Gears

Types
Spur gears: noisy operation: cement mixer, steel mill drives, corn picker, washing machine Bevel gears: changes the direction: car differential Worm gears: Enables large gear reductions: conveyors Gear cannot turn worm

with several figures from: MACHINE DESIGN - An Integrated Approach, 2ed by Robert L. Norton, Prentice-Hall 2000 HOW STUFF WORKS http://www.howstuffworks.com

Helical gears: smooth operation: automative tranmission

Rack and Pinion: Rotary to linear motion: scale, car steering

Example: Car differential

Example: Car differential

non-driven wheels spin independently driven wheels are linked together

Car negotiates a turn

Driven wheels connected to the engine via the driveshaft, however, must both be turned by gearing and this gear train must allow for differential movement of the left wheel with respect to the right wheel. Outer wheel should turn slightly faster than the inner wheel to prevent binding and slippage of the tires on the road.

Without the "square" set of four gears in the middle of the above diagram which yields to the figure below, both wheels turn at the same angular velocity. This leads to problems when the car negotiates a turn.

Outline
z

Gear Theory
z z

Now imagine the differential "square" alone, as illustrated in the figure on the right. It should be apparent that turning one wheel results in the opposite wheel 1 turning in the opposite direction at the same rate. This is how the automobile differential works. It only comes into play when one wheel needs to rotate differentially with respect to its counterpart. When the car is moving in a straight line, the differential gears do not rotate with respect to their axes. When the car negotiates a turn, however, the differential allows the two wheels to rotate differentially with respect to each other.

Fundamental Law of Gearing Involute profile

z z z z

Nomenclature Gear Trains Loading Stresses

Example:

Fundamental Law of Gearing

in=1000 rpm
functionally, a gearset is a device to exchange torque for velocity

P=T

Motor

rin = 10 cm

the angular velocity ratio of the gears of a gearset must remain constant throughout the mesh
mV = rin out N = = in rout in N out

Tin = 100 Nm rout = 40 cm

gear pinion

out=250 rpm Tout = 400 Nm

The Involute Profile

Profile of the Involute Profile

Velocity at pitch point

pressure angle, line of action, length of action, addendum

Nomenclature

pc =

d
N

Pitches, Etc.
pc =

d
N

circular pitch (mm, in.) base pitch (mm, in.)

pb = pc cos pd = d N N d

diametral pitch (teeth/in.) module (mm/teeth)

m=

Note: d is pitch diameter

Figure 11-8

Velocity Ratio
pitches must be equal for mating gears, therefore

Kinematic Design of Gears:

TYPE A: input=300 rpm 40 T 20 T output=? Ans= -600 rpm

j d N mV = Rij = i = i = dj N j i

Rij : Gear Ratio d : diameter N : number of teeth : angular rotation

TYPE B Input=300 rpm

- external

+ internal

Gear Box ?

output= - 600rpm Ans=A gear and a pinion Gear ratio=2

Minimum # of Teeth Contact Ratio (mp)

average number of teeth in contact at any one time = length of action (Z) divided by the base pitch (Pb ), or, Undercutting occurs if dedendum of pinion extends below the base circle and removes material from the root of the gear. minimum # of full depth teeth on a pinion to avoid undercutting with gear and rack:

mp =
Z=

pd Z cos

N min =

2 sin 2

(rp + a p )2 (rp cos )2 + (rg + ag )2 (rg cos )2 C sin

where C : distance between the centers C = rg+rp = (Ng+Np)*1/pd*1/2
a : addendum

Outline
z

Simple Gear Trains

Gear Theory
z z

Fundamental Law of Gearing Involute profile

z z z z

Nomenclature Gear Trains Loading Stresses

Simple Gear Train

B

N B NY mv = N Y N Black

N Black N P

N P N G NB =N N G N R R

N B N P N B mv = = N P N R N R
Y Black

P G

P R
R

Simple Gear Train

z

Fine for transmitting torque between

z z

shafts in close proximity when mv does not need to be too large

The green shaft comes from the engine through the clutch. The clutch is a device that lets you connect and disconnect the engine and the transmission. When you push in the clutch pedal, the engine and the transmission are disconnected so the engine can run even if the car is standing still. The purpose of the collar is to connect one of the two blue gears to the yellow drive shaft. Teeth on the collar, called dog teeth, fit into holes on the sides of the blue gears to engage them. In this picture, the green shaft from the engine turns the layshaft, which turns the blue gear on the right.

Use third gear (idler) only for directional reasons (not for gear reduction)

Reverse on a Car

Actual Manual Transmission

Helical Gear

Spur Gear

Changes the direction of motion

Most of the gears in a manual transmission have helical teeth. The three gears that make up reverse have straight teeth. The large spur gear on the right slides up to put the car in reverse.

Planetary Gear Trains

planet arm sun gear j planet arm sun gear j i k j i k i k j i k

mV = Rij =

j k di N = i = dj N j i k
Rij : Gear Ratio d : diameter N : number of teeth

: angular rotation
i i k j external: j k internal: +

Outline
z

Loading of Gears
W t= Wr= W= tangential (transmitted) load radial load total load

Gear Theory
z z

Fundamental Law of Gearing Involute profile

z z z z

Nomenclature Gear Trains Loading Stresses

Wt =
gear

Tp rp

2T p dp

Wr
pinion

W Wt

Wr = Wt tan W W= t cos

Gear vs. Idler

Bending Moment

Bending Moment

R = 0, repeated moment on nonidler tooth

R = -1 fully reversed moment on idler tooth (more critical)

Outline
z

Gear Failure
Fatigue Loading
from bending of teeth infinite life possible failure can be sudden

Gear Theory
z z

Surface Failure
from contact b/n of teeth infinite life not possible failure is gradual

Fundamental Law of Gearing Involute profile

z z z z

Nomenclature Gear Trains Loading Stresses

Lewis, 1892, first formulation of gear tooth fatigue failure

W p b = t d F Y

F: Face width Y: Geometry factor W t:Tangential force pd:diametral pitch

Lewis Equation
Cantilever Beam Assumption:

W p b = t d F Y

Lewis Equation

W p b = t d F Y
Using similar triangles:

t/2 l = x t/2

x=

t2 4l

b =

Mc 6 Wt l = I Ft 2

b =

Wt p 2 F ( ) xp 3
Wt Fyp

p is circular pitch

where,

M = Wt l c = t/2 I= 1 3 Ft 12

Define y = 2x/3p

b =

b =

Wt pd FY

pd is diametral pitch = Y is geometry factor =

/p y

AGMA Gear Stress Formula

many assumptions: see page 714 including that the contact ratio 1<mp<2

Bending Strength Geometry Factor (J)

z z

from tables on pgs. 666-668 Inputs

z z z z z

W p K K b = t d a m KsKBKI FJ Kv

pinion or gear number of teeth pressure angle long-addendum or full-depth tip loading or HPSTC

Kv

Km

Ka

Ks

KB

KI

Kv

Km

Ka

Ks

KB

KI

Full-Depth vs. Long Addendum Tip vs. HPSCT Loading

For high precision gears, with load sharing between the gear teeth, use the HPSCT value. For low precision gears, there will be more likely be no load sharing so that the load will be carried by a single tooth at its tip. poor load sharing due to tooth naccuracy (only tip is in contact)

In order to avoid interference and undercutting on small pinions, the tooth form can be changed from the standard, full-depth shape (equal addenda on both pinion and gear) to longer addendum on the pinion and a shorter one on the gear (so that pinion teeth becomes stronger).

Finding J for the Example

pinion is driving gear with 50hp at 1500 rpm Np=20, Ng=40 pd=4 /in. =20 degrees Jp=0.34, Jg=0.38 Wt=420 lb.

Dynamic (Velocity) Factor

to account for tooth-tooth impacts and resulting vibration loads from Figure 11-22 or from Equations 11.16-11.19 (pages 665-668) Inputs needed: Quality Index (Table 11-6) pp. 659 Quality Index (Table 11-7) Pitch-line Velocity Vt = (radius)(angular speed in radians)
ft/min m/s US units SI units

U means undercutting

Kv

Km

Ka

Ks

KB

KI

Dynamic Factor
B=

(12 Qv )2 / 3
B

(Note: Qv is the quality index of the lower quality gear in the mesh)

Determining Kv for the Example

Vt=(1500rev/min)(2.5 in)(1ft/12in)(2 rad/1rev)=1964 ft/min (well below Vt,max) therefore, Qv=10

4 A = 50 + 56(1 B ) (US )

for 6 Q v 11
B

A Kv = A+ V t

A Kv = A + 200V t

( SI )

= 0.397 4 A = 50 + 56(1 0.397) = 83.8

0.397 83.8 Kv = = 0.845 83.8 + 1964

B=

(12 10)2 / 3

Vt,max=[A+(Q)]2 v 3

Vt,max=[A+(Q)]2/200 v 3

Kv

Km

Ka

Ks

KB

KI

Load Distribution Factor Km

to account for distribution of load across face

Km for the Example

Assume F=12/pd=3 in.

F: Face width

8/pd < F < 16/pd can use F = 12/pd as a starting point

Kv

Km

Ka

Ks

KB

KI

Km=1.63

Application Factor, Ka
to account for non-uniform transmitted loads

Other Factors
Ks KB KI
to account for size Ks=1 unless teeth are very large If large, a value of 1.25 to 1.5 would be a conservative assumption to account for gear with a rim KB=1 for solid gears

(Large-diameter gears are sometimes manufactured with a rim rather than as a solid disk).

to account for extra loading on idler KI=1 for non-idlers, KI=1.42 for idler gears

for example, assume that all is uniform

Kv

Km

Ka

Ks

KB

KI

Kv

Km

Ka

Ks

KB

KI

Back to the Example

W p K K b = t d a m KsKBKI FJ K
v

Compared to What??
b is great, but what do I compare it to?

bgear =

(420)(4) (1)(1.63) (1)(1)(1) = 2842 psi (3)(0.38) (0.845) (420)(4) (1)(1.63) (1)(1)(1) = 3177 psi (3)(0.34) (0.845)
Sfb

S fb =

KL S fb KT K R

similar concept to Se, but particularized to gears

b pinion =

Table 11-20 Figure 11-25 for steels

Sfb
Hardness

Life Factor KL

to adjust test data from 1E7 to any number of cycles

Temperature & Reliability Factors

KT=1 if T < 250F see Equation 11.24a if T > 250F

Upper portion of shaded zone used for commercial applications

Lower portion of shaded zone used for critical service applications

Fatigue Bending Strength (example continued)

Class 40 Cast Iron 450 rpm, 8 hours/day, 10 years T = 80F Reliability=99% Table 11-20 Sfb= 13ksi

Safety Factor

Nb =

S fb

N=(450 rev/min)(60 min/hr)(8 hr/dy)(250 dy/yr)(10 yrs)=5.4E8 revs KL=1.3558N0.0178=0.948

Nbpinion =(12300 psi)/(3177psi)= 3.88 Nbgear =(12300 psi)/(2842psi)= 4.33

Sfb = (0.948)13ksi = 12.3 ksi

Gear Failure
Fatigue Loading
from bending of teeth infinite life possible failure can be sudden

Geometry Factor (I)

considers radius of curvature of teeth and pressure angle

Surface Failure
from contact b/n of teeth infinite life not possible failure is gradual

I=

: radius of curvature

cos 1 1 p g
2
1

d p
cos

Buckingham pioneered this work

c = Cp

Wt C a C m CsC f F I d Cv

equal to 1

p (r p cos )2 rp + p = pd

1+ x 2

pd

g = C sin m p

(e.g. f the mating is external, use plus sign for I and minus sign for the calculation of g)

top sign is for external gears, bottom for internal

d= pitch diameter of smaller gear

same as for bending

For example: p=0.691, g=1.87, I = 0.095

Elastic Coefficient (Cp)

considers differences in materials

Surface-Fatigue Strengths
c is great, but what do I compare it to?

S fc =

CLC H S f c CT CR

from Table 11-21

same as for bending

For example, Cp=1960 psi (163 MPa)

Life Factor CL
to adjust test data from 1E7 to any number of cycles

Hardness Ratio CH
to account for pitting resistance

when pinion is harder than gear, then gear is cold-worked only apply CH to the gear-tooth strength, not to the pinion

when HBp=HBG, then CH=1

Otherwise, see Eqs. 11-26a, 11-26b, 11-26c, 11-26d

Safety Factor for Loading

stress is based on the square root of loading, therefore:

S fc Nc = c

Gear Design

Gear Design
Same for Pinion and Gear gear pinion pd (pc), , F Power (Tg g = Tp p) W, Wt, Wr Vt Nc (Safety Factor for Surface Failure)

Gear Design Strategy

Given or Set: gear ratio Power, , T Properties of Gears to Determine: dp, dg, Np, Ng pd, F -OR- Safety Factors (the others are given)

Different for Pinion and Gear d, N T, , Nb (Safety Factor for Bending Failure)

Wt Bending & Surface Stresses Safety Factors or pd and F