Data Representation in Computers Instructor: Ch.

Bilal Ahmad Khan

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Data Representation in Computers

Data Representation in Computers

Data Representation in Computers

Data Representation in Computers

Data Forms
Human communication
Includes language, images and sounds

Computers
Process and store all forms of data in binary format

Conversion to computer-usable representation using data formats

Define the different ways human data may be represented, stored and processed by a computer
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Data conversion and representation

Common Data Representations

Type of Data
Alphanumeric Image (bitmapped)

Standard(s)
BCD, ASCII, EBCDIC, Unicode
GIF

(graphical image format) TIF (tagged image file format) PNG (portable network graphics) PostScript, JPEG, SWF (Macromedia Flash), SVG PostScript, TrueType WAV, AVI, MP3, MIDI, WMA PDF (Adobe Portable Document Format), HTML, XML Quicktime, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, RealVideo, WMV
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Image (object) Outline graphics and fonts Sound Page description Video and Sound

Alphanumeric Data
Groups of data:

Characters: A, B, , Z and a, b,, z

Numbers/digits: 0 9 Punctuations: !, ;, :, ? etc

Special purpose characters: $, @, #, *, , &

Four coding systems /standards to represent above types:

BCD (Binary-Coded Decimal)
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code) Unicode

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Standard Alphanumeric Formats

BCD ASCII EBCDIC Unicode

Next 2 slides

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Binary-Coded Decimal (BCD)

Four bits per digit

Note: the following 6 bit patterns are not used: 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

Digit 0 1 2

Bit pattern 0000 0001 0010

3
4 5

0011
0100 0101

6
7 8 9

0110
0111 1000 1001
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BCD: Example
709310 = ? (in BCD)
7 0 9 3

0111

0000

1001 Or

0011

0111000010010011
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Standard Alphanumeric Formats

BCD ASCII EBCDIC Unicode

Next 13 slides

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ASCII Features
Developed by ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Defined in ANSI document X3.4-1977 7-bit code 8th bit is unused (or used for a parity bit or to indicate extended character set) 27 = 128 different codes Two general types of codes:
95 are Printing codes (displayable on a console) 33 are Control codes (control features of the console or communications channel)

Represents
Latin alphabet, Arabic numerals, standard punctuation characters Plus small set of accents and other European special characters (Latin-I ASCII)

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ASCII Table
000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI 001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US 010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . / 011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? 100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ 110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

ASCII Table
000 001 0000 NULL DLE 0001 SOH DC1 0010 STX DC2 0011 ETX DC3 0100 EDT DC4 0101 ENQ NAK 0110 ACK SYN 0111 BEL ETB 1000 BS CAN 1001 HT EM 1010 LF SUB 1011 VT ESC Least significant bit 1100 FF FS 1101 CR GS 1110 SO RS 1111 SI US 011 0 ! 1 " 2 # 3 Most significant $ 4 bit % 5 & 6 ' 7 ( 8 ) 9 * : + ; , < = . > / ? 010 100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O 101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ 110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o 111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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ASCII Table
e.g., a = 1100001

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _

110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o

111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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ASCII Table
95 Printing codes

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _

110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o

111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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ASCII Table
33 Control codes

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _

110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o

111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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ASCII Table
Alphabetic codes

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _

110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o

111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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ASCII Table
Numeric codes

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _

110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o

111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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ASCII Table
Punctuation, etc.

0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111

000 NULL SOH STX ETX EDT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI

001 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US

010 ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , . /

011 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?

100 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O

101 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _

110 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o

111 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
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ASCII Table
MSD LSD
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

0
NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACJ BEL BS

1
DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN

2
SP ! # $ % & (

3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

4
@ A B C D E F G H

5
P Q R S T U V W X

7
p

a b c d e f g h

W r s t u v w x

7416 111 0100

9
A B C D E F

HT
LF VT FF CR SO SI

EM
SUB ESC FS GS RS US

)
* + , . /

9
: ; < = > ?

I
J K L M N O

Y
Z [ \ ] ^ _

i
j k l m n o

y
z
{

|
} ~ DEL

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Example: Hello, world

H e l l o , w o r l d

= = = = = = = = = = = =

Binary 1001000 1100101 1101100 1101100 1101111 0101100 0100000 1110111 1100111 1110010 1101100 1100100

= = = = = = = = = = = =

Hexadecimal 48 65 6C 6C 6F 2C 20 77 67 72 6C 64

= = = = = = = = = = = =

Decimal 72 101 108 108 111 44 32 119 103 114 108 100

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EASCII

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EASCII

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Standard Alphanumeric Formats

BCD ASCII EBCDIC Unicode

Next 3 slides

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EBCDIC

8-bit code Developed by IBM for mainframes computers

ASCII EBCDIC

Rarely used today, common in archival data

Character codes differ from ASCII Conversion software to/from ASCII available

Space

2016

4016

4116

C116

6216

8216

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EBCDIC Table
(1 of 2)

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EBCDIC Table
(2 of 2)

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Standard Alphanumeric Formats

BCD ASCII EBCDIC Unicode

Next 2 slides

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Unicode
Most common 16-bit form represents 65,536 characters

EASCII is a subset of Unicode

Values 0 to 255 in Unicode table

Multilingual: defines codes for

Nearly every character-based alphabet Chinese, Japanese and Korean alphabets

Allows software modifications for local-languages representations

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Two-byte Unicode Assignment Table

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