There are a number of situations in which low and ultralow noise transformers are ideal: Substations near, or in, residential areas. Areas where new, lower noise limitations or complaints have arisen and a transformer is being replaced. In substations that were originally planned to have sound walls. Where old transformers that have sound enclosures are being replaced.
Where total transformer noise at full load has to be guaranteed. In static var compensator (SVC) transformers, where, typically, the total noise level of the transformer, including core and load noise at full capacitive loading with harmonics, has to be guaranteed. The most effective solution In the past, most transformer manufacturers used burdensome sound enclosures to achieve ultralow noise levels, or customers built expensive sound walls. Ultralow-noise transformers have advantages over these solutions: They are 4050 percent more economical than using sound walls and sound walls are anyway less effective at distance and for load noise. They are 6070 percent more economical than using sound enclosures. Enclosures are disadvantageous for maintenance and cooling. Walls are re-prone and they reduce cooling efciency. Walls and sound enclosures require more real estate. The ultralow-noise transformer technology developed as a result of this project has set new industry benchmarks for transformer noise emissions and is now being used by ABB to produce designs for lowand ultralow-noise transformers for other noise-sensitive metropolitan areas around the world.
Ramsis Girgis Mats Bernesj ABB Inc. St. Louis, MO, United States [email protected] [email protected]
The technology is now being used to produce optimum designs for other low- and ultralownoise transformers and it has set new industry benchmarks for transformer noise emissions.
3 2 ABB review special report
Power below the waves

Transformers at depths of 3 km
ESA VIRTANEN, ALPER AKDAG As engineers place ever more infrastructure under our seas, the demand for electrical power there rises correspondingly. Central to any electrical power system is the transformer. ABB is the only company in the world delivering transformers that work at depths of up to 3km. Just how does one design a transformer to work in such a remote and hostile environment?
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1 Ever more equipment is being placed on the sea bed
BB is an innovator in subsea electrical solutions and has been involved in the development of subsea electrical equipment for many years. Feasibility studies on subsea components began in 1984 and the rst commercial subsea transformer was delivered in 1998. Since then, ABB has delivered transformers and variable speed drive systems to some of the largest and most advanced offshore developments in the world. Subsea transformers from ABB are engineered to provide superior performance and cost benets for offshore developments that have subsea rotating equipment located far from the nearest available power supply. The ABB subsea transformer is a liquidlled, pressure-compensated unit suitable for power supply operations in deepwater elds. The pressure-compensating system keeps the internal pressure close to that of the outside water by immersing the internals in liquid and eliminating all air- and gas-lled voids. Cooling is provided inherently through natural convection. The unit can be delivered with a single or double
shell and has been qualied for depths of up to 3,000 meters. Subsea transformers from ABB are used with a range of subsea equipment: boosters, pumps, compressors, pipeline heating systems, electrical distribution systems, frequency converters and wave hubs. Subsea environments are extreme, hazardous and costly places even to reach, let alone to use as sites for industrial equipment 1. Why is it necessary to install and operate equipment at the bottom of the sea? The deepwater frontier The exploitation of offshore oil in shallow waters is declining as these relatively local reserves diminish. Often, to maximize oil extraction, seawater or gas is pumped into the well to increase pressure and drive out the remaining fuel trapped beneath the seabed.
Similar techniques are used in deepwater oil elds. As these are at much greater distances from the shore, they present additional challenges to the industry. Operations here require specialized knowledge
ABBs subsea transformers are engineered to provide superior performance and cost benefits for subsea rotating equipment located far from a power supply.
and expertise, particularly when powering compressors, pumps and motors at depths of several kilometers, possibly 50 or 100km away from the shore. Subsea technology makes oil and gas production possible at a depth of several kilometers and pressure-increasing compressors enable continued production in waning oil and gas elds. The performance levels required of deep-sea equipment are very high and reliability is decisive.
Title picture ABBs rugged, yet sophisticated, subsea transformers deliver the power that makes the exploitation of subsea oil and gas possible.
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2 1.6 MVA subsea transformer for multiphase oil pump
Including pigtail cables, connectors and compensators, the entire unit can weigh about 60 metric tons and would most likely sink into the mud or sand if it were simply lowered onto the seabed. The entire structure is, therefore, mounted on strong piles hammered into the seabed. Tubes on the underside of the structure slot over the piles so that the structure stands a few meters above the seabed when properly installed. Once installed on the seabed, no further maintenance is required. In fact, since the scope for doing repairs is limited, due to the expense of raising equipment to the surface, ABB has invested a great deal of time and effort to ensure all components are of the highest quality and have undergone rigorous testing. These stringent tests have ensured that all 20 ABB subsea transformers currently installed are operating reliably and safely and are providing great performance and cost benets to offshore developments.
Gulf of Mexico project
Bringing low-loss power to remote offshore locations requires transmission at high voltage through subsea cables. Such transmis-
Since transformers get hot when they run, the type of liquid used inside the transformer is critision relies on step-up transformers to in- cal to its successful operation. The highcrease the voltage levels for transmission quality insulating oil used has a low expansion coefcient and high compatiand step-down transformers to reduce the voltage to a level suitable for the specialist bility with the other materials and components used in the transformer. Since the electrical equipment at the offshore site. transformer is housed in a solid tank that Underwater oil elds present some of the cannot expand, even when hot, the oil is degassed prior to installation. The heat most extreme environments imaginable for transformers. ABB remains the worlds generated by the transformer during operation has the potential to accelerate leading manufacturer of subsea transformers, with many examples powering chemical reactions, possibly enhancing pumps and compressors that extract oil the corrosive effects of seawater, and, and gas from reservoirs below the sea- since the transformer is cooled by natural bed, thus keeping wells productive convection, also the potential to attract living organisms to the outer surface of longer. the casing. These factors necessitate the Since this specialized equipment oper- use of special, high-grade steel for the ates deep beneath the surface of the sea, casing, which must also be able to cope the step-down transformer must be able with the high pressures associated with to operate at these depths too. ABB sub- deep-sea locations. The largest subsea sea transformers require specialized de- transformers so far are about 4m tall, 7m m wide, and contain about sign features that enable them to operate long and 3 at depth, under pressure. This means all 14m3 of insulating oil 3.
ABB remains the worlds leading manufacturer of subsea transformers capable of delivering reliable power underwater with minimal losses.
air- and gas-lled voids within the outer casing must be eliminated by immersing components in liquid and a pressurecompensating system, to keep the internal pressure close to the outside water pressure, has to be available 2.
In the Gulf of Mexico, at a depth of about 2,000 meters, an oil pipeline has to be warmed in order to de-solidify oil that has congealed due to pressure and cold caused by an unplanned production shutdown. A mobile plant, consisting of an electrical system, a subsea cable and a subsea skid, will be transported by ship to the place where the pipeline has frozen. The subsea skid, which will include a subsea transformer and the electrical connectors required to make contact with the pipeline, will be lowered to the seabed. With the help of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) the electrical connectors will be attached to the pipeline and the power switched on. The ships diesel generator will supply 480 volts and a step-up transformer will be used to raise and regulate the voltage to between 1kV and 11kV. On the seabed, the subsea transformer will lower the voltage to a suitable level. The pipeline will then be heated up and after a few days the blockage should dissolve.
sgard field project
The most recent subsea transformer technology will ensure continuous production in an sgard gas eld 400 meters below the surface. Here, building a new offshore platform near the gas eld was considered too costly. Moreover, the eld is over 150 km from land, and 50 km from the nearest offshore platform. At these dis-
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3 A 16.5MVA transformer being submerged for a heat run and system testing at Vaasa harbor, Finland. The three 22kV penetrators and two low voltage signal connectors are visible
tances, and using conventional operational voltages (6.6kV), most of the power required to keep the compressor motors running on the seafloor would be lost. The solution is one of ABBs most recent subsea transformers, a rugged, powerful unit capable of operating at depths of up
All air- and gasfilled voids must be eliminated and pressure compensation is used to equalize with outside water pressure.
to three kilometers. With high power and voltage ratings (19MVA/31kV/6.6kV) and a high operating frequency (up to 121 Hz), this specialized transformer is the most efficient on the market and is capable of reliable operation at this site. sgard is the first gas field to utilize subsea compressors. ABB is manufacturing nine subsea transformers for this project, scheduled for completion and testing in June 2013. Wind installations Large, open-sea wind park installations could use subsea transformers to connect to the mainland grid. Placing a grid
connection transformer on the seabed eliminates the need to build a specific transformer platform. Tidal turbine parks and wave-power converter parks could similarly benefit from ABB subsea transformer technology as they become largescale commercialized operations. ABB has already been contacted by developers keen to understand the possibilities of subsea power technologies that relate to their specific applications. Subsea distribution system (SEPDIS) SEPDIS was born out of the idea of moving the electrical distribution system down to the seabed. This enables electrical power to be transmitted to the site in question at a high voltage and the distribution system to be located close to end consumers. Electrically, SEPDIS is a conventional transmission and distribution system with a limited number of components and functions. Mechanically, and in terms of its subsea capability, it is a very robust and sophisticated system. Long transmission cables carrying high voltages produce large amounts of capacitive power. This increases loading on the cable, as well as on other components feeding the power chain. Shunt reactors are commonly used to eliminate this extra load. This means that, in f uture, subsea shunt reactors will also be needed for subsea transmission and power systems. As a leading manu facturer of shunt reactors for onshore power and transmission systems, ABB
is developing this technology for subsea applications as well. ABBs rst two operational subsea transformers, rated at 1.6 MVA 11 kV /1 kV, have been in operation since 1999 at a depth of 500m. Since then, ABB has been incrementally developing larger units. ABB has built and tested a 60-ton subsea transformer for 20MVA 132kV/22.5kV and 16.5MVA 22kV/ 3.5kV/3.5kV/2.8kV. This was delivered to N yhamna in Norway for testing equipment in the Ormen Lange gas eld. Actual use in production is expected to begin in 2014. From a depth of one kilometer, it will feed power to compressors installed to improve gas pro duction. The Ormen Lange eld supplies 20percent of the UKs natural gas via a 1,200km long undersea pipeline. ABB remains the worlds leading manufacturer of subsea transformers capable of delivering reliable power underwater with minimal losses.
Esa Virtanen ABB Oy Transformers Vaasa, Finland [email protected] Alper Akdag ABB Management Services Ltd. Zurich, Switzerland [email protected]
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Shrinking the core

Power electronic transformers break new ground in transformation and transportation
ToufaNN Chaudhuri, ChristiaN VetterLi The size of a
transformer core is dictated by the frequency, and the frequency is given. Therefore, or so traditional wisdom suggests, transformers cores cannot be shrunk beyond a certain point. This paradigm, that has dictated the minimum size of power transformers for more than 120 years is
about to be broken. The innovation behind the power electronic transformer says that even though the network frequency is given, power electronics allow the local frequency to be changed. At the same time, this frequency conversion means that the input frequency need not equal the output frequency, or can even be DC.
Shrinking the core
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1 PETT principle with its N Medium Frequency Transformers (MFT1 to MFTN)
AC Catenary 15 KV, 16.7 Hz / 25 KV, 50 Hz
MFT1 1
MFT2 1
DC output
MFTN
basic technology has not made great advances since 1884, state of the art traction transformers have reached the limits of physics and no major further improvement in efciency is to be expected. Or is it? The size of the magnetic core of the transformer is linked to the operating frequency. The core size, in turn, inuences the radius of the windings and the amount of copper used. The amount of copper is directly proportionate to the losses. A reduction in transformer size that does not compromise efciency must thus address the size of the core. This means acting on the frequency. The grid frequency is, of course, given. Thus the only way is to act is on the local frequency. From this train of thought emerged the concept of the PETT (power electronic traction transformer) 1. Power elec tronic conversion raises the frequency to several kHz, and allows a major reduction in transformer size. Compared to conventional traction transf ormers, medium frequency transformation utilizes less copper, less iron and less or no oil 2. Simultaneously, power density and efficiency are drastically i mproved 3.
Typical comparison power density gures are shown in 4. The table illustrates how the power density of the traction transformers increases mostly linearly with the frequency. Technical challenge of the MFT Increasing the operating frequency to decrease the size of the transformer would seem to be a simple approach whose implementation might appear straightfor ward. In practice, things are not as simple. Many aspects differ from conventional low frequency technology and the development of the PETT had to overcome these. Core losses depend on the material the core is made of. When a magnetic eld is applied to a ferromagnetic material, a modication of the material structure occurs (alignment of magnetic domains as
ver since the French pioneer, Lucien Gaulard, built the first power transformer, the voltage and power levels of AC transformation have progressed. The underlying physical principles, however, remain virtually unchanged. The power electronic transformer is about to change all this. Medium-frequency transformation is on the verge of opening a new era in AC to DC and DC to DC conversion with enhanced efficiency and a low environmental footprint. Thomas Edisons dream of making a DC-DC transformer has finally come true. The rolling stock challenge In rolling stock, the weight of onboard equipment is a major constraint facing train manufacturers. Traction transformers are no exception. In addition to weight, noise emissions, efciency, safety, re and smoke compliance must all be considered. Traditionally, measures taken to save weight in rolling stock transformers were paid for by poor efciency. Power or current density needs to be much higher than for stationary power and distribution transformers, and thus higher copper losses are accepted as a necessary compromise. As
In rolling stock, the weight of onboard equipment is a major constraint facing train manufacturers. Traction transformers are no exception.
function of temperature, composition of the material, etc.). This modication changes the properties of the material, notably its permeability, hence the well known hysteresis loop of magnetic materials. The area inside this loop denes the
Title picture A pilot PETT installation is currently being tested on a type Ee 933 shunting locomotive of Swiss Federal Railways.
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2 Low frequency traction transformers
3 ABB pioneers breakthrough rail innovation
2a Underslung 15kV/16.7Hz traction trans former supplied by ABB for electrical multiple unit
2b 15kV/16.7Hz traction transformer supplied by ABB for double-deck electrical multiple unit trains
ABB has successfully developed a revolutionary traction transformer that uses power electronics to reduce its size and weight while increasing the energy efciency of the train. The new power electronic traction transformer (PETT) is based on an innovative, multilevel converter topology that uses IGBT (insulated gate bipolar transistor) power semiconductors and medium frequency transformers replacing the conventional transformers and inverter combination. In addition to its weight and size advantages, the new power electronic traction transformer helps improve efciency and reduces noise levels. The innovation is a breakthrough that achieves one of the rail industrys priority objectives of reducing the weight of on-board components. The traction transformer, which is traditionally made if iron and copper, is one of heavy pieces of equipment on a train. Size is another challenge for traction transformers, because reducing the amount of space used by equipment means that more space is available for paying passengers. Over the past decade, ABB has continually made design improvements in rail components, creating compact products like roof-installed transformers that reduce equipment footprint without compromising performance. The innovative use of power semiconductors in a core component such as traction transformers opens up new opportunities for rail markets around the world, and should be extendable across a range of other applications. Please also see Traction transformation: Apower-electronic traction transformer (PETT) on pages 1117 of ABB Review 1/12
4 Power density and other key figures for low and medium frequency transformers
Power range: 750 2200 KVA Power density [VA / kg] Efciency at full power and maximum temperature [%] Oil weight [gr / kVA] Copper weight [gr / kVA] Conventional low frequency main transformer 15kV 16.7Hz 220 350 New medium frequency transformers (MFT)
25kV 50Hz 5kHz 10kHz 450 530 2600 3500
92* 95** 99.3 99.3 500 600 450 550 250 550 250 450 90 60 70 40
* Typical accepted efciency value for 16.7Hz traction transformer ** Typical accepted efciency value for 50Hz traction transformer
5 Typical B-H loop for 3.5 percent SiFe, Amorphous and nanocrystalline magnetic materials
2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 -60 -40 -20 -0.5 -1 -1.5 -2 -2.5 3.5% SiFe Amorphous iron base Nanocrystalline 20 40 60
core losses at the considered operating frequency 5. Methods used to change the material properties and the related losses include material composition, amount of impurities, grain orientation, thickness and laser scratching. In a traditional traction transformer, 3.5 percent Silicon Steel (SiFe) sheets of various grades are used. The thicknesses are in the range of 0.2 to 0.35mm and the saturation induction level
can be up to 2T. The core losses are usually given in the range of 12W/kg at 1.7T and 50Hz. When these materials are used at higher frequencies, the losses increase notably and can reach up to 50W/kg at 1T and 1 kHz. Such materials are obviously not suitable for high frequency ranges. New materials such as 6.5 percent SiFe, Nickel Steel (NiFe) alloys, amorphous or nano-crystalline are available and suit high frequencies (10kHz MHz range). Proper-
Shrinking the core
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6 Size and footprint comparison of power transformer units of equal ratings
7 Targeted applications for power electronic transformers

Market segments targeted by high frequency transformation with AC to DC and DC to DC conversion include: Rolling stock (single phase AC to DC) EMU (electrical multiple unit) DDEMU (double decker EMU) High and very high speed train Auxiliary converter (DC to DC conversion) Marine (MV DC to LV DC) Offshore supply vessel Passenger cruise-ship Drillship Renewables (LV DC to MV DC) Wind mill PV collection grid Renewables (3ph MV AC to MV DC) Wind mill DC micro grid (MV DC to LV DC) DC/DC transformers
Left: 5kHz Transformer. Right: 16.7Hz Transformer. Both: 3.6kV Primary, 1.5kV Secondary.
The minimum size of the transformer is no longer defined by the core and winding size, but by dielectric requirements.
ties of these materials vary, and the choice is be driven by design targets. The different materials suitable for high frequency are available in powder form or in steel tape form. The thicknesses of the steel bands are in the 2035 m range, and their production requires very specic tooling. The saturation induction is between 0.5 and 1.5 T. The inherent losses vary strongly with the induction level and the operating frequency 5. For the copper, high frequency currents mean higher proximity and skin effects and thus higher resistance or lower effective copper section. There are several ways to counteract these phenomena. Hollow conductors (tube type winding) or Litz wires are two possible answers. The Litz wire (named after its inventor) is a strand type wire where each single small copper conductor is insulated. Choosing the right strand size allows a reduction of AC losses to an acceptable level, but the lling factor of Litz wire increases the DC losses, since
the effective copper section is reduced in comparison to a full solid conductor. Using a reduced core and winding size, the weight and loss reduction targets are achievable. In the railway sector, the different AC network voltages vary from a few kV up to 50kV (mainly 15kV/16.7Hz and 25 KV / 50 Hz). One of the main tasks of a traction transformer is to supply the galvanic isolation between the overhead line and the traction motors. In the PETT, the medium frequency transformer must fulll this function. According to railway standards, the requirement on the dielectric insulation level can be up to 77.6 kVrms. The minimum size of the transformer is thus no longer dened by the core and winding size, but by dielectric requirements. The limit depends on the assembly type, the insula tion material and the design selected for the transformer. The mission proles on thermal cycling for a traction transformer are usually very restricting. One million cycles for a traction transformer life is not unusual. Thermal cycling and high electric eld are important stress factor for the insulation material. Cooling is of extreme importance. Even if efciency is high, the small size of the transformers increases the power density and at the same time the density of losses. Efcient and compact cooling methods are required. In addition, the transformer is no more a stand-alone device but must interact with its surrounding power electronics. A two phase medium, tap water or air are
possible choices to ensure adequate cooling. Compatibility with power electronics cooling medium is of course a prerequisite. ABBs answer to the MFT challenge ABB is currently working on three different types of insulation materials: air, oil, resin. For each type of these, specic design rules are considered. Matching all the above ingredients and design rules, ABB will soon be ready to offer a large variety of medium frequency transformers suited for various applications 6, 7. It is notable than above a certain frequency level, the size reduction or power density increase ceases to be relevant. Doubling the frequency from 5 kHz to 10 KHz does not result in a doubling of the power density but only a 30 percent increase. The reason lies in the insulation requirement, whose inuence rises with the frequency compared to the size of the core and coil. The overall dimensions are no longer dictated by the frequency but a new physical limit: the insulation distances. High insulation levels, small size, high efciency, easy to cool will be the hallmarks of ABBs response to the medium frequency transformer challenge.
Toufann Chaudhuri Christian Vetterli ABB Scheron SA Geneva Switzerland [email protected] [email protected]
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Balance of power
Variable shunt reactors for network stability control
CLAES BENGTSSON The variable shunt reactor (VSR) is an interesting
alternative for controlling network voltage stability when the need for reactive power compensation varies with time or when the grid is undergoing change. VSR benets include: The voltage steps related to switching of xed reactors are avoided; maintaining voltage stability during seasonal or daily load variations becomes easier; and the operation of the reactors can be coordinated with static var compensators (SVCs) to maximize dynamic capacity during failures. For wind park applications, control of uctuating reactive power exchange at connection points becomes possible at an attractive cost. The VSR has become well established and several are in successful operation in Europe and North America. This article discusses the design and application of VSRs.
Balance of power
4 1
1 Gapped core concept for efficient use of active material
Core
Core segment Non-magnetic spacers
Winding
he networks that transmit and distribute electrical energy are continually facing new demands due to changes in power generation and load structure. For example, in many regions power grids are undergoing gradual change, eg, adding generation, interconnecting local/regional grids, switching from overhead lines to high voltage cables for environmental reasons, and so forth. Such changes are usually made step-wise and are often followed by revised reactive power compensation requirements. Further, the growing use of renewable energy sources is bringing fundamental change to traditional generation structures and is placing new demands on the transmission network. The dynamic and timevarying effects associated with renewable sources play a more pronounced role in networks when the system is, as a whole, optimized for energy efciency. Another driver making variable reactors attractive is the emergence of smart grids. These are currently attracting a great deal of attention and are high on political and technical agendas.
Title picture The title photo shows a Variable Shunt Reactor, 120200MVAr, 420kV. How do such products help to control power network stability?
It is not only the active power ow in a network that has to be controlled, but the balance of reactive power too. The most commonly used device for compensating reactive power and for maintaining voltage stability is the shunt reactor. By tradition, shunt reactors have xed ratings with no regulation. If regulation is needed, then reactors are switched in and out along with load variations. This procedure, however, has disadvantages. The large steps in reactance lead to step changes in the sys tem voltage level and more stress on breakers. Little dynamic regulation is provided. The VSR is product that helps solve these power distribution network issues. The VSR is a new product type that is rapidly becoming popular. It provides regulation capability and, thereby, system benets in terms of power quality, optimized grid operation and the possibility of interacting with other regulating devices such as SVCs. Reactive power compensation The voltage along an alternating current (AC) transmission line depends on both the capacitive charging and the loading of the line. The former is due to the capacitance between the lines conductors and earth and depends on the line geometry. The capacitance generates so-called reactive power in the line. The reactive power is normally expressed in MVAr. The latter plays a role because both the loads and the line itself consume reactive power. In an AC system it is important to maintain the balance between the generated and the consumed reactive power. The reactive power balance determines the voltage stability of a transmission line, no matter whether it is an overhead or cable line.
Ifthere is an excessive amount of reactive power, the voltage will increase in the system. If there is a lack of reactive power, the voltage will decrease. Therefore, the reactive power must be controlled in order to maintain voltage stability.
Shunt reactors
A shunt reactor is an absorber of reactive power and is the device most commonly used for reactive power compensation. The shunt reactor can be directly connected to the power line or to a tertiary winding of a three-winding transformer. The shunt reactor could be permanently connected or switched via a circuit breaker. To improve the adjustment of the consumed reactive power the reactor can also have a variable rating. If the load variation is slow, which it normally is (seasonal, daily or hourly) a VSR could be an economical solution for some customer applications.
The VSR in a power system
In some applications there is a need to connect or disconnect the inductive reactive power in steps. Then, several shunt reactor units are needed. This requires several circuit breakers and, consequently, a bigger footprint. Instead of having several units, one VSR that covers the entire power range could be a more cost-effective solution. By regulating the inductance of the reactor inside the unit itself, the external circuit breakers will have fewer operations and will, thus, need less maintenance. Generally, it can be said that when there is a slow variation of the load, the VSR works as an efcient reactive power compensator and it enables a better ne tuning of the voltage in the system to be accomplished.
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2 Measured sound power levels of seven shunt reactors against year of manufacture: factory measurement (first column) and 2007 on-site measurement (second column)
100 95 90 85 80 75
Sound power level dB (A)
1984
1989
1991
1996 Year of manufacture
1998
2000
2002
ABB gapped core shunt reactor Most oil-immersed shunt reactors manufactured by ABB are based on the so-called gapped core concept. This technical concept is based on the core type technology that has been used within ABB since the beginning of the 1970s. More than 2,500 reactors based on this concept have been manufactured by ABB for the global market since then and hundreds of units have been in service for thirty years or more.
General design
wide spread in failure rates depending on the design of the reactors [1, 2]. To verify the mechanical integrity of the ABB shunt reactors, an extensive study was made in which sound measurements were made on reactors that have been in operation for between 5 and 23 years [3]. These measurements were compared with the original factory acceptance tests. The study shows no increase in sound levels over time, which is a very good indication of a mechanically robust design 2. The long-term stability in sound level can be explained by robust design, durable materials and precision in the manufacturing process.
VSR design
Generally, when there is a slow load variation, the VSR works as an efficient reactive power compensator.
The philosophy of the design is to minimize losses, sound and vibration. Design similarities with large power transformers permit an efcient use of ABBs long experience of building large transformers, for instance in the areas of insulation build up, production handling and so on. Each phase limb consists of a number of so-called core segments that are circular in shape. Between the segments there are non-magnetic gaps that contain oil and spacer elements. Due to the high magnetic reluctance, most of the energy of the reactor is stored in these gaps. In the case of a shunt reactor with a xed power rating, there is only one physical winding around each phase limb. To minimize the size, and to avoid spreading of the electromagnetic ux, a magnetic core frame surrounds the phase limbs 1. High voltage shunt reactors are technically complex products due to the large magnetic forces, which can be tens of tonnes, acting between the core segments. These forces appear 100 times per second in 50Hz systems, so the engineering challenges with respect to longterm mechanical stability are considerable. This can be seen in the failure statistics of some utilities where there is
The main function of a VSR is to regulate the consumption of reactive power. This is accomplished by connecting and disconnecting electrical turns in the reactor by means of a tap changer. At the maximum power rating the minimum number of electrical turns will be connected. The ABB VSR design is the result of extensive development work combined with well-proven power transformer and reactor technology 3. The regulation of the reactor is accomplished by a separate regulating winding, or windings, located outside the main winding. The taps from the regulating winding are led to the tap changer. The regulating winding conguration can vary depending on the regulating range, voltage level and loss capitalization1. The regulating range is limited by the maximum step voltage and voltage range of the tap changer. Another limitation is the electrical behavior of the regulating winding under transient voltage stresses. The
Footnote 1 Loss capitalization based on expected energy prices, interest rates, etc., the customer puts a financial value on each kW of losses. This is added to the price of the reactor to form a comparison price which is used for evaluating tenders.
Balance of power
4 3
3 The design principle of the active part of the VSR
4 The feasible range is the area above the curve and the feasible voltages are 110 kV to 525 kV
0.6
Neutral
R=MVAR min/MVAR max
Phase terminal
0.5
0.4 110 0.3 525
OLTC
0 0 100 200 300 Voltage (kV) 400 500
feasible regulation range depends on the voltage rating of the reactor 4. Today, utilities are demanding a regulation range larger than that indicated in the gure. As a result of this market demand, the VSR concept has recently been further developed to provide regulation ranges that are around 40 percent higher. As an example, 420 kV VSRs with a maximum rating of 200 MVAr can today be regulated between 90 and 200MVAr compared with the 120 to 200MVAr range of a few years ago. VSR eld references The main transmission line system in Norway has been upgraded from 300 kV to 420 kV. In the new 420 kV grid, the system
ratings. This minimizes footprint and the number of circuit breakers. The VSR is complementary to substation SVC equipment. This allows coarse tuning of the total reactive power compensation. Better ne tuning of the voltage to cope with seasonal and daily load variations is available. There is exibility for future load conditions in the network. The ratings 80150MVAr (three-phase) 90200MVAr of these VSR units are at 300kV, 120200MVAr at 420 kV and, recently, at 420kV.
The rating of these VSR units is 50 100MVAr (three-phase) at 242kV. A nal example is found in some African countries where relatively long transmission lines feed small load centers. The loads have a daily variation and there are also future plans to increase the load. That makes the ABB VSR a good solution for the owner of the transmission lines since it is essential to accommodate variability in the inductive reactive power compensation requirements. For these applications the size of the units has been up to 30 MVAr (three-phase) and voltage ratings of between 110 and 225kV. In total, ABB has received orders for 38VSRs from ve countries. ABB is the market leader for this application. The market interest for this product is constantly growing.
HV shunt reactors are technically complex due to the large magnetic forces, which can be tens of tonnes, acting between the core segments
operator has decided to only use VSRs instead of shunt reactor units with xed power ratings. There are several benets supporting this policy decision: Low short-circuit power. If the MVAr rating of the reactor is high compared to the short-circuit power of the network, the voltage will jump when the reactor is switched in or out. To minimize this phenomenon, it is possible to switch the unit in or out at a minimum-power tap position. There is only one variable reactor unit instead of two units with xed power
Another example comes from a transmission company in the United States that began implementing inductive reactive power compensation with shunt reactors that are connected directly to the high voltage line. By now utilizing oilimmersed shunt reactors, they were also able to eliminate environmental concerns surrounding electromagnetic flux spread around open air core reactors. This company chose the ABB VSR for i nductive compensation control. The e xtensive use of AC cables in their net work placed particularly high value on the ability to control reactive power compensation. A bonus is that the reduced number of circuit breaker operations results in less maintenance.
Claes Bengtsson ABB Power Transformers Ludvika, Sweden [email protected]
References [1] Petersen A. et al. (2007). Australian experience with shunt reactors reliability, condition assessment, end of life and impact on specifications. Cigr A2/D1 Colloquium Bruges 2007, paper pp. 341. [2] Cormack R. (2007). A snapshot into one utilitys experience with the operation of shunt reactors. Cigr A2/D1 Colloquium Bruges 2007, keynote p.3. [3] Bengtsson C. et al. (2008). Field Performance and Sound of Shunt Reactors in Service. Cigr 2008, paper A2-306. [4] G. Bertagnolli et al. (1998). Design and application of variable Mvar output shunt reactors with on load tap-changer. Operation experience in Africa. CIGRE Sessions 1998, Paris, France, paper 12308.
4 4
Workhorses of industry
Industrial transformers in a DC environment
ANDREW COLLIER, GERHARD GREVE, SURJITH RAM VELDURTHI Industrial transformers are key elements in the
processes into which they are integrated. Reliability is crucial to ensure uninterrupted operation of converters, furnaces, motors and smelters used in a variety of applications including primary aluminum and steel production, chemical plants and rail networks. The
demands of modern process control systems have driven the increased use of rectifier systems in high current applications requiring accurate process or frequency control. This, in turn, has required the increased use of industrial transformers at ever-higher current ratings, many times in continuous processes where any failure could have six-figure consequences.
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1 Double bridge (DB; A) and double star (DSS; B) 6-pulse systems
6 pulse circuit
SR SR SR Load +
SR SR SR
1a 3 Phase bridge connection
6 pulse circuit
BB is a true pioneer in the world of industrial direct current (DC) applications, with ASEA, an ABB parent company, designing the worlds first DC arc furnace in 1885. Today, over a century later, industrial transformers are used in a diverse range of applications including DC arc furnaces, electrolysis, compressors and static frequency converters for rail applications. Challenges In addition to the need for wide regulating ranges and low secondary voltages combined with extremely high currents, the main difference from other types of transformer applications is that in a DC environment the load currents have a high harmonic content. The rectifier that is directly connected to the transformer distorts the current waveform, so currents with multiples of the network frequency flow between the rectifier and the transformer. This has to be considered when the transformer is
IPT
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
SR
Load +
1b Double wye connection with interphase transformer
esigned because the harmonic current d leads to higher losses and higher t emperatures in the transformer. Net work regulations also require a reduction or limitation of harmonic distortion at the network connection point. In addition, special consideration needs to be given to a reas such as short-circuit withstand and in-rush currents due to the size; remote installation of these units; and the combination of multiple transformers situated very closely together, both physically and electrically. Technology The rectifier technologies employed in industrial applications are commonly known as double star (DSS) or double bridge (DB) 1. DSS systems require
the use of an interphase transformer and are predominately applied as 6- or 12-pulse units where high currents are required with very low nominal voltages;
ABB is currently installing and commissioning rectiformers in what will be the worlds largest aluminum plant in Maaden Saudi Arabia.
a 12-pulse DSS system can normally be supplied in a single tank. DB systems are applied as 6-, 12-, 24-, 48- or 60-pulse systems, as required to suit the harmonic mitigation and process stability requirements. A higher number of pulse groups can be applied but tend to be less commercially attractive.
Title picture An ABB-built high-power converter bay at the Sohar aluminum smelter in Oman. Some of the biggest and most powerful converters (also known as rectiformers) are part of ABB's power and automation solutions for state-of-the-art aluminum smelters.
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2 Star / delta secondary connection
ABB has invested heavily in meeting the demands of the Chinese market.
A 12-pulse DB system is made up of two 6-pulse systems, with a 30-degree phase shift typically achieved by supplying one rectifier bridge via a star (wye) wound transformer secondary and the other bridge via a delta wound transformer secondary. In a 12-pulse system the opposing phase harmonics cancel each other out, dramatically reducing the fifth and seventh harmonic content in the line side. The impact of other low denomination harmonics can be reduced by applying a phase shift to the other parallel rectiformer groups 2. As shown in the figure, the two secondary windings are often part of the same transformer, thus providing the opportunity to achieve a magnetic balance within the transformer core and provide a solution where the harmonics are again engineered to counteract each other. Constructing the transformer core with the harmonics in mind has the additional benefit of reducing the impact the stray flux has on the current distribution within the windings 3. Static converters Industrial transformers can be used on either the front end of a converter in a large drive application or on both sides of a rail power converter. In the case of a rail converter, ABB has the experience of providing systems to convert from a three-phase network of up to 400 kV (50Hz) to a single-phase system to suit standard rail frequencies such as 25 or 2 3) Hz with ratings up 16.7 (formerly 16 to 110kV 4.
The figure displays the basic circuit diagram for a rail converter system in which the two identical inverter blocks are independent but are operated together. The active rectifier input bridges feeding the DC intermediate circuit are synchronized to handle both the high voltages and minimize the losses using state-ofthe-art power module technology. The 50 Hz transformer is a 400 kV unit in which two transformers are effectively combined into one active part providing a 12-pulse feed for the two 6-pulse bridge systems; the transformer also includes a tertiary winding. The eight fourquadrant output bridges from the inverters feed the 16.7Hz transformer, which combines the eight single-phase supplies in one active part and includes both a 110 kV single-phase output and a tertiary winding. The tertiary windings of each transformer are connected to filters; the purpose of each filter is to further reduce the h armonic voltage distortion. The con figuration shown is one of two 75 MW sister systems, however, the technology has been employed on systems up to 100 MW. More information regarding static converters for rail applications can be found in ABB Review 2/2010. DC furnace For almost 130 years, ABB has been a key player in the DC furnace world and has supplied many customers with complete furnace packages. Although DC arc furnace transformers are often used for melting scrap metal, the ability to control the process offers benets to customers with weak power supplies and those working in the wider metallurgical industry. Produc-
4 7
3 Current distribution with and without intermediate yoke

3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0.95 Current (p. u) In opposition (250Hz) In phase (50Hz) Current (p. u) 1.99 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.16 0.5 0 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1.42 1.41 3.0 2.69 In opposition (250Hz) In phase (50Hz)
1.14
1.14
LV Winding groups
LV Winding groups
3a Upper tier C1 without intermediate yoke
3b Lower tier C2 without intermediate yoke
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Current (p. u) In opposition (250Hz) In phase (50Hz) Current (p. u)
3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1.35 1.41 In opposition (250Hz) In phase (50Hz)
1.14
1.11
LV Winding groups
LV Winding groups
3c Upper tier C1 with intermediate yoke
3d Lower tier C2 with intermediate yoke
ABB is a true pioneer in the world of industrial DC applications, with ASEA designing the worlds first DC arc furnace in 1885.
tion of ferroalloys is also an important application; the major alloys are ferrosili con, silicon metal and ferromanganese. Other signicant alloys are ferronickel and ferrochrome. Transformers used in the steel melting and metallurgical industry are characterized by the extreme load cycle and high secondary current (up to 160 kA electrode current); they allow a wide secondary voltage range achieved via a tap changer working together with thyristor type rectifiers and large smoothing chokes 5. Rectiformers Regulating and rectifier transformer combinations that are applied to primary aluminum production (smelters) are affectionately known as rectiformers. A typical aluminum potline is built as a 60-pulse system with five parallel 12-pulse rectiformers, each with different phase-shift windings; a 60-pulse system can be achieved by the following phase shift angles: +12, 6, 0,
+6 and +12. As mentioned, one of the characteristics of rectiformers for aluminum plants is a very large regulating voltage range, from 0 volts up to potentially 2,000 volts (DC), depending on how many pots are connected in series. When diodes are used, it is necessary to have a regulating transformer equipped with an on-load tap changer (OLTC) in series with the rectifier transformer to regulate the secondary voltage. The regulating transformer can, in some cases, be auto-connected and the extreme number of tap positions can also be achieved by a combination of off- and on-load tap changers. In combination with diode rectifiers, saturable reactors are normally required to regulate the voltage between the steps of the OLTC. The regulating transformer that is feeding the rectifier transformer may be built inside the same tank as the rectifier transformer or it may be supplied as a separate unit. Another possibility to regulate the secondary voltage is to use thyristor rectifiers, which may negate the need for the reg-
4 8
4 Rail converter system. 400kV 3ph 50Hz / 110kV 1ph 1623 Hz static converter
3 point bridge 400 kV/ 50 Hz 50 Hz transformer HP filter 33 Hz filter HP filter Intermediate circuit boundary 3 point bridge 16 Hz transformer
110 kV/ 16.7 Hz
HP filter 33 Hz filter HP filter
Supply limit
50 Hz AC filter
16 Hz AC filter
5 DC arc furnace schematic

MV supply bus Rectifier Vaccum circuit breaker Off load
isolator
DC reactor Cathode DC Arc
Rectifier Anode
furnace
ulating transformer, the saturable reactors and in some cases the tap changer. Rectiformers can be supplied as a single tank solution for applications up to a rating of approximately 160 MVA, but for larger ratings transport limitations normally require that two transformers to be supplied as separate units. In the case of the rectifier transformers for diode type applications, they are typically supplied with saturable reactors mounted in the
main tank, however, if required these can also be housed separately 6, 7. New products Since the turn of the millennium, the demand for primary aluminum has grown from 25 million metric tons to almost 45 and the outlook remains buoyant, with even conservative estimates forecasting that demand will exceed 65 million tons before the year 2020. To meet this thirst for aluminum the production capacity has also increased, with major investments seen in both the Middle East and China, although the smelter philosophies employed in these two aluminum powerhouses have been quite different. Middle Eastern producers have focused on very large installations and are continually looking to push the size and power of individual smelters, whereas the Chinese focus has been on constructing many smaller smelters. However, the situation in China is now changing and as the f ocus is moving to efciency and reliability, the smaller (< 120 kA) smelters situated in eastern China have been closing down
Footnotes 1 Other rectiformer applications include chemical electrolysis, graphitizing furnaces, zinc or copper refining etc. 2 The purpose of the saturable reactors is to achieve fine and continuous regulation of the DC voltage in diode rectifier systems. The core area of a saturable reactor is normally made by a certain number of wound cores that are traditionally mounted horizontally to achieve the requested cross section. Through the core arrangement a bus-bar system leads the current of the power circuit and two driving circuits are wound around the magnetic core; a DC current flows through each driving circuit to control the magnetization status of the core and with that, the voltage variation.
Supply limit
The main difference from other types of transformer applications is that in a DC environment the load currents have a high harmonic c ontent.
4 9
Conservative estimates forecast that demand for primary aluminum will exceed 65 million metric tons before the year 2020.
6 Success story: Rectiformers

ABB has been the market leader in the eld of regulating and rectier transformers in aluminum electrolysis (smelting) for many years and, despite the demands of this application, customers still have many units in service from ABB legacy brands such as ASEA, BBC, and National Industri etc. The demand for primary aluminum has increased signicantly over the last decade, as has the need for improved efciency and the size of the potlines themselves. ABB already has plants operating at up to 1,750V / 390kA (DC) and is currently installing and commissioning rectiformers in what will be the worlds largest integrated aluminum plant for the Maaden Aluminum Company in Saudi Arabia. For this very high prole project (the total project value expected to exceed $10 billion), the industrial transformer focus factory in Bad Honnef, Germany, was selected to supply 10 regulating transformers each with 107 tap positions and rated at 230kV feeding 10 rectier transformers each with a secondary rating to suit 01,750V and 105kA (DC). For the Maaden project the engineering teams of Bad Honnef, the Minerals Process Automation group in Dttwil, Switzerland and the Power Electronics product group in Turgi, Switzerland, worked very closely together to deliver a system of transformers, rectiers and lters that could achieve the customers' commercial goals while meeting the enormous technical challenges associated with such a high-power application in a remote and almost desert-like environment. The 10 rectiformer pairs will be split across two potlines in an N-1 conguration to provide the required pot line ratings of 1,750V and 420kA*. ABB also successfully secured the orders for several of the auxiliary power transformers.
Footnote * The N-1 conguration allows the customer the exibility to achieve full production performance using any four of the ve transformer and rectier groups in each potline.
7 Maaden schematic
Conversion rectifiers 230kV, 60Hz BB11 BB12 BAI 23 / UNIT 11 Q21 Q34 Q22 Q50 Q38 BAI 21 / UNIT 12 Q21 Q34 Q22 Q50 Q38 BAI 19 / UNIT 13 Q21 Q34 Q22 Q50 Q38 BAI 17 / UNIT 14 Q21 Q34 Q22 Q50 Q38 BAI 15 / UNIT 15 Q21 Q34 Q22 Q50 Q38
105kA
105kA
105kA
105kA
105kA
FOCS-525
420kA 1750 VDC
and there is a trend towards building much larger plants (>350kA) in the coalrich northwest of the country. Over several years ABB has listened carefully to the demands of the Chinese market. In 2012, ABB announced the launch of a product family tailored to the specific needs of Chinese aluminum producers the ABB anti-parallel transformer system.
Anti-parallel connection In China, the primary aluminum industry typically employs a rectifier topology that is referred to as anti-parallel or C hinese technology. This topology is not unique to China and the term antiparallel refers to the physical orientation of the valves, which could be either d iodes or thyristors. The anti-parallel system uses two parallel valves that are mounted next to each other and switched simultaneously. The parallel valves are connected to two different
5 0
8 Anti-parallel configuration
1W CT P 1V CT P CT TI 1U CT P Uprim: 110 -220 kV Rectier Transformer
c12
c22
c25
c15
b16 b26 b23 b13
a14
a24
a21
a11
c12
c22
c25
c15
b16 b26 b23 b13
a14
a24
a21
a11
Rectier + Remark: example a 1 4 Current conducting sequence: 4 No. 1 bridge Phase: a +
Rectier
windings that are connected in phase opposition (with a phase shift of 180) 8. In 8 , the valve (a11) is switched by the positive half cycle of u2 while simultaneously valve a21 is switched by the negative half cycle of u3. The adjacent secondary side exits are connected to the transformer secondary windings with an opposite winding direction; thus the e ffects of the currents are compensating each other. As a result, the e ffects of the magnetic field on the tank and structure are reduced, which results in a lower impedance and a reduction of losses. From a transformer perspective this connection configuration requires twice the number of (parallel) LV bushings and a different low-voltage bus bar / bushing arrangement. In addition, the regulating range for the saturable reactors is typically wider than that required for the
traditional aluminum applications, thereby requiring a large core area. For a large regulation range in combination with the LV bushing arrangement used for the anti-parallel connected rectifiers, the saturable reactors are mounted vertically. This also affects the layout for the low voltage bus bars. To reduce the physical size of the regulating transformer the system can be based on six electrical connections from the regulating transformer to the rectifier transformers and utilize a combined cooler bank to further reduce the rectiformer footprint. The anti-parallel systems are now available for ratings up to 175MVA; however, bespoke solutions can be provided according to customers individual requirements.
Andrew Collier Gerhard Greve Surjith Ram Veldurthi ABB Industrial Transformers Bad Honnef, Germany [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Further reading ABB Review 2/2010, Railways and transportation.
5 1
5 2
Smart transformer
Transformers will have to do a lot more than just convert voltages
BJORN WESTROM, INOCENCIO SOLTERIO, STEPHANE PAGE, NICOLA RAMPIN
For many decades, the transformers that populate our power grids have led a fairly one-sided existence. Now, however, their world is being shaken up and a lot more is expected of them: They should cater for the plethora of renewable power sources appearing on the grid; they are required to help maintain grid power quality; they are expected to do their bit in reducing greenhouse gas emissions; and they have to t in with smart grids. Of course, the traditional commercial pressures to decrease all-round costs, extend asset life, improve monitoring and optimize maintenance still remain. How are ABBs smart transformers rising to this challenge?
ransformers at critical nodes in electricity networks lead stressful lives. If they fail, the cost can be very high, so the reliability of these devices is paramount. However, load peaks predictable as well as unexpected generate high temperatures that shorten transformer lifetime. In the worst case, sudden failure may occur and cause havoc in the network, bringing financial, and other, penalties. Utilities are keen to control and monitor the status and condition of their transformer fleet so they can intervene before a failure or malfunction can occur. For many utilities, the motto is, detect failure conditions early. Ongoing changes in the energy sector are adding significant challenges. For example, renewable power sources o perated by a large number of small, local energy producers change the flow of power in the distribution network at the consumer end of the grid. Another e xample is found in the growing popu larity of electric vehicles: charging these in residential areas introduces dramatic changes in consumption pat-
terns and heavy local charging activity can cause overloads of distribution transformers. Apart from these examples, there are many other indications that the number of nodes at the distribution transformer level that can be considered to be critical will multiply and this will lead to a demand for the type of monitoring and control that has, until now, been limited to large power transformers. This development will lead not only to an increased number of transformers with inbuilt monitoring functions, but also to more sophisticated monitoring technology. Current high-end solutions include multiple intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) covering different aspects of the transformer. Using these, the asset owner can monitor the behavior of the trans-
Increasingly, for many utilities, the motto is early detection of failure conditions.
former core, windings, oil, tap changer and bushings.
Title picture Transformers help power many aspects of our society homes, factories, transportation and recreational facilities, like the Soccer City stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa, shown here. ABBs smart transformer products are key to meeting the increased expectations being put on transformer technology.
Smart transformer
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1 ABBs TEC online monitoring system
2 ABBs TEC Smart
There are many indications that the number of c ritical nodes will multiply, leading to a demand for monitoring and control of transformers.
Monitoring improves the reliability of the assets by constantly keeping a watchful eye on the most critical transformer components. Compared to traditional transformer diagnostic methods, which are performed onsite with the transformer de-energized, monitoring gives the asset owner access to real-time condition information, even from remote locations. When changes in conditions are detected, the operator is notied immediately. Through remote access, the asset owner can then evaluate the status of the equipment without dispatching an engineer to the site, saving both valuable time and resources. Since monitoring detects condition changes in real-time versus periodically with traditional diagnostic methods the asset owner has time to plan and act before faults occur.
point for setting up communication with SCADA systems. TEC has built-in monitoring of the ambient temperature as well as the transformer oil and winding temperatures. Currents are also monitored, as are several tap-changer parameters (oil temperature, operation statistics and contact wear). TEC features advanced thermal models for both the transformer and the tap-changer. These models not only calculate hot-spot temperatures
Using IEDs, the asset owner can monitor the behavior of the core, windings, oil, tap changer and bushings of the transformer.
ccording to IEC and IEEE standards, but a also model the complete thermal behavior, allowing comparison of measured with expected thermal behavior. Based on customer requests and transformer applications, additional IEDs can be added. The most common ones are different types of gas-in-oil IEDs. Bushing monitoring IEDs are also becoming more popular. To cover the requirements for eet-wide deployment, ABB also provides the entrylevel model TEC Smart 2. In essence, TEC Smart is a scaled-down version of TEC that has only a selection of the most critical TEC feature. This reduces installation time at the site and lowers costs to a
ABB monitoring solutions ABB provides a very modular approach to transformer monitoring. The ABB transformer electronic control (TEC) product acts as the central IED unit of the transformer, ie, as the communication hub for all other IEDs 1. In this way, the end customer has a single, user-friendly Web interface for all monitoring equipment as well as a single
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3 COMEM's new electronic transformer component portfolio
Electronic oil level indicator (eOLI) Constant monitoring of the oil level in the conservator Analog and digital signal proportional to the oil level inside the conservator (can be transmitted to a PLC, a PC, or an integrated monitoring system)
Self-dehydrating air breather (SDB) No silica gel salt maintenance required Continuous and safer control and monitoring of the silica gel salt hydration as well as regeneration
Electronic pressure relief device (ePRD) Continuous pressure monitoring Analog 4-20mA output Digital RS485 output Adjustable onsite pre-alarm change-over switch
Electronic Buchholz relay (eBR) Continuous gas formation monitoring Remote relay functioning check Reduction of maintenance steps No risk of incorrect alarm/trip Easy to identify alarm/trip causes Better risk prediction and prevention overall
level that is attractive for non-critical and/ or smaller transformers. Smart cooling CoolTEC Because it is based purely on relay technology, traditional cooling control of power transformers has many limitations. One such limitation is that the cooling is grouped into banks where the only possible operational states are no cooling, half cooling or full cooling. For large power transformers, one such bank may consist of many pumps and fans. ABBs TEC system removes this limitation by allowing independent control of six cooler banks, providing a more finegrained regulation of cooling capacity. In some cases, it is especially beneficial to optimize the cooling control even further for instance when a transformer is
considerably less noise than running a few coolers at 50Hz, while providing the same cooling capacity. It is also possible to temporarily overdrive the coolers by increasing the frequency to above 50Hz, thereby providing an additional cooling margin for emergency overload situations. The use of ABBs CoolTEC in a nuclear power plant in Hungary, in which the owners sought to extend the lifetime of a 30-year-old 400/120 kV substation transformer, provides a good example of the solution. The aim was to lower the transformer oil operating temperature and reduce temperature fluc t uation. ABBs CoolTEC was able to continuously monitor the transformer and track the performance of the coolers. The a dvanced cooling logic driving the frequency controllers allows a lower working temperature and smoother temperature changes during operation. This reduces the aging of the oil-paper i nsulation system. The customer is now able to plan maintenance much more a ccurately, based on the new data deliv ered by the ABB product. Smart-grid-enabled devices The energy market is undergoing changes that are reshaping the entire transmission and distribution infrastructure.
These models not only calculate hot-spot temperatures according to IEC and IEEE standards, but also model the complete thermal behavior.
ABBs TEC acts as the main, central IED unit of the transformer, ie, as the communication hub for all other IEDs.
located in a densely populated area where noise level is a concern, or when mechanical stress is being minimized by reducing temperature fluctuations in the transformer oil. ABBs CoolTEC provides frequency control of the coolers, allowing stepless regulation of cooling capacity. Running all coolers at a substantially lower frequency than 50 Hz results in
Smart transformer
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COMEM has developed a range of traditional transformer components with digital outputs.
4 ABBs PLC AC500
Various governments have put regulations in place that are intended to increase the proportion of energy derived from renewable sources, like solar photovoltaic and wind farms. Unlike the few, large, centralized generators that have dominated in the past, these sources are numerous, small and widely distributed. The current massive growth in such decentralized power generation is resulting in greater voltage fluctuations in the distribution network and sometimes even v iolations of the permitted voltage band. Grid communication will, therefore, become critical in the distribution network so that power generation and consumption can be balanced and voltage fluctuations eliminated. In this way, a continuous, reliable and efficient supply of power will be maintained and voltage band constraints will be complied with. Obviously, transformers play a central role in power transmission and distribution networks and control and monitoring of their operation is, therefore, critical. COMEM S.p.A., an afliate ABB company based in Italy, has developed a range of traditional transformer components with digital outputs, including an electronic oil level indicator, a pressure relief device, a Buchholz relay and a self-dehydrating air breather 3. These are equipped with digital interfaces for easy connection to the smart grid and they can be integrated into a single system via a central control unit, such as ABBs PLC AC 500 4.
All the devices, whether in standalone mode or integrated into a single system, are compatible with the most common international communication protocol standards. Overall, COMEMs new electronic devices provide improved control and monitoring of the most critical transformer operational parameters by merging individual sensor data into actionable information on the transformer status. Such an integrated system is also perfectly suited to control and monitoring of retrofitted assets. ABB asset health center Asset management strives to minimize the total lifecycle cost of assets while fullling all commitments regarding service reliability to the consumers. This is a continuous optimization process that requires information from many sources (asset conditions, maintenance plan and costs, replacement plan and costs, etc.) to be combined. This process requires both extensive knowledge of the transformer itself and skills in planning and economics. Deregulation of the energy markets has brought scrutiny to asset management and remaining life management, adding further to demand for power transformer monitoring. Traditionally, monitoring was performed by standalone units equipped with a few relay contacts to alert operators to changes in conditions. As such, they were very similar to traditional protection devices.
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5 The ABB asset health center
The ABB asset health center c ombines data from real-time sensor and moni toring d evices, as well as from ERP systems and data warehouses.
The current trend is to route data from monitoring devices via substation SCADA systems to regional control centers. Using industrial protocol communica-
Given the increasing amount of data, manual data collection will no longer be feasible. Automated assistance is c rucial to transform the data stream into useful information.
tions, such as IEC61850, the monitoring devices can supply data a few times a day or up to several times per minute. Considering that the number of monitored data points on each transformer is increasing and that the number of monitored transformers is multiplying, this can result in a huge data stream, even for a small utility. Traditionally, data collected from the monitoring devices has been treated manually. Given the increasing amount of data, this will no longer be feasible. Automated assistance is crucial to help transform the data stream into useful i nformation.
ABB has long experience in engineering, equipment monitoring and systems in the area of power transmission and distribution. The ABB asset health center exploits this experience to provide a c o mp r e h e n s i v e , intelligent platform that enables utilities to establish enterprise-wide, end-to-end asset management business processes to manage operation and maintenance costs, minimize risk and improve reliability. In other words, it translates the data into actionable information so that the transformer end-user can make the most cost-effective decision possible 5. The ABB asset health center combines data from a variety of sources, such as sensors and monitoring devices, as well as information from enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems, data warehouses and the like. The data is assessed u sing algorithms that can recommend actions based on the current conditions. The algorithms will also rank all monitored assets based on likelihood of failure in order to help the asset owner make the right maintenance and asset replacement decisions.
Bjorn Westrom Inocencio Solterio ABB AB, Power Transformers Ludvika, Sweden [email protected] [email protected] Stephane Page ABB Power Products, Transformers Geneva, Switzerland [email protected] Nicola Rampin ABB Power Products, Transformers Montebello Vicentino, Italy [email protected]
Smart transformer
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Composing with components

Innovative and high quality transformer components and services for diverse needs
StephaNe Page, BeNgt-OLof SteNestam, CarLo CaroLLo, ZoraN Zic, ANders HoLmberg, MLadeN BaNovic Transformers are essential parts of our electric power infrastructure, and transformer components such as bushings and tap changers are essential parts of transformers, ensuring they operate reliably and safely. ABB is continually addressing major technology trends and market challenges in the transformer industry with innovative products that meet or surpass the demanding requirements of today's transformer customers. As a leading component manufacturer, ABB is active in the research and development of competitive products that improve equipment safety, power reliability and efciency while at the same time minimizing environmental impact.
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1 ABBs latest innovative transformer components
Low voltage CRS bushings
High voltage EasyDry bushings
Self-dehydrating air breather
ransformers are critical parts of the electric power grid, and transformer components such as bushings and tap changers are crucial for ensuring the reliability and safety of transformers in service. Some functional moving and electrically stressed transformer parts are also subjected to outdoor conditions for example, the air side of a bushing, which insulates the high voltage line from the transformer tank ground potential under rainy and polluted conditions. Today's strong market requirement for reliable and safe electrical equipment has led to the emergence of breakthrough technologies for transformer components. For example, vacuum interrupter technology now represents a major trend for tap changers, because it substantially reduces the maintenance cycle by preventing contamination of the insulating oil, and slowing down its aging process.
HaPuflex winding lead exits Vacuum on-load tap-changers
Another major current trend in the transfor mer industry is dry bushing insulating technologies, combined with silicon outer insulators to provide the safest service conditions. Many other transformer components also contribute to reliable and safe service conditions of the equipment, including air breathers, which require supervision and maintenance to securely reduce moisture ingress in the transformer and tap changer oil. Transformer customers today are not only demanding safe, reliable electrical equipment, but also cost-effective, overall solutions. Taking all of these factors into account is extremely important when considering an essential component of transformer design, such as the connection from the windings to the bushings, which very often dictates the overall size of the transformer (and thus its overall cost), as well as assembly time. ABB, as a leading transformer component manufacturer is continually addressing major technology trends and market chal lenges in the transformer industry with innovative products that meet or surpass the demanding requirements of todays transformer customers 1.
Title picture ABB offers a broad range of power and distribution transformer components and services to original equipment manufacturers and users of electrical apparatus. This includes tap changers, bushings, insulation material and distribution components, as well as composite insulators and components.
New vacuum on-load tap changer portfolio A tap changer can be considered a transformers gear box. It connects or disconnects turns in the tap winding to maintain a constant voltage out of the transformer. Both mechanical and electrical challenges must be addressed when designing a tap changer, and demand for reduced maintenance has resulted in increased use of vacuum interrupter technology. Electrical arcing that previously took place in oil is now taking place in a vacuum interrupter, which prevents arcing from contaminating the insulating oil. Typical inspection intervals for vacuum interrupter technology are between 300,000 to 500,000 operations, compared with 100,000 operations for conventional, non-vacuum arc quenching technology. Additionally, there is no time limit set for maintenance with vacuum interrupter technology, while seven years is typically applied for conventional nonvacuum technology. An overview of the current ABB vacuum on-load tap changer portfolio is shown in 2. The vacuum diverter switch tap changer types VUCG and VUCL have the
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2 ABB's new vacuum on-load tap changer current portfolio
VRLTC Type Max BIL (kV) Max current (A) Typical application On-tank reactance 150 1500 Small-medium power transformers
VUBB In-tank resistive 350 600 Small power transformers
VUCG In-tank resistive 1050 800 Medium power transformers
VUCL In-tank resistive 1050 1300 Large power transformers
advantage of being built in the same housing as ABBs conventional tap changer types UCG and UCL. Upgrading conventional units already in service, with corresponding ABB vacuum types, does not require any specic construction adaptations and makes the installation of new vacuum units straightforward. Similarly, since the vacuum selector switch tap changer type VUBB does not position the change-over selector outside the cylinder, its rotational symmetry makes installation extremely simple and easy. It is also fully insulated between the different phases, and there fore applicable to delta connection. The new ABB vacuum reactance on-tank tap changer type VRLTC is fully insulated and mainly used for LV regulation in this specic case, a reactor is used to bridge adjacent taps instead of a resistor. The unique electronic motor drive that controls the tap changer is fully integrated and can achieve one operation per second (compared to ve seconds typically). To secure reliable and safe service conditions, all new ABB vacuum tap changer types undergo a very demanding and extensive test program. For example, ser vice duty test conditions simulating typical service conditions require 50,000 operations according to todays IEC and IEEE standard requirements. However, all new ABB vacuum tap changer types have been successfully service type-tested for 600,000 operations. In addition, several test objects of each type have been mechanically endurance-tested for over 1,200,000 operations under both warm
and cold conditions, versus the standard test requirement condition of 500,000 operations. Another technical challenge of vacuum interrupter technology is to ensure a long and reliable lifetime of the contacts, which weld due to the pre-arc created when the interrupter is closing. For a breaker, impedance from the whole grid limits the rise time of the current in the pre-arc, but in a tap changer it is only the inductance from one step in the tap winding that limits such a rise. The standard circuit used for tap changer service duty test doesnt produce this quick rise time, so a new test circuit had to be developed in order to better reproduce actual operating conditions. In this new test circuit, the new ABB vacuum tap changer types VUBB, VUCG and VUCL were tested for 600,000 operations at service conditions. New self-dehydrating air breather portfolio Air breathers are crucial transformer components that reduce the maintenance cycle of both the transformer and tap changer by limiting moisture ingress in both the transformer tank and tap changer compartment, respectively. A pipe system is in most cases connected from the top of the conser vator to the breather, which is placed at
ground level for easy access. Traditional breathers consist of a drying agent (such as silica gel) which dehydrates the air passing through, and retains the moisture. Regular inspections and replacement are needed to ensure the drying agent is not fully saturated, and can still absorb moisture. The new COMEM self-dehydrating air breather (SDB) portfolio was developed to provide the safest and most reliable control of the air drying function, while lowering
Todays strong market requirement for reliable and safe electrical equipment has led to the emergence of breakthrough technologies for transformer components.
nvironmental impact and reducing overall e maintenance costs 3. Saturation control and drying is automatic which drastically reduces maintenance time because the drying agent no longer has to be replaced. By using a patented double air breather tank system, it is ensured that the air intake in the transform er conservator is always passing through a tank with dehydrated drying agents, as the second tank is simultaneously regenerating. In other words, as one of the drying tanks is dehydrating, the other is used as the hydrator. This system guarantees a low
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3 COMEMs new self-dehydrating air breather portfolio
4 ABBs new EasyDry bushing portfolio
humidity level for incoming air in the conservator. In addition, the entire SDB port folio is smart grid enabled, with a digital output available. New oil- and paper-free transformer bushing portfolio The main function of a transformer bushing is to take the current on high potential through the transformer tank. ABB has been producing high voltage transformer bushings for more than 100 years, and today manufactures bushings in seven countries on four continents. The rst dry, resinimpregnated paper (RIP) bushings were developed in the 1960s, and today ABB is a market leader for this type of product. ABB is well-known for technical innovations that have set new standards in dry bushings technology. Nearly ten years ago, ABB recognized the market need for a new bushing technology that would provide safety and performance benets of traditional dry bushings, but without the hermetically sealed protection on the oil side of the bushing which is required for longterm storage, as is the case today for RIP bushings. Several years of R&D effort produced the new EasyDry bushing portfolio. It is based on a unique resin-impregnated synthetics (RIS) technology, and is commercially available in a full range of standardized, oil-toair transformer condenser core bushings for 24 to 170 kilovolt (kV) AC applications 4. The RIS technology not only provides oil-free but also ne capacitive graded, paper-free bushings. Instead of using
conventional paper insulation, the bushings core is wound with polymeric (or synthetic) fabrics. EasyDry bushings do not contain any water-absorbent materials, while maintaining the re-resistant, explosion-proof characteristics of traditional dry bushings. This makes transportation, storage and installation much easier. A major challenge during development was optimizing the curing process of the resin-impregnated, polymeric fabric wound condenser core, so that a crackand void-free bushing body could be produced faster than a conventional RIP core. ABB successfully established an optimized curing process. The improved process means shorter process times and fewer materials and parts used in production (hence shorter delivery times), making EasyDry bushings more environmentally friendly than any other condenser-core bushing technology available today. Thanks to the RIS technology, EasyDry offers a unique combination of excellent performance and cost-effective products. Oil-free, explosion-proof, class-E insulation (ie, up to 120C), very low tangent delta (or dissipation factor), and partial-discharge free up to double-service voltage are distinctive attributes that make EasyDry bushings a perfect t within ABBs broad product portfolio of environmentally friendly and high-quality components for power transmission and distribution equipment. They also contribute directly to today's higher network avail ability, reliability and safety requirement standards 8.
ABB is well-known for technical innovations that have set new standards in dry bushings technology.
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New combined insulation transformer bushing ABB also has a strong presence in the lower voltage transformer bushing market segment with an extensive product port folio. A conventional non-condenser core bushing in that voltage range is typically composed of a conductor bolt (usually brass or copper), a porcelain insulating part and oil as the primary insulator. These so-called conventional porcelain bushings are low-cost components in comparison to the valuable assets in which they are tted. A bushing failure after either an internal breakdown in the main transformer unit (where the bushing then acts like an exploding "plug") or an internal bushing failure can have dramatic consequences not only for the transformer itself, but also for its immediate surroundings. Shattered porcelain projectiles are likely to cause secondary damage to any other nearby equipment or people. Additionally, after such a dramatic failure, the insulating oil spreads out in small droplets, and combined with a secondary arcing can easily ignite and caused further collateral damage. COMEM in Italy, an afliate company of ABB, recently launched a combined insulation (combined epoxy resin and silicon or CRS) bushing, that addresses conventional porcelain bushing weaknesses by providing reliable insulation while substantially reducing the risk of collateral damage in the event of a bushing failure. The CRS bushing has its conductor directly molded in a primary organic resin insulation layer, which is in turn protected by a shed-formed silicone rubber overcoat 5. This unique combination of insulation layers eliminates shattered bushing fragments (no porcelain) and drastically reduces the risk of re (no oil), therefore greatly mitigating the risk of collateral damage after failure, while also providing excellent insulation properties in harsh environments (silicone rubber housing). The CRS bushing consists of a full range of standardized transformer bushings for 24 to 72.5kV AC applications, up to 5,000A, with a level of partial discharges meeting the IEC60137 standard specications thanks to an embedded internal capacitance screen. With its exclusive combination of superior materials and robust construction, the CRS bushing addresses modern insulation requirements while simultaneously providing
5 COMEMs new CRS combined insulation bushing

Outer insulation layer (silicone shed) Primary insulation core (resin) with embedded electrical shield
Copper conductor
6 ABB's composite insulators
6a One-piece, filament-wounded glass fiber reinforced epoxy cylinder
6b Seamless extruded silicone housing
6c The largest composite insulator ever built: 12-meters long for an 1100 kV HVDC wall bushing
a safer and easier solution for handling, transporting and assembling bushing units. Composite insulators with silicone sheds Composite insulators offer superior insulation properties in a low weight, as well as non-brittle, and virtually maintenance free design. This insulation technology is rapidly increasing its market penetration, especially for critical components like high voltage bushings. ABB is the technology leader in the market for hollow core composite insulators for ultra-high voltage (UHV) applications. The technology is well proven through demanding lab and eld tests that often exceed standard requirements, and is supported by a unique service record from an installed base of 80,000 insulators. Inhouse production of the glass ber tube and a one-piece tube design is essential in order to secure quality and enable short lead times 6a. To achieve the best tracking, erosion and durability performance, a high temperature vulcanized (HTV) silicone
housing is used. The patented ABB helical extrusion process enables cost effective application of the housing on both small and large insulators, and directly on dry condenser bodies without any parting lines or joints 6b. Helical extrusion also eliminates the need for part-specic investments in casting tools, which signicantly reduces lead times and costs in the development of new products. ABB recently marked another outstanding achievement by developing the largest composite insulator ever built 12-meters long for a 1,100 kV HVDC (high-voltage direct current) wall bushing 6c. Despite development challenges, the project was completed in a record 10 months, from materials selection to nal product design, including the installation of brand new production equipment. New generation of winding lead exit system Winding lead exit systems ensure the electrical connection between windings and bush-
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7 PUCAROs new generation of winding lead exit systems, HaPusystem

The HaPusystem is a new generation of complete winding lead exit systems, consisting of patented components such as the:
HaPuex lead exit. HaPux support with increased creepage path for use in tank. HaPubridge horizontal support with increased creepage path for use in turret. HaPurib xing rod. HaPushield special insulated electrodes for sharp metal edges. HaPuwell inherently stable insulating parts for metal electrodes and walls.
8 EasyDry bushing success story in Indonesia
HaPuwell HaPux vertical
As in many other countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesian electrical utilities are very price sensitive and would typically specify oil-impregnated paper (OIP) bushings rather than more expensive dry bushings, despite the benets an oil-free product can bring. Indonesia can therefore be considered a very challenging market in which to introduce ABB new EasyDry bushings. EasyDry bushings have, however, the advantage of combining all the benets of resin-impregnated paper (RIP) bushings but at a more attractive price than conventional RIP bushings, and at the same time enable simplied storage (no moisture penetration) and faster deliveries (more streamlined production). Indokomas, a local EPC, was commissioned to build a power substation to connect a brand new Honda Motor Company car factory to the 159kV network owned by PLN, the main electrical utility in Indonesia. The substation project had a very short delivery time, ie, only six months from when the contract was signed to when the equipment had to be commissioned. Short delivery times were therefore crucial to meet the project timetable. With EasyDry bushings, ABB was in a unique position to meet the challenge. Hand-in-hand cooperation between ABB factories in Vietnam (transformer) and Switzerland (bushings), as well as a well-coordinated effort from front end sales and regional marketing teams, nally made this breakthrough commercial installation a reality. The end customer received high-quality, maintenance-free bushings with more safety in service within an extremely short delivery time. This rst successful project denitely provides ABB with a very good rst reference installation for further market expansion of EasyDry bushings in the region.
HaPux horizontal HaPuex
230 kV HaPuex HaPux horizontal HaPux vertical HaPubridge HaPurib HaPushield HaPuwell x x x HaPuex 230/3000 x x
550 kV HaPuex 550 x x x x x x
ings in high voltage power transformers. Conventional lead exits consist of insulating barriers made from cellulose-based molded parts. Manufacturing such parts is labor intensive, and is therefore very time consuming, and also greatly limits design possibilities. Additionally, problems during nal assembly may extend overall assembly time, increasing the possibility of moisture adsorption which in turn increases the risk of transformer test failure from partial discharges. Even after the transformer has passed factory tests, if the electrical eld is not distributed properly due to the overall design of the lead exits, electrical and/or thermal stresses can increase during operation leading to partial discharges and/or overheating of the unit, therefore further increasing the risk of early failure. PUCARO in Germany, another afliate company of ABB, has recently introduced HaPusystem, a new generation of lead exit systems 7. This new generation provides greater exibility during the design and assembly phase of the trans former, and also considerably limits the risk of failure during testing and later in operation. The unique structure of HaPusystem components leads to more efcient cooling, better distribution of electric stresses and a signicant reduction of clearance distances. With such a system, the foot-
print of transformers can be reduced, while simultaneously minimizing the risk of partial discharges in the lead exit. Due to innovative solutions and materials, HaPusystem lead exit barriers are produced on automatic winding machines, which allow great exibility in the lead exit design (up to ve bends) without signicantly impacting its cost. It in turn provides much more exibility in the transformer design. The HaPusystem standard solution with turret can be installed using a fork lift instead of an overhead crane, making its assembly much faster and more accurate. The HaPusystem solution for bushing connections is also adjustable. The bushing end shield can be inclined in all directions up to 3 to compensate tolerances. Once the bushing and bushing shield are adjusted, the bushing shield position is bolted. After factory tests, the bushing is dismounted and the transformer transported on site. The bushing shield will however stay in a pre-adjusted position and the bushing can thereafter be installed without any additional adjustments. The assembly time in the workshop and more specically on site can therefore be reduced by up to 70 percent. Reduced assembly time means limited ingress of moisture, lower risk of failure and overall cost savings for transformer manufacturers.
Stephane Page ABB Power Products, Transformers Geneva, Switzerland [email protected] Bengt-Olof Stenestam ABB Power Products, Transformers Ludvika, Sweden [email protected] Carlo Carollo COMEM S.p.A. Montebello Vicentino, Italy [email protected] Zoran Zic ABB Power Products, Transformers Zurich, Switzerland [email protected] Anders Holmberg ABB Power Products, Transformers Pite, Sweden [email protected] Mladen Banovic ABB Power Products, Transformers Zagreb, Croatia [email protected]
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Sustainable and available

Enhancing performance and reducing environmental impact of existing transformer fleets
Pierre LoriN, PraviN KhaNNa, Roberto AsaNo, ANders GraNo Aging assets, rising energy demand, and the
critical need to avoid unplanned outages are challenging utilities and industries around the world. And while nancial constraints are reducing maintenance budgets and
investment, demand for increased return on investment is unabated. These apparently contradictory needs can be reconciled through optimized asset management. This, in turn, requires accurate and reliable models that can evaluate both technical and economic criteria.
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1 Example of a fleet screening survey

High 100 90 80 70 60 Total risk 50 40 30 20 10 Low 0 No priority 0 Low 1 2 3 4 5 Importance 6 7 8 9 10 High E C D Low priority X Medium priority High priority
One way to control maintenance costs while achieving highly reliable power delivery with aged assets is to move from traditional time-based maintenance schemes to condition-based maintenance or reliability-centered maintenance programs. he rapidly changing and dynamic business environment in which utilities and industries operate is dened by numerous paradigms. Challenges common to the different sectors include the following: Secure the high reliability of an aging eet of assets Ensure availability of the electrical system, especially during peak periods Increase exibility of grid components to cope with new types of energy production and new types of electrical loads Apply efcient maintenance strategies to restore asset performance within planned and shortened outages Use new solutions to optimize asset management by reducing life cycle costs and total cost of ownership Favor environmentally friendly technologies and processes Secure required technical expertise to maintain legacy asset through training of new staff Meeting these challenges means new solutions are needed to maintain the installed base of assets as well as when refurbishing, repairing or upgrading legacy transformers.
This rst step gives asset managers an overview of the as-found condition of their assets. It provides relevant inputs for maintenance or investment budget strategy, and is also used to select units for further investigation.
Step 2: Condition assessment
Condition-based maintenance Implementing a solid, condition-based maintenance program requires a good under standing of the condition of each asset, as well as their importance in the electrical network. An approach based on international statistics of transformer reliability is a useful first step in estimating maintenance and investment budgets. However, experience shows that each unit must be considered specifically in order to make an informed decision about maintenance, relocation, retrofitting or replacement. The difculty in selecting an assessment methodology is choosing the right level of diagnosis in order to draw a reliable conclusion at a reasonable cost level. In the late 1990s, ABB developed a modular, three step approach, in order to meet different expectations in terms of population size, level assessment and available budget [1] 1.
Step 1: Fleet screening survey:
At this stage, transformer design experts focus on a smaller number of units (10 to 20) identied in step 1. They use modern design rules and tools to evaluate the original design. Advanced diagnostic tests are performed to assess each of the principal properties of the transformer in a structured way: mechanical status (frequency response analysis, vibration signature), thermal status (dielectric response analysis), electrical status (partial discharge tests) of the active part and the condition of the accessories such as tap changers, bushings, over-pressure valves, air-dryer system, pumps and relays. This assessment leads to an estimate of each transformer`s risk of failure, and denes action plans to improve the reliability of each unit.
Step 3: Expertise
The number of units to be further analyzed is typically limited to two or three out of a population of 100 units. International experts using state of the art design and simulation tools are involved. This third module of the assessment process provides accurate information with respect to overloading transformers, enhancing their performance (power or voltage increase) or extending their lifetime.
Title picture 145kV transformer upgraded from 15 to 25MVA with natural esters and aramid. Overload capacity: 42MVA during 4 hours.
A quick scan of a large population (20 to 200 units) collects easily accessible data, such as unit name plate data, oil and dissolved-gas-in-oil data, load prole, history of the unit and sister units.
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The transformers service solutions developed in recent years aim to help transformer owners optimize their lifetime asset management strategy, minimize cost of ownership and overcome the challenge of expertise maintenance.
2 Untanking at site of a 440MVA/550kV transformer to replace windings
Priceless information Such a modular methodology provides valuable inputs to end-user staff at different management levels, and enables them to make informed decisions that will e nsure high reliability and availability of installed assets 3. It helps to reduce the risk of unplanned outages, and to dene a proper maintenance strategy and associated budget. It enables them to make the best use of available budgets by investing in those critical units that really must be maintained or exchanged. Assessment reports can also be used in discussions with insurance companies. Valuable information to support asset managers in their decisions is also obtainable via on-line monitoring. [2] These solutions have been widely developed in the past decade and installed in increasing numbers of transformers. The technical demands of smart grids are driving the emergence of new technologies that monitor transformers with smaller ratings. At the same time, the needs of higher ratings are evolving from simple alarms and breakof-trend analysis to the ability to provide online diagnosis, prognosis and recommended actions. As a consequence, ABB has developed sensors suitable for use on distribution transformers, but on the other side of the portfolio are high-end devices enabling the kind of intricate analysis that will soon match the detail available with off-line diagnostic studies. These devices include products for multi-gas sensing, frequency response analysis, partial discharge, transients recording, high precision bushing and tap changer monitoring.
Last but not least, products are now available that can turn raw data into actionable information at either the transformer level or a eet level. New methods of communication as well as information technology solutions are being used to efciently transfer data, store large quantities of data over decades and easily retrieve infor mation that can be delivered remotely to different stake holders (CEO, CFO, asset managers, operation, maintenance) in a format suitable to their specic needs. The economic side of transformer eet management. Deregulation, increased competition, costcutting and the need to balance investments are making it imperative to know the exact health of the installed base of power transformers. The technical complexity of these devices and their high capital cost is driving a need to evaluate the economics of the installed base. ABB has developed an economic model that can be applied to either a eet of transformers or an individual unit. [3] The criteria typically used in such a model can be safety, age, operational condition, availability/reliability of the unit, maintainability, environmental concerns, legislation and the inherent risk of, and consequential costs of a fault. Comparative investment scenarios and sensitivity studies can be run by varying the replacement year or maintenance of the unit. For each scenario the associated net present value is calculated as an input to decide on the best asset management strategy.
6 6
3 Sucess story: Getting the most from a transformer
When a utility company in Brazil needed more power and overload capacity for a 26-year-old transformer, remanufacturing seemed the only solution. Not only did ABB upgrade the 15MVA transformer to 25MVA, but they also made the unit greener by replacing its mineral oil insulation with BIOTEMP fluid. The benefits for the customer included an overload duration of four hours up to 23MVA, as well as a reduction in the risk of toxicity and fumes. Biodegradable BIOTEMP fluid ensures little or no clean-up costs in case of leakage, as contamination is reduced. Similarly, when an aluminum mining company in Switzerland faced the challenge of increasing capacity by 15percent, the solution again was to upgrade their 38-year-old transformers and 16-year-old rectifiers. The payback for the investment was three years. To meet the customer`s requirements, a feasibility study was carried out along with a condition and risk assessment, providing three different options: invest in new replacement units; refurbish and repair; refurbish, repair and monitor. The customer chose the refurbish and repair option with online monitoring. As a result the company not only increased production by 18 percent (3 percent more than was originally expected), the old transformer gave four additional years without loss of production.
By identifying the critical units in need of imminent attention and combining this information with the enterprises strategy for its power supply infrastructure, an evaluation is created that considers whether to refurbish or replace the unit. With this information, managers can set up a maintenance plan for non-critical units that still need attention, to ensure an uninterrupted power supply. With screening, capital expenditure can be steered to the units most in need, and the investment plan can be evaluated for different service options in a pre-set time frame eg. 2012 to 2042. Implementing the action plan: maintenance and repair technologies Depending on the assessed condition, the following corrective actions can be considered, evaluated and implemented: Retting the gaskets, oil processing, oil regeneration, drying the active part to improve the general condition of the transformer and reduce the aging process. Online oil regeneration has technical and economic advantages when applied to old transformers with aged, acidic oil. The process is more environmentally friendly than oil replacement, and demonstrates much better efficiency over the long term. This is a very efficient alternative solution to passivation, since it enables definitive removal of corrosive compounds from corrosive oils, thus avoiding the risk of copper sulphide formation. Reclamping the windings and the core, checking the cleats and lead structure
to improve the mechanical condition of the unit. Retightening connections of the active part, adding new shielding, cleaning the contacts of the off-load tap changer to improve electrical performance. Overhauling the on-load tap changer, maintaining the bushings, the cooling system, the fans, the pumps, the relays to increase the reliability of the accessories and thus of the transformer. Drying out of the active part using a low frequency heating (LFH) system. It is now also a proven solution for drying the transformer core and coil much faster without compromising quality. The drying time could be less than half of that for a traditional hot oil and vacuum process. On site repair [4] is an attractive approach to speeding up transformer repair in remote locations, where transportation is difcult or risky, costly and time consuming 2. On site repair ABB on site repair is achieved by bringing the transformer factory setup to the work site. This is done by mobilizing special equipment and tools needed to perform any scope of work, from refurbishment to replacing all windings, which are manufactured in transformer factories under strict quality standards. An ABB onsite repair fullls exactly the same quality standard as an ABB workshop repair. Such repairs have been done in many countries, on more than 400 transformers, including ultra high- voltage transformers, converter transformers, industrial units and shunt reac tors. On site repair has saved utilities and industrial users millions of dollars by
reducing downtime by four or more weeks, in installations where production losses are worth hundreds of thousands or a million dollars per day. Due to signicant progress in power electronics, new compact high-voltage test systems are now available. Therefore, most of the high-voltage laboratory tests can be performed on site, including Applied and Induced Voltage tests with partial discharge measurements, heat run 4 and Impulse tests 5. These tests can also be performed as an extra quality check on new units after transportation and installation, as a preventive measure within a condition assessment study, or to troubleshoot after a failure to identify and localize a defect, in order to reduce outage time during a repair. Another alternative for transformer performance enhancement takes into account the increasing demand from end-users to reduce the environmental impact of new transformers and existing assets. New eco-friendly solutions are emerging that combine reusing most parts, innovative material (natural and synthetic ester oils, aramid bers, amorphous steel) and modern technologies (dry bushings, vacuum tap changers, active control of audible noise). [67] These solutions reduce the risk of re and pollution, minimize losses and noise, recycle materials and reduce mainte nance. They also address current challenges in the power industry beyond safety and e nvironmental concerns. Extending
6 7
4 High Voltage applied and induced voltage tests on a 400 kV three phase unit
5 Preparation for a High Voltage impulse test on a 400 kV transformer
the lifetime of equipment to delay reinvestment; enabling higher power ratings to i ncrease generation protability or to consistently meet growing demands for transmission and distribution power; extra compact transformers to increase capacity without expanding substation footprint; and improvements in overall substation safety, are just a few examples 5. Planned outcomes The transformers service solutions developed in recent years aim to help transformer owners optimize their lifetime asset management strategy, minimize cost of ownership and overcome the challenge of expertise maintenance. At a long term and strategic level, the condition assessment study gives top management a clear picture of maintenance and renewal investments that are required over the next 20 to 30 years to provide asset reliability and availability. It provides solid information to compare different asset management strategies and choose the approach that best supports the overall technical and nancial strategy of the company. A program to extend the lifetime of aged units can, for example, postpone investments in new units and so improve the cash ow of the company. In the medium term, asset managers obtain the input necessary to make best use of maintenance or replacement budgets. Funds can be allocated to units that show the best return on investment, while reducing technical and environmental operation risks.
In the short term, this method allows the maintenance manager to apply the right maintenance actions in order to secure the needed reliability of aged assets. It also quanties the benets of different maintenance actions, supporting decisions based on both technical and nancial criteria. Beyond traditional maintenance actions, innovative technologies developed to improve service quality, sustainability and reduce asset downtime are now available, addressing a complete range of solutions for asset managers.
Pierre Lorin ABB Power Products, Transformers Geneva, Switzerland [email protected] Pravin Khanna ABB Power Products, TrafoSiteRepair Saint Louis, USA [email protected] Roberto Asano ABB Power Products, TrafoSustainableRetrofit Guarulhos, Brazil [email protected] Anders Gran ABB Power Products, Transformer Service Vsters, Sweden [email protected]
References [1] Carrander, K., Pettersson, L., Melzer, L., Fantana, N., Lorin, P. (2002, January). Methodology for life assessment on power transformers.TRAFOTECH-2002, Sixth International Conference on Transformers, Mumbai, India. [2] Stenestam, Bengt-Olof A., Bengtsson, Claes T., Ydersten, Peter N. (2006). Electronic Transformer Control with Monitoring & Diagnostics. CIGRE , Paris, France [3] Lorin, P. (2004). Optimizing lifetime costs for transformers through informed decisions. ABB Review Special Report Power Services , 1015. [4] Mendes, J. C., Marcondes, R. A., Westberg, J. (2002). On Site Repair of HV Power Transformers. CIGRE, Paris, France. [5] Szczechowski, J. M., Werle, P., (2010). Enhanced Methods of High Voltage Testing of Power Transformers on Site. Proceedings of the International Conference on Condition Monitoring and Diagnosis, Tokyo. [6] Oliva, M., Asano, R. (2010). New Technologies in Transformer Service. Advanced Research Workshop on Transformers, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. [7] Asano, R., Page, S., (2012). Reduced environmental impact and improved safety and performance of power transformers with natural ester dielectric insulating fluids. PCIC Petroleum and Chemical Industry Conference, Prague, Czech Republic.
6 8
GreenR-Trafo
Safety makes a green transformation
DougLas GetsoN, Peter RehNstrm, GaL BraNdes, EgiL StrYkeN Liquid
filled distribution class transformers can benefit renewable energy applications both from an environmental and financial point of view. Firstly, the sites where they are positioned can be in environmentally sensitive areas or even amongst agricultural crops. It is crucial that there be little or no impact on the environment. This is achievable with BIOTEMP, which is biodegraded in 21 days. Furthermore, the higher fire point of 360C (twice that of mineral oil) makes the transformer intrinsically safer. Moreover, the collector network is on average not run at peak capacity as wind and sunlight are erratic and inconsistent. So a low no-load loss design using amorphous metal (AM) core technology can keep operating costs low as no-load losses are a greater percentage of total transformer losses under lightly loaded conditions such as renewable applications.
n a renewable application 1, distribution transformers are used to step up the voltage to 35kV within the collector network. At the end of the collector network, a power transformer steps up the voltage to supply power to the transmission grid. Most renewable sites are owned and operated by independent power producers (IPP), whose interest is to maximize the return on their investment. As there is either a dry-type or liquid-lled distribution transformer per turbine and many turbines per site, a large proportion of collector losses are the result of transformer losses. To improve on todays collector network efciency of 9798 percent, the losses in these transformers need to be reduced. And since the load factor of these transformers is far below nameplate, reducing the no-load losses is the priority. To quantify the nancial benets of AM core technology, a study was conducted on a renewable site in North America. The site has 70 wind turbines rated at 2.3 MW, and an equal number of 2,600kVA RGO (regular grain oriented) electrical steel liquid-lled distribution transformers, along with associated cabling, switchgear and power transformers. A load ow study was done on the collector network, studying its present situation with RGO and comparing it with replacement by AM distribution transformers.
Collector losses were calculated using the turbine output for an entire year. For this site, the turbine output was less than 38percent of nameplate for more than 80percent of the hours in a year (7,313 hours) 2. The load ow comparison resulted in the AM core transformers being more efcient by 0.42 percent, resulting in an additional 1,842MWh that could have been sold to the grid each year 3. This may not sound like much, but over 20 years, it is a considerable amount of revenue improving the rate of return of the site investment 4. AM transformers would have cost the site developer another $450,000 on top of the $ 250,000,000 original investment less than one percent. But the higher e fciency of the collector network would have generated an additional $ 129,000 per year of energy sales, assuming a PPA (power purchase agreement) of $ 70/MWh. Classifying it as a good investment would require a positive net present value (NPV) and double digit internal rate return (IRR). On calculating the returns, a 30 percent income tax credit was assumed and an unleveraged investment or zero nancing cost. The return on the additional $450,000 using a $ 70/MWh PPA was a 25 percent IRR and $ 467,000 NPV. For a $ 50/MWh PPA, the return is still an acceptable 20percent IRR and $300,000 NPV. So the
Green- R-Trafo
6 9
1 Renewable generation is not generally run at peak capacity. A low no-load loss design can keep operating costs low as no-load losses are a greater percentage of total transformer losses
additional investment in lower loss AM transformers would be a good investment. The necessary nancial and site specic details may not be available at the time of tendering the transformer. But without these details, the transformer manufacturers will have difculty designing to the most optimal design relative to Total Ownership Cost (TOC). TOC being the purchase price plus cost of operating the transformer over its useful life. So ABB worked with a nancial modeling company to develop an on-line tool for capitalizing the no-load (A) and load losses (B) for individual renewable sites. These factors would then be given to the transformer manufacturer at the time of transformer tender for optimizing a design to the lowest TOC. This tool is available by going to www.abb.com/transformers and selecting transformer calculators.
2 Annual turbine output % rating (2.3 MW)

4.500 4.000 3.500 Hrs at %load 3.000 2.500 2.000 1.500 1.000 500 0 100.0 % of hours 38 87.5 % 500 62.5 % 909 37.5 % 3.991 12.5 % 2.573 10 749
3 Energy savings with amorphous transformers

GSU Transformers Turbine output (% N MPL) Grain oriented Hours Energy sales (MW h) 5.880 68.386 88.837 234.890 50.113 - 208 447.899 Collector losses 3.25 % 2.91 % 2.87 % 2.52 % 3.22 % 0.00 % 2.78 % Collector losses 3.17 % 2.81 % 2.68 % 2.17 % 2.11 % 0.00 % 2.38 % Amorphous Energy sales (MW h) 5.885 68.462 89.008 235.736 50.690 -39 449.741
100.0 % 87.5 % 62.5 %
38 500 909 3991 2573 749 8760
Douglas Getson ABB Power Products, Transformers [email protected] Jefferson City, MO, United States Peter Rehnstrm ABB Power Products, Transformers Ludvika, Sweden [email protected] Gal Brandes
37.5 % 12.5 % 0.0 % Total
4 PPA Price sensitivity GSU Amorphous transformer investment

40 35 30 IRR (%) 25 20 15 10 5 20 Yr unleveraged IRR (%) 20 Yr NPV @ 8% discount rate (USD 000s) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 0 MPV (kUSD)
ABB Power Products, Transformers Genve, Switzerland [email protected] Egil Stryken ABB Power Products, Transformers Drammen, Norway [email protected]
PPA 20 Yr levelized price USD/MWh
7 0
Changing trends
New technologies for the evolving grid
MARTIN CARLEN, PATRICK ROHAN Our planet and our society are constantly evolving, forcing us to adapt continually to changing environments and circumstances. From all this change, global and regional trends emerge and new technologies to satisfy new needs appear. What was recently modern can swiftly become old-fashioned. Changing trends need to be quickly identified by manu-
facturers so they can respond with new or improved products. This applies even to products considered to be mature, like transformers. In this paper, key market influences determining global trends in transformer technology are identified; in two of the previous papers, ABBs innovative and leading responses for dry-type and liquid-filled distribution transformers are presented.
Changing trends
7 1
1 Growth of global population between 1950 and 2050 according to United Nations, Population Division, 2011 [1]
10.0 9.0 8.0 Global population (billion) 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
ne of the most dramatic changes seen on planet Earth in the past few decades is the explosive growth of the human population. From 1950 to 2010 the population increased by a factor of 2.7 and by the end of 2011 there were more than seven billion humans living on the planet 1. Population growth is expected to continue for several decades yet and flatten out only beyond 2050, by which time total population will have increased by 35 percent, from todays figure, to 9.2 billion people. There has been a corresponding growth in the demand for power 2.
tute, therefore, a substantial cost factor. This makes it very important to have highly efficient energy production and transportation processes. Further, when calculating energy costs, it is important to evaluate them over the total life cycle and include the costs of energy losses during the utilization phase as well as the initial equipment costs. Of total global energy consumption, only 15 percent is actually consumed as electrical energy, though 38 percent of primary energy is used to create that portion. Since electricity is a high-quality form of energy, it can be used for any kind of application. Additionally, it does not leave any pollution or emissions at the place of use. This ensures demand will continue to increase and that electricity will continue to take an ever larger share of the market. Prominent examples are the replacement of oil or gas central heating systems by electric heat pumps or the introduction of electric vehicles. Although overall efficiency is increasing, thus reducing primary energy needs, demand for electrical energy itself continues to increase. Whereas in developed countries the average electricity consumption is about 1.0 kW/person, the global average is only 0.3 kW/person. This is an indicator that further
strong growth will occur in developing countries, driving a demand for high- efficiency transmission and distribution equipment. One significant factor driving an overall increase in electricity demand is the e nergy appetite of information systems and telecommunication infrastructure. Modern, large data centers, for example, belong to the largest users of e lectricity. Urbanization Another prominent trend is urbanization. More and more people are migrating from rural areas to cities. By 2050,
Growing energy and electricity demand Aside from pure population growth, e nergy demand is also boosted by the rise of developing economies: a one percent increase in gross domestic product (GDP) increases energy demand, on average, by 0.6 percent. The overall costs of energy are around seven or eight percent of global GDP and consti-
It is expected that the p ercentage of renewable e nergy satisfying primary e nergy d emand will rise significantly to about 8 percent by the year2030.
two thirds of the worlds population will live in cities, up from half now 3. In 1950 the agglomeration of New YorkNewark was the worlds largest, with a population of 12.3 million. Today it is Tokyo, with a population of 37.2 million, followed by Delhi (22.6 million), Mexico City, New York-Newark and Shanghai (each slightly over 20 million). According to the United Nations Population Division, there are now 24 cities with a pop-
Title picture A population that is rapidly increasing and becoming more urbanized, coupled with impending climate change, make energy efficiency one of the imperatives of our time. How do these trends influence ABBs transformer products?
7 2
2 Growth of global primary energy and electricity demand (IEA New Policies Scenario) [2]
18.000 16.000 Primary energy consumption (Mtoe) 14.000 12.000 10.000 20.000 8.000 6.000 4.000 2.000 15.000 10.000 5.000 0 1990 2008 2015 2020 Year 2025 2030 2035 Primary energy Electricity 40.000 35.000
3 Percentage of urban population
[1]
100 90 Percentage of urban population (%) Electricity consumption (TWh) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 Year
30.000 25.000
ulation of 10 million or more. Supplying these megacities with food, goods and utilities is a major logistical challenge. This also applies to the supply of electricity. The power density in areas tightly packed with skyscrapers is very high and new solutions are required to bring electric power into the city centers in a safe and reliable way. Real estate can be too expensive and hard to come by to use for substations, so these often have to be situated underground. Climate change One of the most significant challenges facing the planet lies in the effects of greenhouse gases and climate change. While there are several gases that contribute to the greenhouse effect, carbon dioxide (CO 2) is the principle concern. If a significant warming of the earths surface in the next 20 years is to be avoided, then major policy changes will be required to stop irreversible climate change. In 2010, global energy-related emissions of CO 2 jumped by 5.3 percent to a record 30.4Gt (Giga tons). On current trends it is estimated that CO 2 emissions will exceed 40 Gt before 2030, causing a global temperature increase of 3.5C. However, under the 450 policy scenario 1, global energy related
emissions are expected to peak before 2020 and then decline to 21.5 Gt by 2035. Energy efficiencies in power networks can contribute to CO 2 reduction. Distribution networks are usually better than 95 percent efficient and distribution transformers better than 99 percent e fficient. Despite this, the sheer size of the distribution transformer installed base means the aggregate loss a ccounts for a significant portion of the losses in the distribution network. So, even small improvements in transformer efficiency can significantly reduce CO 2 emissions in absolute terms. Transformer efficiency is considered e ither from the loss value point of view, or it is given as an efficiency value. Efficiency values are compared at 50 percent load. National standards governing losses for transformers have been undergoing significant changes in recent times as government and utility regulators seek to live up to their commitments and responsibilities with respect to energy efficiency and climate change. Efficiency categories differ between countries 5. The low and average categories of efficiency are being phased out and all countries are moving t owards high, very high or ultra-high classifications. Ultra-high efficiency is reserved for transformers with amorphous core metal (see articles on the Green-R-Trafo and the EcoDry transformer in this publication).
The sheer size of the distribution transformer installed base means the aggregate loss accounts for a signicant portion of the losses in the distribution network.
Footnote 1 The globally-agreed goal under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that would require the long term atmospheric concentration of CO2 to not exceed 450 parts per million. Achieving the 450policy will require a different energy mix in the future. The two main drivers for this are energy-efficiency improvements and significantly increased renewable energy usage 4.
Changing trends
7 3
4 World energy-related savings by policy measure under the 450 policy scenario, relative to reference scenario
40 CO2 emissions (Gigatonnes) 57 % Current trend Energy efciency
30 450 Policy scenario
20 % 10 % 10 %
Renewables Biofuels (3 %) Nuclear CCS Carbon capture and storage
20 2000 2007 2220 2230
Of total global e nergy consumption, only 15 percent is consumed as electrical energy, though 38 percent of primary e nergy is used to create this.
The second key element for future avoidance of CO 2 emissions is the generation of electricity from wind, solar, wave or geothermal sources. In 2011, renewable power (excluding large hydro) accounted for 44 percent of the new generation capacity added worldwide. 2011 saw global investment in renewable power and fuels increase by 17 percent to a new record of $257 billion. This is a six-fold increase on the 2004 figure [3] . According to the International Energy Agencys (IEA) world energy outlook, it is expected that the percentage of renewable energy satisfying primary energy demand will rise significantly to about 8 percent by the year 2030. The key drivers for this growth are g overnment incentivization and falling technology costs. In 2011, the prices for p hoto-voltaic modules fell by 50 p erc ent, while the price for wind turbines decreased by 10 percent. This closes the price gap between renewable and fossil fuel sources. If this trend continues, then, according to the IEA, grid parity can be achieved in the solar market by 2020 or before, allowing for this technology to compete in the open market place against traditional fossil fuel technologies.
Life cycle costs In order to support decisions on investments, a return on investment (RoI) calculation is normally performed. This should consider not only the cost of a specific element, but also the costs arising during its use. The life cycle costs contain, therefore, the initial purchase costs of the component or system; the related additional installation costs; the costs of operation, which can be the costs of energy losses; the costs for maintenance; and the disposal costs at the end of the investments life. A lthough transformers have a high efficiency, typically above 99 percent, e nergy losses add up to a high financial value, which often significantly exceeds the initial costs. Utilities are increasingly using a special method called total owning cost (TOC) to evaluate transformer investments. TOC assigns a financial
More renewable energy sources means voltage regulation, traditionally used in HV/MV transformers, will now be required in the MV/LV network to provide local regulation.
value to the specific no-load and load loss values of a transformer. These mainly depend on the utilitys energy costs and investment conditions. This issue contains a separate paper on TOC.
7 4
5 Efficiency classes of distribution transformers in different countries

"Ultra-high" India 5 star China S15 "Very high" Australia hi efciency 2010 India 4 star Europe AkAo "High" Australia min efciency 2010 India 3 star China S13 United States DOE 2010 Europe BkBo "Average" Australia min efciency 2004 India 2 star China S11 Europe CkCo "Low" India 1 star China S9 Europe DkDo and below
ecome an active component of the b network that dynamically interacts to ensure capacity, reliability and efficiency in the network. Future perspective Population growth and increasing energy usage are causing global CO 2 emissions to rise, with consequent undesirable effects on climate. In mitigation, a move towards more energy-efficient components in the power network, along with effective integration of lowcarbon technologies, will be essential. ABB recognizes these future network requirements and has developed a product portfolio of distribution transformers to meet the challenges of the future.
ABB Review Special Report Transformers November 2012 Editorial Council

Prith Banerjee Chief Technology Ofcer and Executive Vice President Georg Schett Head of Technology Power Products division Max Claessens Technology Manager Transformers business unit Edoardo Siano Marketing and Sales Manager Transformers business unit Harmeet Bawa Head of Communications Power Products and Power Systems divisions Kristina Holmstrm-Matses Communications Manager Transformers business unit Anna Lewandowska Project Coordinator Transformers business unit Andreas Moglestue Chief Editor, ABB Review
Smart grid One of the main challenges of integrating distributed variable generation is the e ffect on power quality, specifically the voltage bandwidth spanning the multifaceted local generators and the network load requirements. In the past, power generation was centralized with unidirectional power flow and the main consideration was just the voltage drop. How ever, now, and increasingly in the future with increased penetration of distributed variable generation, the power flow will become more complex, leading to voltage drops and rises. This presents the challenge of regulating voltage over a much larger bandwidth. Voltage regulation, traditionally used in high-voltage and medium-voltage transformers, will now be required in the medium-voltage and low-voltage network to provide local regulation. Asset monitoring Another future trend will be asset monitoring of distribution transformers in the network. This will allow operators to d evelop a more reliable distribution net work and identify problems before a failure occurs. The fault type and location will be quickly identified and customer outage time minimized. Traditionally, the transformer in the distribution network was a passive piece of equipment, but in the future it will
Publisher ABB Review is published by ABB Group R&D and Technology. ABB Technology Ltd. ABB Review Affolternstrasse 44 CH-8050 Zurich Switzerland [email protected] ABB Review is published four times a year in English, French, German, Spanish, Chinese and Russian. ABB Review is free of charge to those with an interest in ABBs technology and objectives. For a s ub scription, please contact your nearest ABB representative or subscribe online at www.abb.com/abbreview Martin Carlen ABB Power Products Zrich, Switzerland [email protected] Patrick Rohan ABB Power Products Waterford Ireland [email protected] Partial reprints or reproductions are per mitted subject to full acknowledgement. C omplete reprints require the publishers written consent. Publisher and copyright 2012 ABB Technology Ltd. Zurich/Switzerland Printer Vorarlberger Verlagsanstalt GmbH AT-6850 Dornbirn/Austria Layout DAVILLA AG Zurich/Switzerland Disclaimer The information contained herein reects the views of the authors and is for informational purposes only. Readers should not act upon the information contained herein without seeking professional advice. We make publications available with the understanding that the authors are not rendering technical or other professional advice or opinions on specic facts or matters and assume no liability whatsoever in connection with their use. The companies of the ABB Group do not make any warranty or guarantee, or promise, expressed or implied, concerning the content or accuracy of the views expressed herein. ISSN: 1013-3119 www.abb.com/abbreview
References [1] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: Population Estimates and Projections Section. World Urbanization Prospects, the 2011 Revision: Data on Urban and Rural Populations. Retrieved 31st July 2012 from http://esa.un.org/unpd/ wup/CD-ROM/Urban-Rural-Population.htm [2] International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook 2010 Edition. Retrieved 31st July 2012 from http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/ publications/weo-2010/ [3] United Nations Environment Programme. Global Renewable Energy Investment Powers to Record $257 Billion. Retrieved 31st July 2012 from http://www.unep.org/newscentre/Default. aspx?DocumentID=2688&ArticleID=9163
Changing trends
7 5
Transformer service. Lifecycle support backed by over 100 years of experience.
With over 100 years of experience and a large global installed base, we understand the value of life cycle support and total cost of ownership. We put our domain expertise and leading-edge technologies at the disposal of our customers, to help them maximize the return on their transformer assets by ensuring optimized performance, high reliability, lower life cycle costs and reduced environmental impact. ABB has over 50 transformer facilities and more than 25 service centers worldwide, offering a range of engineering solutions, condition monitoring, and preventive and predictive maintenance, off-site and on-site repair, as well as refurbishment and spare part services. www.abb.com/transformers

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review

The corporate technical journal

Special Report Transformers

ABB review special report

Transformers in transformation Transformer applications

Bernhard Jucker Head of Power Products division

Markus Heimbach Head of Transformers business unit

ABB review special report

ABB review special report

ABB review special report

2 Distribution transformers come in two main categories

4 Single-phase pole-mounted transformers, for small power classes up to 167kVA

5 One example of an extreme application is this 600MVA / 230kV phase shifter

Max Claessens ABB Power Products, Transformers Zurich Switzerland [email protected]

ABB review special report

ABB review special report

ASEA Ansaldo/Ital Trafo/IEL/OEL/OTE BBC GE, United States

National Industri Strmberg Westinghouse

ABB review special report

4 High-voltage direct current (HVDC)

ABBs short-circuit withstand is over twice as high as the market average.

5 TrafoStars short-circuit reliability is more than twice the industry average

5a ABBs TrafoStar transformers

5b Transformers tested by KEMA

ABB review special report

Thomas FreYhuLt, Mats BergLuNd, ke carLssoN HVDC (high-voltage

1 Some of ABBs key HVDC projects

2 Basic arrangement of transformers and converters

ABB review special report

4 800 kV converter transformer

Applied DC voltage 1,246 kV

Applied switching surge

120 t (ms) 1,600 kV

ABB review special report

6 Success story: the worlds most powerful UHVDC converter transformer

Responding to a changing world

ABB review special report

1 Additional dry-type transformer and reactor products

0 50 100 150 200 Relative costs (%) First costs A = $10 W; B = $2 W

Responding to a changing world

5 TriDry configuration reduces weight and footprint

6 Characteristics and ratings of ABB dry-type distribution transformers

Note: Some products may not be available globally.

ABB review special report

9 PoleDry is a dry-type transformer for pole-mount applications

10 Characteristics and ratings of PoleDry transformer and outdoor testing at KIPTS

Ultimate safety in overhead distribution Core: Stacked core, 3-leg

Responding to a changing world

11 Submersible dry-type transformer for network application

Safety for environment and people Core: Stacked core, 3-leg

ABB review special report

12 Electric field intensity in a 10MVA, 72.5kVA dry-type transformer

13 Characteristics and ratings of ABBs HiDry transformer for subtransmission

14 Success story: power reliability for the worlds tallest building

Responding to a changing world

ABB review special report

The quiet life

The quiet life

2 Noise components and total noise of a 250 MVA transformer

ABB review special report