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Lecture6 Linear Algebra

This document provides an overview of linear algebra concepts and matrix operations. It discusses representing systems of linear equations in matrix form as [A]{x} = {b} where [A] is the coefficient matrix, {x} is the vector of unknowns, and {b} is the vector of constants. It also discusses solving such systems by multiplying both sides by the inverse of [A] to obtain {x} = [A]^-1{b}, or directly in MATLAB using the backslash operator x = A\b. An example system of three equations with three unknowns is presented to demonstrate the solution process.

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Sirish Kamarajugadda
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44 views

Lecture6 Linear Algebra

This document provides an overview of linear algebra concepts and matrix operations. It discusses representing systems of linear equations in matrix form as [A]{x} = {b} where [A] is the coefficient matrix, {x} is the vector of unknowns, and {b} is the vector of constants. It also discusses solving such systems by multiplying both sides by the inverse of [A] to obtain {x} = [A]^-1{b}, or directly in MATLAB using the backslash operator x = A\b. An example system of three equations with three unknowns is presented to demonstrate the solution process.

Uploaded by

Sirish Kamarajugadda
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN DEPARTMENT OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING MECHANICS

ASE 311 ENGINEERING COMPUTATION


FALL 2013

Instructor:

Danial Faghihi
The Institute for Computational Engineering and Science ACES 4.122, [email protected]

September 13, 2013

Lecture 6: Linear Algebraic Equations and Matrices Chapter 8

Hint for Problems 4 and 5, hw1:


Example 4.1 0 the book: using the Maclaurin series expansion of ex, how many terms 2 3 n required for es9ma9ng the value e0.5 ? x x x x e =1+x+ + + ... + Solu5on: 2 3! n! exact value: e0.5 = 1.648721 error criterion for three signicant gures "s = (0.5 102 3 )% = 0.05%

x Zero order (n=0): e ' 1 Percent total error: "t = | 1.648721 1 | = 39.3 1.648721 x=0.5 First order (n=1):

Percent total error:


Percent relaEve error:


The stopping criteria is not saEsed

Second order (n=2): ..


Hint for Problems 4 and 5, hw1:


Solu5on con5nue:
x

Use the Zero order M-le of Figure 4.2 of the book, IterMeth.m to conrm the results.
>> [approxval, ea, iter] = IterMeth(.5,0.05,100)! approxval =! 1.6487! ea =! 0.0158! iter =! 6! ! >> trueval=exp(.5)! trueval =! 1.6487! >> et=abs((trueval- approxval)/trueval)*100! et =! 0.0014 !

x2 x3 xn e =1+x+ + + ... + 2 3! n!

e0.5 =? and "s = 0.05

Chapter 8: Linear Algebraic EquaEons and Matrices

MATRIX ALGEBRA OVERVIEW


Knowledge of matrices is essenEal for understanding the soluEon of linear algebraic equaEons. aij = m by n dimension matrix row vectors column vectors

MATRIX ALGEBRA OVERVIEW


Deni4ons: square matrices: m=n
Symmetric matrix: aij=aji

Principle elements or main diagonal

diagonal matrix: a square matrix where all elements off the main diagonal are equal to zero

identity matrix: a diagonal matrix where all elements on the main diagonal are equal to 1

Property of [ I ]

MATRIX ALGEBRA OVERVIEW


Matrix Opera4on

AddiEon and SubtracEon: cij = aij bij MulEplicaEon of matrix [A] by a scalar g

MATRIX ALGEBRA OVERVIEW


Matrices Product

matrix multiplication is associative distributive commutative

MATRIX ALGEBRA OVERVIEW


Inverse of a matrix [A]-1
If a matrix [A] is square and nonsingular, there is another matrix [A]1, called the inverse of [A]:

Transpose of a matrix [A]T


Transpose of matrix [A] involves transforming its rows into columns and its columns into rows

MATRIX ALGEBRA OVERVIEW


augmenta5on.
Amatrix is augmented by the addiEon of a column (or columns) to

the original matrix. For example, suppose we have a 3*3 matrix of coecients. We might wish to augment this matrix [A] with a 3*3 idenEty matrix to yield a 3*6 dimensional matrix:


Performing a set of idenEcal operaEons on the rows of two matrices.

MATLAB MATRIX M anipula4on 2 3


create [A]

6 A=4 7 3

6 7 4 25 6 7

create {x}, {y}, and {z} vectors:

i h i 5 8 1 x= 8 6 9 ; y= h i z= 4 8 2


transpose of [A]:

combine {x}, {y}, and 2 {z} to form 3

[B]

6 B=4 5 4

9 8 17 5 8 2

MATLAB MATRIX Manipula4on


6 A=4 7 3 2 1 3 5 6 7 4 25 6 7

[C] = [A] + [B] =?


>> C = A + B! C =! 9 11 2 12 1 14 15! 3! 9!

[C1] = [A] [B] =?


26! 71! -7!

6 B=4 5 4

3 6 9 8 17 5 8 2

[C1]-1 =?
-0.0890 -0.0193 0.0937 -0.1334! -0.0199! 0.1079!

>> C1 = A*B! C1 =! 7 94 44 90 -26 86

>> inv(C1)! ans =!


0.2073 0.0473 -0.1884

[A] = [C] - [B] =?


>> A = C - B! A =! 1 5 7 4 -3 6 6! 2! 7!

[C1]T =?
>> C1! ans =! 7 94 26 44 90 71 -26! 86! -7!

[C1]-T =?
>> inv(C1')! >> inv(C1)! ans =!
0.2073 -0.0890 -0.1334 0.0473 -0.0193 -0.0199 -0.1884! 0.0937! 0.1079!

MATLAB MATRIX Manipula4on


6 A=4 7 3 2 1 3 5 6 7 4 25 6 7

D=

"

1 4 5 8

3 1

[A][D] =?
>> A*D! Error using

[AI] = [A]-1 =?
>> -0.2154 0.6154! -0.4769!

[AI]-1 =?
inv(AI)! ans =! 1.0000 5.0000 7.0000 4.0000 -3.0000 6.0000 6.0000! 2.0000! 7.0000!

* !

>> AI = inv(A)! AI =!
0.2462 0.0154 -0.8462 0.3846 0.8308 -0.3231

Inner matrix dimensions must agree.!

[D][A] =?
>> D*A! ans =! 20 58 39 63 35! 53!

[A] [AI] =?
>> A*AI! ans =!
1.0000 0.0000 0.0000 -0.0000 1.0000 -0.0000 -0.0000! -0.0000! 1.0000!

( [AI] [B] )-T=?


>> inv(AI*B)! ans =! -1.2520 -0.0660 1.2680! 0.2320 0.6560 -0.0880! 0.5880 0.6540 -0.2920!

Represen4ng Linear Algebraic Equa4ons in Matrix Form


Systems of linear equa4ons:

can be expressed as

6 4a21 a31

a11

a12 a22 a32

2 3 x1 b1 a13 76 7 6 7 a23 5 4x2 5 = 4b2 5 a33 x3 b3 32

matrix of coefficients

[A]{x} = {b}
vector of unknowns

vector of constants

Represen4ng Linear Algebraic Equa4ons in Matrix Form


Systems of linear equa4ons:

Solving the system of equation: determining (solving) the vector {x} for given [A] and {b} in the following relation

[A]{x} = {b}

multiply each side of the equation by [A]-1

[ A]
[ A]
1

[A]{x} = [A]

{b}

[ A] = [ I ]

{ x } = [ A]

{b }

[I ]{x} = {x}

Represen4ng Linear Algebraic Equa4ons in Matrix Form


Systems of linear equa4ons:

Solving the system of equation: determining (solving) the vector {x} for given [A] and {b} in the following relation

{ x } = [ A]
matrix inversion: >> x = inv(A)*b!

{b }

MATLAB provides two direct ways to solve systems of linear algebraic equations.

The most efficient way is to employ the backslash >> x = A\b!

8 m1 = 60 (kg) > < ( k 1 + k 2 ) x 1 k 2 x 2 = m1 g k2 x1 + (k2 + k3 )x2 k3 x3 = m2 g m2 = 70 (kg) > : m3 = 80 (kg) k3 x2 + k3 x3 = m3 g


Solving the system of equation using MATLAB:

Example 8.2 of the book

k1 = 50 (N/m) k2 = 100 (N/m) k3 = 50 (N/m)

enter the coefficient matrix and the right-hand-side vector

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