4.

Bus] matrix formulation in the presence of Example of [Z mutual impedances

Consider the network shown in Fig. 4.32.

Bus ] example Figure 4.32: The power system for [Z

Figure 4.33: Tree of the network

Table 4.1: System data Self Element no. Bus code Impedance p-q z pq,pq (p.u.) 1 0 - 1(1) j0.4 2 0 - 1(2) j0.5 3 0-2 j0.5 4 2-3 j0.4 5 1-3 j0.6 Mutual Bus code Impedance r-s z pq,rs (p.u.) 0 - 1(2) j0.2 0 - 1(1) j0.1

138

 Bus ] matrix element by element. To initiate the Step 1: The algorithm starts building the [Z process, start with element 1 connected between nodes p = 0 and q = 1, shown in Fig. 4.34. The Bus ] matrix of the partial network is given as, [Z

Figure 4.34: Partial network in Step 1

(1)

Bus ] = (1) [Z

j 0.4

Step 2: Next add element 2 connected between p = 0 and q = 1 which is mutually coupled to the existing element 1, connected between = 0 and = 1. This new element is a link as it does not temp) ( create a new node, the partial network for this step is shown in Fig. 4.35. The augmented [Z ] Bus matrix after the addition of this element, is given by

Figure 4.35: Partial network in Step 2

(1) (1) temp) ( Z = Bus ( )

( )

1 j 0.4 Z 1 Z Z

01 Z 11 ) 01(2),01(1) (Z 1=Z 01 Z 11 + y Z y 01(2),01(2) 0 Z 1 ) 01(2),01(1) (Z =Z 0 Z 1 + 1 + y Z y 01(2),01(2) 01 and Z 0 are the elements of [Z Bus ] matrix associated with the reference node. where, Z The primitive impedance matrix [ z] for the partial network is
01(1) 01(2)

[ z] =

01(1) 01(2)

j 0.4 j 0.2 j 0.2 j 0.5

The primitive admittance matrix [y ] for the partial network in nothing but the inverse of primitive 139

impedance matrix [ z] and is given by

[y ] = [ z]1 =

01(1) 01(2)

j 3.125 j 1.25 j 1.25 j 2.5

01 = 0, since 0 is the reference node, Z 1 is evaluated as With Z 1 1 = j 0.4 + j 1.25(j 0.4) = j 0.2 = Z Z j 2.5 0 = 0, since 0 is the reference node, and hence, Z is calculated as Also as Z = j 0.2 + 1 + j 1.25(j 0.2) = j 0.50 Z j 2.5
The augmented Zbus
(temp)

matrix is given as
(1) (1) temp) ( Z = Bus ( ) ( )

j 0.4 j0.2 j0.2 j0.5

The row and column corresponding to the th row and column corresponding to a link addition,(shown in red in the above matrix), need to be eliminated as the link addition does not create Bus ] matrix, after the addition of second element to the partial network, is a new node. The [Z calculated using the following expression

Bus ] = [Z Bus ] Z1 Z 1 [Z Z = j 0.4 (j 0.2)(j 0.2) j 0.5

Bus = (1) Z

j0.32

Bus matrix is still (1 1) as no new node has been added to the partial network Note that the size of Z as yet. Step 3: Next add element 3, which is connected between the nodes p = 0 and q = 2. This is a branch addition as a new node, node 2 is created. This element is mutually coupled to the existing element 1. Hence, the primitive [ z] matrix of the partial network, shown in Fig. 4.36, is

140

Figure 4.36: Partial network in Step 3

01(1)

[ z] = 01(2)
02

j 0.4 j 0.2 j 0.1 j 0.2 j 0.5 0 j 0.1 0 j 0 . 5

01(1)

01(2)

02

The primitive [y ] matrix is calculated as [ z]

and is equal to
01(2) 02

01(1)

[y ] = 01(2)
02

j 3.333 j 1.333 j 0.667 j 1.333 j 2.533 j 0.2667 j 0.667 j 0.2667 j 2.133

01(1)

Bus ] matrix is expressed as The modied [Z

Bus ] = [Z

(1) (2)

j 0.32 21 Z

12 Z 22 Z

is [0 1(1) 0 1(2)]

For this element p = 0 and q = 2 and the set of elements [ ] mutually coupled to this element

y 02,01(1) y 02,01(2) 21 = Z 01 + Z y 02,02

02 Z 11 Z 01 Z 11 Z

01 and Z 02 are the transfer impedances associated with the reference node and are equal to zero. Z j 0.667 j 0.2667 21 = Z j 2.133
141

j 0.32 j 0.32

= j 0.06

12 = Z 21 = j 0.06 Hence, Z 1+ y 02,01(1) y 02,01(2) 22 = Z 02 + Z y 02,02 j 0.32 j 0.32 02 Z 12 Z 01 Z 12 Z

1 + j 0.667 j 0.2667 21 = Z Bus ] matrix is The modied [Z

j 2.133

= j 0.48

(2)

Bus ] = [Z

(1) (2)

j 0.32 j0.06 j0.06 j0.48

Step 4: On adding element 4 between p = 2 and q = 3, a new node, node 3 is created. Hence, this Bus ] matrix can be written as is a branch addition and is shown in Fig. 4.37. The modied [Z

Figure 4.37: Partial network in Step 4

(1)

Bus = (2) Z
(3)

j 0.32 j 0.06 j 0.06 j 0.48 32 Z31 Z

(1)

(2)

(3)

13 Z 23 Z 33 Z

As this element is not mutually coupled to other elements the elements of vector y pq, are zero. Bus ] matrix can be calculated, using the expression given in (4.41), Hence, the new elements of [Z as : O-diagonal elements

qi = Z pi i = 1, 2, 3 i q Z
142

31 = Z 21 = j 0.06 Z 32 = Z 22 = j 0.48 Z 13 = Z 31 = j 0.06 Z 23 = Z 32 = j 0.48 Z

qq = Z pq + z Z pq,pq
hence,

33 = Z 23 + z Z 23,23 = j 0.48 + j 0.4 = j 0.88

(1)

Bus = (2) Z
(3)

j 0.32 j 0.06 j0.06 j 0.06 j 0.48 j0.48 j0.06 j0.48 j0.88

Step 5: Finally add element 5 between nodes p = 1 and q = 3. This is an addition of a link hence a temporary row and column are added. Fig. 4.38 showns the nal network after the addition of this temp) ( element. The modied Z matrix can be written as Bus

Figure 4.38: The complete network after the addition of link in step 5

(1) (2) temp) ( Z = Bus ( )

(3)

1 j 0.32 j 0.06 j 0.06 Z 2 j 0.06 j 0.48 j 0.48 Z j 0.06 j 0.48 j 0.88 Z3 Z1 Z2 Z3 Z

(1)

(2)

(3)

( )

temp) ( Since this element is not mutually coupled to other elements, the new elements of [Z ] Bus matrix can be calculated, using the expression of (4.55), as : O-diagonal elements

i=Z pi Z qi i = 1, 2, 3 Z 1 = Z 11 Z 13 = j 0.32 j 0.06 = j 0.26 = Z 1 Z 2 = Z 21 Z 23 = j 0.06 j 0.48 = j 0.42 = Z 2 Z 3 = Z 31 Z 33 = j 0.06 j 0.88 = j 0.82 = Z 3 Z
Diagonal element For calculating the diagonal element, the expression given in (4.59) is used. Hence,

=Z p Z q + z Z pq,pq =Z 1 Z 3 + z Z 13,13 = j 0.26 + j 0.82 + j 0.6 = j 1.68

Hence, the temporary [ZBus

(temp)

] matrix can be written as

(1) temp) ( [Z ]= Bus (2) (3) ( )

j 0.32 j 0.06 j 0.06 j0.26 j 0.06 j 0.48 j 0.06 j0.42 j 0.06 j 0.48 j 0.88 j0.82 j0.26 j0.42 j0.82 j1.68

Bus to 3 3. The elimination The th row and th column are to be eleminated to restore the size of Z is done using the relation Z T Z (temp) Bus = Z Bus Z Z

T = j 0.26 j 0.42 j 0.82 Z j 0.23 j 0.42 j 0.26 j 0.42 j 0.82 j 0.32 j 0.06 j 0.06 j 0 . 82 Bus = Z j 0 . 06 j 0 . 48 j 0 . 48 j 1.68 j 0.06 j 0.48 j 0.88
144

 Bus ] is Hence, the nal matrix [Z j 0.2798 j 0.1250 j 0.1869 j 0.1250 j 0.3750 j 0.2750 j 0.1869 j 0.2750 j 0.4798
(1) (2) (3)

(1)

Bus ] = (2) [Z
(3)

Bus ] matrix, we are now ready to discuss fault analysis, After this discussion of formulation of [Z which we will start from the next lecture.

145