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Triangular Wave Generator

1. The document describes a triangular wave generator circuit that uses an operational amplifier integrator to supply a constant current to the capacitor, producing a linear triangular wave output rather than an exponential one. 2. Key voltages like vR and vs are used to shift and scale the triangular wave by changing the slopes of the charging and discharging times of the capacitor. 3. The frequency of the triangular wave is independent of the output voltage and set by the RC time constant, with the maximum frequency limited by the op-amp's slew rate or output current.

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368 views

Triangular Wave Generator

1. The document describes a triangular wave generator circuit that uses an operational amplifier integrator to supply a constant current to the capacitor, producing a linear triangular wave output rather than an exponential one. 2. Key voltages like vR and vs are used to shift and scale the triangular wave by changing the slopes of the charging and discharging times of the capacitor. 3. The frequency of the triangular wave is independent of the output voltage and set by the RC time constant, with the maximum frequency limited by the op-amp's slew rate or output current.

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sourav_cybermusic
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Triangular Wave Generator: In the relaxation oscillator discussed in the previous lecture, capacitor voltage VC has a near triangular

wave shape but the sides of the triangles are exponentials rather than straight line. To linear size the triangles, it is required that C be charged with a constant current rather that the exponential current through R. The improved circuit is shown in fig. 1.

Figure 21.1 In this circuit an OPAMP integrator is used to supply a constant current to C so that the output is linear. Because of inversion through the integrator, this voltage is fedback to the non-inverting terminal of the comparator rather than to the inverting terminal. The inverter behaves as a non-inverting schmitt trigger. The voltage vR is used to shift the dc level of the triangular wave and voltage vs is used to change the slopes of the triangular wave form is shown in fig. 2.

Fig. 2 To find the maximum value of the triangular waveform assume that the square wave voltage vOis at its negative value = -Vsat. With a negative input, the output v (t) of the integrator is an increasing ramp. The voltage at the non-inverting comparator input v1 is given by

When v1 rises to VR, the comparator changes state from - Vsat to +Vsat and v(t) starts decreasing linearly similarly, when v1 falls below vR the comparator output changes from +vsat to -vsat. Hence the minimum value of triangular vmin occurs for v1 = vR. Hence the peak value Vmax of the triangular waveform occurs for v1 = VR. Therefore,

The peak to peak swing is given by

The average output voltage is given by . If VR = 0, the waveform extends between -Vsat (R2 / R1 ) and +Vsat (R2 /R1). The sweep times T1 and T2 for Vs = 0 can be calculated as follows: The capacitor charging current is given by

where, vc = -vout is the capacitor voltage.

For vout = -Vsat,

. Therefore,

When the output voltage of first OPAMP is +Vsat, then, the voltage v1 is given by

As triangular voltage increases the voltage v1 also increases. At t = T1, when the voltage vout becomes Vmax, the voltage v1 becomes equal to VR and switching takes place. Therefore,

Similarly, when output voltage is +Vsat, the voltage v1 is given by

As triangular voltage decreases the voltage v1 also decreases. At t = T2, when the voltage vout becomes Vmin, the voltage v1 becomes equal to VR and switching takes place. Therefore,

Therefore,

Solving the above equations, we get

The frequency f is independent of VO, maximum frequency is limited either by slew rate or its maximum output current which determines the charging rate of C. Slowest speed is limited by the bias current of OPAMP.

If unequal sweep intervals T1 T2 are desired, then VS can be changed. The positive sweep speed is given by (Vsat + VS) / RC and the negative sweep speed is given by (Vsat -VS)/ RC. The peak-to-peak triangular amplitude is unaffected by the voltage VS.

Therefore,

Similarly, when the output voltage of first OPAMP is Vsat, then

Therfore,

Therefore,

The oscillation frequency is given by

and the duty cycle is given by

Example-1: 1. Consider the pulse generator shown in fig. 3. In the quiescent state (before a trigger pulse is applied), find V2, VO and V1. 2. At t = 0, a narrow, positive triggering pulse v whose magnitude exceeds VR is applied. At t = 0+, find VO and V1. 3. Verify that the pulse width T = RC ln (2 VO) / VR.

Fig. 3 Solution: (a). Before a trigger pulse is applied, the circuit is in stable stage with the output at vO = +VO ( VZ + 0.7). The capacitor C is charged with the polarity shown in fig. 3. Thus, v1 0.7V and v2 = -VR (b). At t = 0, a narrow positive triggering pulse of higher magnitude is applied. The capacitor C voltage can not charge instantaneously. Therefore, v2 becomes positive and greater than v1 ( 0.7 V). The comparator output changes. Thus, vO= - (VZ + 0.7V) = -VO Since capacitor C voltage can not change instantaneously, therefore,

v1 = 2 VO (c). The input trigger pulse is of very short duration therefore, after the short duration pulse the voltage v2 returns to (-VR). But the output remains VO because v1 is at 2VO. The capacitor now starts charging exponentially with a time constant t = RC through R towards VO, because diode is reverse biased. VC = (-VO VO) ( 1 e-t / RC ) - VO The voltage at point v1 is, thus, given by V1 = - VO vc = - VO + 2 VO (1 e-t / RC ) - VO = - 2 VO e-t / RC t / RC When v1 voltage becomes more than VR, the comparator output switches back to +VO. Let at t = T, the voltage v1 becomes VR

The capacitor now starts charging towards +VO through R until vc reaches +VO and v1 becomes 0.7 V. The waveforms at different points are shown in fig. 4.

Fig. 4

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