The Trigonometric Functions

1.6

37

23

Using the terminology of Exercise 27 in Section 1.4, prove that (a) the product of two odd functions is even; (b) the product of two even functions is even; and (c) the product of an even function and an odd function is odd. is replaced by "sum"?

26 27 28

Show that there exist an infinite number of rational functions f and g such that f + g = jg. If f(x) is a polynomial, and if the coefficients of all odd powers of x are 0, show that f is an even function. If f(x) is a polynomial, and if the coefficients of all even powers of x are 0, show that f is an odd function.

24 Which parts of Exercise 23 are true if the word "product"

25 Prove that every function with domain IR1 can be written as the sum of an even function and an odd function.

J. 6

The Trigonometric Functions

An angle eis often regarded as the set of all points on two rays, or half-lines, and /2 , having the same initial point 0. If A and Bare points on /1 and /2 , respectively (see Figure 1.35), then we may refer to angle AOB. For trigonometric purposes it is convenient to regard angle AOB as generated by starting with the fixed ray /1 and rotating it about 0, in a plane, to a position specified by ray /2 We call /1 the initial side, /2 the terminal side, and 0 the vertex of the angle. The amount or direction of rotation is not restricted in any way, that is, we may let / 1 make several rotations in either direction about 0 before coming to the position /2 . Thus, different angles may have the same initial and terminal sides. If a rectangular coordinate system is introduced, then the standard position of an angle is obtained by taking the vertex at the origin and letting / 1 coincide with the positive x-axis (see Figure 1.36). If / 1 is rotated in a counterclockwise direction to position 1 2 , then the angle is considered positive; whereas if / 1 is rotated in a clockwise direction, the angle is negative. We sometimes specify the direction of rotation by using a curved arrow, as illustrated in Figure 1.36. The magnitude of an angle may be expressed in terms of either degrees or radians. An angle of degree measure 1 is obtained by 1/360 of a complete revolution in the counterclockwise direction. In calculus, the most important unit of angular measure is the radian. In order to define radian measure, let us consider a unit circle U with center at the origin of a rectangular system, and let e be an angle in standard position. We regard e as generated by rotating the positive x-axis about 0. As the x-axis rotates to the terminal side of e, its point of intersection with u travels a certain distance t before arriving at its final position P(x, y), as illustrated in Figure 1.37. * If t is considered positive for a counterclockwise rotation and negative for a clockwise rotation, then a natural way of assigning a measure to e is to use the number t. When this is done, we say that(} is an angle oft radians and we write e = tore = t radians. Note that it is customary to let e denote either the angle or the angular measure of the angle. According to the preceding discussion, if e = 1, then e is an angle that subtends an arc of unit length on the unit circle U. The notation e = - 7.5
/1

FIGURE 1.35

FIGURE 1.36

A (l, 0)

FIGURE 1.37 IJ

= t radians

* Distances along curves, or arc length, will be defined, using concepts of calculus, in Section 6.7.

38

1 Prerequisites for Calculus

means that ()is the angle generated by a clockwise rotation in which the point of intersection of the x-axis with the unit circle U travels 7.5 units. Since the circumference of U is 2n, we see that if() = n/2, then () is obtained by -.! of a complete revolution in the counterclockwise direction. Similarly, if() = - n/4, then () is generated by ! of a revolution in the clockwise direction. These angles, measured in radians, are sketched in Figure 1.38.
y
/

y
.....

y
......

,,I
I
/

(J

=-7.5

--

IJ =1

'

1r

,.-

u ',._

_,,,

I
/

u', ._
FIGURE 1.38

_,, /

u', ._

\ \

If an angle in standard position is generated by t of a complete counterclockwise rotation, then the degree measure is 180 and the radian measure is n. This gives us the basic relation

180 = n radians. Equivalent formulas are l0 = 1

;o

radians

and

1 radian = ( 180)

n .
0

Thus, to change degrees to radians, multiply by n/180. To change radians to degrees, multiply by 180/n. The following table gives the relationships between the radian and degree measures of several common angles.
Radians 0
n/6 n/4 n/3 n/2 2n/3 3n/4 5n/6 n

l)egrees

0 30 45 60 90

120 135 150 180

By long division we obtain the following: 1

Example 1
~

0.01745 radians;

1 radian

57.296.

(a) (b)

Find the radian measure of ()if()= -150 and if() = 225. Find the degree measure of() if() = 7n/4 and if() = - n/3.

Solution

(a) Since there are n/180 radians in each degree, the number of radians in -150 can be found by multiplying -150 by n/180. Thus, -150 = -150(__!!__) = - 5n radians 180 6 . Similarly, 225 = 225(i;0) = 5 n radians. 4

The Trigonometric Functions 1.6

39

(b) The number of degrees in 1 radian is 180/n. Consequently, to find the number of degrees in 7n/4 radians, we multiply by 180/n, obtaining

4
In like manner,

7n radians .

7n (180) =4 --;- = 315.

0

1! ra d' 1! (180) - 3 tans = - 3 --;- = - 60

The radian measure of an angle can be found by using a circle of any radius. In the following discussion, the terminology central angle of a circle refers to an angle whose vertex is at the center of the circle. Suppose that is a central angle of a circle of radius r, and that subtends an arc of lengths, where 0 ::;; s < 2nr. To find the radian measure of let us place in standard position on a rectangular coordinate system and superimpose a unit circle U, as shown in Figure 1.39. If tis the length of arc subtended by eon U, then by definition we may write = t. From plane geometry, the ratio of the arcs in Figure 1.39 is the same as the ratio of the radii; that is,

e,

e
t

- =s
FIGURE 1.39

or

=-.
r

Substituting

efor t gives us the following result.

Theorem (1.26)

If a central angle eof a circle of radius r subtends an arc of lengths, then the radian measure of eis given by

s e =-. r

The radian measure of an angle is independent of the size of the circle. For example, if the radius of tpe circle is r = 4 cm and the arc subtended by a central angle is 8 cm, then using = s/r, the radian measure is

e = 8cm = 2.
4cm

If the radius of the circle is 4 km and the subtended arc is 8 km, then

e = 8km = 2.
4km These calculations indicate that the radian measure of an angle is dimensionless and hence may be regarded as a real number. Indeed, it is for this reason that we usually employ the notation = t instead of = t radians. There are two standard techniques for introducing the trigonometric functions-one through the use of a unit circle, and the other by means of

40

1 Prerequisites for Calculus

right triangles. Both lead to the same result. We shall begin with the unit circle approach. Descriptions of trigonometric functions in terms of right triangles are stated in ( 1.32). Given any real number t, let e denote the angle (in standard position) of radian measure t. The point P(x, y) at which the terminal side of e intersects the unit circle U (see Figure 1.37) will be called the point on U that corresponds tot. The coordinates of P(x, y) may be used to define the six trigonometric or (circular) functions. These functions are referred to as the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, secant, and cosecant functions, and are designated by the symbols sin, cos, tan, cot, sec, and csc, respectively. If tis a real number, then the real number that the sine function associates with t will be denoted by either sin (t) or sin t, and similarly for the other five functions.

Definition (l.27)

If t is any real number and P(x, y) is the point on the unit circle U that corresponds to t, then the trigonometric functions are given by

sin t = y cost= x tan t = ~

x

csc t = y
sect= x

(if y # 0) (if x # 0) (if y # 0).

(if x # 0)

cot t = y

Example 2 Find the values of the trigonometric functions at

(a)

t = 0

(b)

t = n/4

(c)

= n/2.
t

Solution The points P(x, y) corresponding to the given values of plotted in Figure 1.40.
y y y
P(O, 1)

are

P(l, 0)

u
(i) t

=0

(ii) t

= rr/4

(iii) t

= 1T /2

FIGURE 1.40

Thus, fort = 0 we let x = 1 and y = 0 in Definition (1.27), obtaining the values in the first line of the following table. Note that since y = 0, csc 0 and cot 0 are undefined, as indicated by the dashes in the table.

The Trigonometric Functions

1.6

41

Part (b) may be solved by taking x = fi/2 and y = fi/2 in Definition (1.27). Finally, for (c), let x = 0 and y = 1 in the definition.
sin t 0
-

cost I

tan t 0

csc t

sect

cot t

n: 4 n: 2

j2
2

j2
2
0

j2

j2
0

y
...--.---~ P(x, y)

A(l, 0)

x
-t

P(x, -y)

FIGURE 1.41
(1.28)

Values corresponding to t = n/6 and t = n/3 will be determined in Example 3. By using methods developed later in this text, values for every real number t may be approximated to any degree of accuracy. It will be assumed that the reader knows how to use trigonometric tables (see Appendix Ill) or a calculator to approximate values of the trigonometric functions. If, in Definition (1.27), P(x, y) is in quadrant I, then x and y are both positive, and hence all values of the trigonometric functions are positive. If P(x, y) is in quadrant II, then x is negative, y is positive, and hence sin t and csc t are positive, whereas the other four functions are negative. Similar remarks can be made for the remaining quadrants. The domain of the sine and cosine functions is IR. However, in the definitions of tan t and sec t, x appears in the denominator, and hence we must exclude the points P(x, y) on the y-axis, that is, P(O, 1) and P(O, -1). It follows that the domain of the tangent and secant functions consists of all numbers t except those of the form (n/2) + nn, where n is an integer. Similarly, for the cotangent and cosecant functions we must exclude all numbers of the form t = nn, where n is an integer. Since Ix I ::; 1 and Iy I ::; 1 for all points P(x, y) on the unit circle U, we see that - 1 ::; sin t ::; 1 and - 1 ::; cos t ::; 1. It will follow from our work in Chapter 2 that sin t and cos t take on every value between - 1 and 1. It can also be shown that the range of the tangent and cotangent functions is IR, and that the range of the cosecant and secant functions is (-oo, -1] u [l, oo). Since the circumference of the unit circle U is 2n, the same point P(x, y) is obtained for t + 2nn, where n is any integer. Hence the values of the trigonometric functions repeat in successive intervals of length 2n. A function f with domain Xis said to be periodic if there exists a positive real number k such that f(t + k) = f(t) for every tin X. Geometrically, this means that the graph off repeats itself as x-coordinates of points vary over successive intervals oflength k. If a least such positive real number k exists, it is called the period off It can be shown that the sine, cosine, cosecant, and secant functions have period 2n, whereas the tangent and cotangent functions have period n. Graphs of the trigonometric functions will be discussed later in the text. If P(x, y) is the point on U corresponding to t, then as illustrated in Figure 1.41, P(x, -y) corresponds to -t. Consequently, sin ( - t) = -y = -sint and cos(-t) = x =cost. Similarly, tan(-t) = -tant. This gives us the following formulas for negatives: sin (-t) = -sin t cos ( - t) = cos t tan ( - t) = - tan t

42

1 Prerequisites for Calculus

Each of the formulas in (1.28) is an identity, that is, each is true for every t in the domain of the indicated function. The formulas listed in (1.29) are, without doubt, the most important identities in trigonometry, because they may be used to simplify and unify many different aspects of the subject. Three of these identities involve squares, such as (sin t) 2 and (cos t) 2 In general, if n is an integer different from -1, then powers such as (sin t)" are written in the form sin" t. The case n = -1 is reserved for the inverse trigonometric functions, to be discussed later in the text.

The Fundamental Identities (/ .29)

1 csc t = -.Sill t

1 sect= - cost cost cott

= -.Sill t

1 cot t = - tan t

sin t tan t = - cost

sin 2 t

+ cos 2 t = 1

1 + tan 2 t = sec 2 t

1 + cot 2 t = csc 2 t

Proof The proofs follow directly from the definition of the trigonometric functions. Thus,

1 1 csc t = - = - y sin t'

sect= - = - -

1 x

1 cost'

cot t = - = - - = - y (y/x) tan t'

x cost

y sin t tan t = - = - x

cost'

cot t = - = - Y sin t

where we assume that no denominator is zero. If (x, y) is a point on the unit circle U, then
y2

+ x2

1.

Since y = sin t and x = cos t, this gives us (sin t) 2 or, equivalently,

+ (cos t) 2 = 1 + cos 2 t =
1.

sin 2 t

If cost -:f. 0, then, dividing both sides of the last equation by cos 2 t, we obtain

sin 2 t 1 - - + 1 = -2 cos2 t cos t or ( -sin

cost

t)

+1- ( - 1

cost

)z

Since tan t = sin t/cos t and sec t = 1/cos t, we see that tan 2 t

+ 1 = sec 2 t.
D

The final Fundamental Identity is left as an exercise.

The Trigonometric Functions

1.6

43

In certain applications it is convenient to change the domain of a trigonometric function from a subset of 11\11 to a set of angles. This may be accomplished by means of the following definition.

Definition (1.30)

If(} is an angle and if the radian measure of(} is t, then the value of a trigonometric function at(} is its value at the real number t.

FIGURE 1.42

It follows from Definition (l.30) that sin(} = sin t, cos (} = cos t, etc., where t is the radian measure of e. To make the unit of angular measure clear, we shall use the degree symbol and write sin 65, tan 150, etc., whenever the angle is measured in degrees. Numerals without any symbol attached, such as cos 3 and csc (n/6), will indicate that radian measure is being used. This is not in conflict with our previous work, where, for example, cos 3 meant the value of the cosine function at the real number 3, since by definition the cosine of an angle of measure 3 radians is identical with the cosine of the real number 3. Let (} be an angle in standard position and let Q(a, b) be an arbitrary point on the terminal side of(}, as illustrated in Figure 1.42. The next theorem specifies how the coordinates of the point Q may be used to determine the values of the trigonometric functions of(}.*

Theorem (1.31)

Let (} be an angle in standard position on a rectangular coordinate system and let Q(a, b) be any point other than 0 on the terminal side of (}. If d(O, Q) = r, then
. (} = b sm
r
cos(} = r

csc (} =

b
r a a

(if b # 0) (if a # 0) (if b # 0).

sec(}= cot(} =

b tan(} = - (if a # 0)
a

Note that if r = 1, then Theorem (1.31) reduces to (l.27), with a= x, b = y, and (} = t. For acute angles, values of the trigonometric functions can be interpreted as ratios of the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. Recall that a triangle is called a right triangle if one of its angles is a right angle. If(} is an acute angle, then it can be regarded as an angle of a right triangle and we may
*For a proof see E.W. Swokowski, Fundamentals of Algebra and Trigonometry, Fifth Edition (Boston: Prindle, Weber & Schmidt, 1981).

44
y

1 Prerequisites for Calculus

refer to the lengths of the hypotenuse, the opposite side, and the adjacent side in the usual way. For convenience, we shall use hyp, opp, and adj, respectively, to denote these numbers. Let us introduce a rectangular coordinate system as in Figure 1.43. Referring to the figure, we see that the lengths of the adjacent side and the opposite side for e are the x-coordinate and y-coordinate, respectively, of a point Q on the terminal side of e. By Theorem (1.31) we have the following.

Q (adj, opp)
opp

adj

FIGURE 1.43

Right Triangle Trigonometry (1.32)

Sill

. e= opp hyp adj hyp adj

-

csc

e=

hyp opp

cose =
tan

e =opp

hyp sece = -d. a J adj cote= opp

These formulas are very important in work with right triangles. The next example illustrates how they may be used.

Example 3 Find the values of sin e, cos e, and tan values of e: (a)

for the following

e=

60;

(b)

e=

30;

(c)

e=

45.

Solution Let us consider an equilateral triangle having sides of length 2. The median from one vertex to the opposite side bisects the angle at that vertex, as illustrated in (i) of Figure 1.44. By the Pythagorean Theorem, the Using the colored triangle and (1.32), we obtain length of this median is the following.

Ji

(a)

sin 60 =

J3 2 '
~,

6 0 1 cos 0 = 2'

tan 60 =

J3 = J3 1
1

(b)

sin 30 =

cos 30 =

kJ
(ii)

~Al

J3 2 '

tan30 = -

J3

= -

J3
3

(c) To find the functional values for e = 45, let us consider an isosceles right triangle whose two equal sides have length 1, as illustrated in (ii) of Figure 1.44. Thus,
Sill

45 = -

FIGURE 1.44

J2

= _V_.:.. 2

12 = COS 45
'

tan 45

~ 1=

1.

The Trigonometric Functions

1.6

45

Some of the following trigonometric identities will be useful later in the text. Proofs may be found in books on trigonometry.

Addition and Subtraction Formulas (1.33)

sin (u + v) = sin u cos v + cos u sin cos (u + v) = cos u cos v - sin u sin tan u + tan v tan (u + v) = - - - - - 1 - tan utan v sin (u - v) = sin u cos v - cos u sin cos (u - v) = cos u cos v + sin u sin tan u - tan v tan (u - v) = - - - - - 1 + tan utan v

Double Angle Formulas (1.34)

sin 2u = 2 sin u cos u cos 2u = cos 2 u - sin 2 u = 1 - 2 sin 2 u = 2 cos 2 u - 1 2 tan u tan 2u = 2 1 - tan u

Half-Angle Formulas (1.35)

Sill -

u 1 - cos u 2 2 u 1 - cos u tan-= 2 SlllU

2

u cos 2 2
Sill U

1 +cos u 2

+cos u

Product Formulas (1.36)

sin u cos cos u sin cos u cos sin u sin

v = ![sin (u + v) + sin (u - v)]

v = ![sin (u + v) - sin (u - v)] v = ![cos (u + v) + cos (u - v)] v = ![cos (u - v) - cos (u + v)]

Factoring Formulas (1.37)

Sill U

. .

+ Sill V =
Sill V

u-v.u+v 2 COS - 2 - Sill - 2 u+v. u-v Sill - 2

Sill U -

= 2 COS - 2

u+v u-v cos u + cos v = 2 cos -2- cos -2COS L{ COS V

. v+u. v-u = 2 Sill - 2 - Sill - 2 -

46

1 Prerequisites for Calculus

J.6

Exercises
19 cos 2 t - sin 2 t = 2 cos 2 t - I 20 (tan 8 + cot 8) tan 8 = sec 2 8 21 22
sin t + cos t = 1 csc t sect
I - 2 sin 2 x = 2 cos 2 x - 1
t:J.

Verify the entries in the table of radians and degrees on page 38.

2 Prove that I + cot 2 t = csc 2 t.

3 Find the quadrant containing 8 if (a) sec 8 < 0 and sin 8 > 0. (b) cot 8 > 0 and csc 8 < 0. (c) cos 8 > 0 and tan 8 < 0.

23 (1 + sin t:J.)(l - sin t:J.) = l/sec 2 24 (1 - sin 2 t)(l + tan 2 t) = I 25 sec f3 - cos f3 = tan f3 sin f3

4 Find the values of the remaining trigonometric functions

if (a) sin t = -~and cost =

(b) csc t = ji3;2 and cot t =

-l

26 27 28

sin w +cos w = I +tan w cosw csc 2 8 2 8 =cot I + tan 2 8 sin x + cos x cot x = csc x

5 Without the use of tables or calculators, find the values of the trigonometric functions corresponding to each of the following real numbers.
(a) 9rr./2 (b) -5rr./4
(c) 0

(d) llrr./6

6 Find, without using a calculator, the radian measures that

correspond to the following degree measures: 330, 405, - 150, 240, 36. 7 Find, without using a calculator, the degree measures that correspond to the following radian measures: 9rr./2, - 2rr./3, 7rr./4, Sn, rr./5.

29 sin t(csc t - sin t) = cos 2 t 30 cot t + tan t = csc t sec t

In Exercises 31-42 find the solutions of the given equation which are in the interval [O, 2rr), and also find the degree measure of each solution. (In Exercises 39-42 refer to identities (1.34) and (1.35).)

8 A central angle 8 subtends an arc 20 cm long on a circle of radius 2 meters. What is the radian measure of 8?

31 32

2 cos 3 H - cos H = 0 2 cos

J.

+ tan

J.

= sec

J.

9 Find the values of the six trigonometric functions of() if 8

is in standard position and satisfies the stated condition. (a) The point (30, -40) is on the terminal side of 8. (b) The terminal side of 8 is in quadrant II and is parallel to the line 2x + 3y + 6 = 0. (c) 8 = -90.

33 sin 8 = tan 8

34 csc 5 8 - 4 csc 8 =

35 2 cos 3 t + cos 2 t - 2 cos t - I = 0 36 cos x cot 2 x = cos x

37 sin f3 + 2 cos 2 f3 = I

10 Find each of the following without the use of tables or calculators.

(a) cos 225 (d) sec (4rr./3) (b) tan I 50 (e) cot (7rr./4) (c) sin (-rr./6)
(f) csc (300)

38 2 sec u sin u + 2 = 4 sin u + sec u 39 cos 2x + 3 cos x + 2 = 0 40 sin 2u = sin u 41

2 cos 2 8 - 3 cos 8 = 0

Verify the identities in Exercises I 1-30.

11

cos8sec8=1

12 tan 14 sin

t:J. t:J.

cot cot

t:J. t:J.

= 1 = cos
J.

42 sec 2x csc 2x = 2 csc 2x

If 8 and <pare acute angles such that csc 8 = j and cos <p = ft, use identities (1.33)-(1.35) to find the numbers in Exercises 43-51.

13 sin 8 sec 8 = tan 8

csc x 15 - - = cotx sec x

16 cot f3 sec f3 = csc f3

J.

17 (I +cos t:i.)(I - cos t:J.) = sin 2 18 cos 2 x(sec 2 x - I) = sin 2 x

43

sin (8 + <p)

44 cos(8 + <p)
46
sin (<p - 8)

45 tan (8 - <p)

Review: Exercises 1. 7

47

47 sin 2<p 49 tan 28

51 tan 8/2

48 cos 2<p 50 sin 8/2

53 54 55

Is there a real number t such that 7 sin t = 9? Explain. Is there a real number t such that 3 csc t

= I? Explain.

If f(t)

52 Express cos (ri

+ f3 + y) in terms of functions of ri, /3, and y.

56 If f(t)

= cost and g(t) = = tan t and g(t) =

t/4, find (a) j(g(n:)); (b) g(f(n:)). t/4, find (a) f(g(n:)); (b) g(j(n:)).

J. 7
2 Coordinate line

Review: Concepts
18 19 The slope of a line The Point-Slope Form

Define or discuss each of the following: Rational and irrational numbers

3 A real number a is greater than a real number b 4

Inequality

20 The Slope-Intercept Form

21

Function

5 Absolute value of a real number

6 Triangle inequality 7 Intervals (open, closed, half-open, infinite)

22 The domain of a function

23 The range of a function

24 One-to-one function 25 Constant function

8 Variable

9 Domain of a variable
10 Ordered pair

26 The graph of a function 27 The sum, difference, product, and quotient of two functions
28 Polynomial function
29
30 31

11

Rectangular coordinate system in a plane

12 The x- and y-coordinates of a point

13 The Distance Formula 14 The Midpoint Formula 15 The graph of an equation in x and y 16 Tests for symmetry

Rational function The composite function of two functions Angle Degree and radian measures of an angle

32

33 Trigonometric Functions

17 Equation of a circle

34 The Fundamental Identities

Review: Exercises
Solve the inequalities in Exercises 1-8 and express the solutions in terms of intervals.

9 Given the points A(2, I), B(-1, 4), and C(-2, -3),
(a) prove that A, B, and C are vertices of a right triangle and find its area. (b) find the coordinates of the midpoint of AB. (c) find the slope of the line through Band C. Sketch the graphs of the equations in Exercises 10-13 and discuss symmetries with respect to the x-axis, y-axis, or origin. 10

1 4 - 3x > 7 + 2x
3

7 I - 4x 3 2 ->-->2 5 2
4
6

I2x - 71 :s;;

O.Ql

16x - 71 > I 2x 2
-

5 2x 2 < 5x - 3
1 2 7 --<-3x - I x + 5

3x - 20 x+3

<0

3x - 5y

10

11

x2

+y

4
I

8 x 2 + 4;:::: 4x

12 x = y 3

13

Ix+

YI=

48

1 Prerequisites for Calculus

In Exercises 14-17 sketch the graph of the set W.

In Exercises 32-35, sketch the graph off.

14 W= {(x,y):x > O}
15 16 17
W = { (x, y): y > x}

32

f (x)

= I - 4x 2
=

33 f(x) = 100
I)

34 f(x)
<I}

-1/(x

35 f(x)=lx+51

W= {(x,y):x 2

+ y2

W= {(x,y):lx - 41 <I,

IY + 31<2}

In Exercises 36-38 find (f + g)(x), (f - g)(x), (fg)(x), (f /g)(x), (f o g)(x), and (go f)(x).
36
f(x) = x 2 + 3x + I, g(x) = 2x - I

In Exercises 18-20 find an equation of the circle satisfying the given conditions. 18 Center C(4, - 7) and passing through the origin 19 Center C(-4, -3) and tangent to the line with equation x=5

37 f(x) = x 2 + 4, g(x) =

Fx+-5

38 f(x) = 5x + 2, g(x) = 1/x 2

In Exercises 39 and 40, prove that f is one-to-one.

20 Passing through the points A( -2, 3), B(4, 3), and

C(-2, -1)

39 f(x) = 5 - 7x

40 f(x) = 4x 2

+ 3, x

;;:;: 0

41

21 Find the center and radius of the circle which has equation
x2

What arc is subtended on a circle of diameter 8 ft by a central angle of radian measure 2? Find the exact values of the trigonometric functions corresponding to the following numbers. (a) - 3rr/4 (b) 7rr/6 (c) -rr/3 (d) 5rr/2

+ y2 - IOx +

14y - 7 = 0.

42

Given the points A( -4, 2), B(3, 6), and C(2, - 5), solve the problems stated in Exercises 22-26.

43

Find the following without using tables or a calculator. (a) sin 225 (c) tan (210) (b) cos (-60) (d) sec (5rr)

22 23

Find an equation for the line through B that is parallel to the line through A and C. Find an equation for the line through B that is perpendicular to the line through A and C.

44 If sin t =
45

f and cos t < 0, use fundamental identities to find the values of the other five trigonometric functions.
Verify the following identities.

24 Find an equation for the line through C and the midpoint of the line segment AB.

(a) cos (} + sin (} tan (} = sec (}

25 Find an equation for the line through A that is parallel

to the y-axis.

(b) (sin t)/(I - cost)= csc t +cot t (c) (sec u - tan u)(csc u + l) = cot u

26 Find an equation for the line through C that is perpendicular to the line with equation 3x - IOy + 7 = 0. In Exercises 27-30 find the largest subset of IR that can serve as the domain off. 2x - 3 27 f(x) = - 2 -x - x

46

Find the solutions of the following equations which are in the interval [O, 2rr), and also find the degree measure of each solution. (a) 4 sin 2 t - 3 = 0 (b) tan (} + sec (} = I (c) tan 2 x sin x = sin x

28
I

f (x)

x )16-=-?

29 f(x)
31

= -----

fx-=5~

. 30 j(x)=

y1x(x - 2)

r:.

If f(x) =
(a)

i/Jx+l find each of the following.

(b)

f (1)

f (3)
-f (x)

(c) f(O)

(d) f(j2 - I)

(e) f(-x)
(g)

(f)

f(x 2 )

(h) (f(x)) 2