08 - Device Coordination

ETAP 5.
Protective Device
Coordination
Copyright 2004 Operation Technology, Inc.

Agenda
• OC Protective Device Coordination
– Concepts & Applications
• STAR 5.0.0 Overview
– Features & Capabilities
• STAR Example 1
– Advance Topics
• STAR Example 2
– PD Sequence of Operation
– Device Libraries
– ETAP ARTTS
Copyright 2004 Operation Technology, Inc. – Workshop Notes: Protective Device Coordination Slide 2
Definition
• Overcurrent Coordination
– A systematic study of current responsive
devices in an electrical power system.
Objective
• To determine the ratings and settings of
fuses, breakers, relay, etc.
• To isolate the fault or overloads.
Criteria
• Economics
• Available Measures of Fault
• Operating Practices
• Previous Experience
Design
• Open only PD upstream of the fault or
overload
• Provide satisfactory protection for overloads
• Interrupt SC as rapidly (instantaneously) as
possible
• Comply with all applicable standards and
codes
• Plot the Time Current Characteristics of
different PDs
Analysis
When:
• New electrical systems
• Plant electrical system expansion/retrofits
• Coordination failure in an existing plant
Protection vs. Coordination
• Coordination is not an exact science
• Compromise between protection and
coordination
– Reliability
– Speed
– Performance
– Economics
– Simplicity
Protection
• Prevent injury to personnel
• Minimize damage to components
– Quickly isolate the affected portion of the system
– Minimize the magnitude of available short-circuit
Spectrum Of Currents
• Load Current
– Up to 100% of full-load
– 115-125% (mild overload)
• Overcurrent
– Abnormal loading condition (Locked-Rotor)
• Fault Current
– Fault condition
– Ten times the full-load current and higher
Coordination
• Limit the extent and duration of service
interruption
• Selective fault isolation
• Provide alternate circuits
Coordination
C D B A
t
C D B
Equipment
• Motor
• Transformer
• Generator
• Cable
• Busway
Capability / Damage Curves
It2 I2t I2t
t
I22t
Motor
Xfmr Cable
Gen
Transformer Category
ANSI/IEEE C-57.109
Minimumnameplate (kVA)
Category Single-phase Three-phase
I 5-500 15-500
II 501-1667 501-5000
III 1668-10,000 5001-30,000
IV above 1000 above 30,000
Infrequent Fault Incidence Zones for Category II & III Transformers
Source
Transformer primary-side protective device

(fuses, relayed circuit breakers, etc.) may be
selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-
incidence protection curve
Infrequent-Fault
Incidence Zone* Category II or III Transformer
Fault will be cleared by transformer

primary-side protective device
Optional main secondary –side protective device.
May be selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-
Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side

protective device or by optional main secondary-
side protection device
Feeder protective device
Frequent-Fault Fault will be cleared by

Incidence Zone* feeder protective device
Feeders
* Should be selected by reference to the frequent-fault-incidence protection curve or for
transformers serving industrial, commercial and institutional power systems with secondary-side
conductors enclosed in conduit, bus duct, etc., the feeder protective device may be selected by
reference to the infrequent-fault-incidence protection curve.
Source: IEEE C57
Transformer
FLA
200
Thermal
t I2t = 1250
(D-D LL) 0.87
(sec)
Infrequent Fault
(D-R LG) 0.58
Frequent Fault Mechanical

2
K=(1/Z)2t
Inrush
Isc
2.5 25 I (pu)
Transformer Protection
MAXIMUM RATING OR SETTING FOR OVERCURRENT DEVICE
PRIMARY SECONDARY
Over 600 Volts Over 600 Volts 600 Volts or Below
Transformer Circuit Fuse Circuit Fuse Circuit Breaker

Rated Breaker Rating Breaker Rating Setting or Fuse
Impedance Setting Setting Rating
Not more than 600 % 300 % 300 % 250% 125%

6% (250% supervised)
More than 6% 400 % 300 % 250% 225% 125%

and not more (250% supervised)
than 10%
Table 450-3(a) source: NEC
Protective Devices
• Fuse
• Relay (50/51 P, N, G, SG, 51V, 67, 46, 79, 21, …)
• Thermal Magnetic
• Low Voltage Solid State Trip
• Electro-Mechanical
• MCP
• Overload Heater
Fuse
• Non Adjustable Device
• Continuous and Interrupting Rating
• Voltage Levels
• Characteristic Curves
– Min. Melting
– Total Clearing
• Application
Total Clearing
Time Curve
Minimum Melting
Time Curve
Current Limiting Fuse
(CLF)
• Limits the peak current of short-circuit
• Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical

damage)
• Reduces thermal energy
Let-Through Chart
15% PF (X/R = 6.6)
Peak Let-Through Amperes
230,000
300 A
12,500 100 A
60 A
5,200 100,000
Symmetrical RMS Amperes

Fuse
Generally:
• CLF is a better short-circuit protection

• Non-CLF (expulsion fuse) is a better
Overload protection
Selectivity Criteria
Typically:
• Non-CLF: 140% of full load
• CLF: 150% of full load
Molder Case CB
• Thermal-Magnetic Types
• Magnetic Only • Frame Size
• Integrally Fused • Trip Rating
• Current Limiting • Interrupting Capability
• High Interrupting • Voltage

Capacity
Thermal Maximum
Thermal Minimum
Magnetic
(instantaneous)
LVPCB
• Voltage and Frequency Ratings
• Continuous Current / Frame Size
– Override (12 times cont. current)
• Interrupting Rating
• Short-Time Rating (30 cycle)
• Fairly Simple to Coordinate
LT PU
CB 2
CB 1
CB 2
LT Band 480 kV
ST PU CB 1
IT
If =30 kA
ST Band
Motor Protection
• Motor Starting Curve
• Thermal Protection
• Locked Rotor Protection
• Fault Protection
Motor Overload Protection
(NEC Art 430-32)
• Thermal O/L (Device 49)
• Motors with SF not less than 1.15
– 125% of FLA
• Motors with temp. rise not over 40
– 125% of FLA
• All other motors
– 115% of FLA
Locked Rotor Protection
• Thermal Locked Rotor (Device 51)
• Starting Time (TS < TLR)
• LRA
– LRA sym
– LRA asym (1.5-1.6 x LRA sym) + 10% margin
Fault Protection
(NEC Art 430-52)
• Non-Time Delay Fuses
– 300% of FLA
• Dual Element (Time-Delay Fuses)
– 175% of FLA
• Instantaneous Trip Breaker
– 800% of FLA*
• Inverse Time Breakers
– 250% of FLA
*MCPs can be set higher
(49)
2
IT
tLR O/L
MCP
ts (51) 200 HP
Starting Curve
MCP (50)
LRAs LRAasym
Overcurrent Relay
• Time-Delay (51 – I>)
• Short-Time Instantaneous ( I>>)
• Instantaneous (50 – I>>>)
• Electromagnetic (induction Disc)
• Solid State (Multi Function / Multi Level)
• Application
Time-Overcurrent Unit
• Ampere Tap Calculation
– Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x A.T. Setting
– Relay Current (IR) = Actual Line Current (IL) / CT
Ratio
– Multiples of A.T. = IR/A.T. Setting
CT IL = IL/(CT Ratio x A.T. Setting)
IR
51
Instantaneous Unit
• Instantaneous Calculation
– Ampere Pickup (P.U.) = CT Ratio x IT Setting
– Relay Current (IR) = Actual Line Current (IL) / CT
Ratio
– Multiples of IT = IR/IT Setting
CT IL = IL/(CT Ratio x IT Setting)
IR
50
Relay Coordination
• Time margins should be maintained between T/C
curves
• Adjustment should be made for CB opening time
• Shorter time intervals may be used for solid state
relays
• Upstream relay should have the same inverse T/C
characteristic as the downstream relay (CO-8 to
CO-8) or be less inverse (CO-8 upstream to CO-6
downstream)
• Extremely inverse relays coordinates very well with
CLFs
Fixed Points
Points or curves which do not change

regardless of protective device settings:
• Motor starting curves
• Transformer damage curves &
inrush points
• Cable damage curves
• SC maximum fault points
• Cable ampacities
Situation
4.16 kV
CT 800:5 50/51 Relay: IFC 53
CB
Cable
CU - EPR
1-3/C 500 kcmil
Isc = 30,000 A
5 MVA
DS
6%
Calculate Relay Setting (Tap, Inst. Tap & Time Dial)

For This System
Solution
5,000kVA
Transformer: IL = = 694 A
3 × 4.16kV
5 IL
IR = IL × = 4.338 A
800
IR
I Inrsuh = 12 × 694 = 8,328 A R CT
Set Relay:
125% × 4.338 = 5.4 A
TAP = 6.0 A (6/4.338 = 1.38)
TD = 1
5
Inst (50) = 8,328 × = 52.1 A => 55 A
800
Question
What is ANSI Shift Curve?
Answer
• For delta-delta connected transformers, with
line-to-line faults on the secondary side, the
curve must be reduced to 87% (shift to the
left by a factor of 0.87)
• For delta-wye connection, with single line-to-

ground faults on the secondary side, the
curve values must be reduced to 58% (shift
to the left by a factor of 0.58)
Question
What is meant by Frequent and

Infrequent for transformers?
Answer
Infrequent Fault Incidence Zones for Category II & III Transformers
Source
Transformer primary-side protective device

(fuses, relayed circuit breakers, etc.) May be
selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-
Infrequent-Fault
Incidence Zone* Category II or III Transformer
Fault will be cleared by transformer

primary-side protective device
Optional main secondary –side protective device.
May be selected by reference to the infrequent-fault-
Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side

protective device or by optional main secondary-
side protection device
Feeder protective device
Frequent-Fault Fault will be cleared by

Incidence Zone* feeder protective device
Feeders
Question
What T/C Coordination interval should be

maintained between relays?
Answer
B
A
t CB Opening Time
+
Induction Disc Overtravel (0.1 sec)
+
Safety margin (0.2 sec w/o Inst. & 0.1 sec w/ Inst.)
Question
What is Class 10 and Class 20

Thermal OLR curves?
Answer
• Class 10 for fast trip, 10 seconds or less
• Class 20 for, 20 seconds or less
• There is also a Class 30 for long trip time
Answer

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What is the agenda covered in the document?

What is the agenda covered in the document?

What are the objectives of protective device coordination?

What are the objectives of protective device coordination?

ETAP 5.

Copyright 2004 Operation Technology, Inc.

• To isolate the fault or overloads.

• Available Measures of Fault

• New electrical systems

• Plant electrical system expansion/retrofits

• Coordination failure in an existing plant

• Minimize damage to components

– Quickly isolate the affected portion of the system

– Minimize the magnitude of available short-circuit

• Selective fault isolation

• Provide alternate circuits

Transformer primary-side protective device

Fault will be cleared by transformer

Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side

Feeder protective device

Frequent-Fault Fault will be cleared by

Source: IEEE C57

Frequent Fault Mechanical

Transformer Circuit Fuse Circuit Fuse Circuit Breaker

Not more than 600 % 300 % 300 % 250% 125%

More than 6% 400 % 300 % 250% 225% 125%

• Relay (50/51 P, N, G, SG, 51V, 67, 46, 79, 21, …)

• Low Voltage Solid State Trip

• Reduces magnetic stresses (mechanical

• Reduces thermal energy

Symmetrical RMS Amperes

• CLF is a better short-circuit protection

• Magnetic Only • Frame Size

• Integrally Fused • Trip Rating

• Current Limiting • Interrupting Capability

• High Interrupting • Voltage

• Locked Rotor Protection

Points or curves which do not change

CT 800:5 50/51 Relay: IFC 53

Calculate Relay Setting (Tap, Inst. Tap & Time Dial)

What is ANSI Shift Curve?

• For delta-wye connection, with single line-to-

What is meant by Frequent and

Transformer primary-side protective device

Fault will be cleared by transformer

Fault will be cleared by transformer primary-side

Feeder protective device

Frequent-Fault Fault will be cleared by

What T/C Coordination interval should be

What is Class 10 and Class 20

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