Physics

UNIT 7
Properties of Matters
Kinetic Molecular Model of Matter According to this model 1. All materials are made of small particles called molecules. 2. These molecules are in the state of continuous motion. 3. These molecules attract each others. Kinetic Theory of Solids: 1. In solids the molecules are closely packed by the electric forces between them. 2. They vibrate constantly about the fixed positions. 3. Solids have definite shape and volume. Kinetic Theory of Liquids: 1. In liquids the molecules are slightly farther apart than in solids. 2. Attractive force is weaker between liquids molecules as compared to solids. 3. Molecules vibrate, at the same time move rapidly over short distances, slipping past each other in all directions. 4. Liquids dont have definite shape but have definite volume. Kinetic Theory of gasses: 1. The molecules in gases are much farther apart than in solids or liquids. 2. Molecules move randomly at very high speed in all directions. 3. They hit each other and collide with the wall of the container. Thus gas exerts pressure on the walls of container 4. Gases dont have definite volume and shape. Plasma: the fourth state of matter When gases are heated at very high temperature, they lose their electrons and become ions. The combination of these electrons and ions is called plasma.
1. Plasma is the fourth state of matter. 2. Plasma is an ionized gas of ions and electrons. 3. Plasmas are the most common state of matter in the universe. The biggest chunk of plasma is sun. 4. Plasma also exists in neon and fluorescent tubes 5. Plasma is highly conducting state of matter. It allows electric current to pass through it. Define Density Density is the ratio of mass to volume for a material. It tells which substance is heavier and which is lighter. It is defined as; Mass per unit volume of a substance is called it density Mathematically
=
m V
Where is density, m is mass and V is volume of the substance. S I units of density is Kg/m3. 1000 kg/m3 = 1000 g/l = 1 g/cm3 Define Pressure The force acting normally per unit area on the surface of body is called pressure Mathematically P =
P= Force Area F A
S I units of pressure are Pascal. 1Pa = 1 N/m2. The most commonly used unit is mbar. Define and explain the Archimedes Principal.
Archimedes Principal; When an object is immerse in a liquid, the liquid exerts an upthrust (buoyant force) on the object, which is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by the object. This statement is known as Archimedes Principal. Explanation: Take a graduated cylinder filled with water. Immerse a cylindrical solid object of volume V having length l and area of cross section a as shown in fig. Let h1 and h2 be the distances of upper and lower plane of cylinder from the surface of water. If P1 and P2 be the water pressures on upper and lower surfaces, then P1 = gh1 and By definition, P2 = gh2 Difference in pressure = P2 P1 = g (h2-h1) = gl P = F/a or F = Pa If F1 and F2 be the forces on the body, then net force in up ward direction is, Upthrust of liquid =F2- F1 = gla = gV Which is equal to the weight of the liquid. If weight of a body is greater than this up-thrust force, body will sink in liquid. But if upthrust force is greater than weight of body, then body will float over water surface. Define Elasticity. It is property of a body by which it regains its original shape, when applied force is removed. Define Stress. Stress is the force that acts on unit area of an object and thus changes its shape or size. Mathematically it is written as: Stress = Force/Area. In System International, its unit is Nm-2. Define Strain. Stress can produce a change in shape, length or volume of an object. If a stress produces a change in length then the ratio of change in length to original length is called tensile strain. Therefore Tensile Strain = Change in length/Original Length (la=V =volume of cylinder)
As it is a ratio, so it has no unit. Define Hookes Law. It is known through experiments that greater force means greater amount of strain. Its mean when stress is increased then strain will also go on increasing until the elastic limit comes. Robert Hook put this result in the form of law, which is known as Hookes law. This can be defined as: Within the elastic limit, the strain produced in an object is directly proportional to the applied stress. Mathematically: Stress Strain Stress = Constant x Strain
Stress = Cons tan t Strain
Explain Youngs Modulus? In order to determine the relation between stress and strain; consider a rod of length Lo and uniform cross sectional area A. Now apply two equal and opposite forces on the ends of the rod. If applied forces elongate the rod by L, then Strain =
L Lo L = Lo Lo
(1)
The stress at any point of the rod is unchanged and is, Stress = F/A (2) As stress elongates the rod so this stress is called tensile stress and strain thus produced is called tensile strain. So within the elastic limit the relation is, Where Y is Youngs modulus. Mathematically; Y = Or
Y= FLo LA
TensileStress F/A = TensileStrain L / Lo
TensileStress =Y , TensileStrain
SI unit of Youngs Modulus is Nm-2.

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UNIT 7

SI unit of Youngs Modulus is Nm-2.

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