Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2012) xxx, xxxxxx

King Saud University

Arabian Journal of Chemistry

REVIEW

Structural and optical properties of pure PVA/PPY and cobalt chloride doped PVA/PPY lms
G.M. Elkomy
a

a,d

, S.M. Mousa

b,*

, H. Abo Mostafa

Electron Microscopes and Thin Film Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Postal Code: 11787, Cairo, Egypt b Inorganic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, P.O. Box 12622, Postal Code: 11787, Cairo, Egypt c Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Menoua University, Egypt d Physical Science Department, Rabigh-college of science and art, King Abdulaziz university, P.O. BOX 344, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia Received 20 November 2011; accepted 27 April 2012

KEYWORDS PVA/PPY composite; CoCl26H2O; XRD; IR; TEM; Optical properties

Abstract Polyvinyl alcohol-polypyrrole (PVA/PPY) composite polymer lms were prepared by chemical polymerization. Cobalt chloride CoCl26H2O was used at different concentrations as doping (x = 0.21.0 g). The produced lms were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The optical properties of all produced lms were studied, where the optical absorption of the prepared lms decreases with increasing the x value of CoCl26H2O in both VIS (500700 nm) and UV (200400 nm) regions. The calculated energy gaps (Eg1 and Eg2) were found to decrease as the CoCl26H2O concentration increases. While Eg3 tended to be constant as CoCl26H2O content increases.
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Please cite this article in press as: Elkomy, G.M. et al., Structural and optical properties of pure PVA/PPY and cobalt chloride doped PVA/PPY lms. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.037

2 Contents 1. 2.

G.M. Elkomy et al.

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Experimental. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1. Preparation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.2. Characterization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3. Results and discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

00 00 00 00 00 00 00

1. Introduction In the recent years, the eld of conjugated polymers has attracted the attention of many scientists due to the interesting electrical and optical properties of these compounds (Deronzier and Moutet, 1989). There has been increasing interest in soluble conducting polymers because of their potential applications, such as soluble ion-exchangers, energy-storage materials, corrosion-resistant coatings and catalysts (Eisazadeh et al., 1993; Eisazadeh et al., 1994; Armes and Aldiss, 1999). Nowadays, conducting polymers also known as conductive plastics are being developed for many uses such as compact capacitors, ant statistic coating, electromagnetic shielding and smart windows which capable to vary the amount of light to pass (Benget and Krutmeijer, 2000). Polypyrrole, (PPY) is one of these new generations of polymeric materials. It has been the main focus due to the advantages such as environmentally stable, ease to synthesis and relatively high conductivity as compared to the other derivatives (Hamzah et al., 2004; Hamzah et al., 2003; Benseddik et al., 1995). However, limitation such as insolubility and poor mechanical strength are barriers for mass production. Improvement of these properties can be achieved either by forming copolymers of pyrrole or by forming PPY composites or blends with commercially available polymers or inorganic materials which offer better mechanical and optical properties, stability and process ability (Paoli et al., 1984; Lindsey and Street, 1984), so polypyrrole combines with an insulating polymer has superior mechanical properties (Niwa and Tamamura, 1984; Otero and Sansinena, 1996). The polymer composites can be prepared either by electrochemical or chemical polymerization. In this work, the polyvinyl alcohol was used as insulating polymer and combined with PPY by using chemical polymerization to improve the properties of PPY. Inorganic additives such as transition metal salts have considerable effect on the optical and electrical properties of PVA polymer (Khaled and Basha, 1989; Baha et al., 1988; Barakat et al., 1989; Noguchi et al., 1998). In the present study PVA is incorporated that acts as host material in the conducting composite polymer containing composite polymer containing PPY. The concentration of the doping namely hydrous cobalt chloride was varied in order to investigate the inuence of doping compositions on structure, optical and electrical properties of the composite polymer. 2. Experimental 2.1. Preparation Three grams of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with MW = 7000, was dissolved completely in 100 ml distilled water under

constant stirring. The mixture heated at 90 C for 1 h and was let to cool down to room temperature. From the cooled mixture, 30 ml were mixed with 1.0 g of pyrrole (PY) monomer already dissolved in 15 ml of distilled water. The mixture was further stirred for 5 min. Finally, 0.2 g cobalt chloride (CoCl26H2O) were used as a doping in the composite mixture and stirred further for 10 min. Different amounts of Cobalt salt (x = 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g) were added as stated above, so different samples were prepared. Thick lms were made by casting method, where the mixture for each sample was poured in a glass Petri dish and let to dry at room temperature for 120 h, after this time, the lms were ready to cut into suitable pieces for characterization. 2.2. Characterization X-ray diffraction patterns (XRD) were recorded by using Brukur D8 advanced diffractometer (Germany) with copper (Ka) radiation, where the instrument allows Braggs low and works at (40 kV and 40 mA) with 0.02/0.4 s. Infrared measurements (IR) were recorded by JASCOFT/CR-3000E infrared spectrometer from 4000 to 550 cm1 (ATR-FTIR was used in this work due to high thickness and opacity of the prepared samples). The morphology and the particle size of the prepared samples were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) JEOL JEM-1230 operating at 120 kV. The tools used for optical measurements of the caste lms at normal light incidence in the wavelength range from 300 to 900 nm.

2500

2000

Intensity (a.u)

1500

PVA/PPY 0.2gm 0.4 gm

1000

500

0.6 gm 0.8 gm

1.0gm

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2 (degree)

Figure 1 XRD patterns of PVA/PPY composite and that doped with ller (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g of CoCl2 6H2O).

Please cite this article in press as: Elkomy, G.M. et al., Structural and optical properties of pure PVA/PPY and cobalt chloride doped PVA/PPY lms. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.037

Structural and optical properties of pure PVA/PPY and cobalt chloride doped PVA/PPY lms 3. Results and discussion Fig. 1 shows the XRD patterns of pure PVA/PPY and that doped with CoCl26H2O salt range from 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g. The XRD pattern of PVA/PPY composite lm reveals an intense peak at scattering angle (18 < 2h < 20) corresponding to a spacing of 4.57 (PVA) indicating semi-crystalline nature, (El-Tantawy et al., 2004; Hung et al., 2005; Bhargav et al., 2007). The semi-crystalline nature of PVA results from the strong intermolecular interaction of PVA chains through intermolecular hydrogen bonding. The intensity of the diffraction peak of PVA is determined by the number of PVA chains packed together. It was noticed that there is no any characteristic peak observed for PPY, because the PPY lms have been reported to be highly disordered and non-crystalline (Kassim et al., 1994). After complexation with llers, the

patterns of the composite lms show amorphous structure where, the intensity of PVA diffraction peak gradually decreased with further increasing of cobalt due to the interactions between PVA/PPY and the mixed llers leads to a decrease in the intermolecular interaction between PVA/PPY chains and thus the crystalline degree (Yu et al., 2003). Fig. 2 exhibits the IR spectra of PVAPPY composites lms and that doped with CoCl26H2O ller. For all spectra, strong bands were occurred at 38003200 cm1 which arises from OH and NH stretching frequency of PVA and PPY (Ege, 1989). Several bands were observed at 29402820 cm 1 due to CH2 group vibration (Sweeting, 1968). The absorption at 1630 cm1 was assigned to the CC ring stretching of pyrrol (Sun et al., 1996). The characteristic absorption bands of PVA which are 1763, 1420, 1128, 917 and 820 cm1 were observed for all spectra with some shifts due to the

100 95

100 90

Transmittance (%)

90 85 80 75 70 65 60
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
PVA/PPY

0.6 gm

80 70 60 50 40 500

1000

1500

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2500

3000

3500

4000

110 100 100 90 90

Transmittance (%)

80 70 60
0.8 gm

80

70

50 40

60
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

30
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000

110 100 100 90

Transmittance (%)

90 80 70 60 50 40 500

80 70 60 50 40 30

1.0 gm

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

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Wavenumber

(Cm-1)

Figure 2

FTIR spectra of PVA/PPY composite and that doped with ller (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g of CoCl2 6H2O).

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4 formation of PVAPPY composite and doping with Co+3. These bands are assigned to CO, CH band of CH2 group, (CHOH), CO and CH rocking of PVA respectively (Rajendan et al., 2003). The absorption band at 917 cm1was found to be characteristic of syndiotatctic structure of the prepared lm (Rajendran et al., 2004) and can be also for CH (out of plane deformation) (Eisazadeh, 2007). The appearance of band at 1560 cm1 is indicative of the formation of small conjugated polyene sequence which is presumably responsible for the color of doping with PVAPPY (Chakraborty et al., 1999). The absorption band at 640 cm1 indicates the presence of hydroxyl group (Sweeting, 1968). At 690 cm1, an absorption band was observed may be due to CC or CH vibration for PPY, while the absorption bands occurred at 1084 and 1260 cm1 were attributed to CO and CH of PVA respectively (Tawansi et al., 1998). Further, the vibration peaks

G.M. Elkomy et al. found in the range 1000600 and 2300 cm1 can be attributed to (CCl) and (MO) where MCo+3 which indicated that the doping was complexes with polymer matrix (El-Zahhar et al., 2003). Fig. 3 represents the TEM images of PVA/PPY composite and that treated with cobalt llers. For pure PVA/PPY, it can be seen that, the morphology of the composite reveals an agglomeration in nano-spherical particle like shaped in the range from 50 to 60 nm. By complexation with ller ratios x = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 g (Fig. 3b, d), the particle size decreased to 4 nm this due to that the addition of the llers restrict the growth of the polymerization process of PVA/PPY composite. Further increase of the ller (x = 0.8 and 1.0 g), the nanoparticles tend to form High agglomeration. The UVVIS spectra of the sample under investigation were recorded, the spectra of pure PVA/PPY and that doped with

PVA/PPY

X=0.6 gm

X= 0.2 gm

X=0.8 gm

X=0.4 gm

X=1.0 gm

Figure 3

TEM photographs of PVA/PPy and that doped with ller 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g CoCl2 6H2O).

Please cite this article in press as: Elkomy, G.M. et al., Structural and optical properties of pure PVA/PPY and cobalt chloride doped PVA/PPY lms. Arabian Journal of Chemistry (2012), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.04.037

Structural and optical properties of pure PVA/PPY and cobalt chloride doped PVA/PPY lms
Table 1 The values of energy gaps Eg1, Eg2 and Eg3 for pure PVA/PPY and that doped with CoCl26H2O.
CoCl26H2O doping (g) 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Eg1 (ev) 2.68 2.52 2.42 2 2.1 2.03 Eg2 (ev) 2.27 2.15 1.93 1.94 1.98 Eg3 (ev) 1.60 1.69 1.68 1.68 1.68

2.5

2.0

Absorbance

1.5
0.8gm 0.6gm 1.0 gm

pure 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

1.0

0.4gm 0.2gm PVA/PPY

0.5

200

0.0 400 600 800

Figure 4 The absorption spectra in the UVVIS region for lms of PVA/PPY and that doped with (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g of CoCl2 6H2O).

(h)1/2, (eV/cm)1/2

Wavelength /nm

pure 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 100

(a)

am

A 2:303 d

h (eV/cm))

1/2

different cobalt chloride salt concentrations (x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g) is shown in Fig. 4. The optical absorption of the prepared lms decreases with increasing the x value of CoCl26H2O in both VIS (500700 nm) and UV (200400 nm) regions, where the PVA has one spectral bands at 340 nm (Abdelazeez and Abdelrazek, 2006). The intensity of the bands increases with increasing the CoCl26H2O contents providing an evidence for the incorporation of Co2+ into PVA/PPY matrix where as their positions are slightly shifted to higher wave length (red shift). Two absorption bands observed near 500 and 625 nm are characteristic to the presence of octahedral structure around the Co(II) ion. The presence of Co2+ ions entirely as six coordinated. The asymmetry of these bands can be attributed to the JahnTeller effect. This distortion is found to decrease gradually with increasing the CoCl26H2O content which may indicate a tendency to local ordering in the amorphous polymer structure by cobalt chloride addition (El-Shahawy, 1993). This local ordering may be played by the role of intra- and inter-molecular interactions between the polymer chains. Thus, the octahedron is expected to become more symmetric due to the contraction effect brought about by such interactions. Another band observed at 666 nm indicates the presence of Co(II) in a tetrahedral coordination. The presence of Co(II) in mixed coordination has been reported in Nassar and Abbas (1981) and Gray et al. (1984). The absorption coefcient a can be determined as a function of frequency using the formula

0 1 2 3 4

h,(ev)

(b)
pure 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

( h)1/2 , (eV/cm)1/2

100

1.9

2.1

2.3

2.5

h ,(ev)
200
pure PVA/PPy 0.2 gm 0.4 gm 0.6 gm 0.8 gm 1.0 gm

(c)

100

where A is the absorbance at frequency x and d is the thickness of the sample.The optical band gap for an indirect transition can be determined by using the relation (Davis and Mott, 1970) Eg hm ahm=b1=2 2

0 1.0

1.5

2.0

where b is a constant. The energy gap is calculated in the range near the absorption edge (300800 nm) as indicated in Table 1 and Figs. 5 and 6 illustrates the plots between (ahm)1/2 and hm for pure

h,(ev)

Figure 5 The plots of (ahm)1/2 versus hm for lms of pure PVA/ PPY and that doped with different CoCl26H2O; (a)Eg1, (b) Eg2 and (c) Eg3.

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6
2.7 2.6 Eg1 Eg2 Eg3

G.M. Elkomy et al. doping was complexed with polymer matrix. The TEM images showed that the particle size decreased by complexation with ller at (x = 0.00.6) where excess addition of ller restricted the growth of polymerization process of PVA/PPY and high agglomeration was observed for the rest samples (x = 0.8 and 1.0 g) with high content of ller due to the formation of very ne nanoparticles. The UVVIS spectra provide evidence for the formation of metalpolymer complex. Also, the optical properties showed that the pure PVA/PPY has one optical absorption edge, while PVA/PPY doped with CoCl26H2O have three optical absorption edges.

Optical band gap Eg (ev)

2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6

References
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

CoCl2.6H2O concentration (gm)

Figure 6 The dependence of optical band gap on doping concentration.

PVA/PPY and that treated with CoCl26H2O near the absorption edge produce a linear t over a wider range of hm. This linearity indicates the existence of indirect allowed transitions. The extrapolation of linear dependence to the abscissa yields the corresponding forbidden band width Eg. It is observed from the gure that a linear dependence for pure PVA/PPY in one region representing one optical absorption edge as mentioned before in the previous work (Zidan et al., 2003), while PVA/PPY doped with CoCl26H2O give two regions representing three optical absorption edges. These absorption edges are characterized by higher optical energy gap, Eg1 and two lower energy gaps Eg2 and Eg3, the three energy gaps are attributed to the optical transitions from the valence sub-bands to the conduction band minimum (El-Sayed and Sakr, 2003). It is clear that Eg1 and Eg2 decreases as the CoCl26H2O increases to 0.6 g then saturated while Eg3 nearly unchanged with increasing CoCl26H2O content as shown in Fig. 6. The variation of the calculated values of both higher and lower optical energy gaps may reect the role of the doping in modifying the electronic structure of the PVA/PPY matrix due to appearance of various Polaroid and defect levels. The density of localized states was found to be proportional to the concentration of these defects and consequently, to CoCl26H2O content. Increasing CoCl26H2O content may cause the localized states of different color centers to overlap and extend in the mobility gap (Murri et al., 1992). This overlap may give us an evidence for decreasing energy gap when CoCl26H2O content is increased in the polymeric matrix. The higher optical energy gap, Eg1 seems to be related to the PVA/PPY matrix and its width changes due to the induced energy states from the symmetrical eld of cobalt ions. It is argued that the lower absorption edge Eg2 and Eg3 evidences the presence of another type of induced states depending on the doping level of CoCl26H2O. 4. Conclusion The X-ray analysis showed an amorphous structure of the produced lms after complexation of PVA/PPY with CoCl26H2O as ller. The IR spectra showed vibration peaks in the range 1000600 cm1 and at 2300 cm1 which indicated that the

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Structural and optical properties of pure PVA/PPY and cobalt chloride doped PVA/PPY lms
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