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Chapter 3 - Methods of Analysis PDF

this file will explain you about how to apply node analysis and supernode and such as.. it will help you to understand more..

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673 views47 pages

Chapter 3 - Methods of Analysis PDF

this file will explain you about how to apply node analysis and supernode and such as.. it will help you to understand more..

Uploaded by

Nisha Kamel
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 3 METHODS OF ANALYSIS

Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Methods of Analysis - Chapter 3


3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Motivation Nodal analysis. Nodal analysis with voltage sources. Mesh analysis. Mesh analysis with current sources. Nodal versus mesh analysis.

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Chapter 3 : Method of Analysis

3.1 Motivation (1)


If you are given the following circuit, how can we determine (1) the voltage across each resistor, (2) current through each resistor. (3) power generated by each current source, etc.

What are the things which we need to know in order to determine the answers?

3.1 Motivation (2)


Things we need to know in solving any resistive circuit with current and voltage sources only: Kirchhoffs Current Laws (KCL) Kirchhoffs Voltage Laws (KVL) Ohms Law How should we apply these laws to determine the answers?
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3.2 Nodal Analysis (1)


It provides a general procedure for analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit variables.
Practice Problem 3.1 (pg85) circuit independent current source only

3
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3.2 Nodal Analysis (2)


Steps to determine the node voltages:
1. Select a node as the reference node. 2. Assign voltages v1,v2,,vn-1 to the remaining n-1 nodes. The voltages are referenced with respect to the reference node. 3. Apply KCL to each of the n-1 non-reference nodes. Use Ohms law to express the branch currents in terms of node voltages. 4. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain the unknown node voltages.
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3.2 Nodal Analysis (3)


Practice Problem 3.1 (pg85) circuit independent current source only
Apply KCL at node 1 and 2

v1

v2

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Chapter 3 : Method of Analysis

i2 i1 i3

*Answer v1 = -2V, v2 = -14V

3.2 Nodal Analysis (4)


Example 3.2 (pg86) current with dependant current source

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Practice Problem 3.2 (Pg 88)


Find the voltages at the three nonreference nodes in the following circuit:

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Solution:

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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source (1)


Example 3.3 (pg90)circuit with independent voltage

source

How to handle the 2V voltage source?

14

3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source (2)


A super-node is formed by enclosing a (dependent or independent) voltage source connected between two non-reference nodes and any elements connected in parallel with it. *Note: We analyze a circuit with super-nodes using the same three steps mentioned above except that the super-nodes are treated differently.

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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source (3)


Basic steps:

1. Take off all voltage sources in supernodes and apply KCL to super-nodes (Combine the nodes at supernode).
2. Put voltage sources back to the nodes and apply KVL to relative loops.
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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source (4)


Example 3.3 (pg90) circuit with independent voltage source
Super-node => 2 =i1+i2+7

Apply KVL => v1+2-v2 = 0


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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source (5)


Example 3.4 circuit with two voltage sources (Dependant & Independent)

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3.3 Nodal Analysis with Voltage Source (6)


Example 3.4 circuit with two independent voltage

sources

i1+i2 = i3 +10
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i1 = i3+i5+i4

v1-20-v2 = 0
Chapter 3 : Method of Analysis

v3-3vx-v4 = 0
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Practice Problem 3.3 (Pg 90) THIS IS SUPERNODE!


Find v and i in the circuit of the following figure:

V1

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Solution:

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Practice Problem 3.4 (Pg 93) ANOTHER SUPERNODE!


Find v1, v2, and v3 in the following circuit using nodal analysis.

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Solution:

i=V1/2
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3.4 Mesh Analysis (1)


1. Mesh analysis provides another general procedure for analyzing circuits using mesh currents as the circuit variables.
2. Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given circuit, while mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents. 3. A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within it.
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3.4 Mesh Analysis (2)


Steps to determine the mesh currents:
1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, , in to the n meshes. 2. Apply KVL to each of the n meshes. Use Ohms law to express the voltages in terms of the mesh currents. 3. Solve the resulting n simultaneous equations to get the mesh currents.
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3.4 Mesh Analysis (3)


circuit with independent voltage sources

Note: i1 and i2 are mesh current (imaginative, not measurable directly) I1, I2 and I3 are branch current (real, measurable directly) I1 = i1; I2 = i2; I3 = i1 - i2
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3.4 Mesh Analysis (4)


Example 3.5 (pg95) circuit with dependent voltage source Find I1 , I2 , I3

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Practice Problem 3.5 (pg96) circuit with dependent voltage source


Calculate the mesh currents i1 and i2 in the circuit below :

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Example 3.6 (pg96) circuit with dependent voltage source

Find I0

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3 I1 = 2.25A, I2= 0.75A, I3 = 1.5A *Answer Io = I1-I2 =1.5A

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Practice Problem 3.6 (pg98) circuit with dependent & Independent voltage sources
Using mesh analysis, find io in the circuit below:

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*Answer I1 = -3.214A, I2 = -9.643A, I3 = -5A, I0 = I3


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Example (pg98) circuit with current source


Using mesh analysis, find current through 6 resistor in the circuit below:

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*Answer I1 I2 = -2 + 5 = 3A (Down)

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3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Source (1)


Circuit with current source in between SUPERMESH! (pg98)

A super-mesh results when two meshes have a (dependent or independent) current source in common as shown in (a). We create a super-mesh by excluding the current source and any elements connected in series with it as shown in (b).
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Steps to solve the supermesh circuit:

1. Assign mesh currents i1, i2, , in to the n meshes. 2. Bring out the supermesh branch and get the KVL.
3. Bring in back the supermesh branch and the KCL in the supermesh circuit.

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Example 3.7 (pg99) circuit with dependent& independent voltage source


Combined Supermesh, must try! For the circuit below, find i1 to i4 using mesh analysis.

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ANSWER

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Practice Problem 3.7 (pg100)


Use mesh analysis to determine i1, i2, and i3 in the following circuit:

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3.5 Mesh Analysis with Current Source (2)


The properties of a super-mesh:
1. The current source in the super-mesh is not completely ignored; it provides the constraint equation necessary to solve for the mesh currents.

2. A super-mesh requires the application of both KVL and KCL.

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3.6 Nodal versus Mesh Analysis (1)


To select the method that results in the smaller number of equations. For example: 1. Choose nodal analysis for circuit with fewer nodes than meshes. *Choose mesh analysis for circuit with fewer meshes than nodes. *Networks that contain many series connected elements, voltage sources, or supermeshes are more suitable for mesh analysis. *Networks with parallel-connected elements, current sources, or supernodes are more suitable for nodal analysis. 2. If node voltages are required, it may be expedient to apply nodal analysis. If branch or mesh currents are required, it may be better to use mesh analysis.

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