A COMPENDIOUS GRAMMAR

OF THE

EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE.

Ouicquid praecipies cslo brcvis: ut cilo dicta Pcrcipiant animi doeiles, teneanlque fidclcs.

DC

Art. Poet. III. 55.

A COMPENDIOUS GRAMMAR
OF THE

EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE
AS CONTAINED
IN

THE

COPTIC, SAHIDIC,

AND BASHMTJEIC DIALECTS;

TOGETHER WITH
ALPHABETS AND

NUMERALS IN THE

HIEROGLYPHIC AND ENCHORIAL CHARACTERS.

BY THE

REV.

HENRY TATTAM.
Bettor of

LL.

D.,

D. D., F. R.

S.

tonforfc Starrs.

SECOND EDITION
REVISED AND IMPROVED

WILLIAMS & NORGATE:

14,

HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN, LONDON,

AND
20,

SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.

1863.

PRINTED BY FR. NIES (CARL

B.

LORCK) IN LEIPZIG.

TO

JOHN LEE
LL. D., F. R.
S.,

P. A.

S.,

&. &.

IN

GRATEFUL REMEMBRANCE OF

THE MANY FACILITIES AFFORDED

IN

THE PROSECUTION OF

HIS EGYPTIAN STUDIES

THIS

VOLUME

IS

RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

BY THE AUTHOR.

2047513

PREFACE.
Egyptian
Literature
All

has

of

late

years

attracted
to us of
is

particular attention.

that has

come down

the

Language and Literature of ancient Egypt

the Coptic,
Sahidic,

con-

tained in

and Bashmuric Dialects; and Hieroglyphic Inscrip-

and

in the Enchorial, Hieratic,

tions,

and Manuscripts.

Without attempting to trace the origin of the Egyptian

v

Language, we may just remark that the learned

Rossius in his "Etymologise J^gyptiacre," has shown the

affinity of

a number of Coptic and Sahidic words to the

Oriental Languages;
it

which

affinity

to a certain extent,

must be admitted, does

*) In Rawlinson's

exist,*)
following observations. "The
to claim a Semitic

Herodotus are
its

jfche

Egyptian Language might, from

grammar, appear

origin, but it is not really one of that family, like the Arabic,

Hebrew,

VIII

PREFACE.
Nor need we be
surprised
of
at this,

when we con-

sider

the

intercourse

the

Jews, Syrians, Persians,

but wheor whether
impossible
well

Chaldeans, and Arabians with the Egyptians:

ther these words were originally Egyptian,

they were adopted from other languages,

for

it is

us to

determine.

M. Klaproth, a Gentleman

acquainted with Asiatic Languages, has also pointed out

the

resemblance of a considerable number of Egyptian

and others; nor

is it

one of the Sanscrit family, though

it

shows a
has been

primitive affinity to the Sanscrit in certain points;

and

this

accounted for by the Egyptians being an

offset

from the early "undi-

a conclusion consistent with the fact of their vided Asiatic stock;" " much less developed than the Semitic and Sanscrit, language being

tions

and yet admitting the principle of those inflictions and radical formawhich we find developed, sometimes in one, sometimes in the other*
"

of those great families.

it

Besides certain affinities with the Sanscrit,

has others with the Celtic, and the languages of Africa; and Dr. Ch. Meyer thinks that Celtic "in all its non-Semitic features most
strikingly corresponds with the old Egyptian."
of
It is also the opinion

M.

Miiller that the

,

Semitic dialects

Egyptian bears an affinity both to the Arian and from its having been an offset of the original Asiatic
this

tongue, which was their common parent before the Turanian, Arian and Semitic.

was broken up

into

In its grammatical construction, Egyptian has the greatest resemblance to the Semitic and if it has less of this character than the
;

Hebrew, and other purely Semitic dialects, this is explained by the latter having been developed after the separation of the original tongue into the Arian and Semitic, and by the Egyptian having retained a
There is, however, a possibility that the have a been Egyptian may compound language formed from two or more after the first migration of the race and foreign elements may
portion of both elements.
,

have been then added to

it,

as in the case of
II. p.

some other languages.

Rawlinson's Herodotus vol.

279.

PEEFACE.
words
to

IX

some of the

dialects of the north of Asia,

this

and

the north of Europe:

raised a doubt in his

discovery

appears to have

mind
is,

of the African origin of the

Egyptians.

The

fact

the remains

we

possess of the
the

Egyptian Language,
with which
it

when separated from

Greek,

is

in

some measure mixed up, have no near

resemblance to any one of the ancient or modern languages.*

The importance
the Antiquary
,

of the Ancient Egyptian

Language

to

will at
it

once appear, when

is

we

consider that

the knowledge of

necessary before the inscriptions

on the Monuments of Egypt can be properly understood,

and the Enchorial and Hieratic Manuscripts can be

deciphered.

fully

Nor
dent,

is

it

of less

importance to the Biblical Stuto

The Egyptian Versions are supposed

the second century;**

have been

made about
* Dr.

and

if

they were not

de-

Murray says, "The Coptic

is

an original tongue, for

it

rives all its indeclinable

to itself.

words and particles from radicals pertaining Its verbs are derived from its own resources. There is no
its

mixture of any foreign language in Bruce 's Travels, vol. II. p. 473.
** Zosimus
,

composition,

except Greek."

as quoted

by Fabricius, says, that the

old

Testament

was translated
made.

Egyptian, when the Septuagint Translation was "Biblia tune non in Graecam tantum, sed etiam Aegyptiis in
into

vernaculam linguam fuisse translata." p. 196. The Talmudists say " It is lawful for the Copts to read the Law in Coptic." Tychsensiiis. See also Buxtorf's Talmudic Lex. p. 1571.
,

Also. "It

is

permitted to write the

Law

in Egyptian."

Pabyl. Talmud,

X
the
first,

PREFACE.
they
certainly

were

among

the

most early

Translations of the Scriptures into the Languages of the

East:

and perhaps the Egyptian

New

Testament

is

of

equal or even of greater authority than any of the ancient Versions.

The Coptic or Memphitic, and

the Sa-

hidic or Thebaic, are distinct versions.

The Translations

of the old Testament, as will be readily supposed, were

made from
Scriptures.

the

Septuagint, and not from the

will

Hebrew

These versions

be found of great use

in assisting to determine the reading of

many passages many

of the Septuagint,

and

in

fixing

the meaning of

expressions.

We may

also

observe that the quotation

9.
it

from Jeremy the Prophet, Matthew XXVII,

in fragments of

is
is

found
differ-

Jeremiah in these versions:

ent from the parallel passage in Zachariah XI,

12, 13.

and agrees with the quotation

in St.

Matthew. The Sahidic

New

Testament contains many important readings, and

merits the closest attention of the Scholar and Divine.

The terms Coptic and Sahidic were adopted

the
first

in

edition of the

grammar, instead of

Memphitic

and Thebaic,
Seder Mcd. SchuL
tence of the

lest confusion

should be created; as the

to

f.

115.

These expressions seem

imply the exis-

Law

in Coptic.

For the arguments in support of the Translation of the New Testament into Egyptian in the second century, see Wilkinson 's Introduction to the Coptic New Testament, and The Introduction to the Sahidic Fragments.

PREFACE.
former terms
are used in

XI

those

Egyptian Publications

which have issued from the Oxford University Press.

The
Author

defects

and mistakes of the former edition the

this,

trusts

have been corrected in

this

and he has

endeavoured to render

edition

worthy of the conof Egyptian Li-

fidence and patronage of the Students

terature.

Stanford Rivers Rectory.

1862.

I,

Observations
on the

Hieroglyphic

and Enchorial Alphabets,

with a few remarks relative to their use.

The glory
but enough of

of
its

Egypt has long

since passed away,

learning remains in the Sculptured

Monuments
to

of Ancient Egypt,

and

in

existing Papyri

excite

the

most intense

interest.

These stores had

long engaged the attention of the Learned

vain endeavoured to decipher them
till

who had

in

our indefatigable
little

and learned countryman Dr. Young, and a

in point of time

later

M. Champollion, turned

their energies

to the subject with considerable success.

And

since their

day the subject has not been permitted to slumber, for

other learned
fore the world

men have
all

entered the

field,

and put be-

that these

monuments have preserved,

which had been hid from the researches of the wise for
so

many

ages.

XIV

Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets.

In the year 1814 Dr. Young commenced a laborious examination

setta Stone.

of the

triple

Inscription
is

on the Ro-

This stone,

which
at

much

mutilated,

was

discovered by the French

Rosetta,

and was shortly

is

afterwards brought to this country.

The Inscription

written in Greek, in Hieroglyphic, and in the Enchorial

(ey/wp/a)* or native character. Dr.

the investigation after the

Young entered upon

Baron De Sacy and Mr. Aker-

blad had given up the attempt.

By

writing the Greek

left,

above the Enchorial, which reads from right to

and

comparing one part with another, Dr. Young succeeded

in deciphering
try, and, &c.
it,

being aided by the words King, Coun-

which had been discovered. Dr. Young next

attention
to

turned

his

the

Hieroglyphic
this

Inscription,

which was much mutilated:

the
aid of the

he also deciphered by

two

other

Inscriptions.

Having

satis-

factorily

ascertained the

name

of Ptolemy,

which was

enclosed in a ring or oval, he justly conceived that the

characters composing the

name might be used otherwise

than symbolically; he therefore proceeded to apply these

characters Phonetically, or Alphabetically, as well as those

contained in the
tained,

name

of Berenice,

which he had ascerat

which was found with that of Ptolemy

Karnak:
in de-

and by the aid of these characters he succeeded

This word

is

used in the Rosetta inscription and elsewhere.

.Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets.

XV

ciphering other groups.

Mr. Banks,

who had

received
in

a communication from Dr.

discovered
the

Young while he was

Ptolemy

Egypt,

names

of

and Cleopatra on a

Temple and Obelisk

the

at Philse,

which corresponded with

Greek dedicatory Inscriptions found upon the buildYoung's discoveries.

ings, thus confirming Dr.

The

letters

in

these

names being thus ascertained

and established, the system was taken up and extended

by M. Champollion, and afterwards by Mr. Salt, our

then consul general in Egypt.
Since then,

many

emi-

nent individuals, too numerous to name, have successfully

pursued

this

branch of the Literature of Ancient

is

Egypt, and the world

in

possession of their labours.

From
and

the researches of Dr. Young,

M. Champollion,

others, the

accompanying Alphabets are constructed.

of Kings, and of other distinguished in-

The names

dividuals, are generally enclosed in ovals.

The characters are sometimes read from

left,

right to

and

at

others from left to right, or from the top

downwards;
always

nor

is

the

order in placing the characters

strictly observed, for in

many

instances

it

could

not conveniently be done.

that the characters

We

however

state as a rule

are

always read from the side to-

wards which the animals look.

The gender
in Coptic
;

of nouns

is

expressed by Articles as
or
[""),

the Hieroglyph

corresponding with

XVI
TT

Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets.

or

<J>,

masculine singular, and ~. with T,

as
in

or

sing,

fern,

in Coptic,

the names

of Cleopatra,

Arsinoe,

and Berenice.

The character
If

.__/" has the power of

q in the Rosetta Inscription.

we may be allowed

to

reason from analogy I should be induced to say that the

plural
is

formed by A~W\

or

agreeing with
;

w
or

Coptic, or
Jf ,
III,

by these characters doubled

NI,

as
also

NFN, or

Coptic.
II,

The

plural

is

formed by
I

and the dual by

in the Rosetta Inscription.

is

am

also inclined to think that the genitive

formed by A/WW,
se-

and the Prefixes, Pronouns, &c. by the grouping of

^X\AAA

veral of the Phonetic characters: as

m*
&c.

NK, or NAK,

~~>,

Nq, or

NAq

NC, or

NAC

The Alphabetic or Phonetic,* was one of the

* Clemens Alexandrinus
is

who

flourished about the second century

mention with correctness the kinds of writing used by supposed the Egyptians. His words are these
to
:

u4vTixa oi

TIV.Q

^4tyv7inoig nKidevoftevoi, nptnrov fiev nav/Uf&ofiov fXjUUVli'CtVOVffl, T1]V

671 1-

TCOV TG)V dtyVTtTHOV

y()CffjifjLCCTCi)V

OTol.oyQKcpmrjv xcf^ovfjLevrjv dtVTEQCtv Se,

rcft

ol isQoyQafifiUTeiq'
txiiv,
/)

^g

i/

[iev

tan
'

ryv lepctTixyv, i] zg VGTKTIJV de xai refavTctiKv ri]v Siu TCOV TtpooTCov aTOi^eicov XVQIO)*O?}

e ffVpftoJUxi]

Ti]$ Se ffVfifioliaciJs

fiev

xvptokoyeirat
i]

xcfTC(

fjiifirjaiv

S'

coaneo TQomxojq yQctcperai,

rtvceg aivtyfiovq-

Se avrixpvc;

xara
xvxkov

yhov yow
ff/fjfia

yQUifjai jjov^o-

noiovffi

oeh]vi]v

Se

fjirjvoeiSeq ,

XV.TK TO

xvQio).oyovfievov eidog' Toonixcag SE

,

ra

8'

XKT O e^ctMctTTOVTeg, TU de
Strom.
1.

%V.QUTTOVGIV.
,,Jam
A*ero

4. c. 4.

qui docenturabAegyptiis,

primum quidem discunt Aegy-

Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets.

XVII
the

modes of Hieroglyphic

writing;

but

besides

this
is

Egyptians had another called

divided into various kinds.

Symbolic, which

sub-

One kind

of Symbolic writ-

ing was by direct imitation, or pictorial representations

of the things intended to be expressed; as a bullock or

a ram was represented by a figure of the animal; and a

bow and arrow by

a graphic imitation of them.

Another
;

kind of Symbolic writing was the Tropical or Figurative

that
is

by metaphors and

similitudes.

The

third kind of

Symbolic writing was called Enigmatical.

For

instance,

ptiarum litterarum viam ac rationem quae vocaturEpistolographica: secundo autem hieraticam, qua utuntur Hierogrammates ultimam autem
:

Hieroglyphicam

cujus una quidem species est per prima elementa,

Cyriologica dicta: altera vero Symbolica.

Symbolicae autem una qui-

dem

proprie loquitur per imitationem: alia vero scribitur velut Tropice:

alia vero fere significat per

volunt scribere,

faciunt circulum:

quaedam Aenigmata. Qui solem itaque lunam autem figuram lunae, corei

nuum formam
loquitur.
et alia

prae se ferentem, convenienter

formae quae proprie

et transferentes,

Tropice autem per convenientiam traducentes

alia vero multis figuris

quidem immutantes, imprimunt." Porphyry has communicated much the same information on the

subject.

Ev AiyunTM

fifv

rotq isQevat avvriv 6 iruftceyopctg, xai rqv

xat

rrjv

AryvjiTKov (pcovqv yoaju/uctTOv

<5

TOJV [iev xotvohoyov/Lifvcav XCCTU

(jti/uijffiv,

TWV 3s
Vit.

XKTU nvaq
,,In
didicit,

aivr/fiovq.

De
Aegypto cum
sacerdotibus vixit
:

Pythag. Oil, 12. Pythagoras, et sapientiam

ac linguam Aegyptiorum
,

literarum autem tria genera, Epistoillae

lographicas, Hieroglyphic as

et

Symbolicas, quarum

(Hierogly-

Hae (Symbolicae) vero sub phicae) quidem res exponunt imitatione. Aenigmatis quibusdam latenter ostendunt."

XVIII
to

Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets.

express the

sun they formed a

circle,

and for the

moon they

traced the figure of a crescent.

first

At what period Hieroglyphic writing was

in

used

Egypt

it

is

impossible to

say;

but the inscriptions

date.

on the monuments carry us back to a very ancient

The name of Tirhakah king

of Ethiopia, (2. Kings XIX, 9.)

Christ,

who

flourished about

700 years before

was

dis-

covered by Mr. Salt at Medinet Haboo, and at Birkel

in

Ethiopia

in

Phonetic Characters.

M.

Champollion

also found at
(1.

Karnak the name

of Shishak king of Egypt,

Kings XIV, 25,

26.) Phonetically written,

who

lived

about 970 years before Christ.

"He

is

represented as

dragging the chiefs of thirty conquered Nations to the

feet

of the

Theban Trinity."

Among

these

he found

written in letters at full length, Joudaha Melek, "The king

of the Jews."

This

may be

considered as a commentary

on the above named chapter.

in the

We may

probably conclude

words of the Poet:

,,Nondum flumineas Memphis contexere biblos Noverat: et saxis tantum volucresque feraeque
Sculptaque servabant magicas animalia linguas." Lucan. Phars. lib. III. 221.

The Hieratic or Sacerdotal characters are immediately derived from the

Hieroglyphic, which will
at

once appear evident on comparing them.

racters appear to have been intended

"These cha-

for simple imita-

Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets.

XIX

tions of the
rial

Hieroglyphics:

and from these the Encho-

or Popular characters seem to have been derived."

"The manuscripts, which belong

Psammetichus
,

to

the

time

of
to

appear to be decidedly Hieratic, and

follow closely the traces of the distinct characters, while

those, of
rial

Darius approach in some degree to the Encho-

form, which probably came into

common use

as the

"epistolographic" character, while the Hieratic was so called

as being

more employed by the

Priests for the purposes

of their religion."
I

am

indebted to the kindness of C.

W. Goodwin

Esqr. for the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets, and

for the following observations on those Alphabets.

"The Hieroglyphic writing comprises between 60

and 70 signs which are alphabetic, that
present simple
is,

which re-

vowel and consonantial sounds.

There
is

are also nearly 200 more which are syllabic, that

they

represent combinations of simple sounds.

Some

of these

latter signs are appropriated to particular words, others

are in
"of
all

common
kinds.

use,

and occur

in the spelling of

words

As an example

of the Alphabetic signs

we may
It often

take

5^

the owl, which represents the letter m.

alone,
like

how-

ever stands

in Coptic,

in

which case we

must suppose that a vowel sound a or e was either prefixed or postfixed in pronunciation.

An

example of the

XX

Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphab

ets.

syllabic

signs

is

--

which represents the

combination

am.

Signs of this kind are often

signs.

com ined with one or

-fl-

more of the alphabetic

Thus for the simple

\

we have sometimes

-J-

p^, sometimes

u^ both of which
Many
characters

combinations are sounded simply am.

which are really syllabic were inserted in the earlier

lists

which were formed, as alphabetic.

all

It

is

probable

that

the Hieroglyphic characters were originally syl-

labic,

and that those which subsequently became pure

first

consonants, had at

a complementary vowel.
includes only those characters

The Hieroglyphic

list

which are purely alphabetic.

late inscriptions are

Those which are found in

asterisk. *
still

marked with an
considered

A
to

few

of which the sound

may be

open

doubt

are marked with a query ?"

"The
glyphic,

Hieratic writing

was formed from the Hiero-

by a gradual modification of the original forms,

so
altered as to be capable of
identical texts written

many

of which became

identification only

by comparison of

in both kinds of characters, of

which the Rituals furnish

abundant examples.
as there

Many

varieties of Hieratic exist, just

are

many kinds

of handwriting amongst our-

selves, all reducible to the old square

Roman

character.

About 600 B.
ormed
the
,

C.

the

Demotic or Enchorial was

being only an abbreviated or degenerated form of

Hieratic,

trough which

its

letters

may be

traced

Observations on the Hieroglyphic and Enchorial Alphabets.

XXI

up

to the original Hieroglyphics.

The Demotic or Enand Hie-

chorial writing comprises, like the Hieroglyphic

ratic,

a limited number of purely alphabetical characters,

syllabic ones.

and also a good many

is

The

list

here given

taken from the Demotic

Grammar

of Dr. Brugsch, and

comprises only those characters which

as purely alphabetic.

may be

considered
to left."

The reading

is

from right

Enchorial or Demotic Alphabet,

A
i

JL
4
'

(II)

<l 3

<^

tn

ou
B
F V
>

10
*.

C5)f f

^
^3< /Vl 1x>

X
a

K
R

>o>

M
N
P
S

D
f

2)

- ^
2_
*\>

1
-i.

^ +.
2>

<

SH
T
K,
<T

3
CL.

3 J J
I-H

^
L.

KH, b

fc

(T

Hieroglyphic Alphabet.

u, ou,

V
*

rLU

V*

Sh

ML

run

All these figures

left to

admit of being

turned the other

way and

read from

right.

Enchorial or Demotic Numbers.

1

? i

>*

J^

Hieroglyphic Numbers.
1.

Index to the Subjects.

Chap.
The Alphabet

I.

Page
1

Chap.
Pronunciation of the letters
.

II.

Chap.
Of Points and Abreviations
Part
II.

m.
7

Etymology.

Articles

1013

Chap. IV.
Of Nouns .1 Cases of Nouns
13

21

Chap. V.
Of Adjectives
24

Chap. VI.
Of Personal and Eelative Pronouns Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes
Cardinal and Ordinal

27

35
41

Numbers

XXIV

Index of the Subjects.

Chap. VH.
"

Pape
. .

Of Verbs Prefixes and

45
65

Suffixes

45. 97

Verbs united with particles

Participles
v
.

78
79

Negative Prefixes
Auxiliary verb

9pE

and

TpF
99.

89
91

Irregular and defective Verbs

Adverbs and Conjunctions

Prepositions

103

100

Chap.
Formation of words
Dialects

VTEI.
104

106109
first

Praxis of the

Chap, of John

110

CHAP.
The
Egypt. Alphabet.

I.

Coptic, or Egyptian Alphabet.

Names
English sounds.

of Letters.

Numb.

Chap.
Egypt. Alphabet.

I.

The Coptic, or Egyptian Alphabet.

Chap.

II.

The pronunciation

of the Letters.

CHAP.
The pronunciation
The followiug
\\hich
is

II.

of the Letters.
of

the

pronunciation

the

letters

now

prevails

among the Copts

o and
u>:

of Egypt.
is

A.

is

pronounced as a in man with us, and

E,

often used in

Bash, instead of

as

ANg

for

onb, NABF for

B.

NOBF, ANFg for FNF^, and pFqbATFB for is sounded as b in BAByAu>N, and as v
IU>BAN.
for
qi,
It
is

in

also used

instead

of
it

and o^BHp for

<y(j)Hp,

and

q and <J>, as Bt sometimes inter-

changes with n, as
r.

AHA

for

ABBA.
it

never occurs in Egyptian words, except when

used instead of other Letters,
words.
It is

is

or

is

found in Greek
x,

used instead of K and

as
for

ANP

for
;

ANK, NP for NK, TCDNT for TO)NK, and in Greek words as ANAPKH.
&.

MAAPE

MAAXf

was never used by the ancient Egyptians, and occurs

only in foreign words, in which
stituted
it is

sometimes subfor

for T, as

&AZIC

for

TAZIC, esAkpcw
It is
i

GFATpOH.
F. is

pronounced as
the

in

Greek.

used

iii

Sahidic
It
is

at

end of words instead of

in Coptic.

also
ATT.
2>
is

used instead of
It is

in

Bashmuric,

as
n.

gpn

for

sometimes written instead of

only used in words of foreign origin.

<TJNT for CCDNT.

It is

someis

times written for c, as

It

also

written for T, as TCDTTA^ION for

4
H.
is

Chap.

II.

The pronunciation

of the Letters.

sounded like the Greek

letter

;,

as

MHTTOTF:

it

was formerly pronounced with a sharp breathing, gHrEMOON,

1,

as

r/ye/Lttov.

It

is

sometimes used for F and

for TIMt.
th

as

gHBC

for
is

FBC,

THMl
e

e.

This letter
also

pronounced as
&.
is

in

OAAAFOC.

It is

pronounced as

used instead of

Tg

for

expedition in writing.
is

In Sahidic and Bashmuric

as

used instead of

e,

ETBF
(f,

for FOBF.

is

some-

times used in Sahidic for

t.

as

F0Ay<y

for F<fooo).
It

answers to

in
Ft,

Greek,
as

or

in English.

often

changes with
K.
is

tpp, Fipp: niNF, TTFINF.

It is

sounded as K

in Greek.

used in Sahidic
for

in-

stead of x, as

KAMF

for

XAMF; Kpoyp

xpoyp.
for

In Sahidic

it

is

often exchanged for r, as

rcoNr

TO)NK.
7\.

in

Bashmuric answers
AIMI for pini.

to

in

Coptic, as AAMFII for

ponm;
M.
N.
.

is

pronounced as
answers
letter
is

in English.

also
this

to n in English.

seldom found

in

Egyptian words, but

principally occurs in words derived from other languages.

It is

sometimes used

instead of KC, as

0oyz

for
o."

eoync;
pronounced
GO

oyp

for

ncoyp.

is

as o in

POBOAM.

It is

often exchan-

ged for
n.
is

long, as <j)O)px for (^opx.

is

sounded as b by the modern Egyptians, n

Sahidic
It

used

in

for
is

(j>

in

Coptic,

as ITAU) Sah.

for <f>AO)

Coptic.

sometimes used for B,

as

ATTA

for

ABBA.

Chap.
is

II.

The pronunciation of the

in

Letters.

p.

pronounced as r
A,

ApAM.
for

It is

changed

in

Bash-

muric for
c.
is

as

AFN
s

pAN

Coptic.

enunciated as

T.

is

6cpu>M. pronounced as &; and it is occasionally used

in

for

k, as

TANIFA

for

&AWFA.
It

y.

is

sounded

like u.
i,

occurs in words of Greek oriFI;

;

gin instead of

wand

as KyBorroc, for

cyMFNiN,
<]).

for orjfiawuv

and 2vyNA
in the

for

is

pronounced as /; and
bai.

beginning of words

as b; as (J)A1

In

Sahidic and Bashmuric

4>-

is

always used instead of

X.

has the

sound of
(y,

x,

or % of the Greeks.
,

It

is

ex-

changed with

and

as
is

Ftu)ip

for

HFXip;

and

Xom
\J/.

go>n.

In Sahidic

used instead of x.
It
is

is

pronounced as pn

in Greek.
it

rarely used in

Coptic, but sometimes

is

found for nc in the exx|/oAcFA for

pedition of writing, as \|AT for TJCIT;

TTCOACFA.
O).

is

sounded

like

of the Greeks.

It

is

frequently
often used
as AIK for

exchanged with o;
for OD
(JDIK.
;

and

in Sahidic

oo

is
0),

and A

in

Bashmuric instead of

(y.

possesses

the

same power
c,

as

in

Hebrew.

It

is

changed with
q.
is

x, x,

<f,

and sometimes with

it

g.
B,

pronounced as //
<J) 3

and

is

changed with

and

sometimes with
b.

as

THpcj)

for

rwpq.
WilIt

This letter answers to the n of the Hebrews.

kinson says

it

has the sound of kh.

changes with
It

X and K,

as

XFp, t>Fp; and ba)K, bcuK

never

Chap.

II.

The pronunciation of the

Letters.

occurs
stead.
.

in

Sahidic,

being

always

used

in

its

is

pronounced as h or

n,

and

is

used for the sharp

onkov,

breathing of the Greeks, as

gonAoN

gY ca)TIOC
pronoun-

voownog.
x.

Sir

Gardner Wilkinson says: "This

letter
It

is

ced hard as

in go,

and not as dj"

It

appears to
r,

answer

to the

Arabic _.

changes with

X,

u},

and 6\ as MApXApiTHC,

fiaQya^tTrjg,
,

rFNF(|)a)p for
for

XFNFcjxop, xpo)M for xpo)M and (Tog, xog.

6.

u)oy<i)T

xoy^T,

This letter

is

pronounced as
cpsoshni;
a),

or sh by the present
iTENtfoiC, pensuais.
It

Copts; as
is

ncotfNi,

exchanged with c and

as

(Rung for co>Ng, and

cycuA for d"o>A.

in Sahidic in
't.

But

it

is

chiefly

exchanged with x
XIN:
It
/.

and Bashmuric, as

<)IN for

occurs

some words of Greek origin instead of

The Copts of the present day pronounce this double letter as di; but there are some words in which we
should evidently pronounce
rrAA'tA
r

it

as

ti,

as

B ATTACH A,

etc.

In Sahidic

it

is

exchanged for TF, as

a)OM f-, Sah. OJOMTF. The following are examples

given by Sir G. Wilkinson while

of
in

pronunciation

as

Egypt. EGBF,

pro-

nounced as dtwa ;
NlO)'f, itishdee;

CCDTFM, sodam

(JbM, skim;

XOM. gbm;

nANOyt, banoodc ;
fit

nioycoiNl. beeoodynee;

FBoAbFN. dwelkhdn; F0BHTq,

inetmdi.

waff; rnF, edbc ;

HF6MHI.

Chap.

III.

Of Points and Abbreviations.

ig

CHAP.

III.

Of Points and Abbreviations.

1.

When
( )

the line in Coptic

(*)

or the horizontal line

it

in Sah.

occurs over consonants,

generally expresses

the vowel F, as

or R,
arid

FM: N or

IT,

FN.
it is

The vowel

is

sometimes written,

at other times

expressed by
or

the line above the consonant,

/Hction: Sah.
It

as

FMKA

MKAg,
for

a/-

MN

for

MFN, NM

for

NFM, O)MMO

UJFMMO.

appears from some words derived from the Greek,

that the line f) has been used in Coptic to express the

vowels A, F and o; as NAecoe, \-(vad(60\ Noyqi. and FCTiN for f^orr]v.

It is

ovoixpt;

equally evident from the Sahidic, that the line

(-)
for for

is

used for A, F and o; as

thou
:

ANK

for

ANOK.
tic

/;

HTOK,

oyHTC]
f.
;

for

oyONTAq.

halh;
for

o)OMTF. three
3.

NH

for

NEM
rind

and:

gH

When

the line (^) occurs above a vowel in words

derived from the Greek,

we

it

expresses the soft or

hard breathing of the Greeks; as HCAy- 'Haav; (OCANNA.

Moavvct; ABIA, *J{3ia: or
it

denotes that the letter should

be pronounced separately, and agrees with the diaeresis

of the Greeks, as
4.

CTOIXOC,

-Srwftcog.

The

line (*) is

put over a letter in some words

ever,

to

distinguish
oil

them from others; as TTFNF^,

f.

from

rrFNFg, thy
5.

line

above

MM.

or

H, distinguishes

it

from

or

radical,

and from N, the

definite article plural

Chap.

III.

Of Points and Abbreviations.

clef,

before the infix

(see

art,

plnr.)

as

wcooy
is

is

glory;
them.

but NO>oy, without the point above the N.

6.

to

Two

points
i.

in

Sahidic

()

are

sometimes put
as

over the letter

as a contraction of FI.
for TTXOEIC, Lord.

oyoiN

for

oyoFiN,
7.

light;

nxotc

Two

points are also put over the

t.

when joined

with another vowel in Sahidic, in the prefixes and suffixes to verbs

,

and

in

nouns and pronouns, thus

v

TAXpoi,

Fpoi, MAI,
8.

&TW,

&c. F^pAii, TTAI, TAI, NAI, MEI, NOI, HI

of the line
(

The further use

and of the points

but
it

()

will

be pointed out as we proceed;

may be

here observed, that hardly two Manuscripts of the same

work, agree in the lines above the

still

letters;

and we are

ignorant of a portion of them.

The Circumflex,
9.

The circumflex

(")

is

found in Sahidic Manu-

scripts over the vowels A> E,

over the
"^\

.1

^ ^ FI and
j
f~*\

1,

6 and
-

oG;

and

also

oy;

as

oyA, one; NA, mercy; rmoyF,

:

the heavens;

NH, they; u)TFKO, a prison

(fo5,

to

remain;

oyFt. one; oy, what?

In some cases the circumflex apas A,

pears to be used instead of doubling the vowels,

(tf,

for

AA

and

coo).

The circumflex

is

not always found

in

Sahidic Manuscripts.

The Apostrophe.

last

The apostrophe letter of a word in

10.

(')

is

generally found over the

Its

Sahidic, but not always.

I

use

does not appear to be very apparent.

fore

will not there-

add

to the

conjectures which have been put forth

Chap.

III.

Of Points and Abbreviations.

concerning

it.

It

is

found thus:

nopNiA', MA',
3

NoyB

AAYFIA',

O^AXF', C^IMF',

FIFXI', BCDK', XODK'?

,

F^FKiwA',
CflDTHp'.

<i)"pFU)VIM',

NMMAN',

pRMAO', gAT

UlBHp',,

TroNHpoc',
11.
It

An'. Rnqoyoocy', Finoq'.

sometimes occurs in the middle of a word,

as coA'cA, p'gGDB, cyrp'rcDp,

The Abbreviations.
12.

Some words

in Coptic

and Sahidic are abbrevi-

ated in the following manner, with a line or lines above

the words.

EG, fey,

ppg,
ec, ey,

ppoc,
epoc,

TwA,
Tvic,

iwcoyc,

INC,

IHCOyC NA^ApFOC CODTHp,

icpAnA,
ICDANNHC,
KypiF, Kypioc,
KF(j)AAFON,

TCA,
I

O) A, TeDH,

KF, KC, KN,

KA,

RH,
ngy,

MMApryptA,
Mcoy,

MFTXpU,
o
o,

MFTXpHCTOC,
ON, as MyCTHpio,

oy, as

10

Part U. Etymology.

PYO,

Cp, CU)p, CCDTHp

*Ji>

MAprypoc,
npoc,
<f01C.

xp, xpowoc.

.p,

XC, XpC, XplCTOC, (TC, (TOPIC.

13. Coptic Manuscripts
&JUI,

generally

begin

with
o>

,VAO, in the

name

e
of God: or with
CD

cyN icxypoc,
two
44.
24.

in the

name
The

of the powerful God.

14.

stops used in Manuscripts, are one or

points, as

XP

or as EAo)i:

N&H AqMoY- oyog &c. Mark XV, eAflDi: pAFMA CABAXeANi: Mark XV,

Part H.

Etymology.

The Articles.
1.

The Egyptian Language has the

and also the possessive.

definite

and

in-

definite articles,

The Definite Article.

Coptic.
Masc. Sing.

Fcm.
.

Sing-.

Plur. Coin.

HI.

TT.

T.

6. +.

Nl.

NFN.

Part

II.

Etymology.

1 1

S ah
TTF.
17.

i c.

TF. T.

NF.

R NR
NF.
TT

Bashmuric.
HI. TTF.
2.
17.

+. TF. T.
article

Nl.

R
promiscu-

The Coptic uses the

ni and

ously,' either before double consonants or vowels, as

m-

KAgi and n-KAgi',

"f"-CMn

m-m

and T-CMH.

and n-w, m-oypo andrr-oypo: The Coptic has and "t also be-

m
r

fore vowels, even before

i.

as niiAg,

f/iOY^ FA

But

in

the plural NI

is

generally used, but sometimes NFN, ex-

cept
after
TT

before

FT who, and the prefix, as we shall hereThe articles ()) and 6, are used instead of show.
T.

H, N, oy, p, as cj)BAA. (1)MU)IT, (j)OyAl, GBAKl, GMHCl, GNO^Nl: but W6 SOmeB,

i,

and

before the letters

times find these words

w ritten niBAA ntncaiT.

r

3.

The Sahidic has

TTF

and TF singular, and NF

plural before nouns, beginning with

TMAFIO, xpo, xmo, ^AOOTF, TT and T singular, and N plural, are used not only before vowels, or before one consonant,
CHtf,

two consonants, as npo) &c. The Articles

as before oycott),

NoyTF. and MA; but even before consonants, when marked with the line or vowel above, as prrF, TBBO, FiNTpp etc. But either TTF, TF. NF are used before z,
as TFgin,

NFgiooyp;

or

n^

is

contracted into
(|)An,

()>?

and

from n^An: (|)HKF from rrgHKF: (|)OOY from ngooy: and 9F froniTgF, GH from TH. GIMP from T^IMF. GAIBEC from T^AIBFC, GBCCD from

Tginto

e, as (|)Hy,

from ngwy.

12

Part

II.

Etymology.
is

T^BCU), eAAcu from TgAAo). Sometimes rrg

out the
contraction,
as

found withis

admitted before

ngHT. ngip. The vowel F oy, and poy is contracted into Fy,

as

nFyoFiu) for neoyoFiu), TFyo)H for TFoyu^w, and TFyNoy for TEOyNoy. Often N is prefixed to vowels, as

NACFBHC.

is

changed into
the signs;

Fi,

before

the letters

M
\\\\

and n, as MMAFIN.

Rrmye,
beds.

the heavens;

sometimes occurs, as HHd'Ao^, the

very rarely changed into
as BBppF, for
B, A, p,

The N

plur.

is

before the same letters,

NBppF,

plur. ne?v;

AAAOC

for

NAaoc,

the

peoples; ppflDMF for NpODMF, the men.

The Sahidic very

rarely has the Coptic articles ni. *f and NI. but they are

sometimes met with;

used instead of the

and occasionally TFI and NFI are

articles.

The Indefinite Articles.

4.

The

indefinite article has

no distinction of gender.

Coptic.
Sing-.

Plur.

oy.

Sahidic.
oy.

B
Oy.
5.

mu

c.

gAN.
indefinite
article
is
.

FN.
used,

gff.

Thus the

as

oycAxi.

a word;
cities.

gANCAXl, W0 rds;
it

oyBAKl

a city;

gANBAKi.

When oy

the indefinite article precedes the preis

position F, as Foy,

contracted into py, as F

Part
to

II.

Etymology.

13

gR

a desert for Eoyo)AqF. The Sahidic uses #FN and in the plural, and the Bashmuric the Coptic and Sa-

hidic plurals.

The Possessive Articles.

Coptic.
".

Sing. m.
(|>A.

Sing-,

f.

Plur. com.

6A.

NA.

Sahidic.
TTA.
6.

TA.

NA.

These

articles point out persons or things

which

belong to any one, as

is
is

of God. Ps. LXI, 11.

this image.

niAMAgi (|)A ^ OF, the power 9A WM TP TAl glKO)N, of whom

16.

Mark

XII,

NA TKoyi

THCTic, of

little

faith.

IX,

Luke XII, 28. TTA neqiarr. of his father. Luke 26. -When used with the name of a person, (|)A
the

signifies
III, 23.

son

of,

as

<|)A

wAl

the son

of

Eli.

Luke

CHAP.
An Egyptian noun
or other particle, as
the

IV.

Of Nouns.
1.

generally takes an article be-

fore

it,

oypumi,

a man-,

lions;

nip AN,

name;

Nt<)HTTt, the clouds; but

gANMoyMi, when the

article is prefixed to the

adjective or the substantive, the

other takes the prefix N, as oyNiaj-f Ngo'f, Copt.

14

Chap. IV. Of Nouns.

HgOTF, Sah.
ment. Sah.tation.

a great,

/'car.

Act. V, 2.

oyKAgl NU)FMMO,
first

a strange land, Copt. TO)OpTT fJNTO^H. /^^

command-

OYNiU)t NNFTTi TTF(|)Ai, Copt. The N is also prefixed

01,

this in

a yr eat lamen-

to the

noun substan-

tive or adjective after the verbs

and o)cone. as pqoi

thou,

NOyoHNl, a helper.
2.

it

is

light ;

AKU)0>riF

N80H90C,

hast been

Adjectives sometimes take the articles, as niNiu^-f,

'i'Niayi',

great, m.;

great,

f.
;

but

when they are united

distinguished by their

with the particles FT, Fq, FC and ey, they do not take
the
article.

Adjectives

are

also

prefixes and suffixes.

Of the Gender of Nouns.

3.

Every noun

of the three Dialects

is

is

either of the the mas-

masculine or feminine gender, and

known by

culine or feminine article being prefixed, or

by the prefix

or

suffix,

or

it

is

known by
as

its

agreeing with the verb,

or some other word in the sentence which has the sign

of the gender;
night, m.;

^BAKI,
;

the city,

f.

niFXCopg, the
f.
;

EqOtt),

much, m.

FCOcy.

much,

Copt.

NANoyqf.

ffood,

m.; Sah.

FGNANFC

Copt.

FONANFq. NAMoyc,

Sah. good,

The Plural has no

distinction

of gender,

nor
it

is

there any neuter in the language, but instead of

is

the feminine

used.

Nouns composed with

Sah. are
all

the par-

ticle

MET

Copt, or

MNT
XIN,

feminine.

Those

composed with (UN, Sah. are

also feminine, but those

compounded
masculine.

with

Coptic,

are

for the

most part

Chap. IV.
4.

Of Nouns.

15

There are some masculine nouns which become

i

feminine by adding

to

them
;

in

the Coptic and Bash;

muric, and F in the Sahidic

as BCDK, a servant, m.

BCDKI.

a servant,

f.

Copt. CON, a brother ; CCDNI, a

in law. O)0)Ml.

sister,

Copt.

u)OM, a father
in

Copt. o)0)MF. Sah. a mother

O)<|)npl,

law.

tt)(|)Hp,

a friend,

m.

a friend,

Copt.

a friend, m. a friend, f. Sah. 6~AMAyA, (yBFFp, o^BFFpF, a camel, m. (fAMAyAp, a camel, f. Sah. glHB, a lamb, m.
gtHBl, a lamb,
f. f.

Copt.

IF1B,

a lamb, m. glFtBF, a lamb,

Sahidic.
5.

Others form the feminine by changing the last

short vowel of the masculine into a long one, as BFAAp,

blind,

m. BFAAw, Copt. BAAvi, Sah.

lioness,

blind,

f.

Moyi, a

lion,

m. MOyvi, a
Copt, ppo,

Copt,

oypo,

a king, a queen, oypo).,

a king,

ppo),

a queen,

Sah.

bpAAo. an

old

man. bpAAo). an old woman, Copt. gAAo, an old man. gAAo),

<7^
f.

old woman, Sah.

(yMMO, ^

stranger, m. O)MMO),
f.

stranger,

Sah. CABF.
//(<?

'i>^.

m. CABH, wise,
Copt.

Copt. j^AF, the end,

m. t>AH,
6.

^w/,

f.

Likewise by changing the vowel of the penultison.

mate syllable of the masculine, as u)Hpt, a

o^Fpt,

daughter, Copt. O)HpF, a son. o^FFpF, a daughter, Sah.

Of the
7.

Number
of nouns

of
is

Nouns.
two,
the singular and

The number

the plural.

These can only be distinguished from each

other in general, by the singular or plural article being

prefixed, as:

16

Chap. IV. Of Nouns.

oyXGDM, a bonk; niXU)M,

NIXU)M, the books;

the book:
sin;

gANXflOM, books;

oyNOBF, a

nNOyBF,
article

the

sin;

gFNNOBF,

sins;

NFNOBF,

the sins, Sail.

When

nouns occur, without the

being preits

fixed, the singular or plural

can only be known by

connection with other words of the sentence.

8.
fern,

Some

adjectives take the prefixes Fq, masc. FC,

plur, as

FqFMTTcyA, worthy t m. FCFMno)A, worthy, fern. FqOKM. sad, m. Sah. FyoKM, sad, plur. Sah. The adjectives which have the suffixes q and c singular,

and

Fy

have the plural in oy, which variously

the

is

contracted with

preceding vowel, as TTFGNANFq, good.

npeNANFy,

good, plur. TTFGNAAq, great. TTE9NAAy, great, plur. NA(ya>q, much. NAO)0)oy, much, plur.
9.

There are a considerable number of Nouns which form their plural

endeavour to
differently,

in

each

dialect,

which

we

shall here

class according to their ter-

mination.
10.

Coptic Plurals which end in

t.

ABU>K, a crow.

ABCDKI, crows. A(j)0)4> ? a giant.

A(j)0)(|)i; giants.

MA, a place.

MAt, places.
rich.

MNOT
old.

a breast.

MNot,
plur.
in

breasts.

pAMAO,

pAMAOl,

rich, plur.

panions. t>FAAo,

u^Fp, bpMoi, old,

a companion. comu)<])Fpi,

11. Coptic Plurals

in F- (TAAs, lame.
blind,

which end

and their
blind.

sing,

(TAApy. lame, plur. BFAAp,

BFAAFy,

plur. 9FO)F, neighbour. 0FO)Fy, a neighbours. MFepF,

witness.

MFepFy,
plur.

witnesses.

pFM^F.

free.
f

pFMFy,/ra',
t>AF,

>

plur.
,

CABF; prudent.
last,

CABFy, prudent
humble.

plur.

last,

XANF,

XANFy,

humble, plur.

Chap. IV.

Of Nouns.
in oy,

17

12. Coptic Plurals

in

which end

and their

sing,

E and o; but which change them into

plural.

woy and 0)oy

EgF, an
lApcooy,

in

the

FBO, mute.

EBO)Oy, mute, plur.

tApo,
#

ox.

FgHoy and Fgcooy.

oypo, a
rich,

oxen.

rw.

rivers.

king,

oypcooy.
a door.

kings.

pAMAO,

rich.

pAMAcuoy,
CAUDoy,

plur. po.

po)oy, doors. CAiF, fair.

/air, pi.
#<"/.

O)FMMO, a
nets.

stranger.

a}FMMO)oy,
prison.

strangers. (t)NF,

o^NHOy,

U)TEKO,

O)TEK(JDOy, prisons.

UJXE,

/OCM.V/.
/><?tf^,

cyXHOy,

locusts.

To

these

may be added

Arm,

Bash.

Anwoy,

heads.

13.

Coptic Plurals

which end

in

oyi,
o>.

and their

singulars ending with a consonant, or with

Aq,

flesh.

Aqoyi,

flesh, plur.

AXO), magician. AXcooyt,

pEqXCO,
CBODOyi,

magicians.

ET(j)0),

a burden. ETcfxwoyi, burdens.

singers.

a singer.
doctrines.

pEqxcooyi,
C(|)tp,

CBO), a doctrine.
sides.

side.

C())lpa)oyi,

14.

Of Coptic Plurals which end

in

in

oyi, and their

singulars

E.

EI,

H or oy.

which are changed into

woyi or cooyi
A(()F,

in the plural: as

a head. A(|)Hoyi ? heads.

AAoy. a
plur.

boy.

AAcooyi.
tear.

boys.

BEXF, wages. BFXHOyi, wages,

tears. pp(j)Fl,

FpMH, a
temples.

FpMcooyi,
an
hour.

a temple,

oyNO)oyi,
beasts.
(|)E,

hours.

pp^noyi a TFBNH
.

oyNOy,
beast.

labouring

TFBNtooyi,

heaven. c|)Hoyi, heavens.

hpF,

food.

bpHoyi, food,
15.

plur.
F.

Sahidic Plurals which end in

ABflDKF;

ABODK, a crow.

crom. Aooy, an ornament.

AooyF, ornaments.

18

Chap. IV.

Of Nouns.
in ey,

16. Sahidic Plurals

which end

and wy, and

their singulars in E. as

BAAE,

blind.

BAAEy.
;

blind, pi.

cms. prudent. CABEEy,

cyAqEEy,
tf

prudent, plur.
tf#

u)AqE

# desert.

deserts.

XIXF,
w7-

enemy. xiXEEy,

enemies.

'f'MF,

village.
A?*/,

fMFFy.

%^.

gAF,

/<?^.

gAFEy and gAFyE,

AMpwy,
nets.

plur.
sing, into

17. Sahidic Plur.

which change the F

ny pi.
oxen.

AMpE,
ttjNEj,

a baker.
net.

bakers. EgE, an ox.

FHy.

a
18.

o)NHy,

Sahidic

Plurals

which end

in

EyF, wyE, and

woyE, and

their singulars in E, as
heads. TIE; heaven.
plur.
lame.

AHE, a head. ATTHyE.

,

rmyF,

heavens.

last.

eAEEyE^

last,

food, plur.

^AAE,

epwyE, and (fAAEEyE, lame, plur. The

gpE, food.
in

short F

is

changed into H when the plurals ends

Sahidic
Plurals

nyE.

19.

which end

in

oy,

and their

singulars in o, which are changed into (ooy, as

lEpO,
shores.

a river.

FiNTppo,

lEpCDOy, a kingdom.

rivers.

Kpo,

the shore.

Kpcuoy,
po.

MHTppCOOy,

kingdoms,
kings.

a king, a door. po)oy. doors, ppo,

following
is

ppeooy.

The
an ox.

formed

not

quite

regularly: FgE.

Fgooy,

oxen.

20. Sahidic Plurals which end in

EiO),

oyE.

an ass. ElflDOyE,
EO).

asses.
ass.

EMpO). a harhour. FHpoasses.

oyE, harbours.

an

FOOyE,

KE, another.
hours.

KOoyF,
night.

otJiers.

oyNoy, an

hour.

oyNooyF,

oycpH,

oyo^OOyE,
tears.

nights. piMF,,

pMFlH, Keeping. pHElOoyE,

pMFloyE,
a doctrine.

poMTTE. a year.
doctrines,

pRnooyE,
a
side.

years.

CBO),

CBOoyF,

cnip,

cntpOoyE,

Chap. IV.
sides.

Of Nouns.
beasts, plur.
-

19

TBNH, a
toays.

beast.

TBNOOyF,

a waif.

lOOyF,

ooa>> P lur gpF, /007. epPY E > f 21. Coptic and Sahidic Plurals of a more irregula

character.

Coptic.
Sing.
Plur.

Ago, a

treasure.

.,

treasures.,

ABOT, a month.
ANAU), an
oath.

ABHT,, months.

ANAyu),
BA't'}

oaths:

BHT, a palmwood.
BO)K, a servant.

palmwoods.
servants.

FBlAK,

F60U), an Ethiopian.

FGAyu), Ethiopians.

FMKAg,
FO),
i

FFy,

asses.

a merchant.

",

merchants.

M,
lu>T^

home.

HOy,

houses.
*tfA-.

lOM, ^/^

^.
beloved.

AMAioy,

father.

10^

fathers.
,

MFNpiT,
MCDIT,

beloved.

plains.

Mircooyi, ways.
oypA'i", keepers.

oypiT, a keeper. a tenth.

pFMHT, CAb, a

pHMA'f,

tenths.

scribe.
wall.

cboyij, scribes.

COBT, a

CFBGAloy,

watts.

CONI, a robber.

ClNODOyi, robbers.

CON, a
CglMl,

brother.

CNHOy,

brothers.

woman.

lOMi, women.

3*

20
,

Chap. IV.

Of Nouns.

a father in law. a rod.

U)MO)Oy, fathers
o)Bot? rods.
Boyt, vipers.
60)p,
horses.

in

law.

a viper.
a horse.

a bird.

gCOB,

2 BHO Y l

works.
l 5

XAMOyA?
xoi, a
ship.
?

camels.

ships.
,

feet.

Lords.

S ah
Sing.

i c.

Plur.

Ago,
Bip,

treasure.

AgCDCDp, treasures.

basket.

BpwoyE,

baskets.

FBOTj,

month.
</

EBATF, months.
\

ElODT^

father.

ElOTE, fathers.

oyplT,
CON,

keeper.
brother.

oypATE,
CNHy^

keepers.

brothers.

CglME,

woman.

glOME, women.

oygop,

oygoop,
gBOyij

*%>*.
birds.

gA^AATE,

vipers.

C Ta) P?
xoi,

Ta)a) P? horses.

gBny. gBHye, works.

XEicooyE, Lords.

XOEIC,

Chap. IV.

Of Nouns.

Of Cases
22. Strictly

of

Nouns.
Dialects
of

speaking the three

have no cases of nouns.

tain particles

Egypt But these are indicated by cer-

which precede, or are prefixed to the nouns,

as,

or bv prepositions,

Coptic.
Norn.

Sahidic and Bashmuric.

R6~i.

NXF
M, N.

Gen. NTF, M, N.
Dat.
F, F,
cb,

NTF, R,
F,

FT.

R,

FT. FT.

ACC.

M.

N.
a),

F ? R,
TTF.

Voc.

nt.

Abl. F, M, N, or a preposition.
23. It will be

F, R> R, or a preposition.

seen that what are called cases in

particles

Greek and Latin are here denoted by

which

precede the noun, as in the nominative and genitive, or

by

particles prefixed.

The Nominative Case.

24.
tic,

The sign of the nominative case

F<Ji

is

NXF

in

Cop-

and

in

Sahidic

and Bashmuric, as AqFpoyo)

NXF

THC, TTEXAq N0)0y, Jesus answered (and) said to them,

3.

Luke VI,
came.

act AF NXF MApiA ^MArkAAiNH, But Mary Magdakn came. John XX, 18. AqFl H6~i fcoANNHCj John
Mat.
Ill,
l.

Sah.

TOTE Aqpi

R6~i

Tc

FBoAgN,
Mat.
Ill,

TPAAlAAlA,
13. Sah.

than Jesus came

out of Galilee.

22

Chap. IV.

Of Nouns.

The Genitive
25.

Case.

The genitive case

is

indicated by

NTE preceding
city

the noun, as

oyBAKi NTF TCAMAptA, a

(J)OYO)iw

of Samaria.
face.

John IV,
Ps.
2.

4. 3.

XLIV,

NTF nsKgo. //? ////tf 0/ thy oyojAXF NTF TMF, M<? ^WY/ <?/ #//*,
Sah.

Sah.

Cor. VI,

7.

But the prefix

or N.

is

frequently

used as the sign of the genitive case,

Sahidic,
as

especially in the

(J)pAN

MFTAIODT,
the

the

name

of my

father.
1.

John V, 44. oycAXl NFMI,

XII,
8.

word of knowledge.
of Sion.
IVIat.

Cor.
5.

TtyFFpF

FTCIGDN, the daughter

the son

XXI,

Sah.

no)npe RAAYPIA.

of David. Mat. XXI,

9.

Sah. nu^upe MTTpcuMF. the son of man.

Sah. T<ToM MTTNOyTE, the

Sah.
()),

Luke XXII, power of God. Luke XXII,

B,

48.
69.

The prefix

is

used principally before

IT,

and
p.

and always before

but seldom before A and

The Dative Case.

26.

The dative case takes the

F,
to

prefix

or N,

and
help

sometimes
(his

as

Aqtrorq FimcA,
he came
to the

he

hath given
'he

hand)

Israel

TTFXAq NCIMODN,

said to Simon.

Aqi Firm MMAplA, Finppo

;

house of Mary. Fff u)0)M

Luke XXIII, 2. Sah. *\ NNgHKF, to give to the poor, Luke XIX, 8. Sah. NFKXCO MMOC FOyON WM, saycst thou it to all? Luke XII, 41.
to

give tribute to the king,

Sah.
the

When

is

prefixed to the indefinite article oy,

Foy

are frequently contracted into py, as

it

FCTNTODN

EyoABiAE TTojATM.

is

like to

a grain of mustard seed.

Luke

XIII, 19. Sah.

Chap. IV.

Of Nouns.

23

The Accusative
27.
F,

Case.
case are M,
the prison,

The signs

of the

accusative

or

as

ANXlMl MntMANCCDNg, we found

Acts

V, 21.

Aqpoobr NgANXCDpi, he hath

52.

cast

down

the strong,

Luke
ceive

.1,

AAAA
I,

FpFTFNE<)i
8.

NoyxoM,
FIT (TC,

but yc shall re-

power. Acts

'ANN Ay

we have seen. the

Lord.
lifted

John XX, 25. A Mooycwc XFCT Angoq, -#/<9^ up the serpent. John I, 14. Sah. TTAl ETF poyOFlN
man. John
I,

FpcoMF NlM, w/tf^ enlighteneth every But the F is most frequently used
accusative.

9.

Sah.

as the sign of the

The Vocative Case.

28.

The sign
as
CD

of the

vocative case
o

is

<b

preceding
I,

the
it

noun,

6FO(])iAF,

Theophilus. Acts

1.,

but

does not often occur.

The

definite article is

used as
Copt.
16.

the sign of the vocative, as ^pF.qtcBO)

NArAeoc,

TTCA

HArAGOC,
my

good Master!

Sah. Mat. XIX,

TTAO)<|>Hp,

friend!

Copt. TTFO^BFFp,

friend! Sah.

Mat. XX, 13. Fyxa>

MMOC

XF nxoFic NA NAN no^wpp

Copt.
15. Sah.

R^AyFlA.
on
us,

saying,

Lord thou son of David, have mercy

Sah. Mat.

XX,

30. Ttt)Fpt NCICON,

!

TpjFFpF

HClO)N.

daughter of Sion

John XII,

The Ablative Case.

29. This case sometimes takes the prefix
F,

M, N or

as

FNOBF NlM, from

all sin.

Sah. FTTNOyTF. from God.

24
FT

Chap. V.

Of Adjectives.

MMOKMEK. from

the thoughts.

Sah.

But the

ablative

is

generally represented by some preposition.

The Bashniuric takes the same

hidic to
all

particles as the Sa-

the cases, except the Ablative.

CHAP.
1.

V.

Of Adjectives.
There are some adjectives, the number and gender of which are
as

known by
m.

the suffixes, or the articles,

f.

niNigyh

great,

tNiO)^, great,
f.

and PGNANEq,
great, m.
-

good, m.
Sah.

E6NANEC, good,
great,
f.

NAAq

or

EGNAAq,
pl ur

NAAC,
E,

Sah.

EGNAAy, ffw*>

Sah.
as

ET,
to

or

ue united

to verbs forms adjectives,

clean, holy.

oyAB

be clean, holy.

EGOyAB,

NAO)E or ENAO)E, Sah. much. NAU)tt)q or ENAcyo)q,

Sah. much, m. NA(yu)C or ENAOJOUC, Sah. much,
f.

NAOJ-

O)oy or ENAO)0)Oy, Sah. much, plur. NANE and NANoy, ENANoy, Sah. good.

NANEq,
Sah.

NANoyq, ENANoyq, ENANoyc, Sah. good,

good, plur.

Sah. good, m.
f.

NANEC and NANoyc,

;

EGNANEy,
Sail,

ETNANoyoy,

NAEIAT
thou, m.

or
;

NAi'AT,

blessed.

NAi'ATK, blessed

N AtATq blessed he. N Al ATC, blessed she. N AlATHyTH,

blessed ye.

NAtATOy,
or

blessed they.
1.

NECE
EGNECcoq
ENECCDC,

or ENECSj, fair, beautiful NEC(JDI, fair

NECflDq,

ENECcoq,

fair

he.

NECGDC, EGNECCDC or
fair they.

fair she.

ENECO)oy or ENECOOy,

Chap. V.

Of Adjectives. Sah.
Messed.

25

CMApcooyT, and CMAMAAT,

KCMA-

poDoyT, Messed thou. qcMApcooyT, qcMAMAAT, Sahidic. Messed lie. NHFTCMApoooy, NFTCMAMAAT, Sah. blessed
they.

oyAA.
he.

Sah. alone.

oyAAK,

alone thou.

oyAAq,

alone

oyAATOy,

alone they.

MM Ay AT,
MAYAAK,
Sah.

and
alone

MAY A AT,
thou.
Sail,

Sail,

alone.

MMAYATK,
i.

m.

MMAyA'f', alone thou

MMAyATq. MAyAAq,
AAC, Sah. alone
we.
she.

alone he.

M Ay A AN,

Sah.

MMAyATC, MAyMMAyATFN, alone

m.

MMAyAToy. MAyAAy,
rwp,
all.

Sah. alone they.

rupK,
Sah.

the whole thou,

Tupq, Twppq,

Sah.

all he.

THpC, THpFC,
all ye.

Sah.

all she.

THpFN, THpR,

all we.

THpTR,

THpoy,

all they.

Of the Comparison of Adjectives.

2.

Comparatives are formed by goyo, Copt, goyo,

goyp, Sah. #OYA, goys, Bash, more, as goyo TAIO FgOTF MCDyCHC, more (greater) honour than Moses.

oygoyb TAIO F^OTF

the

niHl,
3.

more (greater) honour than F-foy FTOEIK.

house.

Heb.

Ill,

MNTAN goyo

Sah. we have not more than five breads loaves. Luc. IX, 13.

FgOTF
poi,

is

also a sign of the comparative, as

more than me, Mat, X, 37. and with F, as

(jrf"

NTF
God

is

FCOl NCABF FgOTF FNlpODMl, the foolishness of wise more (wiser) than men. 1. Cor. I, 25.

3.

The comparative
to

is

also

expressed

by

adding
(J)^
1.

Ngoyo
NlO)'|'

the

positive;

as

^MFTMFepF NTF
of God
is

oyJohn

TE

fl2Y>

the witness

greater.

26

Chap. V.
9.

Of Adjectives.

V,

It

is

also

expressed by adding r,

or N to the

positive, as

MM

TTTOK

FKNAAK

FTTNIODT IAKCOB, art thou

greater than our father Jacob? John IV, 12. Sah. oyNotf

John XIX, greater than our heart. I.John

NNOBF, greater

sin.

11. Sah.
III, 20.
1.

RNOO" FTTFNgHT,
Sah.

MH FNXOOp

Fpoq, are we stronger than he?

4.

Cor. X, 22. Sah.

Sometimes there

is

no word to express the com-

parative,

and

it

can only he collected from the sense of

the passage; as
(greater)

NIM rap

TTF rriNuyf-. for which is great

the

Luke XXII, 27. TMFTTMNTpF FiTTNoyTF NAAAC, witness of God is great (greater) 1. John V, 9. Sah.
5.

The

positive
TTF

is

sometimes used for the superla>FN

tive as

NIM

TTlNUyt

^MFTOypO NTF

NKj)HOyi,
is

NIM

TTF

TTNO(f

TMNTFpo NMnwyF,
is

Sah. who

the

great (greatest)
6.

in the

kingdom of heaven? Mat. XVIII,

1.

Sah.

The superlative

formed by adding

F,

FBoA,

FBoAoyTF,

or some such

word

to the positive, as

ANOK

rAp
Bash.
/or I

TTF

nmoyxi FBoAoyrF NiXnocroAoc Twpoy, and ANOK rAp TTF TTKoyi oyTF NiAnocToAoc THpoy,
the least

am

of

all the Apostles.

is

1.

Cor.

XV,

9.

7.

The superlative

more

often formed by adding

FMAO)0), Copt.

FMATF,

Sah. EMAojA, Bash, greatly, very

much, to the positive,

as

ATAv|/yXH o)eopTFp FMAO^U),

3.

my

soul

is

exceedingly troubled. Ps. VI,

as

FMAU)0),

FMATF

and FMAOJA are also repeated;

AqFp pAMAO NXF

rich. nipooMl FMAo^O) FMAO)(0, the man was exceeding Gen. XXX, 43. XFKIC TFTHArAnw peoyo FMATF

FMATF.

that

your

love

FpF may abound

exceedingly.

Sahidic.

Chap. VI.

Of Personal Pronouns.

27
Fi\-

Phil.

I,

9.

and in Bash. XEKFC ppe

TereNArArm

goyA FMAUJA. The superlative is also formed by Ngoyo repeated, as oyog Ngoyo Ngoyo NAyppu^wpi, and they
were exceedingly astonished. Mark VII, 37.

CHAP.

VI.

Of Personal Pronouns.

Sin
Coptic.

AMOK

N00K
N90
N90C

ANON
N00DTFN

N9(JDOy

28

Chap. VI.

Of Personal Pronouns.

Personal Pronouns.
2.

Of the Genitive Case.

Singular.
Coptic.

Chap. VI.

Of Personal Pronouns.

29

Plural.
NAN
NCDTEN

NAN
NHTFT

NUN

to

US.

NHTEN

to you.

ewNoy
NCOOY

THNOV

THNOY

with an accus.

NAY
is

NHOY, NHY
to

them.

3.

and

AA

formed by the word po Copt, Bash, by prefixing E to them: and by TOT, Copt.
also

The dative

TOOT, Sah. TAAT, Bash, by

prefixing E or

to them.

Singular.
Coptic. Sahidic.

Bash.
to me.

Epoi

EpOl, EpAl

EpOK
Epoq
EpOC

FpOK, EpAK
EpO,

EpA

EAAK to thee, m. EAA to thee, f.

EAAq EAAC
to him.
to her.

epoq, EpAq
EpOC,

EpAC

Plural.
EpON
EpCOTEN

EpON, EpAN
EpODTN

E^AN

to

us.

to you.

EpODTEN 0HNOY
Bpa)OY

HpAT THyTN

Epooy

EAATTHNOy EAAY to them.

(

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bash.

E Or NTOT

E or RTOOT

EorHTAAT

to

me.

NTOTK
NTOTq NTOTC

RTOOTK
TTTOOTE

HTAATK
NTAATq HTAATC

to thee,
to thee,

m.
f.

NTOOTq NTOOTC

to him.
to her.

30

Chap. VI.

Of Personal Pronouns.

Plural.
E or NTOTEN E
01'

NTOOTFI

E or fiTAATEN

to

US.

ETENOHNOy ETOTOy NTAToy

4.

ETOOT THyTH
TTTOOTOy

to 1JOU.

HTAATOy
is

to

them.

The accusative Pronoun

formed by

MMO

Copt,

and

Sah.,

MMA

and

MA
S
i

Bash.

ngu

r.

Coptic.

Chap. VI.

Of Possessive Pronouns.

31

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

t>HT

gHT my
gviTK

face, me.

thee,
M<?<",

m.
f.

t>Ht

gHTF
HT(]

hwrq

Plural.

6.

The

ablative case

is

formed by the following pre-

positions with the suffixes.

32

Chap. VI.

Of Demonstrative Pronouns.

Sing. Masc.
Coptic.
(|)a>i

Sing.

Sahidic.

TTO)l

mine.

(j)0)K
(J)0)

TTGDK thine, m.

eO)K

no)

thine,
/MA*.

f.

no)q
(j)0)C

TTCQC her.

T70)N

0wr.

<J)0)TFN

TKDTN your.
TToooy
their.

eo)oy

Plural Common.
mine,
thin?,

m.
f.

M?>?,

Chap. VI.

Of Demonstrative Pronouns.

33

Plural.
Coptic and Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

NAl

NEl

these.
is

Another form of the demonstrative pronoun

follows.

as

Ma
Coptic.
(j)H

s c.

F
Coptic.

e m.
Sahidic.

Sahidic.

TTH he.

0H

TH

she.

Plural..
NH
8.

they.
is

The demonstrative pronoun

often joined with

the relative pronoun

ET

as

Singular.

Ma
Coptic.

s c.

F e m.
Coptic. Sahidic.

Sahidic.

<j)HET

TTHET

he,

who.

0HET

THET

she, who.

Plural.
NHET
they,

who.

MMAy
and
relative

is

frequently united

with the demonstrative

plural,

pronouns both singular and

12. Copt.
dwelling

as (J)H-

ETEMMAY, he. Luke XXII, MTTIMA ETFMMAy, the jews

XVI,
3.

Niioy&Ai FTcyon
in that place,

Acts

Copt. IDEM

toyNoy ETEMMAY,

in that hour. Copt.

OyOg A TECCMH (yENAC EBoA glXEN HlKAgl THpq ETEMMAy, and the fame of it went out through a/I that
land.

Mat, IX, 26.

5.

34

Chap. VI.

Of Prepositions.

Relative Pronouns.
9.

The

relative

pronoun

is F.

FT, FTP. or F6 before

aui,

the letters M.

N and o
F, FT,
,

in Copt,-,

and FNT.

quae, quod,

and likewise

FTP,
to

FIT, in Sahidic

and Bashmuric.
us.

NNHFT AY T AoyON
(j)HFT

those

who

sent

John

I,

22.

CO)TFM NCtt)TFN, he who heareth you. <J)HFT MMCDTFN, he who despiscth you. Luke X, 16.
10.
tion,

cpCDty

The interrogative pronouns undergo no variawhich are these, NIM, who? AO), F0), who? what?

oy> who? oywp, how many?

Of Prepositions.
11.

There are some substantives which are used as

prepositions, as p AT Copt.

AFT, Bash,

afoot, po, a mouth.

TOT, u hand.
xo>,

a head.

gpa, a face. These, being united with some particles

bwT, a

neck.

HT, a heart,

become prepositions, as ty&Ttome. Mat. VI,

Copt.

18.

hap AT,

gapAT,
thee.
8.

Sah. under me. Mat. VIII,

under

Ezech. XXVII, 30.

Fpo, l^Apo, him. Ex. t>Apoq, against

9.

^TOTq from him. Dent. XV, 3. NbnToy, in them. Psalm V, 10. F!2 HTK Sah. in thee. Ezech. XXVIII, 15.
XVI,
?

FpAl,
Ps. Ill,

against me.
1.

Ps. CI, 8.

Fpm

FXO)l, against me.

&c.

Prepositions.
F,
acc., dat.,
,

ad, in &c.

Copt, from, ex.

^ an from,
-

ex.

FBoAwbHTq, FBoAwbHToy FBoArJgHTq, FBoAiTgHTR

&c. &C.

from, ab, ex.

Chap. VI.

The Pronoun

Infixes

and

Suffixes.

35

FBoA^Apo,
FBoAglTH,

a,

ab.
a,
a,

FBoA^Apoq, FBoA^Apcw
ab.

&c.

Sail, Sail,

FBoAgiTR,

ab.

FBOA^lTOT, per,

a,

ab.

FBoAglTOTK, FBoAglTOTq,
ab.

&C.

FBoAglTOOT,

S. per, a,

FBOAglTOOTK, FBoAglTOOTq.

FgOTFpO,

supra, plus quam.

FOTFpOK, FOTFpOq,

&C.

N, acc., dat., ad, ab, from, &c.

NTFN, NTH,

Sail.

from.

0)A, ad, usque ad, U)ApOl.

t>A, Copt, sub, contra,

cyApOK, tt)AAAK, Bash. &c.

apudte, t>ATOTq, apud eum.
etc.

hATOTK.

&, Sah. sub, ad, pro.

gATOTK,

g ATM,

Sail,

apud, ad, &c.

gATH^
gi,

Sah. apud, &c.

6-^^,

?,

ITOT, 2 ITOOT ? Sah. gtTooTC, Sah. &c.

ATffNF, F9BF, FTBF. Sah.

To

these

may be added
others.

oyBF; oyTF and

The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes.

12.

The pronoun
instead
of

infixes

and

suffixes are

added

to

words
nouns.

the

possessive

and

personal

pro-

13.
article

The pronoun

infixes

are

inserted

between the

and the noun, and used instead of the possessive

pronouns.

oy,
your,

thy,

f.

They are the following: A, my. FK, thy. F or his. FC, her. FN or R, our. FTFN or FTFT Fq,
or Fy,
their.

oy

An
given.

example of the

infixes with the articles is here

36

Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes.

The Infixes.
Singular,
with
artic.

Plural.
artic. fern.

masc.

with

TT-A,

N-A, my.

N-EK, thy,
N-E, thy,
f.

in.

N oy,
N-Eq,
N-EC,

thy,
Ins.
/te-r.

f.

Sah.

N-EN, our.
N-R, 0#r, Sah.

N-ETEN, your.
N-ETFI, your.

N-oy,
N-Ey.

/^zV-.
/!fo/r,

Sail.

oy
occurs.
14.

is

sometimes used for the

infix of the
it

second

person feminine, instead of E in Coptic, but

seldom

The

suffixes

are

used with words instead of

the infixes, and are these which follow.

Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes.

37

Singular.
F, thee,

Plural.
oy. Ay,
&<*!/>

or thy,

f.

or

(fieir

or &s. q, him,
c,
/*<??*,

Foy or wy, //*#/, or/fo?/r,Sah.

or

/*<?/*.

A
rule.

small

number

of

words vary from the general

The Infixes.
15.

The

infixes to

nouns

will

be understood by the

following examples.
i,

a son, with the m.

article,

and

infixes.

Singular.
Artie,

Plural.
Artie,

and Infixes to a noun masc.

and

Infixes to a

noun

raasc.

my
TTFK-0)Hpi.

son.

NA-0}Hpl,

my

sons.

thy son,
f.

m.

m. NFK-(ynpl, thy sons,

NF-u)Hpt, thy sons,
f.

TTE-u)Hpi, thy son,

noy-c^npF. thy
TTFq-o)Hpt,
TTFC-U)Hpl,
TTFN-U)vipi ?
TTFI-u)HpF,

son,

f.

Sah.

Noy-o)HpE, thy

sons,

f.

Sah.

his son.

her son.

our son. our son, Sah.

NEq-O}npt, his sons. her sons. NEC-o)Hpl, NFN-(ynpt, our sons.

NN-cyHpF ? our

sons, Sah.

TTETFN-cyHpi, your son.

TTFTFI-cyvipF,

sons. NFTFN-tt)Hpi, your

your

son,

Sah.

NFTFT-cywpF, your sons, Sah.

TTOy-^Hpij their

son.

Noy-cywpl, their sons.

TTFy-0)HpF, their son, Sah.

NFy-cynpF,

their sons,

Sah.

38

Chap. VI.

The Pronoun

Infixes

and

Suffixes.

CCDNI, a sinter, with the fern, article

and

infixes.

Singular.
Artie,

Plural.
fern.

and Infixes to a noun

Artie,

and

Infixes to a

noun

fern.

TA-Ctt)Nl,

my

sister.
sister,

NA-CO)Nl,

my

sisters. sisters,
f.

TFK-CCDNl, thy
TF-CCDNi, thy

m.
f.

NFK-CCDNi, thy
NF-CU>Nl, thy

m.

sister,

sisters, sisters,

Toy-CGDNF, thy
TFq-Ctt)W,

sister,

f.

Sail.

Noy-co)NF, thy
NFq-ccuNi,

i.

Sah.

his sister.
sister.

his sisters.
sisters.

TFC-CO)Nl, her

NFC-CO)Nl, her

TFNCCONl, our
TN-CGONF, our

sister.

NFN-co>W our
?

sisters.

sister,

Sah.

NN-CCDNF, our

sisters,

Sah.

TFTFN-CODW, your
TETN-CGDNF, your
Toy-CCONi. their

sister.

NFTFN-CCJDNI, your

sisters.

sister,

Sah. NFTN-CODNF, your sister^,Sah.

sister.

NOy-ca)Ni ;

their sisters.
their sisters, Sah.

TFy-CODNF,

their sister,* Sah.

NFy-CO)NF.

16. It will

be

seen from the

foregoing examples,

that

the

infixes are the same to a masculine and femi-

nine noun, singular and plural.

The Suffixes.
17.

The following examples

will

show the position

of the suffixes.

Adjectives with the Suffixes.

FNFCF

or NFCE, fair.
I.

THp.

all
all,
all, all,

FNFCCOl. fairy

THpn,
m.

(hou,

in.

FNFCCDK.
FNFCCDq,

fair,

thoit,

THpR,
THpq,
Twpc,

thou,
he.

m. Sah.

fair,

he.

ENFCtt>C, /air, she.

^

all,

she.

fair,

we.

THpFN,

all,

we.

Chap. VI.

The Pronoun

Infixes

and

Suffixes.

39

FNFCODoy,

fair, they.
fair, they, Sah.

THpH,

all,

we, Sah.
ye.

FNFCOoy,

TwpTEN,

all,

THpTR.

all,
all,

ye, Sah.
they.

Tupoy,

NAA

or

FNAA,
1.

great.

NANE

or

NANoy,
I.

good.

NAAI, great,

NANOyi, good,

NAAK,
NAAq, NAAC,

great, thou, m.
great, he.

NANFq. good,

he.

NAN EC,
NANEy,

good, she.
good, they.

great, she.
great, they.

NAAy,

MAy AT,
alone, thou,
f.

al ne

MAyATK,

alone,

thou,

m.
;

MAyATq, alone, he. MAyATC MAyATFN, alone, we. MAyATFN0HNoy, alone,

ATOy,
alone, they.

alone, she.
ye.

MAy-

Prepositions with the Suffixes.

Coptic and Sahidic.

Bash.

FpAT,

FAET.

to

me.
to thee,
111.

FpATK,
FpA^,
EpATE,

FAATK.
FAETt,

to thee,
to

f.

thee,

f.

Sah.

FpATq,

EpATC,

FAETq. FAFTC,

to him. to

her.
to to
US.

FpATFN,

FAETEN,

FpATH,

us,

Sah.

FpATFN9HNOy,
FpATTHyTFT.

FAFTTHNOy,
EAFToy,
to

to you.
to

you, Sah.

FpATOy,

them.

40

Chap. VI. The Pronoun Infixes and Suffixes.

Coptic.
Sahidic.

F9BF,

FTBF,

fie,

ob.

F9BHT,

FTBHHT. of

me.
thee,
in.
f.

F9BHTK,

FTBHHTK, of
FTBHHTE; of

thee,

F0BHTCJ,

F9BHTC,

FTBHHTq, of him. ETBHHTC, of her.

FTBHHTIT, of
US.
-

F9BHTFN,

F9BE9HNOY?
F9BHTOY?
Coptic.

FTBFTHY T ^? f y u
FTBHHTOY? of
Sahidic.

them.

NFM,
Coptic.

NM,

with.

Sahidic.

Bashmnric.

NFMHl,

NMMAl, MOl,

NFMm,

with me.
with thee, m.

NFMAK,
NFMF,

NHMAK,
NMHF,

with thee,

f.

NFMAq, NFMAC,

NFMAN,
NFMODTEN,
NFMODOY?

NMMAq, NMMAC, NMMAN,

Oq,

NFMHq, NFMHC,

with him. with her.

with us.

ON,

NEMHTFN,

With you.

NMMAYj
NCA,
after.

them.

NCCOl, after me. NCtt)K, after thee, m.

NCO), after thee,

us.

f.

him. NCCDC, after her. NCGDN, after NCO)q, after

NCCJD-

TFN, TTCO)TH,

after you, S.

NCCDOY;

after them.

Of Numbers.
18.

The Coptic Numbers are generally expressed

letters of the

by the

Alphabet with a line above them,

Chap. VI.

The Cardinal Numbers.

41

as

f NFgooy,

three days. Matt. XII, 40.

& NABOT. four

But the

months.

John IV, 35;

sometimes they are expressed by

words, as qToy-<j)00y, four days. Acts V, 30.

Sahidic numbers are usually expressed by words.

19.

Numbers admit

the articles, and are also found

twelve.

without them, as TTUB, the

the
'two.

Matt. X,

2. 5.

niCNAy,
tunics.

Deut. XVII,
11.

6.

uienN

CNoyt?

two

Luke

III,

The Cardinal Numbers.

Coptic. Sahidie.
Fein.

Masc.

Masc.

Fein.

oyAi,

oyp.

oyA.

oyFi.

oyo)T

CNAY,
OjOMT,
qjcooy,

CNoyt,
OjOMt?
qroF,
tH, t,
CO,

oycoT CFNTF. CNTF, CNAy,

U)OMFrr, U)MN

qrooy,

qroF, qro,
+F,
coo, COF.

toy,
cooy,

toy,
cooy,

s H

0)MHN,

0>MHNl.
X|/IT,

nciTF.

MFT,
xoycor,

MHT,

MHTF,

K
A

MAH,
TAioy.
CF,

MAAB. MAB MAABF,

;

H H

TAIO,
CF.

42

Chap. VI. The Cardinal Numbers.

Coptic.
Sahidic.
Fern.

Masc.

Masc.

Fein.

O
TT

U)BF

U)qF,

t>AMNF,

gMFNF,

mcTAy.
&e-

mcTFoyi.
CNAyujF

TTCTAIOY, nFCTAioy,

P U

CNAyNiyF.
tt)OMTN(yF,

y
x
\J/

cooycyp.

O)

0)0.

0}OCNAy,
01JA.

TBA.

20. Tlie following numbers are prefixes to nouns, viz.

O)MT, cyoHT,

///r^, Sah.

a}HTO)0, Mr^' thousand.

ct*y, Sah. six.

qTF, Copt, qroy, qrey, Sah.

Sah.
ten.

/<??/;'.

MHT.

xoyr, Sah.

twenty.

The following are

one,

suffixes to

numbers:

oyp, Sah.

HHToyp,
f.

eleven.

CNOoyc, CNoyc, m.
twelve.

CMOOycF.
TACF.

CNoyp,
three.

Sah. two.

MNTCNOYC,

tyoMT, Sahidic.
five.

TAqTF. AqTF,

ACF. Sah.

m
f.

Sah. four. TH, TF, Sah.

f.

U)MHN. Copt. (^MMNF,

Sah.

eight.

MNTOYF.

The Bashmuric has the following

m. oypi.

variations, oyFFi,

one. O)AMFNT, three. O)A. a thousand.

Chap. VI.

The Ordinal Numbers.

43

The Ordinal Numbers.

21.

The

first,

in

ordinal numbers

is

expressed

dif-

ferently from the others; as

Copt.
Masc.
Fern.

Sahidic.
Masc.
u)oprr,
Fern.

Bash.
Masc.
Fein.

eoyi'tj
ojcwpn,

(yopm,

cpAppn.

a) A pni, /&*/.

22.

The remaining cardinals are formed by putting Copt, and MFg Sah. and Bash, before the cardinal

numbers, as
IV, 54.

rrtMmw MMAgB, the second miracle. John Copt. nMF 0)OMRT, the third. Matt. XXII, 20.

Sah. t>FN
II,
1.

^MAg

Coptic.

NOyr NpONtm, in anno secundo, Dan. Luke XII, 38. TMFg CHTF, the second,
f.

Sahidic.

.
is

coy
cardinal*

used instead

of

MAg

and

MFg

with the

numbers when the days of the month are spo-

ken

of,

as

Exod. XII,
day of the

coyKF NA60)p, the twenty fifth day of Athor. 3. Copt, NCOyK^ MTTIABOT, the twenty seventh month. Gen. VIII, 4. coyxoyr \}/ic HgAeo>p.
day of the month Athor. Zoeg. Sah.
Copt,

the twenty ninth

Axn
^0 oy,

and

:xn,

Sah.

occur
of,

with the cardinal

as

numbers when hours are spoken

the ninth

NAXR e
3.
5.

MrriF-

hour of the day. Acts X,

MFTNAy Nxrr
numbers, as

COF, about the sixth hour. Sah. Matt. XX.

pp. Copt, and Sah. part,
is

used with
34.

nipE

F,

the fifth

part.

Gen. XLI,

oyog
G*

44

Chap. VI. The Ordinal Numbers.

NXE

(j)pF

r NNIU)O)HN, and
up.

(lie

third part of the trees

was burnt

Rev. VIII,
5.

7.

Numb. XXVIII,

Sah.

TTpFO)OMNT, the third part, The Copt, has also TFpp, or

TFp, and the Sah. rpp. part.

oyo)N, more often oyR, and sometimes oyFN, and

oyNF, Sah. a part,

is

put before numbers,

as

oyu)H

AyAAq Nqrooy Hoyow, oyoycow FmoyA

made four parts, a part
to

rioyA, they

each one, John XIX, 23. Sah.

noyH Rqrooy,
Frh>Y,

fourth part,

Ezech. V,

2.

Sah.

noyFN

the fifth part,

Zoeg. Sah.

noyNF

a)OMiTT, the

third part, Tukius.

npq
ing

Copt, and Sah.

as

is

prefixed to numbers signifyTTF.

days,

rjFqqTOoy rAp

for

it

is

four days.
it is

John XI,

39.
is

FTTFqqrooy
in

TTF

Fy gR

TITAC))OC,

four days he
A, et

the sepulchre, v.

17. Sah.

NA

about. Copt,

and Sah. as

about four hundred men, Acts V, 36.

Aqroy o)FNpo)MF, Sah, NA qroy OIF

fifty

TAlOy FIpOMTTF,
The plural
hundreds, and by
of

about four

hundred and

years.

Acts XIII, 20. Sah.

number
as,

is

occasionally expressed by
?

repeating the number,

fifties.

KATA pp NFM KATA NN

VI, 40.

by

Mark

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

45

CHAP.
23.

VII.

Of Verbs.
Egyptian verbs have no passive voice differing
but the
passive

from the active,

may be known
,

thus,

AC-0AMIO NXF t-cocfiA FBoAbFN NFC-^BHoyi

is

wisdom

justified

of her works, Matt. XI,

19.

oyO

NXF NFq-CO)TFM,
VII, 35.
24.

and

his

ears

were

Ayoyo>N Mark opened,

The passive

is

more

commonly expressed by
verb active,
our old man was

the verb in the third person plural of the

as

TlFN-pa>Mt

NATTAC AyAttjq

NFMAq

crucified with him.

Rom. VI,
the

NOq RTF CTF(|)ANOC,

Acts XXII, 20. Sah.

FyNATTGDNg FBoA MTlFCblood of Stephen was shed.

6.

oyog oyMtntu NNoyrmq, and

Rom. VI,
4.

no

sign shall he given. Matt. XII, 39.

Ay-KOCFN NFMAq, we

are buried with him.

25.

But sometimes the passive voice can only be discovered by the sense of the passage read. But see
further on verbs passive.

The Prefixes and Suffixes

The
Person.

to

Verbs.
Suffixes.

Prefixes.
Sahidic.

The

Coptic.

L
2. 2.

t
m.
f.

t
X
K

K,

K
F

TF

TF

46

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The
Person.
3. 3.
1.

Prefixes.
Sahidic.

The

Affixes.

Coptic.

m.
f.

q c

q c TN, TFN
TFTT7,

q c N

plur.

TFN

2.
3.

TETEN
CF

TFTFN

TFN

CF

Indicative

Mood.

The

1st

Present Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
j-

Sahidic.

^, I

do,

or
a?*t,

am
ni.

doiny.

K,

K, thou

re
q

TF, thou
q,

art,

he

is.

Plural.
TFN
TR, TFN,
W<
ye.

TFTFN
CF

TFTN, TFTl?N,
CF, they
tire.

arc.

The 2nd Present Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bash.
El,

Fl

Fi

/ am,

('.'>i'.

FK

FK

FK. thou

art,

m.

Chap. VII. Of Verbs.

Coptic.

47
Bash.
;

Sahidic.

FpF
Eqi

FpF
Fqi Fq)

thou art, he is
/ftf

f.
'

FC(

FpE
FC^

FpF

and

Plural.
FN
N,

EN

EN,

>

FTETFN
FY? oy, FpF

ETETN

FTFTEN, ye
,

are.

they are.

The Imperfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

48

Chap. VH.

Of Verbs.

Plural.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bash.

AN
ApETFN AY, A

AN

AN, we

have. have.
have.

ATETN
AY, A

ATETN, ye
AY? A, they

The 2nd Perfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bash.

FTAI,

NTAl,

FTAl, / have.

FTAK,
FTApF,

NTAK,
NTAp,
FTA,

ETAK, thou

hast,

m.
f.

FT ApF,
NTA,

thou hast,

ETAq,
FTAC,

|
\

a.

Plural.
ETAN,

WTAN,

ETAN,

m
have.
tave.

FTApBTFN, FTAY, PTA,

NTATFTN,
NTAY,

ETApETEN, ye ETAY,

The Pluperfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic and Bash.

NE Al
NB AK

TTF,
TTF,

NE Al
NE AK

TTE,

had.
ill.

TTF,

thou,
thou,

NE ApE TTF, NE Aq HF,

J

NE ApE TTF, NE Aq TTF,

NF A
NE AC
NF A
T1F,

f.

he.

NF A HE, \ NE AC TTF, NE A OF, N ApE nF,

TTE,

TTF,

he and

NE ApF

TTF,

Chap.

Vn. Of Verbs.

49

Plural.
Coptic.

Sahidic and Bash.

NF AN

FTP,

NF AN
TTF,

TTF,

We.
TTF, ye.

NF ApFTFN NF Ay TTF,

NF ATETfT

NF AY

TTF,

The Present Tense Indefinite.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bash.
OJAI,

u^Al,

am.

0)AK,

(^AK, thou, m.

o)AAF, thou,

f.

Plural.

0)ApFTFN,

0)ATFTR,
0)ApF,

U^ATFTFN,

ye.

The Imperfect Tense Indefinite.

Singular.
Coptic. Sahidic.

NFO)AirfF,
,

NF

(^ Al

np,

Was.

F,

NF O)AK HF, thou, m. NF O^ApF nF, //W/, f.

HF,

NF cyAq

np,j

[NEO)ApF
,^

NF cyAq np,)NF (nApp 7^he & she. e NE u^Ac np,(

^ ^
l

50

Chap.

VH. Of

Verbs.

Plural.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

NP o^AN np, NP OJApPTPN

NP o)AN np, we. NP 0)ATPTN nP, ye. nF, NP tyAy np, NP (yApp np, NP c^Ay np, NpcyApp

np, they.

Singular.
Bash.

NP

OIAI np,

was.

NP U)AK np, thou, m. NP u^AAp np, thou, f.

NP cyAq NP o)AC

np,
nP,

>
J

** NP ojAAP np, d and *^.

,^
Plural.
.

NP O>AN np, w^. NP cyATPTPN np, NP

NP

ye.

they.

np,

The
Coptic.

1st

Future Tense.
Bash.
'J-NP,

Sahidic.

1~NA,

vel A,
fA0K,
thou,

shall

XNA,
TPNA,
qNA,
CNA,

KNA,

KNP,

m.
f.

TPNA,
qNA,
CNA,
qNP,
CNP,

he.
/<*?.

Plural.
TPNNA, TPNNA, TPNA, TPNNP,
vel A, We.
ye.
they.

TPTPNNA,
CPNA,

TPTNNA,TPTNA,
CPNA,
CPNP,

Chap. VH.

Of Verbs.

51

The 2nd Future Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bash.

EINA,

FINA,

AINA
AKNA,

Vel NF,
tllOU,

shall.

FKNA,
FpENA,
FqNA,) >
,(

FKNA,
FpENA,
FqNA,) FDF..NA, VEDF..NA, FCNA,

m.
f.

ApFNA,

thou,

AONA CNA

***

she.

Plural.
FNNA,

HNA, FNNA,

ANNA,

Vel NF, we.

ye.

FTFTHNA, FTFTNA, ApFTFNNA, FpFTFNNA, FYNA, OYNA, FYNA, oyNA, AYNA, they.
The Prefixes Copt, are
sometimes

written

AINA,

AKNA, ApFNA,

etc.

The 3rd Future Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bash.
F1F,

FIF,

FIF,

/ shall

FKF,

FKF, FpF,
v

FKF, thou, m. FpF, thou

,

f.

EpF,
FCF,( ECF,(

EOF,

>EPF, he and she.

'

'

Plural.
FNF,

FNF,

FNF, We.

FpETENF,
F,

ETETNF,
FyE, EpF,

FTFTHF,

ye.

FpF,

EYE, FpF,

they.

7*

52

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The 4th Future Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Chap. VH.

Of Verbs.

53

Plural.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

NANNA

TTF,

NFNNA
TTF, TTF,

TTF, We.
TTF, ye.

NApFTFNNA
,

NETFTNA

NApF..NA

NEyNA, NFpF..NA HF,

they.

Bash.

NANNF

HF, W^.
TTF, ye.

NApETFNNF
,

NApFNF

HF, they.

The Subjunctive Mood.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bash.

NTA,
NTFK,
NTF,

HTA,
NT,

NTA,

that

I.

Nr, thou, m.

NTF,
NTF,
PC,
J
,

thou,

f.

he.

NFC, NC,

Plural.
NTFN,
NTH,
HTETf^,

NTN,

we.
ye.
they.

NTFTFN,
NTOy, NTF,

NTFTN,

RCF, RTF,

NCF, NTF,

54

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The Optative Mood.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bash.

MApl,

MApt,

MAAl, / may,

MApFK,
MApF,
I,
1

MApFK, MApF,
\

MAAFK,
MAAF,
)

thou,
f.

m.

thou,

MADFO,
'

MAAFq,
MApF,

MApF,
MApFC,

\
]

MApFC,
),

MAAFC,

she.

Plural.
MApFN,
MApFTFN,
MApFT,

MAAFN,

we.
ye.
they.

MApFTfl,

MAAFTFN,

MApoy, MApF,

MApoy, MApF,

MAAoy, MA^F,

The Imperative Mood.

Singular and Plural.

A,

Api.or MA, or the root

itself.

The Infinitive Mood.

F or N or the root
itself.

Participles.
,

TTFKXIN,TTFqXN

&C. OrTTXtNTA, TTXINTFK,

HXlNTq &C

The verb TAKO, to destroy, is given with the augments, to convey a more clear idea of their position.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

55"

Indicative

Mood.

The
Coptic.

1st

Present Tense.
Sahidic.

Singular.
f-TAKO,
'f'-TAKO,

I am

destroying.

K-T AKO, thou art destroying, m.

TE-TAKO, thou art destroying,

q-TAKO,
he
is

f.

destroying:
destroying.

C-TAKO, she

is

Plural.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

TEN-TAKO,

TH, or TFN-TAKO

we are

destroying.

TETEN-TAKO,

TETN, or TETEN-T AKO,ytf are destroy ing.

CE-TAKO, they are destroying.

CETAKO,

The 2nd Present Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

El-TAKO,

El-TAKO,

El-TAKO,

I am
thou,

destroying, OH

EK-TAKO,
EpE-TAKO,
V

EK-TAKO,
EpE-TAKO,
Eq1
I

EK-TAKO,

m.
f.

E^E-TAKO,

thou,
he.

f 1 \j t\ TAKO,
TAKO,

w * \t f\

>

TAKO,
EC-

TAKO,

EC

FC-

TAKO,

TAKO,

she.

Plural.
EN-TAKO,
R,or EN-TAKO, EN-TAKO,
n)C.

ETETEN-TAKO,ETETN-TAKO, ETETEN-TAKO, ye.

Ey-

oyEpE-

TAKO,

oyEpE-

TAKO, Oy-

TAKO,

they.

56

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The Imperfect Tense.

S
Coptic.
i

ngu

r.

Sahidic.
TTF,

Bashmuric.
TTF,

NAl-TAKO

NFl-TAKO

NAl-TAKO

TTF.
TTF,

was.

NAK-TAKO HP,
NApP-TAKO NAq- )
NACTTF,

NFK-TAKO HF,
NFpF-TAKO
NpqI

NAK-TAKO
NApF-TAKO
NAqNAC)

thou,

m.
f.

TTF,

TTF,

thou,

XTAKOTTF,
)

I-*. TAKO HF,

}

TAKO TAKO

nF, he.

>

TAKO

NFC-

TAKO

TTF,

HF, she.

Plural.
NAN-TAKO
TTF,

NFN-TAKO HF,

NAN-TAKO

HP, we.

NApFTFN-TAKOnF,NPTFTN-TAKO n NFY- ) NAY- ) NAY-

TAKO

HF,

J^

TAKO

TTF,

TAKO

HP, they.

The

1st

Perfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

57

Plural.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

AN-TAKO,

AN-TAKO,

AN-TAKO,

We.
ye.

ApETEN TAKO, ATETN-TAKO,

AY-J
v

ATETH-TAKO,
AY-J
A(

A-y

>
(

A-

TAKO,
A-

TAKO,

TAKO,

they.

The 2nd Perfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

58
Coptic.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.
Sahidic.

NE Aq-/ > TAKO WE A- J

1

TTE,

NE Aq-/ > NE A- }
'

'

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

59

The Imperfect Tense Indefinite.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

NE 0)Al-TAKO TTF, NF 0}AK-TAKO TTF, NE 0)ApF-TAKO HE, NF (WAq/

NF U)Al-TAKO NE O^AK-TAKO

TTF, TTF,

WttS.

M0W, m.
thou,
f.

NF

>

TAKO
TAKO

NE CyApF-TAKO HE, ME 0)AqNF

TTF,

0)ApF-J
0)ACV

NE
NE

NF
HE,

0)AC-

(^ApE-^

NE

0)ApE-J

Plural.
NE 0)AN-TAKO HE, NF 0)ApFTFN TAKO
NF

NF tt)AN-TAKO HE, W^. HE, NE CpATFTiT-TAKO HE, ye

NE 0AE-

TAKO

TTF,

NF

>

TAKO

HE,

Singular.
Bashmuric.

NE 0)Al-TAKO NE OJAK-TAKO

HE, / was. HE, ^<W, m.

f.

NE 0)AAE-TAKO HE, ^OW, NF NF NE 0)AC NF (^AA

Plural.
NF 0)AN-TAKO HE, W^. NF 0)ATETEN-TAKO HE, NE
>

NE

TAKO

HE. they.

8*

60

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The

1st

Future Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

^NA-TAKO,
XNA-TAKO,

'fNA-TAKO,

^NA, ^NE-TAKO, I shall.

KNE-TAKO,
thou,

KNA-TAKO,

m.
f.

TENA-TAKO/
qNA-TAKO,

TENA-TAKO,
qNA-TAKO,
CNA-TAKO,
qNE-TAKO,

thou,
he.

CNATAKO,

CNE-TAKO,

she.

Plural.
TENNA- )
TENNA-TAKO,
TENA>
)
\

TAKO,

TENNA-)
or

>

TAKO,

we.

TENNE-)
>

TETNN A-

TETENNATAKO,
CENA-TAKO,

TETHA-

TAKO,
CENE-TAKO,
they.

ye.

CENA-TAKO,

The 2nd Future Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Chap.

VH. Of

Verbs.

61

Plural.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

ENNA-)

ANNATAKO,
or

ENNA-TAKO,

>

V
)

NNA-

TAKO,

WC.

ANNE-

EDETENNA-TAKO,
PVNA-) EYNA-i
>

ETETNN2 ETETNNA-) VTAKO, ADETENNA-TAKO, ye. ETETNA- } ETETHAEYNA-)

TAKO,

TAKO,

EYN A-TAKO,

they.

OYNA-J

The 3rd Future Tense.

Singular.
Coptic. Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

ElE-TAKO,

ElE-TAKO,

ElE-TAKO, /

shall.

EKE-TAKO,
EpE-TAKO,

EKF-TAKO,

EKE-TAKO,

thou,
thou,
he.

m.
f.

EpE-TAKO,
EGE-j

EpE-TAKO,
EOF-)
\

TAKO,

TAKO,

TAKO,

*pM
ECE-i

ECE-

TAKO,
EpE-J

TAKO,

ECF-)
>

TAKO,

she.

EpE

Plural.
ENE-TAKO,

ENE-TAKO,

ENE-TAKO,

we.
ye.

EpETENE-TAKO,
EYE-

ETETNE-TAKO,
TAKO,

ETETNE-TAKO,

TAKO,
EpE-

TAKO,

they.

EpE

62

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The 4th Future Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

TA-

TA-TAKO,
TApl-

TAKO,

TA-TAKO, /

shall

TApFK-TAKO,

thou,

m.
f.

TFpATAKO,

TFpA-TAKO,

TFpA-TAKO,

thou,
he.

TApEq-TAKO,
TApEC-TAKO,

she.

Plural.
TApH-TAKO,
we.

TApFTN-TAKO,

TAAFTFN-TAKO,

ye.
they.

TApoy-TAKO,

The Imperfect Future.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

MAINE-

NAINA'TAKO,

NFINA-TAKO,

or

VTAKO, 1 should.
/fl0W,

NAINA-

NAKNA-TAKO,

NEKNA-TAKO,

NAKNF-TAKO,

m.

NApFNA-TAKO, NAONA> TAKO, NApFNA-\ NACNA/

>

NApENA

NFpFNA-TAKO, HApFNE-TAKO, thou, f. NEQNANAqNE> TAKO, > TAKO, he. NApENF- \ NEpFNA- J NFCNA- ) NACNF- ) > TAKO, she. TAKO, > TAKO. NEpENA- ( NApENE, (
/ /

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

63

Plural.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

NANNA-TAKO,

NENNA-TAKO,

NANNE-TAKO,

we.

NApETENNA-TAKO, NETETNA-TAKO, NApETENNE-TAKO,y<?. NEYNENEYNA \ > TAKO, VTAKO, }TAKO, thei/. INApENE- ] NEpENA- \ NApENA\
\ <

The Subjunctive Mood.

Singular.
Coptic.

64

Chap. VH.

Of Verbs.

The Optative Mood.

Singular.
Coptic. Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

MApl-TAKO,

MApl-TAKO,

MAAl-TAKO, / may.

MApEK-TAKO,
MApB-TAKO,

MApBK-TAKO,
MApE-TAKO,

MAAEK TAKO,
MAAE-TAKO,
1

thou,
f.

thou,

MApEq1
-

}
J

TAKO,

MApEq1
}

TAKO,
TAKO,

MApBTAKO,

MAAF-

}
^
)

TAKO,

he.

MAOEC-)
>

MApEC-i
[

MAAFC
MAAE-

>
(

TAKO,

she.

MApE-

MApE-

Plural.
MApEN-TAKO,
MApH-TAKO,

MAAEN-TAKO,

we.

MApETEN-TAKO, MApETN-TAKO, MAAETEN-TAKO, ye. MApov-j MApoy-) MAAoy-) \ TAKO, > TAKO, > TAKO. they. MAAEMApE- ) MApE- \
,
,

The Imperative Mood.

Singular and Plural.

A-TAKO,

Apt-TAKO,
destroy.

MA-TAKO,

TAKO,

The Infinitive Mood.

E-TAKO,

N-TAKO,

to

destroy.

TAKO,

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

65

Participles.
Coptic.
Sahidic.
<TlN,

Bashmuric.

XIN,

XIN,

TTAXIN or rrxiNTA,

na^in,
TTFK<MN,

TTAXIN,

17FKXIN,
&c.
is

&c.

nFq&N,

neqxiN, &c.
evident from the Ara-

That these are participles

bic,

with which they correspond.

Participles.
26.

The

participles are
to

formed by

fore

the

prefixes

the

verbs.

FT or F0, beThere are also some

F,

peculiar forms of participles, which end in

HOyr, Copt,

nyr, Sah.
as

ooyr, Sah. and AoyT, Bash. ToyBHoyT, Copt. MCOOYT, Copt, and MAoyr, Bash.
oaoyT,
Copt,

Verbs united with particles expressive The

particles FTP, Copt.

of time.

HTFpF, Sah. when.

Bashmuric.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

FTAl,

NTFpl, NTFpEl,

FTAl, NTFAF1,

FTAK,
FTApF,

NTFpFK,
HTFpF,
v

FTAq)

HTFDFq,
RTFpFC,

^> FTADF,

>
\

NTFDF,

FTAC^

66

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

Plural.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

STAN,

NTFpFN,

FTAN,

FTApFTFN,
FTApF,

NTFpFTN,

FTATFTFN,
NTF?Voy, NTF?VEy.

HTFpOy,

Verbs with the particles U)ATF, Copt. O)ANTF, Sah. until.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

O^ATFK,
U)ATF,

UJANTK,
OJANTF,
(OATF,
'

0)ATFC,j

Plural.
U)ATFN,

0)ANTN,

0)ATFTFN,
,

CyANTFTH,
(J)ANTOy, U)ANTF,
FN,
if.

(9ATF,

Verbs with the particle FNF or

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

FNA1, FNFAl HF,

FNFl

FFF, TTF,

FNAK, FNFAK

HF,

FNFK
FNFpF
FMFq,) 1
V

FNApF

HF,

HF,

FNAO, FNApF HF,

FNAC, FNF.

FNFpF HF,

TTF,

FNFC,

Plural.
FNAN
TTF,

FNApFTFW TTF, FNAy, FNApF TTF,

FNFN HF, ENFTFTN

HF,

ENFy, FNEpF HF.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.
if,

67

Verbs with the particle U)AN,

when.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

EIU)AN,

AKO)AN,

EKU)AN,

EDO) AN,

Plural.
ANO)AN,

ETETNCyAN,
ApEO)AM,

Verbs with the particle NUTATE, before.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

MTTATEK,

MHATK,
RnATF,

MHATF, MHATF,

MRATE,

Plural.
MTTATFN,

RHATN,

AnATETEN,
HTTATOY, MHATE,

MHATETH,

RnATOy, RHATE.

68

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The Tenses.
The
27.
1st

Present Tense.
Tense
is

The

1st Present

formed by adding the

K, or
f.

fol-

lowing prefixes to the root,

N, oy, or p, thou art, m.:

^ I am,

xCopt, before
:

A,

M,
is;

TF

thou art,

q,

he

is; c, she

TEN,
S.

C.

TEN, TK,

S.

we are; TFTEN,
Thus,
II, 9.

C.

TFTFN, or TFTN,
MTTEKgOX^FX,
is

ye are; CF, they are.

thy tribulation,
18. Sah.

't'CCDOYN

I know

Rev.

qo HNOFlK,
that he
is

an adulterer,

Luke XVI,
9.

XF q

MM Ay

there.

John XII,

Sah.

The 2nd Present Tense.

28.
as, Ei,

The 2nd Present Tense has the following

art,

prefixes,

/ am; FK, thou

FC or FpF, she

m. FpF, thou
FN, Copt.

art,
?T,

f.;

he

is:

is;

FN or

pq or FpF, Sah. we are;

FTFTFN, FTFTN, ye are; Fy, oy or FpF, they are. 29. The second person f. is FpF, (Bash. pAp,) but before vowels it is written pp, and occasionally, FpA, as
pppipp,
Zoeg.
p.

thou doest;

Ming. 258. Fpoypu}, thou wilt ; S. 509. Sometimes it is written p pAoBF, thou art
S.

?nad; S.

Acts XII, 15. The Bash, corresponds as pAcooyN,

thou knowest, Zoeg. 151.

sing,

and

plur. is

pppthe prefix of the third persons always separated from the verb, by the

noun or some other word, as ppp noygwr MOK#, their heart was a/fl. ctcd, Matt.XXVI.22. ppp oyNia^'f rap N^OX-

gFX

(yo)TTl,

for great tribulation shall

be.

Matt,

XXIV,

21.

30.

The Prefix ppp appears

to be almost indefinite

as to time.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.
is

69

31.
is

The

third

person plural

Fy, but after

it

written oy, as (J)HFT

oyMoyt

Fpoq, when they

call.

Matt. XXVII, 22.

is

the

sign

of the participle present as FCO>

to drink,

XNOK oycgiMi NCAMAprrwc,

a

being (OVOK)

woman of Samaria, John IV, 9. F ANON gFNpa)MF NgptoMAlOC. F MN NOBF EpON, we being men Romans,
not being a fault in
32.
us.

Sah. Acts XVI, 37.

The following examples will serve to show the prefixes of the 2nd present tense, as, ANOK &F FI #N TFTMMHTF, but I am among you, Luke XXII, 27. Sah.

FK g l TFglH NRMAq,
Sahidic.

thou

art in
is in

the

way

with

him.

Matt. V, 25. Sah. Fq gN" TTTF,

heaven. Matt. VI, 10.

33.

The

prefixes of this tense also express the pre-

sent participle, as,

a man

sitting,

AqNAy FoypCDMi FqgFMCt, he saw Matt. IX, 9. Niit> 2vE NAy^S tpoq ne
the
devils

FyxcoMMOC,
VIII, 31.'

and

besought him

saying,

Matt.

Imperfect Tense.
34.

The Imperfect Tense

particles
to

is

formed by prefixing the

1 was; NAK, thou

following
wast, m.

the
f.

root, NAI.

NAq.or NApF, he was; NAC Plur. NAN, we were; NApFTFN, ye or NApF, she was. The Sahidic is NFl, were-, NAy or NApF they were.
NApF, thou
wast,
?

NFK, NFpF,

NFq

or NFpF,

NFC

Or NFpF.

PllU'.
is

NFN,
writ-

NFTFTN, NFy or NFpp.

Sometimes the Sahidic

etc.

ten without the F, as, Nq, NC, NN,

70
35.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.
FIE frequently followTIE,

The Imperfect Tense has

ing the verb, -as,

oyog NAq^CBO)

and

taught,

John

VII, 14. NFqcyooTT FIE F<Tt

I,

nAoroc,

the

word was, John

the Passover

1.

Sah.

NAqbcoNT &E

TTE TTITTACXA.

and

was near, John XI, 55.

&F NEqAgFpArq HE ReoA,

16

but

he stood without, John XVII,

Sah.

NApE
ceding
it,

or

NEpE

Sah.

is

generally

separated from

the verb, and usually occurs before the nominative preas

NApE WMA9HTHC eoyHT,

S.

the
fcE

disciples

were assembled, John XX, 19.

NEpE npqNOCT
will

FuywpE

N TCO)U)E, and
XXII, 25. Sah.
occasionally

his

greater son was in the

field,

Luke

The Bashmuric

probably be written

The
36.

1st

Perfect Tense.

The Prefixes

to the 1st Perfect

f.

Tense are AI,

/;

AK, thou, m.

ApE

or Ap, thou,

she; Plur. AN, we;

Aq ApETEN. ATETN,
in

or A, he;

AC

or A, or

Saliidic, ye;

Ay

A, they.
37.

When A

occurs

composition

it

is

usually

found

before the nominative to the verb, as

the spirit took Jesus,

THC
tc

A nirrHA

oAq,

Matt. IV,
72.

1.

xooc NAq,

Jesus said to him. Sah.

the

Mark XIV,
things which

Jews

rose,

Acts XVIII, 12. Sah.

those

A FTloy^Ai Ta)oyN, NHET A NinpO(|)H-

THC xoroy, XXVI, 22.

38.

the Prophets said, Acts

Although A

AC and Ay, yet it Achd)HT E(j)MOyj my

used instead of the Prefixes Aq, occurs also with them; as, A TAO)EpE
is

daughter hath approached to death,

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

71

Mark. V, 23.

A nc AT AM AC Aqu)FNAq pboyN FngHT

NloykAC, Satan entered into the heart of Judas. Luke XXII, 3. XF A gHAiAc oyu> Aqpi, that Ellas hath now
come. Matt. XVII, 12. Sah.

The 2nd Perfect Tense.

39.

The 2nd Perfect Tense

is

distinguished by
first

FT
in

Copt, and
all

NT

Sah.

being added to the

perfect,
is

the persons,

except that the 2 pers.

fern,

NTAp,

instead of

40.
position

HTApF. The NTA,

as the

is

found in the same position in comperfect, thus;

in the first

NT A

ic

&F xooc FTBF, hut Jesus spoke concerning, John XI, 13. Sah. FNFMl XF TTXU ETAqTO)Nq FBOA^FN NHFTMtDOyT,
we know
41. XF,
that,

that Christ hath risen

from

the dead.

Rom. VI,

9.

The Prefixes are

and sometimes

often found after the particle

after

FNF.

if;

and AAAA.

hut.

But the NT must not be confounded with NT, who, which.

The Pluperfect Tense.

42.

The Pluperfect Tense

is

formed by adding the

of the perfect, as
TTF,

auxiliary verb

NF

TTF to the prefixes

TTF.

NF Al NF Aq
TTF,

TTF,

//

NF AK
TTF,

thou, m.;

NF ApF
TTF,

thou,

f.;

or

he;

NF AC or A

she; Plur.
S.

NF AN
or

we;

NF ApFTFN or ATFTN,
as,

TTF, ye.

NF Ay

nF, they;
cline,

NF AqppgHTC NplKi np, had begun

12.

to de-

the

HioykAi NF Aypv TTE O^A MApeA, Jews had come to Martha, John XI, 19 Sah. NF AyIX,

Luke

NAy TAp Fpoq Twpoy

HF, for

all

had

seen

him,

Mark

72

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

VI, 50.

This Tense

is

also found

without the
out,

TTF,

as,

VHC kF Aqi FBoA, Jesus had gone

John V, 13. TAI &F NE ACOyAgc NCA TTAY^oc, ##</ /^is had followed Paul Acts XVI, 17. Sah.

The Present Tense Indefinite.

43. This Tense
EO)
in
is

formed by adding

a),

and sometimes
as

the

Sahidic to the Perfect Tense,

o)Ai,

/;

u)AK, thou, in.; O)ApE or o)Ap, ^0w, f. u)AAE, B. o^Aq or u)ApF, (yAAp, B. he; C^AC or o)ApF, o)AAF, B. A-//^; Plur. (yAN, we; U)ApFTFN, OiATFTFf, S. y^; U)Ay or

(^ApF, O)AAp, Bash. they. This Tense sometimes

expresses

the

present,

and

sometimes the perfect.

The Imperfect Tense Indefinite.

44.

The Imperfect Tense

Indefinite is
it,

formed from

the preceding hy

adding NE to

as

oyog NF O^AYC-

ONgq Luke

TTF,

and they had hound him, or he was hound.

29.

VIII,

NF cyAqoY)M
II,

TTF

NEM NIFGMOC,

he

did eat with the gentiles. Gal at.

12.

The
45.

1st

Future Tense.
Future are

The Prefixes

to the first

NA

or

NF
as,

Bash, with the Prefixes of the

f^NA, /;

first

Present Tense,
thou,
f.
;

TENA, qNA. CNA, she; Plur. TENNA, TENA, Sah. we; TFTFNNA, TFthou, m.;

K or XNA,

he;

TFiNA, Sah. ye; CENA, they; thus: ECF niA(|)OT EfNAcoq. to drink the cup which I shall drink? Matt. XX, 22.

Chap.

VH. Of Verbs.

73
sit.

TFTNAgMOOC gcoTTHyTH,
28. Sahidic.

ye

also shall

Matt. XIX,

The 2nd Future Tense.

46.

The

characteristics

of the

second Future are

NA

or

NE Bash, united with

/;

the Prefixes of the second

thou, m.;

Present Tense, EINA,

EKNA,

EpENA,

thou,

f.;

EqNA

or FpENA. he;
we-,

ECNA

or EpENA, she; Plur. or

ENNA

or FTNA. Sah.

EpETENNA
they; thus:

ETETNNA, ETETNA, Sah.^?;

EyNA
he
will

or

oyNA,

yo on foot. Acts

EqNAMOoajE Rrorq RpATq, XX, 13. Sah. XEKAC 20)TTHyTH

Sah.
they

ETETNAniCTEyE, that ye might believe. John XIX, 35. oyo mcyAoA ET oyNAEpBODK, and the nation that
shall serve, Acts VII, 7.

47.

The second person

fern.

sing. Sah.

occurs thus,

EpNA.
ture,

These Prefixes do not always express the Fufor instance

they express the present participle,

TTEpTTF,
3.

TTETpOC MN KOgANNHC EyNABCDK EgOyN E Peter and John entering into the Tempk, Acts III,

Sah.

and with #INA they express the Subjunctive Mood.

The Coptic has sometimes AINA, AKNA, ApENA

as,

etc.

gApA AqNAXEM
it,

#Al glU)TC,
13.

if he might find

any

thing upon

Mark

XI,

The 3rd Future Tense.

48.

The Prefixes of the third Future.

of this Tense are EIE, I; EKE, thou, m.; he;

The Prefixes
EpE, thou,
f.
;

EqE or EpE, ENE, we; EpETENE, ETETNE.

ECE or FpE,

she;

Plur.

Sah. ye; EyE, EpE, they; thus: 10

74

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.
.

FCFMici Noyo)Hpi FyFMOyf- FTTFqpAN she forth a son and they shall call his name. Matt.

shall bring
I,

23.

FpF

mpcoMi XA TTFqicoT NFM TFqMAy TOMq FTFqcgtMl. a man shall leave

wccoq oyo^ FqFhis father and his

5.

mother, and shall cleave to his wife. Matt. XIX,

This Tense sometimes expresses the Optative Mood,

as,
5.

TEXApiC FCFU)(JDTTF NMMAN, grace be with us, 2. John Sah. XFKAC FpF oypo>Mi NOycoT MOy. that one man
die,

should

John XI,

50.

The 4th Future Tense.

49.

The Prefixes
but we may

to

this

Tense

are

very seldom
as,

met

with,

note a few examples,

will 'follow thee.

TAOyAgT
19. Sah.
conceive,

Pco)K. Master, 1

Matt. VIII,
shalt shalt

oy03 gwnnF TFpAFpBOKl, and behold thou Luke I, 31. TFpANAy Fncooy M^t, thou

John XI, 40. TApnpNOBF XF HTHOJOOTT AN gA TTNOMOC. shall we sin because we are not under the law? Rom. VI, 15. Sah. OJINF TApFTFKfiNF.
see the glory of God.

TO)gH TApoyoycoN NHTN, they shall open to you. Luke

seek,

ye shall
Sah.

find;

knock,

XI,

9.

The Imperfect Future Tense.

50. This Tense contains the Prefixes to the imperfect,

and

NA
/;

the

characteristic

of

the

future,

as,

NAINA, NFINA.

NAKNA, NFKNA,
f.;

Sah. thou, m.;

NFpFNA;

Sah. thou,

etc.

often with TIE.

to die,

NAMOy
NApF

np, and she was about

NApFNA, oyog eAi NACLuke VIII, 42.

for

TTIXOI

TAp NAglOyi MOFqAOyiN FMMAy,

Chap. VH.
the

Of Verbs.
there.

75

ship

was

to cast out

her burden
TTF,

Acts XXI,

3,

NApFTFNNATHiTOY NHi
me. Galat. IV, 15.

ye would have given them

TTF

to

NFYNAMIO^F

N<H

NA2Y nF P HTTH C,

my

servants would fight,

John XVIII, 36. Sah.

The Subjunctive Mood.

51.

The Prefixes

to this

Mood

NP, Sah. thou, m.;

NTF. Sah.

^tf;

thou, f.; NC[, NFq, NTF. Sah. HTF, Plur. ^<?y NTFC, NO, NTFN,

NTF.

NTA, NTFq, NTF,

are

/;

NTFK,

fTTN, Sah. Wd;

NTFTFN. RTFTF, Sah.y^; NTOYj NTF, RCF,

follows the tense of the verh that pre-

NTF, Sah. M^y.

This
cedes
it,

Mood

whether of the present Tense, the Imperfect,

as,

the Perfect, or the Future,

NFYCCOTH MN FTFCMH
but they understood not,

WCFNOI AN

they heard a

voice,

Sah. Acts IX, 7.

CFNAnApAkikOY Ftnoq F TOOTOY NHshall deliver him into the hands

kill him.

pO)HF NCFMOOYTCj. they

of men, they shall

Matt. XVII, 22. Sah.

Also FTpEqAi\F NqgMOOC iTOY)Tq, that he would ascend and sit with him. Sah. Acts VIII, 31. FGpOYcyE

TTTFYCCOTH Fpoq AY<W NCFNAY MMAFIN FNFqFipF MMODOY, when they heard and saw the miracles which he did. Acts IX, 6.
in,

FboYN,

that they went

Acts XIV,

1.

gR

Sah.

gR

TTTpACUO},

when I

cry. Ps. IV, 3. Sah.

After the Particles giNA, C^AN. goucre, XF, XFKAC,

HwnoTF

etc.,

it

is

the

Subjunctive;
6.

as,

#INA NTFTFN

FMI, that ye may know. Matt. IX,

10*

76

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The Optative Mood.

52. This

Mood

has

MAp

added to the Prefixes of

the second Present Tense, as, MApi, /;

MApEK.

thou, m.;

MApF,
Plur.

thou,

f.;

MApFq, MApF,
they;

he;

MApFC. MApF,
CFNT,

she;

MApFN,

MApTI. Sah. roe;

thus,

MApFTFN. MApFTH.

Sah.ye;
this

MApOy, MApE,

MApF

TTAl A<|>OT

cup pass from me. Matt. XXVI, 39.

MApFqNAgMFq MA-

ppqToyxoq, let him deliver him, lei him save him, Psalm XXII, 8. The Bashmuric has MAApq, MAAFN, etc.
The Imperative Mood.
53.
itself

The Imperative Mood

as,

is

expressed by the root

thou,

without any Prefix,

COTTFM, hear
it

hear ye;

CMOy,

praise thou, praise ye; or

as,

takes A, Api, or
see,

MA
and

before the root,

AN Ay oyo# ApFg FpCDTFN,

8.

keep you, Luke XII, 15.

heel the
sick,

NHFTO)0)Ni Apuj>Abpi Fpouoy,

Matt. X,
the
evil,

ApiMHrpE

TTATTFeooy,

bear witness of

John XVIII, 23. Sah. Api(J)MFyi

NFMCDTFN, remember, as he spoke with you, Luke XXIV, 6. (])Ai &F XpiFMi, and know this, Luke

M^pwt FTAqcAXi

XII, 39. AXOC, Copt. AXIC, Sah. say, say ye;

AMOy, come;
FN
etc.

AAi, take, from pA; AAoK, Zoeg.

p.

520. AAo)TH, suffer

ye her, John XII,

7.

Sah. from Ao. ANt, bring, from

The Infinitive Mood.

54.

The

Infinitive

Mood

is

sometimes
it

expressed

by the root
fixed,
as,

itself,

but more frequently

has F or N preto

EyKcotflCA CAXI NFMAq,

seeking

speak

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

77

with him,

Luke
to

XII, 46. thus,

bless you,

he sent him

Acts

AqTAoyoq FCMoy FpcuTFN, III, 26. oyog All FfTFCHT

down
to

FNAgMOy, and I
VII, 34.

have come

deliver them,

Acts
out,

AqppgHTC Ngioyi FBcA, he began to cast Luke XIX, 45. oyog MHF z\\ U)*:FMXOM NFpoyo),
no
one could answer,
to

find

Matt.
speak.,

XXII, 46.
Acts
II,

Ayo) AyApXEl
Sahidic. as a sign of
fie,

NcyAXF, and began

4.

The Coptic takes n before the verb

the
Infinitive,
burial, Sah.

as

F TTKOCT, nyog TO twatptdaai

to

my
<re,

Matt.

XXVI,

12. TTCoyo>Nr, TO

hifaraaOal

Sap. 793.

is

also

used to
as,

express

the

Infinitive with the

verbs epF, rpp, Sah.

XpFTFNFpFTFN FepoyXA oy-

asked them to pCDMi NO)TFN FBoA NppqhcDTFB, ye have release a murderer to you, or that they mould etc., Acts
III,

14.

ETpEYApF
etc.,

Fpoq,
4.

to

keep him,

or that they
to

should keep

Acts XII,

FepEKAiToy,
ETpFq'f
Sah. Acts

do them,

ooi noirpai, Acts XXII, 10.

NOyMFTANFA MV, 31.

NA-'

TTTRA, to give repentance to Israel,

NOyC NAN
to

<bfa tivai, good for US ETpFNO~0) MHl MA, remain here, or that we should remain, Mark. IX, 5. Sah.

E9pE NIF0NOC CO)TFM FOICAXI,

gentiles to

CMOVOat, ra edvr),

the
7.

hear the word, or should hear the tvord, Acts

XV,

We may
7T(>6g

here remark that XIN

construed,

the sign of action

and epF are thus

EnxiNToyccDTEM NCO>N,

TO neiOeoOai avTovg,
us,

Copt.

obey

or that they

may obey

ETpEyccDTH NAN, to us, James III, 3. bFN

TTXiNTOyTACGO,
turning,

aV TUJ vnooT()(psir> avTovg, in their re-

Luke

II,

43.

78

Chap. Vn.

Of Yerbs.

The Participles.
55.

The

Participles

of the Present Tense

are

exas,

pressed by the Prefixes of the

2nd Present Tense,

Fqxo)MMOC,
ing, Matt. XXVII, 39.

he prayed, saying, Matt.

XXVI,

39.

NToyA(j)F Fyxo)MMOC, Wa99^n9

their heads,

say-

FqMOocyp Ayo> Fqxiqoo"c Fqcnoy and kaping, praising God, Acts III, 8. S. ETTNOyTF, walking
Participles

are

also

expressed by the Prefixes of

the Perfect
prefixed,
cl de
as,

and the Future with the relative pronoun

Necuoy AF FTAycouTFM

Ayt&oy

M(J>t,

axuaavreg,

doerbi> TOV xvqiov, and they hearing,

FTAqqAl &F NNFqBAA Fna))l, and lifting up his eyes, John VI, 5. oyog NHF9NACO)TFM F>FO)Nb, and those hearing (oi
dxouottvrtg) shall
live,

or (when they heard) glorified God, Acts XXI, 20.

John V, 25. F9NATAKO, perituram,

formed by prefixing F

John VI, 27.

Participles

are

also

to

the

signs of the Perfect Tense, as,

FAqgONgFN, nayayysikag,
Acts XIII, 27.
d()%d{iwoi, beginning

Matt.

X,

5.

FAyfeATT,

xywavTeg,

FATFTFNFp^HTC ICXFN T^HH, Jerusalem, Luke XXIV, 47.

from

The Potential Mood.

56.

The Letter

a),

(FO) Sahitic.)

is

often

met with

between the Prefixes and verbs, being the sign of the

Potential

Mood.

It

is

found connected with the pre-

formants of the Indicative Mood, and the Negative Prefixes,

but

is

most frequently united with those of the

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

79

Future Tenses, thus:

NAycoo~Ni XE Apwoy CENAOJNOthey took counsel whether they could

EM

MTTIXOI

EMAy,

save the

vessel there,
,

Acts XXVII, 39.

declare
his

TEqrENEA NlM
generation,

nETNAEO^TAyoc
VIII,
33.

who can

Acts

NNAEtt)oyxAt N^HTq, del afodfjvai, by which we can be saved, Acts IV, 12. Sah. EyxcDMMOC
Sah.

NAq XE HIM E0NAU)NOgEM, saved? Mark X, 26.

saying to him,

who can be

Of the Prefix O)0y.

5-7.

M. Quatremere says

that cyoy,

when placed beought to be

fore verbs serves to indicate

that a thing

done,

that

it

merits to be done; as
It efendit
it

"AqToyTcoN rsqdi-

xix FBoA NcyoycoAnc,

detre coupee."
gnus,
as,

sa main, qui eut merite

In composition

appears to express

gcuc

^ANcyoyMFNpiToy NE NFKMANcyconi,
are thy tabernacles, Psalm

how worthy
LXXXIII,
very
1.

to be loved (lovely}

kAyik nioypo fricyoyTAioq, David the king, worthy to be honoured. Prec. Copt. MS. p. 277, 284 etc.

gOJB f3fa)OYpa)TTHpe Zoeg. 619. Sahidic.

HMOq,

things

worthy

to

be admired,

The Negative Prefixes.

The Negative Prefix
58. N.

The negative Prefixes

to verbs are AN, N, with

AN, N, M, MITE, NUTATE, TM, o^TEM, which are thus used.

80

Chap. VH.

Of Verbs.

The

1st

Present Tense Negative.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

AN,

N+

AN,

FN or

N't"

HN, /
thou,

NK AN, NTF AN,

Nq AN, NC AN,

NT AN, RTF AN,

Nq AN, NC AN,
FN,

m.
f.

/^<?w,

A^.

she.

Plural.
NTFN
AN,

NTN

AN,
AN,

we.
ye.

NTFTFN AN, NCF AN,

NTFTN

NCF AN,

FNCF FN,

The 2nd Present Tense Negative.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

NAl AN,

NF1 AN, /

NAK AN,
NApF AN,
AN,
j

NFK AN,
NFq AN,

thou,

m.
f.

thou,

he.

NAC

> >

K NADF

AN,

AN,

NFT AN,

>
j

he(
she.

Plural.
NAN
AN,

NFN

AN, we.
ye.

NApFTFN AN,

NFTETN AN,

NAyAN

AN, NApF AN,

MFy

AN,

they.

Chap. VH.

Of Verbs.

81

The Perfect Tense Negative.

Singular.
>

Coptic.

NETAl AN,

/.

NETAK AN,
NETApE AN,

thou,

m.
f.

t/lOU,

NETAq AN, NETAC AN,

he.

she.

Plural.
NETAN AN,
we.

NETApETEN AN, ye. NETAY AN, NETA AN,

they.

The

1st

Future Tense Negative.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.
/.

N^NA NXNA

AN,
AN,

N^NA, NEINA AN, N^NE EN,

82

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The

2 nd
a

Future Tense Negative.

Singular.
Sahidic.

NNA,
NNFK,
HNE,

/.

thou, thou,
f.

m.

"> NNF, * NE <M

/^ and she.

^.

The
59.

1st

Present Tense Negative.

Present Tense Negative and Participle

The

first

are thus expressed

the

N^CCDOYN AnipcoMt AN, / know not man, Mat. XXVI, 72. Ayco RTNEipF AN NTMF, and
the
1

we do not
knoweth
not,

truth,

1
II,

John

I,

8.

Sah.

NqcooyN AN,

John

11. Sah.

The Prefixes
Participle present,

of the present Tense also express the

but the Coptic and Bashmuric often

add F to the Prefixes, as FNq&iAKpiNF AN MTTCCOMA,

not discerning the body. 1
Cor. IX, 29. Sah.

FNPNAy AN

F npn, not seeing the sun, Acts XII, 11. Sah. FNFN, / am not worthy, 1 Cor. XV, 9. Bash. FN-

CFApiCKF FN
Bashmuric.

Mcf't, they please not God. 1

Thes.

II, 15.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

83

The 2nd Present Tense Negative.

60.

The

second

Present Tense

Negative

is

thus
is

formed,

NAqoywoy AN MmoyAi moyai MMON,

for thou regardest not the face

he

not

far from each one of us, Acts XVII, 27.

NEK(fu)U)T

rap

AN Ego NpO)ME,

of men.
AN, who

Mat. XXII, 16. Sah. MTTETE NEqupiNE MMoq condemneth not himself, Rom. XIV, 22. Sah.

The Perfect Tense Negative.

61. This Tense in the Coptic
us.
is

thus presented to

NET All TAp AN EeAgEM N19MHI, / came not to call the just, Mark II, 17. oy rAp mynpi M<j)po>Mi NETAqi
AN, for the son of man hath not come,

Mark

X, 45.

The
62.

1st

Future Tense Negative.

the first Future
will not leave

The following are specimens of

Tense negative,
you,
1

NqNAXA GHNoy
13.

AN, he

Cor.

X,

EpE npo>ME NA(i)Ng AN E OEIK

by bread
alone,

HMATF, man
Sah.

shall not live

Mat.

Ill, 4.

NApE ^METoypo NTE God will not come. Luke XVII,

\
20.

NAI AN,

the

kingdom of

NCENABoAq EBoA AN,

XXIV,
2.

which shall not be thrown down. Mat.

The 2nd Future Tense Negative.

63.

This future occurs without the AN, as TTANAI

not take from Apoq, my mercy I will
33.

kE NNAoAq EBoA
him. Ps.

LXXX1X,

one of them shall not

(])02

oyAi EBoA NbnToy NNEqAoqAEq, be broken, Ps. XXXIV, 20. NNETENshall not have

EMEU^T NiBAKi NTE mcA, ye

gone over

11*

84
the
cities

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

of

Israel,

Mat. X,
XF,

23.

When

these Prefixes
&c.,

follow

the

Particles

XEKAC, goncoc,

they ex-

press the Subjunctive.

It

may perhaps be
is

hardly necessary to observe that

the Prefix

sometimes written EN instead of N.

The Negative Prefix M.

64.

The following form

of this Prefix
Dialects, viz.

is

only found

in the Sahidic

and Bashmuric

The Present Tense.

Singular.
Sahidic.

ME1,

/.

MEK,
MEpE,
K>4f?f1
i

thou, thou,

m.
f.

'^^

ME

MEpE, he and
she.

she.

Plural.
MEy, MEpE,
they.

The Imperfect Tense.

NEMEq,
he.

The Perfect Tense.

MAK,
MAq,
E
is

thou,
he.

m.

found prefixed to this form as the sign of the

Participle, as EMBC],

EMBC, EHEY, &c.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

85

The Negative Prefix

The Present Tense.

MTTE.

Singular.
Coptic.

Plural.
Coptic.

An At,
MTTAK,

/.

MTTAN, we.
m.
f.

thou,

MTTATETEN,

yc.
they.

MTTApE, thou,
1,
v

MTTAY? MTTApE,
he and she.
she.

HTTA(

MnApF,

The Perfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

MTU,

Rnt,

EMFIEK, thou, m.
MTTF,
RTTE,
thou,
f.

RTTEq, JRnE, he.

EMTTEq,
EMTTEC,

he.

RHEC,

an d
^

she.

she.

Plural.
MTTEN,
MnfT,

RnEN,

we.
ye.

MnETEN,

MTTtTlT,

nnoy,

Rnoy, nnE,

EMrjoy,

they.

E before the

is

a sign of the Participle.

86

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs,

The Subjunctive.

The Imperfect and Perfect Tenses.

Singular.
Coptic.

ETEMTU,

/.

ETFMTTFK,

thou,
f.

m.

ETFMTTF, thou,

ETEMTTEq,) 1

>

s jf? ETEMTTE, he and

she.

Plural.
ETEMHEN,
we.
ye.

ETEMTTETEN,

ETEMnoy,

they.

These Prefixes in Coptic correspond with RTFpiTR

in Sahidic.

The Negative Prefix MI7ATE.

The Indicative and Subjunctive.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

MTTAt,

RTTAt,

/.

MHATEK,

FinATK,
j

thou,

m.
f.

thou,

}
,

MHATF.

1,

VMnATF, he &
/

she.

MOATC,

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

87

Plural.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

MTTATEN,

RTTATN, We.

MTTATETEN,
MTTATOy, MTTATE,

RTTAT^TN,

ye.
they.

RTTATOy, RTIATE,

The Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

NE MnA^ TIE, NE MTTATEK HE, ME MnATE HE, NE MTTATEq HE,

NE RTTA+ HE, /. NE RnATK HE, tflOU, m. NE HTTATE

HE, thou,
TIE,
^<?.
f.

NE MnATEC HE,
&C.

NE RnATq NE RTTATC
&C.

HE,

^.

The Negative Prefixes O)TEM Copt, and

TM

Sah.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

NTAo)TEM,

HTATR,
RTETR,
\
.

/.

NTEKO)TEM,
NTEOJTEH,
NTEqO)TEM,
}

fJPTR, thou, m.
thou,
f.

6.

NTEOiTEM,

NOTR,/
>

RTETH.

he

& she.

NTECOJTEM,

HCTM,)

^^
We.
ye.

Plural.
NTENU^TEM,

RTNTR,
NCEOJTEM,

NTETEN(^TEM,
,

NTETHTM,
NCETH,

88

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The Subjunctive.
The Imperfect and Pluperfect Tenses.

Singular.
Sahidic.

NTFpElTM,

/.

HTFpEKTM,
NTFpETM,

thou,

m.
f.

thou,
he.

HTFpEqTM,
HTEpFCTM,

she.

Plural.
FTTEpoyTM,
they.

Conditional.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

AU^TFM,
AKU^TEM,

EITM,

/
thou,
thou,

FKTH,
EpFTM,
>ApFO)TFM,

m.
f.

ApFU)TEM,

he

aqujTEM,

EqTM,
_ >

EDFTM, AAEO^TEM, he &

she.

ACO)TEM

Plural.
AN(^TFM,

FNTM,

we.
ye.
they.

ApETENO)TEM,

ETETNTM,

Another
U)AN,
if,

particle with this Prefix in

etc.

the Sahidic

is

as

FUyANTM, FKO)ANTM,

Chap.

VH. Of Verbs.

89

The Imperative.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

MTTEp,

Fmp,

MTTENepE, RnprpE, These take the Pronoun Suffixes, as MTTENepi, for which see the auxiliary verb epE, Coptic, rpu, Sahidic

which are below.

The Infinitive.
Coptic. Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

EU)TEM, and

ETM, and

Ett)TM,

EOJTEMGpE,
EO)TEMEepE,
These
like the

ETMTpE,

ETMETpE.
above take the Pronoun Suffixes to

the verb epE, Coptic and rpE, Sahidic.

The Auxiliary verb 6pE, TpE, Sah.

to be, to do.

Singular.
Coptic.

90
65.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The Auxiliary
23.

is

thus

used NH kE ETAyepi,

XO)NT,

and have made me angry

or have provoked me.

Num. XV,
made
the

Aqepo MMOC
that
it

EXC|)E
9.

NOUK, causeth her

TTXOI

to

commit adultery. Matt. XIX,

vessel

AyrpF

ACAi,

they

should be lightened,
38.

or they ligh-

+NATpETETNI will cause that you remember pTTMEEyE NNECjgBviyE, his works, I will remind you of his works, 1 John 10.
Sah.

tened the vessel Acts

XXVII,

Sahidic.

MHHCA

TpABCDK, after my departure. Acts XX, 29.

Sahidic.
things,

no~C <|)viETepo NNAI, the Lord who doeth these Acts XV, 17. EGpoyNAy Epcuoy NXE wpomi,
see

that

men may

them,

Matt.

XXIII,

5.

E0pETENO)(y

ETAl EmcToAn,
66.
E,

that ye read this epistle, 1 Thes. V, 26.

epE and rpE

sign
of

are signs of the Subjunctive with

the

or

some

Subjunctive before
them,

them,

as

EGpEKAlTOy, Acts XXII,

IV, 18.

that thou mayest do

or to do them.

10.

EepEqu)o>m

fuuyr

NoyMHO)
nations,

NEO-

NOC, that he might be the father of many

Rom.

EGpoycAXl NApA.K,
it

that they might speak be-

fore thee, Acts XXIII, 30.

ATTC

ON ETpANAy ETKEgshould see Rome.

pcoMH,

is

necessary also that

Acts
is

ETpEN(fo) MTTAI MA, it good for us that we should remain here, or to remain here.

XIX, 21. Sah.

NANOYC NAN

Mark

IX, 5. Sah.

the gentiles

EepE NIEGNOC CCUTEM should hear the word, Acts XV,

that he would not

FTTICAXI, that
7.

ETMTpEq-

BO)K E^oyN,

go

in,

Acts XIX, 31. Sah.

RNNCA TpE nEcyroprp

XX,
1.

Ao, after the tumult ceased, Acts

to

Sah.

ETpEygApEg Epoq,

keep him,

or that

they should keep him. Acts XII, 4. Sah.

Chap. VII.
It will

Of Verbs.

91

be seen that pepp and FTpp with the suf-

fixes express also the infinitive.

"We

may
which

also observe that these auxiliaries, taking

the Pronoun suffixes, often lose

fication,
is

their

distinctive

signi-

absorbed by the following verb.

p, Sah. FA. Bash, to be, to do.
is

The Auxiliary Verb Fp,

67.
it

When

the verb pp. p or pA,

light;

joined to a noun,
to

is

a verb, as oyo)iNi,
light;

ppoyouNi,

enlighten or
to

to

make

Mpepp,
to

a witness;

Fpnpepp,

bear

witness.

Fp

is

prefixed

verbs, and nouns

used verbally,

derived from the Greek, as

they saluted him,

NAyppACTTA^Fcep MMoq,
15.

Mark

IX,

pypp^pAmc

FTTFqpAN,
in Sah.

they shall hope in his name,

is

Mat. XII, 21.

But p
is

very seldom prefixed to words derived from the Greek.

\,
to

give,

is

also

an auxiliary, and

joined to

o)oy, Copt. pooy, Sah. FAy, Bash, glory, 'j-cooy,

Sah. to give glory, to glorify.

^pooy,

TOT, Copt. TOOT, Sahidic.

-fTOOT,
to give the
to give

TAAT,
to
help.

Bash., the hand,

'f'TOT,

hand,

MKAg,

sorrow, grief,

-fMKAg,

sorrow, to

afflict.

Of Irregular and defective Verbs.

68.

Of

the

verb

TTF,

to he,

which

is

generally acTTF,

companied with a personal Pronoun, as

ANOK

I am.

Psalm XLIX,

7.
is,

HTOK

TTF,

thou art, Ezech.

weoq
III.
1.

nu, he
Sah.

John XIII, 26. ANON TTF, NTCOTN TTF, ye are, Matt. V,

XXXVIII, 17. we are, 1. John

14.

Sahidic.

12*

92
TTE,

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

few

are, Mat.

XXII, 14.

NAl

TTF,

these

are, John XX, 18. TE is construed with feminine nouns in the same way, as TAcapj TF, John VI, 55.

The Present Tense.

Singular.
Masc.
Tie,
TTF,,

Fern.

/ am, m.
thou art,
f.

TE, / am,
TF, *$0& TF,

f.

art,

f.

TTF,

or

it

is:

^^

or

it

is.

Plural.
we
NE,

ye
HE,
they

are.

The Imperfect Tense.

Sing, and Plural.

NF

TTFj,

was or were, m.
or were,
f.

NE TE, was

The Irregular Verb XF, XO, X(D, or XOO, Sah. XA, Bash,

to say.

The Present Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

fxO) MMOC,)

txoc,
KXO)

^'

MMOC, thou sayest, m. Fqxo) MHOC, > EOEXO) MMOC, XO) MMOC.
)

he or she says.

FCXCJD

MMOC

Qhap. VII.

Of Verbs.

93

Singular.
Sahidic.
,

say.

thou sayest, m.
)

MMOC,
qxu>

MMOC,

he says he or she says.

-

MMOC,

FCXOD

MMOC,

Plural.
Coptic and Sahidic.

TFNXO) MMOC, we

say.

& TFTRXOD MMOC,

MMOC,
CEXO) MMOC,
they say.

ye

say.

The Imperfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

NAVXO) MMOC,

NBIXO)
NFq2s:a)

MMOC, /

did say.

MMOC,

MMPC.

he did say.

MMOC,

Plural. NBy^> MMOC,

they did say.

The Perfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Aixo)TOy>

TTEXAI,

/ have
)

said.

AKXOC,

AIXOTOV,

thou, m.

Aqxoc,

AKXOOC,
,

he.
\

Aqxoc,

AqxAC^

he.

ACXOC,

Aqxooc, AXOOC, he or
(

she.

ACXOOC, he and

she.

94

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

Plural.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

ApFTENXO) MMOC,
TTEJKDOy

ye.

MMOC,

they.

AyxoOC,

they.

Ayxoc.

The Future Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

EKEXOC,

EKFXOOC, thou

shalt,

etc.

qNAXooc,
EGNAXOC,

he.

Plural.
TPNNAXE,
,

we.
they.

TUNAXOC^.

we.
they.

CFNAXOoy^

The Imperative Mood.

Coptic.
Sahidic.

AXOC,

AXtc, say.

The Infinitive.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Axoq,

AXIC, to say.

The Perfect Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

nexm,
TTPXAK,

nexAi, npxHi,

said.
tllOU,

HEXAK,
)

m.

nEXAq, HEXAC,

nEXAq, | HEXF, HEXAC, \he*x&she.

nExeq, nE^EC,

he.

she.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

95

Plural.
Coptic.

Sahidic.

Bashmuric.
We.
ye.

TTBXAN,
TTEXCDTEN,

TTEXAY. TTEXF,
69.

nEXAy,
oyFT,

TTEXF,

nsxpy,

they.

oyON. and
to

Sah.
be,

for the verb

have
be.

or

to

oyAN, Bash, are used and MMON, Mlrf% Sah.

to

not to have, or to

But when they take the Personal

always represent the verb
is

Suffixes after them, they

have, with

MMAy, which

very often added.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

oycwnn, oyoN'h
OyoNTAK, OyONTFK.

oyRTAi, oyirf, /

OyHTAK, OyRTK.
oyRTF,
oyfrTAq
thou,
;

thou, m.

oyoNTF

f.

oyoNTAq, oyowTpq, OyONTAC, OyANTFC,

oyHrq,

he.
she.

OyflTAC. OyNTC.

Plural.
OyONTAN, OyONTFN,
OyONTETPN, OyONTO)TEN,

OyHTAN,

We.
ye.

OyHTETN, OyHTHTN,

oyoNToy, oyoNToooy,

oyHTAy, oyFrrey,

they.

Singular.
Bashmuric.

OyANTHl,,

/.

oyANTwq, oyANTEq, oyANTHC, she.

he.

Plural.
oyANTHN,
we.
they.

oyANTHOy,

96

Chap. VII. Of Verbs.

The
thou

Participle

is

formed by adding F, as FoyoNTFK,

also

having.

The above are

etc.

written

oyoNNTm,
expressed,

oyoNNTAK, oyoNNTAq, The Negative not

and generally with

to

have,

is

thus

MMAy.

The Present Tense.

Singular.
Coptic.
Sahidic.

Bashmuric.

MMONTHl, MMON^.

MMH'}-, MfTt,

MFNTHl, /
tllOU,

MMONTFK, MMONTE,

MMNTK. MNTK,
MfTTF,

m.
f.

thou,

MMONTFq, MMONTAq, MMNTAq, MNTq, MFHTHiq, he. she, MMONTFC, MMONTAC^ MHHTAC, MHTC,

Plural.
MMONTFN, MMONTAN,

MNTAN, MMONTETFN^ MMONTO)TFN, MNTHTN,

MFNTHN,

We.
ye.
they.

MMONTOY?HHONTO)OY, MHTAy? MNTOy, MFNTFy,

The Imperfect Tense.
Coptic.
Sahidic. he.

NF MMONTFq HE, NF MMONTOy TTF,

NF MNTK.

tllOU,

m.

they.

NF MNTCJ, NF MHTC,

he.

she.

These are sometimes written

MMON N^

or NTHI,

MMONNTAN, MMONNTCQTFN^

etc.

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

97

Of Verbs Passive.
70.

To what has been

said of verbs Passive under

Chap. V,

we may add

the following.

Verbs active are made

vowels of the root, as KCD,

passive
to put,

by changing the
to

KH, CA.&
to

be put,

Sah.
CHg,,

Moyp,

to

bind,

MHp,

to

be

bound,

to write,

to be written,

Sah. TO) 3, to mix,

THg,
and
as

be mixed, Sah.

O)0)q,

to be laid ?vastc, Sah. to lay waste, tt)H(j,

Verbs active ending

in in

in

the

passive
to

in
on,

woyT,

Copt,

and

in

wy

Sah.

TAAo,

put

TAAwoyT,
71.

Copt.

raAwy,

Sah. to be put on, etc.

The

Participles

are formed by adding FT,

as
;

FTTAKwoyT, from TAKO, and FTTAKTHOYT. from TAKTO and sometimes by suffixing T also to the end as FTcgoyopr, from cgoyp,
Sah.

Of Suffixes to Verbs.

The following are the Pronoun

Suffixes to Verbs.

Singular.
Coptic.
I

Sahidic.
l

or T,

or r, me.
r, thce,
e.

K,
f, q,
c,
i,

K or

m.
f.

TS
q,

or
him.

thce,

c, her.

Plural.
N, TFN,
N, TFT,
US.

TUN,
oy,

TN,

1JOU.

oy. them.
13

98

Chap. VII.

Of Verbs.

The
72.,

first

Person singular.

The

is

suffixed to verbs ending in o, as

MA-

TOyxoi,
to

deliver me, Ps.

CXXXIX,

1.

him that sent me, John VII, 33.

as,

gA (J)HFTAqTAoyot, The T is suffixed to

ye shall
thou shall save

other verbs

oyog TETENNAXFMT AN, and

FKENAgMET,

not find me, John VII, 36.

me, Ps. XLII,
1.

The second Person singular.

73.

nFXE THC NAq TCDNK,

8.

Jesus said unto

hini rise,

John V,
Sah.

HKAAK

EBoAj

to

release thee,

John XIX,

10.

To>oyNr TTFTpE, xo)RMOC XETOJoyNr,

f.

rise Peter,

Acts X, 13. Sah.

Eq-

saying arise,

Acts X, 26. Sahidic.

Sah. and

oyog CFNAqif FBoA,

shall carry thee out,

Copt. Ayco

CFNAqiTF FBoA,

Acts V,
f.

9.

TTFKNAg'f FTFTAqNAgMi,

thy faith hath saved thee,

Mat. IX, 22. ^A-Acy TO)oyNi,

maid

arise,

f.

Luke

VIII, 54.

The first Person plural.

74.

AAAA NAgMFN FBoA#A

evil,

TTinFT0)Oy., but

deliver

us from

Mat. VI, 13.

qNATAMON FgouBWM,

he

will

show us

all things,

John IV, 25. Sah. AK<}>ACTFN M^pHt thou hast tried us as silver, Psalm LXVI, 10.
if

A TTNOyTE MENpETFT,
IV,
11. Sahidic.

God

hath loved us,

1.

John

Chap. VII.

Adverbs. Conjunctions.

U'J

The second Person plural.

75.

FqFTAMflDTFN, he
13*.

shall

make known
us,

unto you,

John XVI,
Sahidic.

AqMEpiTN,

hath loved

Rom

VIII. 37.

The third Person plural.

76.

AqTAMO)oy FNEqxix,

he showed them his hands,

Sahidic. to kill

John XX, 20. FJsoeBoy, Copt. FgOTBoy,

them,

Deut. IX, 28.

XFKAC FqExiroy FyMHp,

that he

might lead them bound, Acts IX, 21. Sah.

Of Adverbs.
77.

few adverbs are formed from nouns by pre-

fixing the letter F to them, with the article, as

Fgooy,

a day, Sah. Fngooy,

daily, F(fAHoy, most often are formed thus t>FN oyadverbs ,But

in vain.

couoyTFN, oyOwq,

rightly,

Luke XX,

21. t>FN

oyMFOMHi,

truly, Luke XX, 21. The other adverbs

will

be easily discovered in the

course of reading.

Of the Conjunction XF.

78.

The conjunction XF frequently answers

to the

word quod, and generally follows the verbs of seeing, hearing, saying, and declaring; as oyog AqNAy Fnoyoriw XF NANEq, and he saw the light that it was good.
Gen.
theirs
I,

4.

XF ecooy TE ^MFToypo NTF Nt(J)Noy^ for

kingdom of heave
i,

is

the

Mit. V,

3.

13*

100
It
is

Chap. VII. Prepositions.

often

united with prepositions,

etc.

as

EGBF XF,

FBHA XF, F(j)MA XF.

Of Prepositions.
the Egyptian Lanor more two of them being frequently united in guage, 79. 1) Prepositions
in

abound

composition
above;

as

Fboyn

F,

FgoyN

F,

Sah. in;

pbpm

FXFN,

FBoAbFN, FBoA

CA

TTFCHT, gi

fcbpm bFN, f/ TIFCHT, and F TTFCHT, beneath, under. The

grT,

Sah. 0#/ of;

Preposition F

is

frequently 'found united with others

as

FboyN F,,
tives,

in,

info;

gpm

F,

to,

towards; OJA

Fgpm

F, to etc.

2) Prepositions are

sometimes prefixed to Substan-

which ^then have the force of Prepositions only, as has been already shown, as gApo, to; gApoi, to me; from gA, to and po., the mouth; FpA. to, before; from

to,

and gpA, the face;

3)

etc.

The Prepositions are

express
the

also

used in composition

with verbs, to

idea conveyed by the verb

to to

and preposition when separated; as OIF Fmyun,

from from
from
cyp,
i

ascend;

to go,

and Fnu^un, above; IFTIFCHT,

descend;
to enter;

to go,

o)F, to

and FFIFCHT, beneath; OJF FboyN, go, and FboyN, in.

4)

The preposition FBoA, very

with verbs;
to remit;

often occurs in con-

nection

as

qiFBO\.
to

to

bear,

to

carry out;

XA

FBoA,

ccop FBoA,

disperse;

(XJDpn FBoA,

to reveal, 5)

&c.
is

The Preposition FBoA

used with nouns in the

same way, as O)HVFBoA, a paralytic; xoyojT FBoA. expectation; xo>p FBoA, a dispersion; BU)A FBoA,

a dissolu-

Chap. VII. Prepositions.

tlon;

101

&c.

It

is

also

used with the same words when

used verbally.
6)

considerable
suffixes,

number

of Prepositions

take the

Pronoun

as

AT^NF,

Copt,

without,

AT<fNoyt,

without me,

ATtfNoyK, without thee, m., E0BF, Copt., ETBE,

Sah. of or concerning,
cerning me;

E6BHT, Copt. ETBHHT, Sah. con-

F9BHTq, Copt. FTBHHTq. Sah. concerning him; &c. NFM, Copt. NM, Sah. with, NEMHI. Copt. NMMAI, Sah.
with

me;

NEMAK,
Coptic.

Coptic.

NMMAK,

Sail,

with

thee;

m.

NAgpEN,

NAgpN,
list

Sahidic. with, before.

NAgpAl,
as

with me, &c.

7)

The following

of Prepositions

is

given,

they very frequently occur in Coptic, Sahidic and Bashmuric.

Coptic.
Sahidic.

ATO~NF, without.

N, without.
of. of.
v

EBoA, from, out

FBoA, from, out

of.

EBoAbFN,
EBoAoyTE,
j

from, out
before.

from, out

of.

from.
,

FBoAglTH,
of,

from, out

from.

of.
,

from.
from.
,

from.
of,

\ \

from.

'

f>

from.

N,

FHHp, beyond, over. FnECHT, beneath, under.

FCKFN,
Fy,
in,

Ey,

in,

to.

in,
in,

within.
to.

by, near.
to.

l,

FXH,
M,

to.

in,

within.

of,

from.

102
Coptic.

Chap. VII. Prepositions.

Sahidic.

Fbpw, in, Fbpm, V

to.

HNNCA,
FlTTFlTO,
in,

after.
i

I,

above, upon.

before.

FinFlTO

FBO\

A, upon.
,

FinKflQTF,

upon, above.

H
NM,
>

to.

>,

above.
,

from.
after.

MFNFNCA,
MTTFM00,

within.

before.
,

NApA,
NFM,

before.

n.

with.

nAgoy,
without.
,

behind.

NoyFU)FN, NCA,
ff/2!er.

o/,

from.
to.

NTFN,
within.

ATN,

e^9H,
before.
,

CATCH,
en,)
V
.

Z/Z.

oyBF,

against.

e^4
tprT,

oyTF,

between.
,

before.

behind.

towards.

tApO,

of,

from.
to.
to,

bATFN,

nigh

J3ATOT, nigh

to.

Chap. VII.

Prepositions. Conjunctions. Interjections.

Coptic.
'

103

>

before.

t>AXO>,
t>FN,
VI.
to.

t>FNT, near

gA,

to.

gl, upon, in.

glNtup, beyond.

gipFN, before.

of.

glXFN,

Of Conjunctions.
80.
8)

The conjunction oyog,

were

#<

is

frequently

omitted in composition, as

oyog AYoycoM THpoy Ayct,

satisfied.

and

they all ate (and)

ic

Mat. XV, 37.

Copt.
w</

oyog
A<?/</

gANArruAoc Ayt Ayo)FMO)i MMoq,

and, also,
is

^~

angels came, (and) ministered to him, Mat. IV, 11. Copt.

9)

The Conjunction KF,

placed between

the article and the noun; as

BFC)

NTFNgioyt Mrroy KF
also their

NAyoke

FBoA glXOJN,
us.

that

we may cast away

ICJDT

from
also,

Ps. II.

2.

nni KE

FTAqTAoyoq,

the Father

who hath

sent him.

Of Interjections.
81.

The

principal interjections in Egyptian

are ic,

or guTTTTF ic, Copt.

gHHTF

1C.

Sah. behold! oyoi, alas!

woe to: and

d),

oh

104

Chap. VIII. Of the Formation of words.

CHAP.

VIII.

Of the Formation of words.

82. In treating of the formation of Egyptian words
it

is

by no means intended

versy,*

upon the controwhether nouns or verbs were the original words

what the

to enter

in language, but to give a simple statement of

Egyptian presents
83. Primitive

to us.

words were no doubt

sun-,

short,

and ge-

nerally of one syllable, as pw, the

the

(j)F,

heaven; xo>,

lead; hpF, food; &c.

84.

Compound words
as

are formed by uniting two or

more words,
and
<j)AT,

qTF())AT,

a quadruped, from qTF, four

to

a foot ;

oy(MNHT,

repent ,

from

oyom,

to consume,

and gHT,
loving,

the heart, &c.

MAi'NOyTF,

religious,

from MAI,

NoyTF,

God, Sah.

Some words
Bash.,

are composed of

MA,

Copt., Sah.

and

a place, and N, the sign of the genitive, united

with other words, as

MANMOW,
to feed,

a pasture, a place to feed;

from MA, and MONI,

to flee
to-,

from MA,

and

<])a>T,
tt)0)TTi,

a place MAN<f>O)T, a refuge, a flight. MANUJODTTt, a

to

habitation;
tribunal',

from MA, and

-f,

dwell.

MAfct*gATI, a

from MA, and

to give,

and gAff, judgment.

Some words
and

are composed of

ME

or MAI,

loving,

united with other words, as

MAigAT,

covetous-,

from MAI,

AT.

silver,

MAlTAlO,

ambitious;

from MAt, and TAto,

honour.

Chap. VIII. Of the Formation of words.

105

MET
fixed to

or MF9, Copt, and

MNT.

Sah.

are often pre-

nouns and also to words derived from the Greek;

a king;
soldier; wit-

as

MFToypo, a kingdom; from MET and oypo, MFTMATOI, an army; from MET and MATOI, a

MHTMFrrpF, a testimony; from

ness; Sah. &c.

MNT

and MHTpF, a

The word pEM, Copt, and pR, Sah. AEM. Bash, a native, an inhabitant, or belonging to, and the sign of the
genitive prefixed to nouns; as

pEMNHi, a

domestic; from

pEM and
(J)E,

a house; pEMM(j)E, heavenly; from pFM and heaven; pEMNXHMl, an Egyptian; pFMTApCOC, a
HI,

native

of Tarsus.
,

pEq

Copt,

and Sah. Apq

as

Bash, added to
inspector,

verbs

form compound nouns,

pFqNAy, an

from

MAY)
to

Sah. a minister, from pPC|S)Rj0F* minister, AFq'tcETT, Bash, a judge; from t6 ATT >
*

sec

cyRu)F,
to judge.

CA, Copt, and Sah. an

ation
of

artificer,

is

used in the form-

some words, as CANtfvixi, a maker or seller of purple ; from dilXl , purple. CANCOIK, a baker; from
CD IK,

bread.

CAHgOMRT,

Sah. an artificer

in brass;

from

gOMRT,
often

brass.

XIN. Copt,

and Bash.

(TiN,

Sah.

prefixed to verbs
so
that they

denote the presence

of the

action,

then correspond with the infinite of the Greek, with the

article;

as xiNMOu)i, Copt.

(MNMOOO^F, Sah.

the action

of

going, TO go.

With these

prefixes verbs are frequently

x(|)0,

used as nouns; as XINX<]>O, possession, from

*.

to possess.

a preparation, from

<foB

|~.

to

prepare.
to verbs "serves

a)oy. Copt, and Sah. when prefixed

14

106
to

PartIV,
indicate"

Of the Dialects.

Quatremere says, "that a thing merits to

that
it

be done,

ought to be done."
as

It

consequently

expresses worthiness;

gu>c
to be

gANcyoyMUNpiToy NF
loved are thy tabernacles.

NFKMANOjomi, How worthy

Ps.

LXXXIII,

from MFNpiT, beloved. gA, Copt., Sah. and Bash, appears

1.

to

express

a or

person, master or chief";

chief of a

as gANU)F, Sah. a centurion,

tt)F,

hundred men, from

a hundred. gAMO)F,

Sah. a carpenter, an artificer in wood. &c.

AT

or A9, Copt., Sah. and Bash, which

is

a nega-

tive prefix to nouns.

AA, Copt, much, greatly, as AAXAA, very shady.

Some nouns

are formed from verbs by

adding a

Letter at the end, as cgoyopr, a curse, from cgoyop, to curse. pAbr, a fuller; from pAb, to wash; XApoq,
silence;.

from XApu>,

to

silence.

Part IV.
Of the Dialects.
1.

We know

very
all

little

of the ancient
it

Language

of

Egypt, and nearly

the remains of

we now

possess,

have been transmitted to us through the

Coptic,
Dialect

medium

of the

Sahidic

and
in

Bashmuric

Dialects.

The Coptic

was spoken
capital,

Lower Egypt,
it

of which
called

Memphis
great

was the
propriety
its

hence

has

been

with

the

Memphitic

Dialect,

The Sahidic derived

J^ouaJf,
the

name from

the Arabic

word <Xuto or

Upper or Superior; and was the Dialect of Upper Egypt,

PartlV.

Of the

Dialects.

107

of which Thebes
called the

was the
It
is

capital;

it

has therefore been

to

Thebai'c.

impossible

say which of
Georgius, Val-

these two dialects was the

more

ancient.

perga, Munter, and others have decided in favour of the

Coptic

and Macrizy, Renaudotius, Lacroze, and Jablonsky,

of reason, have contended

with

much more appearance

Still,

for 'the Sahidic.

however, the question must be very

much
ficient

left to

conjecture, as

we have not
decide.

at present suf-

evidence to enable us to

Besides these
is

two dialects, which have long been known, there

third,

which

was

spoken in

Baschmour,

Province

of the Delta.

Egypt has been so satisfactorily proved by Quatremere, Engelbreth and other writers, and so fully confirmed by the Bashmouric
Dialects in

The existence of three

Fragments which have been discovered and published, that no more need be added to establish the fact.

however any doubt should remain on the mind of any one, the following quotation from a Manuscript work
If

of Athanasius, a Prelate of the Coptic Church,

who was
the

Bishop of Kous,

will entirely

remove

it.*

"The Coptic

Language," says

he, "is divided into three dialects,

Coptic dialect of Misr, the Bahiric, and the Bashmuric:

these diiferent
dialects

are

derived from the same lan-

guage."

The introduction of Greek words

language

into the

Egyptian

commenced, no doubt, from the time of the

Coptic MS. Royal Library Paris, quoted by Quatremero.

14*

108

Part IV.

Of the Dialects.

Macedonian conquest, which the introduction of ChrisThe Christian tianity tended to confirm and extend.
Religion contained so

many new

ideas, that

new words

would be found necessary to express them. These words the Greek Language would readily supply, having been
previously used by the Apostles of Christ, for a similar
object:

and

it

is

probable that the Egyptians adopted

the

terms required,

from
find in

the

Apostles.

But we

Greek writings of the the Coptic and Sahidic Ver-

sions of the Scriptures,

that the Translators often used

Greek words

in

the

Translation
fully

when they possessed

Egyptian words,

which

expressed the same idea,

which proves that the Greek and Egyptian Language were both extensively used at that period.

The Coptic Dialect.

2.
ric,

The

Coptic,*) or as

it

has been called the Bahi-

but more properly the Memphitic, was the Dialect

of

Lower Egypt,
is

the

*V)UD Mizur

of

the

Scriptures.

This Dialect

more

free

from Greek than the Sahidic.

Manuscripts exist in Coptic of nearly the whole of

the

Sacred

Scriptures,

of

which

the

Pentateuch,

the

Book

of Job, the Psalms, the

Major and Minor Prophets,

Church exist

and the
lished.

New

Testament, with translations, have been pubalso

Liturgies

of the

Coptic

in

MSS. and the works

of

some of the early Fathers, the

*) Thg word Coptic was evidently derived from the word as pronounced by the Egyptians.

yTTTC

PartlV.

Of the

Dialects.

109
lives

Acts of the Council

considerable

of Nice,
of Saints

and also the and Martyrs.

Dialect.

of a

number

The Sahidic
3.

The

Sahidic, or
in

more

correctly the Thebaic Dia-

lect,

was spoken
it

before,

Upper Egypt. As has been hinted has adopted a greater number of Greek words
The vowels
in
this

than the Coptic.

dialect are

more

frequently expressed by lines above the consonants than

in the Coptic or

Bashmouric; as MNNCA,

after,

Sahidic.

MFNFNCA,

Copt.

FmMTo,

Sah. before, MTTUMTO, Copt.

Fragments of nearly every part of the Old and

Testament exist in Sahidic, but only fragments

New

of the

New

Testament have

as

yet been published, and frag-

ments of some of the Lives of Saints and Martyrs.

The Bashmouric Dialect.

4.

The Bashmouric Dialect was

a Province
of the

spoken

in

Bash-

mour,

Delta,

and agrees

in

some
re-

respects with the Coptic, and in others

more nearly

sembles the Sahidic.

The inhabitants

of

the

Delta

were described by
life,

ancient writers* as wild beasts, leading a wandering

and living by robbery and plunder,

Greeks

whom

the Persians,

and Romans
a

could

hardly

subdue.

This

will

account in

great measure for

Sahidic.

the Bashmouric being

more rude than the

A
*

few Fragments only of

this Dialect

exist,

and

have been published.

Thucydid.
1.

1. c.

110. and Diod. Sicul.

1.

II. c.

77.

110

Chap. VIII. Praxis.

Praxis.
Of the first Chapter of
1.

St.

John's Gospel.

JDEN
c))t

tATFN

TApXH NE TTCAXl oyog NE oyNoyt

was
the
the

TIE
TIE

OyOg

TTICAXI NACjX'H

/# the beginning
with God,

Word, and the Word was

and God was

Word.
f.

>EN, prepos.
f.

TApXH, noun
TTE,
rr

with

the defin. art.

3
pers.
sing.

prefixed

NE

verb, irreg.

imper.
art.

TTCAXI,

noun m. with

the defin.

m. prefixed,
3.

oyog
from

conjunct.

NAqXH

verb indie,
r

imper.
sing.

pers. sing,

XH.

k>ATEN, prepos.

<j) f-

noun

m.

oyNOyt, noun
\.

masc. sing, with

2.
()>Al

oy

indef. art. prefixed.

ENAqXH ICXEN g H tATEN

This was from the beginning with God.

(j)Ai,

pron. demonstr. sing. m.

ENAqXH,

verb, imperf.

(see
sing.

above)

with E pron.

rel.

ICXEN,

prepos. &\,

noun

3.

gcoBNiBEN Ayajoom EBoAgiTorq

(ycjom

oyog ATo'Noq

MHE gAi

BEN ^>HET Aqcyoini. made by him and without him was were All things
,

not anything made, among that which was made.

^(WBNIBEN. compound adject, from

<JDB

and NIBEN..

Ayu)a)TTi ; verb, perfect 3. pers. plur. from cyooni.

EBoAsing.
pref.

grrorq, prepos. with q the pron.

suff.

3.

pers.

ATdwoq,
3.

prepos.

with

q pron.

suff.

MTTF.

neg.

pers.

m. to

verb,

u^umi.
relat.

gAt.

adject,

neut.

(|)HET,
perf.

pron.
3.

demonst.

and

sing.

Aqu)o>ni.

verb.

pers. sing, see above.

Chap. VIII.
4.
(JDINI

Praxis.

Ill
TTF (J)oy-

NF ncowb
TTF.

TTF

FTP N^HTq oyog TTCDNb

and
the

NNlp(DMl
7w

//rc 7##s

life,

life

was

the light
artic.

of men.
m. pref.

TTO)Nt>,

noun
relat.

sing,
sing.

with n, the defin.

FTF, pron.
TTF,

wburq,
3.

prep, with q
sing.

suff.

NF...

verb,

irreg.
(j)

imperf.
art.

pers.

(j)oyanNi,

noun

sing,

m. pref. NNipcoMi, noun pi. with sign of gen. and NI def. art. plur. m. prefixed.

with

def.

5.

oyog TTioycmw AqFpoytDiw

cyrAgoq.
light

t>FN

mxAKt oyog
and
the

MHF mxAKt
And
the

shined in the darkness,

it.

dark-

ness did not comprehend

AqFpoycDiw,

verb. perf.

3.

pers. sing, from

ayo)iw

with Fp prefixed. ntXAKi, noun sing, with def. art. m. sing. pref. (yTA^oq, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, with
MTTF, (see above) and a) intensive
prefixed,

and q

suif.

from TAgo.

AqcycDm NXF oypo)Mi FAyoyopnq FBoAgiTFN ty\ FnFqpAN np KDANNHC. There was a man who was sent by God, whose name
6.

was John.
NXF, a sign of the nominative. oypooMt, noun
m. with
sing,

oy

indef. art. sing, prefixed. F, pron. relat. sing.

Ayoyopnq.
FfTFqpAN, F
TTF,

verb. perf. 3. pers. plur. for the pass. sing,

(see pass, v.)

and q
rel.

3.

pers. sing. suff.

pron. npq,

his m.

EBoAgiTFN, prep. pAN, noun sing. m.

verb irreg. imperf.

7.
<|>Al

Aqi

FyMFTMF0pF glNA NTFqFpMF9pF

glNA NTF OyONNlBFN NAg'f

112

Chap. VIII.

Praxis.

This (man) came for a

to

jvitness,

that he

might witness

the light, that every one might believe through him.

Aqi,

verb perf.
with

3.

pers. sing,

from

FyMFTMFepF,
indef. art.

noun

sing,

Ey

f r

PO Y> F prepos. oy,

contract, into ey.

gtNA, conjunct,
sing,

NTFqppMFepF.

verb,

subjunct,

3.

pers.

from Meepe with Fp prefixed.

adj.

bA, prepos. oyoNNiBEN,

3.

NTF NAgt,

verb subjunct.

pers. sing.
8.

NF N0oq AN
niOyODlNl.

TTF

moyoMNi

AMA

INA NTFqFp-

HF0pF bA
the light.

He was

not the light,

but that he might witness to

N0oq, pron.
9.

3.

pers. m.

AN, adv. AAi\A

conj.

NAqO)OTT NXF moyCDlNl NTA(|)MHl <J)HFT Fpoy-

(DlNl

FpO)Mt NIBFN FGNHOy FniKOCMOC. He was the true light, which enlightenclh every man
into the world.
3.

who cometh

NAqcyon, verb imperf.

NTAC^MHI,
adjective.
adject,
sing,

pers.

sing

from

u)OTT.

with N,
sing,

prefixed

forming the
adj.

epOMi, noun

with F prep. NIBFN,

FONHOy.

verb. pres. 3. pers. sing, with

F9

pron.

relai

from Nwoy.

FHIKOCHOC, noun

sing,

with F prep, and

m,

defin. art, prefixed.

10.

Aqo)(oni

NAqXH ^FN ntKOCMOC np oyo^ TTIKOCMOC FB0^2lTOTq oyog Anp TTIKOCMOC coycDNq.
in

He was
and
the

the world, anrl the world

not.

was made by Him,

world knew Him

MnF...coyo)Nq. verb, with neg. and q

suffix.

Chap. VIII. Praxis.

113

11.

Aqi

gA NFTFNoyq oyog NFTFNoyq Mnoyhis

o)onq Fpcooy. He came to

to

own, and

his

own received him not

them.

gA, prep. NFTFNoyq,

with q o)onq, verb. neg.
proh. plur.

adj. plur.

with q

suff.

Mnoy-

suff. 3.

pers. plur. Fpo>oy, Dat.

NH AF FT Ayojonq Fpcooy Aqt Fpu)io)i Noooy FFp cpwpi NNoyf- NHF0 NAgt FnFqpAN.
12.

But those who received him

to

them,
those

he gave them

power

to

become sons of God,

(to]

who

believe

in

his name.

NH, pron. demon, plur &F, conj. FT, pron.

Ayjyorrq, verb.
sing,
dat.
perf. 3. pers. pi.

rel.
3.

pi.

verb. perf. Aq'f,

sing. masc.

pers.

from ^.
FFp, verb,
i,

Fpo)t(^i,
infin.

noun

NGDoy, pron.
infin.

with F pref. the sign of the

noun

plur.

13.

NHFTF FBOA^EN

CNO(j

AN NF Oy^F FBO^FN

CAp? AN NF OyAF FBOAt>FN (foyflOO) NpO)Ml AN NH AAAA FT AyMACOy FBOA^EN (j)'}'.

Those who were
flesh,

nor of the

will

of of man, but who were born of God.

not of blood,

neither

of the

will

CNoq, noun sing. m. AN, adv. negat. oy&F, conj. NCAp, noun sing. m. with N sign of gen. AyMACoy,
verb perf.
14.
3.

pers. plur. with oy, plur.

suff.

from MAC.

oyoe TTICAXI Aqpp oycApj oyoe Aqcycom Nbpm NhwTFN oyog AN NAY PTTFqcDoy M^pwf Mno)oy NOyojHpl MMAyATq NTOTq MTTFqiO)T FqMFg N^MOT NFM MF0MHI.
15

114

Chap. VIII. Praxis.

And

the

word was made

flesh,

and dwelt among

of
the only son

us,

and we saw
Father, full

his glory, as the glory

of

his

of grace and
perf.
3.

truth.

Aqpp, verb

pers.

sing,
suff.

from pp.

fcbpm

NbHTEN,
1.

2 prepos. the last FN

ANN Ay,

verb perf.

pers. plur. from NAy.

ace.

ETTEqcboy. noun sing. m. with

pref.

F sign of noun m.
prefixed.

and npq,

sing,

M^pn^-, adv. Noycynpi, with N sign of gen. and oy indef. art.

adj.

MMAyATq,

from TOT, see

NTorq, pron. partic. gen. pronouns. MTTFqicDT, noun sing, with M

sing.

FqMFg, verb present or part. 3. pers. sing. NgMOT, noun sing. m. with N sign of gen. NFM, conj. MEOMHI, noun sing. f.
15.

sign of gen. and rrpq prefixed.

UDANNHC FqFpMFGpF F6BHTq OyO

EqODU)

FqXO)MMOC, XF
pa) nF.

<|)Al nF 4>HPT AlXOq XE (j)HF9 MFNFNcan AqFpojopn Fpoi XF NF oyo)opn Fpoi

John witnesseth concerning him, and

ing, that this is

crieth out, say-

he of whom

spake, he

who cometh

after

me hath been

before me, for he was before me.

FGBHTq, prepos. with q

pres. 3. pers. sing,
particip.

Fqo)O) EBoA, verb with EBoA, prepos. joined. FqxcoHMOC,

suff.

from xco, and

MMOC

particle

postfixed.
1.

XF,
pers.

conjunct, but often expletive. Aixoq, verb perfect.

sing,

with q suffixed. MFNENCOUI, prepos. with 1. pers. sing, suffixed. AqFpujopn, verb perf. 3. pers. sing, from
particle

Fp and ojopn, Epoi,

sing,

used for pronoun.

1.

pers.

po, he, the same.

Chap. VIII.

Praxis.

115
ITFqMOfc*

16.

XF ANON THpFN
NTttjEBlU)
all

AN(Tl

FBOAbFN

NFM

NOygMOT.
have received out of his fulness, and

Because we

grace for grace.

ANON, pron.
1.

plur.

1.

pers.

rupFN,

adject, with FN,

1.

pers.
6~i.

plur.

suffixed.

AN<H, verb

perf.

pers.

plur.

from

TiFqMOg, noun sing. m. with npq prefixed, noun sing, with oy indefin. artic. prefixed.
from cypeio), with

O), prepos.:

the art.

f.

and

prefixed.
17.

XF niNOMOC AyTHiq FBoAgtTFN MCOyCHC TTlgMOT &F NFM tMEeMHt AyO)(Oni FBoAglTFN THC TTXU.
For
the

law was given by Moses, but the grace and

the truth were by Jesus Christ.

niNOMOC, noun
verb perf.
sing,
3.

sing, with

m defin.
q
suff.

art.

m.

pers.

plur.
art.
f.

with

't'MBdMttl;

AyTHiq, noun

with ^, defiu.
18. (J)t

MRF g/\l NAy Fpoq FNF<3 ntMONOrFNHC <])HET XH t>EN KENq MrrEqicuT weoq HET

Not any one hath ever seen, God; the only begotten of God, he who is in the bosom of his Father, he hath declared him.

HTTE.,NAY,

verb

3.

pers.

sing,

negat.

prefixed.

FNE>
pron.
3.

adv.
3.

KFNq. noun

sing, with q
relat.

suffixed.

Neoq,

pers. sing.

OFT, pron.

AqcAxi, verb perf.

pers. sing.
19.

TE ^MFTME9pE NTE IODANNHC OTE FT Ayoyu)pn e^poq NXE Niioy&Ai FBoAt>EN

OyO

9AI

15*

116

Chap. VIII.

Praxis.

lAHM NANOyHB NFM gANAFytTHC gtNA NTOyU)FNq XF N80K NIM. And this is the testimony of John, when the Jews, who
sent to him from

Jerusalem Priests

and

Levites

that they

might ask him, who art thou?

8Ai,
sing.
fern.

pron.def.

fern. sing.

TF, verb, irreg. pres.

3. pers.

NTF,

sign

of gen. gore, adv.

Apoq, prep,

joined with poq, a particle representing the pronoun. defin. art. plur. prefixed. NgANNiioyfcAt, noun with

oyviB,

noun

plur.

with

gen.

and

AN,
3.

indef. art. pi.

prefixed.

NToycgFNq, verb subjunct.

pers.

plur. with

suffixed.

NGOK, pron.

2. pers.

sing.

NIM, pron. sing.

oyog Aqoyo)N XF ANOK AN HF TTXC. And he confessed and

I am not
the Christ.

20.

MnpqxcoA FBoA oyog AqoycoNg

denied not;

and confessed that

AqoycoNg, verb
1.

perf. 3. pers. sing.

verb, negat. perf, 3. pers. sing,

MTTFqxcoA FBoA, from xo)A FBoA. AMOK,

pron.

pers. sing.

From the Hymns

TIAAlN

for the Principal Feasts.

ON AqMOO)l

Again he walked U)A O^MOyN CNAY*) To Shmoun the second ;

AqXCOp FBOA NNIXAXI

dispersed the enemies t>FN TTIMA FTFMMAyIn that place.
*)

He

The name

of a city of ancient Egypt.

TT1XGOK.

Index
of Ihe

Prefixes, Suffixes,
Prefix Imperative, p. 54.
Pref. 1st Perf. 3. p. sing.

&c.

A,
A,

m. and

f.

47. 3.

p. plur.

48.

A,

about, p. 44.
Prefix negat. p. 106.
Pref.
1st Perf. 1st p. sing. p. 47.

A8,
At,

AINA,
AINE,

Pief. 2. Ful. 1. p. sing. p. 51.

Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 51.

1.

AK,

Pref.

Perf. 2. p. sing.

m.

p.

47.
p.

AKNA,
AN,

Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing.

m.

51.

Pref. 1. Perf. 1. p. plur. p. 48.

Pref. negat. p. 79.

AN,

ANNA,
ANNE,

Pref. 2. Ful.
Pref. 2. Fut.
Parlic. p. 65.

1.

p. plur. p.

51.

1. p.

plur. p. 51.

AOyT,
ApE,

Pref.

1. Perf. 2. p. sing.

f.

p. 47.
f.

ADEN A,

Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing.

and

3. p.

m. and

f.

sing. p. 51,

ApETEN, Pref. 1. Perf. 2. ApETFNNA, Pref. 2. Ful.

Apt,
Pref. Imperat. p.

p. plur. p.

48.
51.

2. p. plur. p.

54.
f.

AC,

Pref.

1.

Perf. 3. p. sing.

p.
f.

47.
p. 51.

ACNA,
AT,

Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. sing.

Pref. negal. p.

106.

ATETEN,

Pref. p. 66.

118

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

Pref. 1. Pcrf. 2. p. plur. p.
1. Perf. 3. p. plur.
-

ATFTN,
Ay, Ay,
Aq,
Pref.
-

48.

48.

Suff 3

P ers - P'ur- P- 37.

p
;

AyNA,
AqNA,
T,

Pref. 2. Fut. 3.
1. Perf.

plur. p. 51.

Pref.

3. p. sing.

m.

p. 47.

Pref. 2. Ful. 3. p. sing.

m.

p.

51.

A2CIT, Ordinal for hours, p. 43.

Suff. to verbs. 2. p. sing. Pref. Infinit. p. 54.
Suff. 2. p.
f.

m.

for

p. 97.

F,
F,

p.

36, 45, 97.

F, Sign of the Dative, Accus. and Ablat. p. 21, 22, 23.

F, Sign of the Participle, F, Forms Adjectives,

p. 65.

96.

p. 24.

F6

Forms

Adjectives, p. 24.
Participles, p. 65.

F0, Forms

F0pF,
Flj

Auxiliary verb. p. 90, 91.

1. p.

Pref. 2. Pres.

sing. p. 46.

FIF,

Pref. 3. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 51.

Pref. 2. Fut.
1. 1. p.

FIN A,
FK,

sing. p. 51.

Pref.

Pres. 2. p. masc. sing. p. 46.

FKF,

Pref. 3. Ful. 2. p. sing.

m.

p. 51.
p. 51.

FKNA,
FAF,
FN,

Pref. 2. Ful. 2. p. sing.

m.

FA, The Auxiliary

verb. Bash. p. 91.

f.

Pref. 2. Ful. 2. p. sing.

Pref. 2. Pres. Suff.
1. p.

and
47.

3. p.

sing,

and

plur. p. 47.

Bash.

1. p. plur. p.

FN,
FN,

plur. p. 36.
to verbs, p. 66.

if,

with the Prefixes

FNF,

if,

with the Prefixes to verbs, p. 66.

1. p. plur. p.

FNF,

Pref. 3. Fut.
Pref.

51.

FNNA,
F0y>

2. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51.

Suff. 3. pers. plur. p. 37.

Fp ?
FpF,

Auxiliary verb. p. 91.

Pref. 2. Ful. 2. p. sing.
f.

and

3. p.

sing,

and

plur. p.

47.

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

119
plur. p.

FpF,

Prcf.

3. Fut. 2. p. sing-,

f.

and
f.

3. p. sing-,

and

51.

FpFNA,

Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. sing-,

Pref. 3. Fut.

p. 51.

FpFTFNF,
EC,

2. p. plur. p. 51.

FpFTFNNA,
ECF,

Prof. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51.

f.

Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. sing-,

Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. sing-,

p.

47.

f.

p. 51.
f.

FCNA,

Pref. 2. Ful. 3. p. sing-,

p. 51.

FT, Forms FT? Forms

Adjectives, p. 24.
Participles, p. 65.

FT A,
ETAl,

Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing-,

Pref. 2. Perf.
1. p.

and

plur.

m. and

f.

p.

48.

sing. p. 48, 65.

FTAK, ETAN,
FTApF,

Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing-,

m.

p.

48, 65.

Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. plur. p.

48, 66.
f.

Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing.

p.

48, 65.
48, 66.

ETApETEN,
ETAC,

Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p.

Pref. 2.

Perf. 3. p. sing.

f.

p. 48, 65.

ETATETFN, Pref. p. 66. ETAy, Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p.

ETAq,
ETF,

plur. p. 48, 66.

Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing.

m.

p.

48, 65.

when, Prefixed to verbs, p. 65.

FTFTEN, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. piur. p. 47. FTFTN, Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 47.

FTFTN A,

Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51.

FTFTNF, Pref. 3. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51. FTFTNNA, Pref. 2. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 51.
FTpE,
Ey,
Auxiliary verb. p. 90, 91.
Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. plur. p. 47.

FyF,
EU),

Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 51.

Pref. 2. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 51.

EyNA,
Fq,

Sign of the Potential Mood. p. 78.

Pref. 2. Pres. 3. p. sing.

m.

p.

47.

FqF,

Pref. 3. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 51.

Pref. 2.

EqNA,

Ful

3. p. sing.

m.

p. 51.

120

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

Sign of the Comparative,
Participles, p. 65.
p. 25.

FgOTF,

HOyT, Hy, Participles, p. 65. HyT, Participles p. 65.

6,
Defin. Artie, p. 10.
?

6A
I,

Posses. Article, p. 13.

6DF,

Auxiliary Verb. p. 89.

Suff. 1. pers. sing-,

and

2. pers. sing.

f.

p. 36, 45, 97.

Kj

Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. sing.

Suff. 2. p. sing.

m.

p. 45, 46.

K,

m.

p. 36, 45, 97.

KF, Between

the Article and noun. p. 103.

KNA,
KNF,

Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing.

m. m.

p. 50. p. 50.

Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing.

AA

much.

p.

106. Bash.

AFM,
M, M,

a native, p. 105. Bash.

p. 105. Bash.

AFC!, Forms compound nouns,

Pref. to
Pref.

Gen. Dat. Ace. Abl. p. 21, 22.

p.

Negat.

84.

MA,

Pref. Imperat. p. 54.

MA/\Fj

Pref. Optative. 2. p. sing.

f.

and

3. p. sing,

and

plur. p. 54.

Bash.

p. MAAFK, Pref. Optat. 1. p. plur. p. 54. Bash. MAAEN, MAAFC, Pref. Optat. 3. p. sing. p. 54. Bash. MAAETFN, Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54. Bash.

Pref. Oplal. 2. p. sing.

m.

54. Bash.

f.

MAAFC1,

Pref. Optat. 3. p. sing.

m.

p.

54 Bash.

MAAl,

Pref. Optat. 1. p. sing. p. 54.

Bash.

MAAoy, Pref. Oplat. 3. p. plur. p. 54. Bash. MADFj Pref. Optative 2. p. sing. and 3. p. sing, MApFK, Pref. Oplat. 2. p. sing. m. p. 54. MApFN, Pref. Oplat. 1. p. plur. p. 54.
f.

and

plur. p. 54.

MApFC, Pref. Oplal. 3. p. sing. p. 54. MApETFN, Pref. Optal. 2. p. plur. p. 54. MApFTN, Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54.
f.

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes,

Pref. Oplal. 3. p. sing.

c.

121

MApECJ,

m.

p. 54.

MApl,
MApN",

Pref. Oplat. 1. p. sing. p. 54.

Pref. Optat. 2. p. plur. p. 54.

p. plur. p. 54.

MApOy, Pref. Optat. 3. MAgj Forms the Ordinal

MEg, MET,
'

numbers. Copt.

p. 43.

Pref. to

nouns, Copt. p. 105.

nouns, Copt. p. 105.

Pref. to

MN"T,

Pref. to nouns, Sail. p. 105.

the Ordinal numbers MEg, MM Ay, Pref. Negat. p. 96. MIT ATE, Pref. Negat. p. 79, 86.

Forms

Sah. p. 43.

MTIE,

Pref. Negat. p. 79. 85.

Pref. Negat. p. 89.
Pref. Negat. p. 89.

MTTE\,
MTTEp,
MJTp, N, Pref.
N,
IT,

Bash.

Pref. Negat. p. 89.

Negat. p. 79.

Pref. to Gen., Dal., Aec., Abl. p. 21, 22.

Pref. 2. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 47.

N,

Pref. Infinit. p. 54.

Suff. 1. p. plur. p. 36, 46,

N,
N,

97.

Definite Artie, plur. p.

1 1

MA,

Possess. Article, plur. p. 13.

NA, About, p. 44. NAl TIE, Pref. Imperf. 1. p. sing. p. 47. MAIN A, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52.
MAINE,
Pref. Imperf. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52.
p. sing.

Bash.

NAK

TIE, Pref. Imperf. 2.

m.

p.

47.
p.

NAKNA, NAKNE,

Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing.

Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing.

m.

52.

m.
47.

p. 52.

Bash.

NAN

TIE.,

Pref.

Imper.

1. p. plur. p.

MANNA, NANNF,

Pref. Imper. Fut.

Pref. Imperf. Fut.

1. p. plur. p.
1.

53.

p. plur. p. 53. Bash.

f.

NApE

HE,

Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing.

and

3. p. sing,

and

plur. p. 47.

16

122

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

f.

NApENA, Pref. Imper. Ful. 2. p. sing. and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 52, 53. NApFNE, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing, and 3. p. sing, and pi. p. 52,53. NApETEN TIE, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. plur. p. 47. NApETENNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 53. Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 53. NApETENNE,
f.

NAC

TIE.

Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing.

f.

p.

47.

NACNA,
j

Pref. Imperf. Ful. 3. p. sing. p. 52.

^ re ^'

m P er

f-

3- P- plur. p.

47.
53.

Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. plur. p.

Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing.

NACJ

TIE,

m.

p.

47.
p.

NA(1NA>
NP,

Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. sing.

m.

52.

Pref. Subjunet. 2. p. sing.

m.

p.

53.

NE

Defin. Article plur. p. 11.

NE,

Verb.

p.

92.

Irreg. verb. p. 92.

NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE NE

TE,

A
Al

TTE 7
TIE, TIE,
TIE,

Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. sing. Pref. Pluperf.

m. and

f.

p.

48,

1. p. sing. p.

48.
p. 48.

AK AN

Pref. Piuperf. 2. p. sing.

Pref. Pluperf.

m.

1. p. plur. p.
f.

49.

ApE TTEj 2. ApETEN TIE, Pref. Pluperf. p. AC TIE, Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. sing.

Pref. Pluperf. 2. p. sing.

and

3. p. sing.

m. and

f.

p.

48.

plur. p. 49.
p.

f.

48.

ATETH

TIE,

Pref. Pluperf. 2. p. plur. p. 49.

Ay
AC1

TTEj

Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. plur. p. 49.

HE,

Pref. Pluperf. 3. p. sing.

m.

p. 48.

U)Al TIE,

Pref. Imperf. Indef.

1.

p. sing. p.

49.
p.

(WAK
(AJA^E

TIE, Pref. Imperf. Indef.

2. p. sing.
f.

m.

49.

TIE, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. sing.

TIE,

and

3. p. sing,

and pi.

p.

49.

U)AN
O) ApE

Pref. Imperf. Indef. 1. p. plur. p. 49.

Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. sing.
f.

HE

and

3. p. sing,

andpl. p.49, 50.

O)ApETEN
W)AC
FIE,

TTE,

Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 50.

f,

Pref. Imperf. Indef. 3. p. sing,

p.

49, 50.

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

123

NF O)ATETFN TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indcf. 2. p. plur. p. 50. ME tt)ATETN TTF. Pref. Imperf. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 50. NE U)AY TTF, Pref. Imperf. Indef. 3. p. plur. p. 50,
NEl
TTF,
Pref. Imperf. 1. p. sing. p.

47.

NEINA OF,

Pref. Imperf. Ful. 1. p. sing-, p. 52.

NEK
NFN,

TTF ?

Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing.

m.

p.

47.
p. 52.

NEKNA,

Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing.

m.

Defin. Artie, plur. p.

10.

MEN TTE, Pref. Imperf. 1. p. plur. p. 47. NENNA TTF, Pref. Imperf. Ful. 1. p. plur. NFC TTF, Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing. p. 47.
NECNA,

p.

53.

Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3, p. sing. p. 62.

NETFTN TTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. plur. p. 47. NETETN A TTF, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. plur. p.
TTF,
Pref. Imperf. 3. p. plur. p. 47.
Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p, plur. p. 53.
f.

53.

TTE,

NFpF TTF, Pref. Imperf. 2. p. sing. 3. p. sing, and plur. p. 47. NFpFNA, Pref. Imperf. Fut. 2. p. sing.f. and 3. p. sing, and pi. p.
NEC,
NEC],
Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing.
f.

52, 53.

p. 53.

Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. rn. p. 53.

Pref. Imperf. 3. p. sing. p. 47.

NEq HE,

NFqNA
NH,
FC,
NEF,
fTTA,

TTF,

Pref. Imperf. Fut. 3. p. sing. p. 52.

p. 10, 11.
1 1.

Nt, Defin. Artie, plur.

Defin. Artie, plur. p.

NNA,

Pref. 2. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 51.

f.

Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing.

p. 53.

Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. plur. p. 53.

Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing.

m. and

f.

and

3. p. plur.

p.

48.

FTTA,

Pref. Subjunct.

1. p. sing. p.

53.

NTAt,

Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. sing. p. 48.

Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing.

HTAK,

m.

p. 48.

NT AN,
NTAp,

Pref. 2. Perf. 1. p. plur. p. 48.

Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. sing.

f.

p. 48.

16*

124

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

Pref 2 Perf 3
-

NT AC,
RTAy,
NTAq,
NTFj
FITS,

P- sin o- f P-

48

FTTATFTR,

Pref. 2. Perf. 2. p. plur. p. 48.

Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. plur. p. 48.

Pref. 2. Perf. 3. p. sing.

m.

p.

48.

Sign of the genitive,

plur. p.

21.
f.

Pref. Subjunctive, 2. p. sing. Pref. Subjunel. 2. p. sing. Pref.

and

3. p. sing,

and

plur. p. 53.

NTFK,

m.

p. 53.

NTF^Fl,
NTFAECJ,

Bash.

1. p. sing. p.

65.

Pref. Bash. 3. p. sing. p. 65.

NTFN, NTFDFj
NTFC,

Pref. Subjunct. 1. p. plur. p. 53.

when, with prefixes

to verbs, p. 65.
f.

Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing.

p. 53.

NTFTFN,

Pref. Subjunct. 2. p. plur. p. 53.

NTFTN, Pref. Subjunel. 2. p. plur. p. 53. HTH. Pref. Subjunct. p. plur. p. 53.
\
.

NTFC],

Pref. Subjunct. 3. p. sing. p. 53.

Pref. Subjunel. 3. p. plur. p.

NTOy,
N(1,

53.

Pref. Subjunel. 3. p. sing.

m.

p. 53.

NgOyO,
NXF,
N<Tl,

Comparalive, p. 25.
p.

Sign of Ihe Nominative. Copt.

21. Prefix, to verbs, p. 105.

Sign of the Nominative. Sahid. p. 21. Pref. to verbs, p. 105.

Participle, p. 65.
1

OOyT,
Oy,

Indefin. Article sing. p.

2.

Oy,

Suff. 3. p. plur. p. 37, 47, 97.

,

Used

for the verb, to be, to have. p. 95. p. 44.

apart,

apart,
,

p. 44.

Pref. 2. Ful. 3. p. plur. p. 51.

apart,

p.

44

OyON,
OyO)N,
TT,

Used

for the verb to be, to have, p. 95.

p.

apart,

44.
sing. p. 10, 11.
p. 13.

Defin. Article,

m.

TTA, Possess. Article, m.

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

1

125

TTAXIN,

Particip. pers. sing

p. 54.
p.

TTF, Defmit. Article, m. sing.

11. vocat. p. 21.

TIF,

Verb

to be, p. 91.

TTFKXIN,
TTFCJ,

Parlicip. 2. p. sing. p. 54.

Signifies days. p. 44.

Parlicip. 3. p. sing.

FIFqXlN,
TTl,

m.

p. 54.

Defin. Art. sing.

p.

m.

p. 10, 11. vocat. p. 21.

OF, apart,

43.

OEM,
pR,
C,
C,

native, p. 105.

native, Sah. p. 105.

1.

Pref.
Suff.

Pres. 3. p. sing.
f.

f.

p. 46.

3. p. sing.
artificer,

p.

37, 46, 97.

CA, An
CF,

p. 105.

Pref. 1. Pres. 3. p. plur. p.

46.

CFNA,
CFNF,

Pref. 1. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 50.

Pref. 1. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 50.

CM A,
CNF,

Pref.

1. Fut. 3. p. sing. 1. Fut. 3. p. sing.

f.

p. 50.

Pref.

f.

p. 50.

C0y>
T,
T,

Prefixed to days forms the Ordinal number, p. 43.

f.

Defin. Artie, sing.

Suff. 1. p. sing. p. Pref. 4. Fut.

p. 10, 11.

36, 97.
sing. p. 52,
sing. p. 13.

TA
TAj

1. p.
f.

Possess. Article,

TAAFTFN.

Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 52.

TApFK, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. sing. m. p. 52. TApFC, Pref. 4. Fut. 3. p. sing. p. 52. TApETH, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 52. TApFq, Pref. 4. Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 52.
f.

Pref. 4. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 52.

lj

Pref. 4. Fut. 1. p. sing. p. 52.

TApOy?
TF,
TF,
Pref.

p ref.

4. Fut. 3. p. plur. p. 52.

f.

Definit. Article, sing.

1.

p. 11.
f.

Pres. 2. p. sing.

p. 46.

126

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

Stiff. 2. p.

TE,

sing.

f.

p.

97.

TEN,
TEN,

Pref. 1. Prcs. 1. p. plur. p. 46.

Suff. 1. p. plur. p. 97.

TEN A,

Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing.

f.

p.

50 and

1. p. plur. p.

56.

TENNA, TENNE,

Pref. 1. Fut. 1. p. plur. p. 50.

Pref. 1. Fut.
1. p. plur. p.
f.

56.

TEpA, Pref. 4. Fut. 2. p. sing. TETEN, Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. plur.

p. 52. p.

46.

f ETENNA,
TETN, TETNA,

Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 50.

Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. plur. p. 46.

Pref. 1. Fut.

p. plur. p. 50.

TETNNA, TM, Pref. negative,

TN,

Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. plur. p. 50.

p.

87, 88.

Pref. 1. Pres. 1. p. plur. p. 46.

p. 36. 2. p. plur.

TH, Suff. 3. p. plur. part, p. 44. TOEj

and

1. p. plur. p.

97.

TpE, The Auxiliary Verb, Y, Suff. 3. p. plur. p. 46.

<j),

to be, to do, p. 89.

Defin. Article, sing.

Possess.' Article,

m.

p. 10.

(J)A,

m.

sing. p. 13.

X,
(D ?

Pref. 1. Pres. 2. p. sing.

m.

p.

46.
p. 50.

XNA,

Pref. 1. Fut. 2. p. sing.

m.

Sign of the vocat. p. 21.

Participle, p. 65.
p.

(JDOyT,
tt),

Sign of ihe Potential Mood.

78.

U)At,

Pref. Pres. Indef. 1. p. sing. p.

49.
p. 49.

0)AK,
,

Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. sing.

m.

Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. sing,

If,

and

3. p. sing,

and

pi. p.

49. Bash.

with the prefixes,

p.

67, 88.
p. 66.
f.

tt)ANTE,

Until, with the prefixes,

O)ApEj

Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. sing.

and

3. p. sing,

and

plur. p. 49.

U)ApETEN,
U}AC,

Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 49.

f.

Pref. Pres. Indef. 3. p. sing.

p.

49.

Index of the Prefixes, Suffixes, &c.

127

U)ATS,

Until,
,

with the prefixes,

p. 66.

Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 49.

Pref. Pres. Indef. 2. p. plur. p. 49.

Pref. Pres. Indef. 3. p, plur. p.

Pref. Pres. Indef. 3. p. sing.

49.
p.

O)Aq,
(A)OY?

m.

49.

Pref.

implying worthiness, p. 79. 105.

87, 88.

O)TFM,
q,
,

Pref. negative, p.

Suff. 3. p. sing.

m.

p.

37, 46, 97.

Pref. 1. Pres. 3. p. sing.

m.

p.

46.
p. 50.

qNA,
,
j

Pref. 1. Ful. 3. p. sing. Pref.

1.

m.

Fut. 3. p. sing. m. p. 50. Bash.

p. 106.

a person, master, &c.

Indef. Article, plur. p. 12.

,

Indef. Article, plur. p. 12.

Indef. Art. plur. p. 12.

,
,

Verb.

p.

92.

Conjunction p. 99 and verb. p. 92.

Participle, taking the article

and

infixes, p. 65.

XOO,

Verb. p. 92.
for hours, p.

XTT, Forms the Ordinal numbers

45.

XO), Verb. p. 92.

<HN,
J-,

Participle taking the Articles

f.

and

infixes p. 65.

Definit. Article, sing.

p. 10, 11.

^
+,

Pref. 1. Pres. 1. p. sing. p. 46;

Suff. 2. p. sing.

f.

p. 97.
sing. p. 50.
1. p.

+NA,
,

Suff. 1. Fut.
Suff. Pref.
1.

1. p.

Fut

sing. p. 50.

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