4.

3

Z
BUS
formation considering mutual coupling between
elements
Assume that the bus impedance matrix

Z
m
BUS
is known for a partial network of m nodes and
a reference node. The bus voltage and bus current relation for the partial network, shown in Fig.
4.26, can be expressed as:
Figure 4.26: Partial Network with m-buses

V
BUS
=

Z
m
BUS

I
BUS
(4.33)
In equation (4.33),

V
BUS
is (m 1) bus voltage vector

I
BUS
is (m 1) bus current vector

Z
m
BUS
is (m m) bus impedance matrix
The new added element p-q may be a branch or may be a link as discussed in the previous
algorithm.
128
4.3.1 Addition of a branch to this partial network:
The performance equation of the network with an added branch p-q is

V
1

V
2

V
p

V
m

V
q

Z
11

Z
12


Z
1p


Z
1m

Z
1q

Z
21

Z
22


Z
2p


Z
2m

Z
2q

Z
p1

Z
p2


Z
pp


Z
pm

Z
pq

Z
m1

Z
m2


Z
mp


Z
mm

Z
mq

Z
q1

Z
q2


Z
qp


Z
qm

Z
qq

I
1

I
2

I
p

I
m

I
q

(4.34)
The network is assumed to contain bilateral passive elements and hence,

Z
qi
=

Z
iq
for i =
1, 2, m, i q. The added branch p-q is assumed to be mutually coupled with one or more
elements of the partial network.
To determine element

Z
qi
, inject a current at i
th
node and calculate the voltage at q
th
node with
respect to reference, as shown in Fig. 4.27.
Figure 4.27: Calculation of

Z
qi
for the addition of branch
Calculation of

Z
qi
As all other bus currents are zero, bus voltages can be written as,
129

V
1
=

Z
1i

I
i

V
2
=

Z
2i

I
i

V
p
=

Z
pi

I
i

V
m
=

Z
mi
I
i

V
q
=

Z
qi

I
i

(4.35)
Also from Fig. 4.27,

V
p
and

V
q
can be related as,

V
q
=

V
p
v
pq
(4.36)
Where v
pq
is the voltage across the added element p q. Also, the currents in the elements of
the network can be related to the voltages across the elements as,
_

i
pq

_ = _
y
pq,pq
y
pq,
y
,pq
y
,
_ _
v
pq
v

_ (4.37)
Where,

i
pq
= the current through the added element p q.

= (m 1) current vector of the elements of the partial network.

v

= (m 1) voltage vector of the elements of the partial network.

y
pq,pq
= Self-admittance of the added element.
y
pq,
= (m 1) vector of mutual admittances between the added element p q and the
elements of the partial network.
y
,
= (m m) primitive admittance matrix of the partial network.
y
,pq
= y
pq,

T
The diagonal elements of primitive impedance matrix |z| are the self impedance of the individual
elements while the o-diagonal elements are mutual impedances between the elements. The inverse
of primitive impedance matrix is the primitive admittance matrix | y|. This can be explained with
the help of an illustrative example.
A single line diagram of a power system is shown in Fig. 4.28. The self-impedances of lines are
written by the side of the line and are in p.u.. The two lines between nodes 1 and 3 are mutually
coupled with a mutual impedance of j0.10. The primitive impedance matrix for the network can be
written as,
z =

j0.60 0 0 0 0
0 j0.50 0 0 0
0 0 j0.50 0 0
0 0 0 j0.25 j1.0
0 0 0 j1.0 j0.20

130
Figure 4.28: Sample Power System
The inverse of z is y, the primitive admittance matrix.
y =

j1.67 0 0 0 0
0 j2.0 0 0 0
0 0 j2.0 0 0
0 0 0 j5.0 j2.5
0 0 0 j2.5 j6.25

The current

i
pq
in the added branch p q equal to zero as node q is open.

i
pq
= 0 (4.38)
The voltage v
pq
, however, is not zero as the added branch is mutually coupled to one or more elements
of the partial network. Thus, the voltage across other elements of the network can be expressed as,
v

=

V

(4.39)
where

V

and

V

are the voltages of the nodes of the partial network. With

i
pq
= 0 from equation
(4.37) one can write,
y
pq,pq
v
pq
+ y
pq,
v

= 0
Hence,
v
pq
=
y
pq,
v

y
pq,pq
(4.40)
131
Substituting v

from equation (4.39) and v

pq
equation (4.36) in equation (4.40) one gets,

V
q
=

V
p
+
y
pq,
(

}
y
pq,pq
Substitution of

I
i
= 1 pu in equation (4.35) results in

V
p
,

V
q
,

V

and

V

being replaced by their

corresponding impedances and hence,

Z
qi
=

Z
pi
+
y
pq,
(

Z
i

Z
i
}
y
pq,pq
(4.41)
i = 1, 2, , m, i q
For calculating the self impedance

Z
qq
, a current

I
q
= 1 p.u. is injected into q
th
node with all
other currents equal to zero as shown in Fig. 4.29. Then the voltages of the nodes are calculated
from equation (4.35) , as

V
1
=

Z
1q

I
q

V
2
=

Z
2q

I
q

V
p
=

Z
pq

I
q

V
m
=

Z
mq
I
q

V
q
=

Z
qq

I
q

(4.42)
With

I
q
= 1 p.u.,

Z
qq
Can be calculated directly by calculating

V
q
.
also,

V
q
=

V
p
v
pq
(4.43)
and

i
pq
=

I
q
= 1 (4.44)
Hence, from equation (4.37) one gets

i
pq
= 1 = y
pq,pq
v
pq
+ y
pq,
v

(4.45)
And thus v
pq
can be written as,
v
pq
=
1 + y
pq,
v

y
pq,pq
(4.46)
Substituting v
pq
and v

, the above equation can be rewritten as,

V
q
=

V
p
+
1 + y
pq,
(

}
y
pq,pq
(4.47)
132
Figure 4.29: Calculation of Z
qq
for the addition of a branch
With

I
q
= 1 p.u., from equation (4.35)

V
p
,

V
q
,

V

and

V

can be replaced by respective transfer

impedances,

Z
qq
=

Z
pq
+
1 + y
pq,
(

Z
q


Z
q
}
y
pq,pq
(4.48)
4.3.2 Addition of a link to this partial network:
If the added element pq is a link, then a ctitious node is created by connecting an ideal voltage
in series with the added element, as shown in Fig. 4.30.
The value of the source voltage is selected such that the current

I

through the added link is

zero. If e

is the voltage of node with respect to node q and

I

is the current injected into node

from node q. The performance equation of the partial network with the added link p and ideal
series voltage source e

is,

V
1

V
p

V
m
e

Z
11
. . .

Z
1p
. . .

Z
1m

Z
1

Z
p1
. . .

Z
pp
. . .

Z
pm

Z
p

Z
m1
. . .

Z
mp
. . .

Z
mm

Z
m

Z
1
. . .

Z
p
. . .

Z
m

Z

I
1

I
p

I
m

(4.49)
133
Figure 4.30: Calculation of

Z
i
for the addition of a link
Here,

Z
li
represents the transfer impedance relating the current, I
i
, injected into the i
th
bus
and the voltage of the added source e

, connected between nodes and q . They are conceptually

dierent from the elements

Z
ij
of

Z
BUS
matrix which relate the current injected into the j
th
bus
and the voltage of the i
th
bus with repect to the reference.
As
e

=

V

V
q
,
The elements

Z
i
, 1 = 1, 2, m, i , of the added row and column, can be calculated by
injecting a current

I
i
into the i
th
node and determining the voltage of
th
node with repect to q
th
node.
Hence,

Z
i
=
e

I
i
_ ,

I
k
= 0, k = 1, 2, m, k
Also,
e

=

V
p

V
q
v
p
(4.50)
The current

i
p
through the link can be written as,

i
p
= y
p,p
v
p
+ y
p,p
v

(4.51)
Since the current through the link is zero,

i
p
=

i
pq
= 0
Hence,
v
p
=
y
p,
v

y
p,p
(4.52)
134
Since the voltage source is ideal source, one can write,
y
p,
= y
pq,
and
y
p,p
= y
pq,pq
(4.53)
So,
v
p
=
y
pq,
v

y
pq,pq
=
y
pq,
(

}
y
pq,pq
(4.54)
With I
i
= 1 p.u., substituting

V
p
,

V
q
,

V
p
and

V

from equation (4.35) and v

p
from equation
(4.52) in equation (4.50) one gets

Z
i
=

Z
pi

Z
qi
+
y
pq,
(

Z
pi

Z
i
}
y
pq,pq
(4.55)
i = 1, 2, m, i
To calculate

Z

, a current is injected at the

th
node with respect to node q, as shown in Fig.
4.31. As all other node currents are zero, the node voltages can be written as,
Figure 4.31: Calculation of

Z

for the addition of a link

V
k
=

Z
k

, k = 1, 2, m
135
e

=

Z

(4.56)
With

I

= 1 p.u.,

Z

can be directly computed by calculating e

. The current in the element p is

i
p
=

= 1 p.u. (4.57)
From equation (4.37) one gets

i
p
= y
p,p
v
p
+ y
p,p
v
p
= 1
Further as y
p,p
= y
pq,pq
and y
p,p
= y
pq,p
, hence v
p
can be expressed as
v
p
=
1 + y
pq,p
v
p
y
pq,pq
(4.58)
Substituting v
p
from equation (4.50) , one can write
e

=

V
p

V
q
+
1 + y
pq,p
(

V
p

}
y
pq,pq
With

I

= 1 p.u., substituting

V
p
,

V
q
,

V

,

V

and e

from equation (4.56),

Z

is obtained as

=

Z
pi

Z
qi
+
1 + y
pq,
(

Z
p

}
y
pq,pq
(4.59)
i = 1, 2, m, i
In the case of link addition the additional row and column corresponding to ctitious node are to
be eliminated.
For this the ctitious series voltage source e

is short circuited. From equation (4.49) the bus

voltages can be written in compact from as
|

V
m
Bus
| = |

Z
m
Bus
||

I
m
Bus
| + |

Z||

| (4.60)
Where,
|

Z| =

Z
1

Z
2


Z
m

T
is an (m1) vector comprising of the entries of the column added
to the

Z
m
Bus
matrix
|

I
m
Bus
|, |

V
m
Bus
| = (m1) bus current and voltage vectors respectively, of the partial network before
the addition of element p .
|

Z
m
Bus
| = (m m} |

Z
Bus
| matrix of the partial network before the addition of element p .

= current injected in the link. Also,

| e

| = |

Z|
T
|

I
Bus
| +

Z

= 0 (4.61)
136
On substituting

I

from equation (4.61) into equation (4.60) |

V
Bus
| can be written as,
|

V
Bus
| = |

Z
m
Bus
| |

Z.Z
T

||

I
Bus
| (4.62)
Hence, the nal |

Z
Bus
| which is (m m) in size can be written as
|

Z
Final
Bus
| = |

Z
m
Bus
| |

Z.Z
T

| (4.63)
An example illustrating the |

Z
Bus
| building procedure will be discussed in the next lecture.
137