11 - Transient Stability

ETAP 5.
Transient Stability
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc.

Time Frame of Power
System Dynamic Phenomena
Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Transient Stability Slide 2
Introduction
• TS is also called Rotor Stability, Dynamic
Stability
• Electromechanical Phenomenon
• All synchronous machines must remain in
synchronism with one another
• TS is no longer only the utility’s concern
• Co-generation plants face TS problems
Analogy
• Which vehicles will pushed hardest?

• How much energy gained by each vehicle?
• Which direction will they move?
• Height of the hill must they climb to go over?
Introduction (cont’d)
• System protection requires consideration of:
¾Critical Fault Clearing Time (CFCT)
¾Critical Separation Time (CST)
¾Fast load transferring
¾Load Shedding
¾…
Causes of Instability
• Short-circuits
• Loss of utility connections
• Loss of a portion of in-plant generation
• Starting of a large motor
• Switching operations (lines or capacitors)
• Impact loading on motors
• Sudden large change in load and generation
Consequences of Instability
• Synchronous machine slip poles –
generator tripping
• Power swing
• Misoperation of protective devices
• Interruption of critical loads
• Low-voltage conditions – motor drop-offs
• Damage to equipment
• Area wide blackout
• …
Synchronous Machines
• Torque Equation (generator case)
T = mechanical torque
P = number of poles
φair = air-gap flux
Fr = rotor field MMF
δ = rotor angle
Swing Equation
Synchronous Machines
(cont’d)
• Swing Equation
M = inertia constant
D = damping constant
Pmech = input mechanical power
Pelec = output electrical power
Rotor Angle Responses
• Case 1: Steady-state stable

• Case 2: Transient stable
• Case 3: Small-signal unstable
• Case 4: First swing unstable
Power and Rotor Angle
(Classical 2-Machine
Example)
(cont’d)
(Parallel Lines)
Both Lines In Service
One Line Out of Service
Equal Area Criterion
Equal Area Criterion
Equal Area - Stable
Equal Area – Unstable
Equal Area - Unstable
Power System Stability
Limit
• Steady-State Stability Limit
¾ After small disturbance, the synchronous
generator reaches a steady state operating
condition identical or close to the pre-
disturbance
¾ Limit: δ < 90°
Power System Stability
Limit (con’d)
• Transient and Dynamic Stability Limit
¾ After a severe disturbance, the synchronous
generator reaches a steady-state operating
condition without a prolonged loss of
synchronism
¾ Limit: δ < 180° during swing
Generator Modeling
• Machine
Equivalent Model / Transient Model / Subtransient Model
• Exciter and Automatic Voltage Regulator
(AVR)
• Prime Mover and Speed Governor
• Power System Stabilizer (PSS)
Generator Modeling (con’d)
• Typical synchronous machine data
Factors Influencing TS
• Post-Disturbance Reactance seen from generator.
Reactance ↓ Pmax ↓
• Duration of the fault clearing time.
Fault time ↑ Rotor Acceleration ↑ Kinetic Energy ↑
Dissipation Time during deceleration ↑
• Generator Inertia.
Inertia ↑ Rate of change of Angle ↓ Kinetic Energy ↓
• Generator Internal Voltage
Internal Voltage ↓ Pmax ↓
Factors Influencing TS
• Generator Loading Prior To Disturbance
Loading ↑ Closer to Pmax. Unstable during acceleration
• Generator Internal Reactance
Reactance ↓ Peak Power ↑ Initial Rotor Angle ↓
Dissipation Time during deceleration ↑
• Generator Output During Fault
Function of Fault Location and Type of Fault
Solution to Stability
Problems
• Improve system design
¾ Increase synchronizing power
• Design and selection of rotating equipment
¾ Use of induction machines
¾ Increase moment of inertia
¾ Reduce transient reactance
¾ Improve voltage regulator and exciter
characteristics
Problems
• Reduction of Transmission System
Reactance
• High Speed Fault Clearing
• Dynamic Braking
• Regulate Shunt Compensation
• Steam Turbine Fast Valving
• Generator Tripping
• Adjustable Speed Synchronous Machines
Problems
• HVDC Link Control
• Current Injection from VSI devices
• Application of Power System Stabilizer
(PSS)
• Add system protections
¾ Fast fault clearance
¾ Load Shedding
¾ System separation

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What are some causes of instability in power systems?

What are some consequences of instability in power systems?

ETAP 5.

Copyright 2003 Operation Technology, Inc.

• Which vehicles will pushed hardest?

• Case 1: Steady-state stable

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