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C Programming Basics Tutorial

This document provides a tutorial on programming in C. It covers: 1) A simple "Hello World" C program to demonstrate basic syntax and structure. 2) Variables, types, and type declarations including integer variables and addition. 3) Simple I/O functions like getchar(), putchar(), and printf() along with examples of input/output. 4) Control flow structures like if/else statements, switch statements, while loops, and for loops along with examples of using relational and logical operators. 5) Other C basics like arithmetic operators, increment/decrement, arrays, strings, and an example program to count letters, digits and other characters in a file.

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Carly Yoo
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91 views19 pages

C Programming Basics Tutorial

This document provides a tutorial on programming in C. It covers: 1) A simple "Hello World" C program to demonstrate basic syntax and structure. 2) Variables, types, and type declarations including integer variables and addition. 3) Simple I/O functions like getchar(), putchar(), and printf() along with examples of input/output. 4) Control flow structures like if/else statements, switch statements, while loops, and for loops along with examples of using relational and logical operators. 5) Other C basics like arithmetic operators, increment/decrement, arrays, strings, and an example program to count letters, digits and other characters in a file.

Uploaded by

Carly Yoo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Tutorial

PROGRAMING IN C

A Simple C program
#include <stdio.h> int main( ) { printf("hello, world"); return 0; }

Variables; Types and Type Declarations


#include<stdio.h> int main( ) { int a, b, c, sum; a = 1; b = 2; c = 3; sum = a + b + c; printf("sum is %d", sum); return 0; }

Variables; Types and Type Declarations

Simple I/O getchar(), putchar(), printf ()


int main( ) {
char c; c = getchar( ); putchar(c); getchar();

} printf("hello, world");

printf("sum is %d", sum);

Simple I/O getchar(), putchar(), printf ()

n = 511; printf("What is the value of %d in octal?", n); printf("%s! %d decimal is %o octal\n", "Right", n, n);

What is the value of 511 in octal? Right! 511 decimal is 777 octal

If - relational operators and compound statements


if (expression) statement

== equal to != not equal to > greater than < less than >= greater than or equal to <= less than or equal to

If - relational operators and compound statements


C guarantees that `&&' and `||' are evaluated left to right -we shall soon see cases where this matters.
if( c==' ' || c=='\t' || c=='\n' ) ... Grouped together by {} if (a < b) { t = a; a = b; b = t; }

Else Clause; Conditional Expressions


if (expression) statement1 else statement2
if (a < b) x = a; else x = b; expr1 ? expr2 : expr3 a<b ? a : b; x = (a<b ? a : b);

a common programming structure


if(...)
{...} else if(...) {...} else if(...) {...} else {...}

The Switch Statement ; Break ; Continue


switch( c ) { case 'a': aflag++; break; case 'b': bflag++; break; case 'c': cflag++; break; default: printf("%c?\n", c); break; }

While Statement; Assignment within an Expression; Null Statement


while (expression) statement

int main( ) { char c; while( (c=getchar( )) != '\0' ) putchar(c); return 0; }

for Statement
for( initialization; expression; increment ) statement
initialization; while( expression ) { statement increment; }

for Statement
sum = 0;
for( i=0; i<n; i++)sum = sum + i;

for( ; ; ) ... while( 1 ) ...


for( i=0; i<n; i++ ) for( j=0; j<m; j++ ) array[i][j] = 0;

Arithmetic
x = a%b;
c = c + 'A' - 'a';

main( ) { char c; while( (c=getchar( )) != '\0' ) if( 'A'<=c && c<='Z' ) putchar(c+'a'-'A'); else putchar(c); }

Increment and Decrement Operators


int k=5; x = ++k; x = k++; main( ) { int c,n; n = 0; while( (c=getchar( )) != '\0' ) if( c == '\n' ) ++n; printf("%d lines\n", n); }

Arrays
int x[10]; x[0], x[1], x[2], ..., x[9]
main( ) { int n, c; char line[100]; n = 0; while( (c=getchar( )) != '\n' ) { if( n < 100 ) line[n] = c; n++; } printf("length = %d\n", n); }

Character Arrays; Strings


We can copy a character array s into another t like this: main( ) { int n; char line[100]; n = 0; while( (line[n++]=getchar( )) != '\n' ); line[n] = '\0'; printf("%d:\t%s", n, line); }

Example to count letters, digits and others in a file


main( ) { int let, dig, other, c; let = dig = other = 0; while( (c=getchar( )) != '\0' ) if( ('A'<=c && c<='Z') || ('a'<=c && c<='z') ) ++let; else if( '0'<=c && c<='9' ) ++dig; else ++other;
printf("%d letters, %d digits, %d others\n", let, dig, other);

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