Written according to the New Text book (2011-2012) published by the Maharashtra State Board of Secondary and Higher

Secondary Education, Pune.

Std. X

Algebra

Salient Features:
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 Written as per the new textbook. Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus. Covers answers to all textual questions. Includes additional problems for practice. Comprehensive solution to Question Bank. Precise theory for every topic. Self evaluative in nature. Includes Board Question Paper of March 2013.

Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Mumbai, Maharashtra Tel: 022 6551 6551 Website : www.targetpublications.in www.targetpublications.org email : [email protected]

Std. X
Algebra

Target Publications Pvt Ltd.

Thrid Edition: March 2013

Price : ` 150/-

Printed at: India Printing Works

42, G.D. Ambekar Marg, Wadala, Mumbai 400 031

Published by

Target PUBLICATIONS PVT. LTD.

Shiv Mandir Sabhagriha, Mhatre Nagar, Near LIC Colony, Mithagar Road, Mulund (E), Mumbai - 400 081 Off.Tel: 022 6551 6551 email: [email protected]

PREFACE
Algebra is the branch of mathematics which deals with the study of rules of operations and relations, and the concepts arising from them. It has wide applications in different fields of science and technology. It deals with concepts like linear equations, quadratic equations, Arithmetic and Geometric progressions etc. Its application in statistics deals with measures of central tendency, representation of statistical data etc. The study of Algebra requires a deep and intrinsic understanding of concepts, terms and formulas. Hence to ease this task we bring to you Std. X: Algebra a complete and thorough guide extensively drafted to boost the students confidence. The topicwise question and answer format of this book helps the student to understand each and every concept thoroughly. It covers all the textual as well as higher order thinking problems which are completely solved with accurate answers. The book also includes precise theory, important definitions, formulas and procedures to solve the problems. Graphs are drawn with proper scale and pie diagram are with correct measures. And lastly, I would like to thank all those who have helped me in preparing this book. There is always room for improvement and hence I welcome all suggestions and regret any errors that may have occurred in the making of this book. A book affects eternity; one can never tell where its influence stops.

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully Publisher

No.
1

Topic Name
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression Quadratic equations Linear equation in two variables Probability Statistics I Statistics II Question Bank (Hot Problems) Board Question Paper March 2013 Marking Scheme

Page No.
1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

30 91 126 145 177 225 250 253


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra

01

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

The number in the second position is called the second term and is denoted by t2. Similarly, the number in the nth position of the sequence is called the nth term and is denoted by tn. If tn is given then a sequence can be formed. Example: If tn = 2n + 1, then by putting n = 1, 2, 3, , we get t1 = 2 1 + 1 = 3, t2 = 2 2 + 1 = 5, t3 = 2 3 + 1 = 7 and so on c. The sequence can be written as 3, 5, 7,... Sum of the first n terms of a sequence: If a sequence consists of n terms then its sum can be represented as Sn = t1 + t2 + t3 + + tn Putting n = 1, 2, 3, , we get S1 = t1 S2 = t1 + t2 S3 = t1 + t2 + t3

1.0Introduction
e have observed different relations or specific patterns in some numbers while studying the operations on numbers like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.

Examples: i. 1, 2, 3, This is a collection of all the positive integers in which the difference between two consecutive numbers is 1. ii. 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, This is a collection of all the odd natural numbers in which the difference between two consecutive numbers is 2. Such patterns are also observed in our day-to-day life.

1.1Sequence
a. Sequence: A sequence is a collection of numbers arranged in a definite order according to some definite rule. Examples: i. 1, 4, 9, 16, (Collection of perfect squares of natural numbers) ii. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, (Collection of positive even integers) iii. 1, 3, 5, 7, (Collection of positive odd integers) iv. 2, 4, 6, (Collection of negative even integers) v. 5, 10, 15, 20, 100 (Collection of first 20 integral multiples of 5) Term: Each number in the sequence is called a term of the sequence. The number in the first position is called the first term and is denoted by t1. Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

. . .

Sn = t1 + t2 + t3 + + tn d. nth term from Sn: If Sn is given then tn can also be found out. Since Sn = t1 + t2 + t3 + + tn S1 = t1 S2 = t1 + t2 S3 = t1 + t2 + t3 S2 S1 = (t1 + t2) t1 = t2 S3 S2 = (t1 + t2 + t3) (t1 + t2) = t3 Similarly, Sn Sn1 = (t1 + t2 + t3 +..+ tn) (t1 + t2 + t3 +..+ tn1) = tn tn = Sn Sn1, for n > 1 1

b.

Std. X: Algebra

TARGET Publications

1.2TypesofSequences
There are two types of sequences: a. Finite sequence: If the number of terms in a sequence is finite (countable) i.e. if there is an end of terms in the sequence then it is called a finite sequence. Examples: i. 1, 2, 3, 20. ii. 4, 6, 8, 50. iii. 1, 4, 9, 16, 100. b. Infinite sequence: If the number of terms in a sequence is infinite (uncountable) i.e. there is no end of terms in the sequence then it is called an infinite sequence. Examples: i. 1, 3, 5, 7, ii. 5, 10, 15, iii. 2, 4, 6, 8,

Solution: i. The given sequence is 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, ... Here, t1 = 1, t2 = 2, t3 = 4, t4 = 7, t5 = 11 The differences between two consecutive terms are 1, 2, 3, 4, ... t6 = 11 + 5 = 16 t7 = 16 + 6 = 22 t8 = 22 + 7 = 29 t9 = 29 + 8 = 37 The next four terms are 16, 22, 29 and 37. ii. The given sequence is 3, 9, 27, 81, Here, t1 = 3, t2 = 9, t3 = 27, t4 = 81 This sequence is in the form 31, 32, 33, 34 t5 = 35 = 243 t6 = 36 = 729 t7 = 37 = 2187 t8 = 38 = 6561 The next four terms are 243, 729, 2187 and 6561. The given sequence is 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, Here, t1 = 1, t2 = 3, t3 = 7, t4 = 15, t5 = 31 The differences between two consecutive terms are 2, 4, 8, 16, i.e.21, 22, 23, 24, t6 = 31 + 25 = 31 + 32 = 63 t7 = 63 + 26 = 63 + 64 = 127 t8 = 127 + 27 = 127 + 128 = 255 t9 = 255 + 28 = 255 + 256 = 511 The next four terms are 63, 127, 255 and 511. The given sequence is 192, 96, 48, 24, Here, t1 = 192, t2 = 96, t3 = 48, t4 = 24 The common ratio of two consecutive terms 1 is 2 1 t5 = 24 = 12 2 1 t6 = 12 = 6 2 1 t7 = 6 = 3 2 1 3 t8 = 3 = 2 2 3 The next four terms are 12, 6, 3 & . 2 Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

iii.

Differencesbetweena sequenceandaset
Sequence 1. The elements of a sequence are in a specific order, so they cannot be rearranged. 2. The same value can appear many times. Set Elements are at random, so they can be rearranged.

Any value can appear only once.

iv.

Exercise1.1
1. For each of the following sequences, find the next four terms. i. 1, 2, 4, 7, 11, ii. 3, 9, 27, 81, iii. 1, 3, 7, 15, 31, [March 2013] iv. 192, 96, 48, 24, v. 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, vi. 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, vii. 2, 5, 8, 11, viii. 25, 23, 21, 19, ix. 2, 4, 8, 16, 1 1 1 1 , , , , x. 2 6 18 54 2


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
t6 = 32 2 = 64 t7 = 64 2 = 128 t8 = 128 2 = 256

v.

The given sequence is 2, 6, 12, 20, 30, Here, t1 = 2, t2 = 6, t3 = 12, t4 = 20, t5 = 30 The differences between two consecutive terms are 4, 6, 8, 10... t6 = 30 + 12 = 42 t7 = 42 + 14 = 56 t8 = 56 + 16 = 72 t9 =72 + 18 = 90 The next four terms are 42, 56, 72 and 90. The given sequence is 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001, Here, t1 = 0.1, t2 = 0.01, t3 = 0.001, t4 = 0.0001. The common ratio of two consecutive terms is 0.1 t5 = 0.0001 0.1 = 0.00001 t6 = 0.00001 0.1 = 0.000001 t7 = 0.000001 0.1 = 0.0000001 t8 = 0.0000001 0.1 = 0.00000001 The next four terms are 0.00001, 0.000001, 0.0000001 and 0.00000001. The given sequence is 2, 5, 8, 11, Here, t1 = 2, t2 = 5, t3 = 8, t4 = 11 The common difference between two consecutive terms is 3 t5 = 11 + 3 = 14 t6 = 14 + 3 = 17 t7 = 17 + 3 = 20 t8 = 20 + 3 = 23 The next four terms are 14, 17, 20 and 23.

The next four terms are 32, 64, 128 and 256. The given sequence is
1 1 1 1 , , , , 2 6 18 54 1 1 1 1 , t4 = Here, t1 = , t2 = , t3 = 2 6 18 54 The common ratio of two consecutive 1 terms is 3 1 1 1 t5 = = 54 3 162 1 1 1 t6 = = 162 3 486 1 1 1 = t7 = 486 3 1458 1 1 1 = t8 = 1458 3 4374 1 1 1 The next four terms are , , 162 486 1458 1 . and 4374

x.

vi.

vii.

2.

Find the first five terms of the following sequences, whose nth terms are given. [March 2013] i. tn = 4n 3 ii. iii. iv. v. vi. tn = 2n 5 tn = n + 2 tn = n 2n
2 3

[March 2013] [March 2013] [March 2013]

viii. The given sequence is 25, 23, 21, 19, Here, t1 = 25, t2 = 23, t3 = 21, t4 = 19 The common difference between two consecutive terms is 2 t5 = 19 + 2 = 17 t6 = 17 + 2 = 15 t7 = 15 + 2 = 13 t8 = 13 + 2 = 11 The next four terms are 17, 15, 13 and 11. ix. The given sequence is 2, 4, 8, 16, Here, t1 = 2, t2 = 4, t3 = 8, t4 = 16 The common ratio of two consecutive terms is 2 t5 = 16 2 = 32

tn = n tn =

1 n+1

Solution: i. Given, tn = 4n 3

For n = 1, t1 = 4(1) 3 = 1 For n = 2, t2 = 4(2) 3 = 5 For n = 3, t3 = 4(3) 3 = 9 For n = 4, t4 = 4(4) 3 = 13 For n = 5, t5 = 4(5) 3 = 17 The first five terms are 1, 5, 9, 13 and 17. 3

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X: Algebra
Given, tn = 2n 5 For n = 1, t1 = 2(1) 5 = 3 For n = 2, t2 = 2(2) 5 = 1 For n = 3, t3 = 2(3) 5 = 1 For n = 4, t4 = 2(4) 5 = 3 For n = 5, t5 = 2(5) 5 = 5 The first five terms are 3, 1, 1, 3 and 5. Given, tn = n + 2 For n = 1, t1 = 1 + 2 = 3 For n = 2, t2 = 2 + 2 = 4 For n = 3, t3 = 3 + 2 = 5 For n = 4, t4 = 4 + 2 = 6 For n = 5, t5 = 5 + 2 = 7 The first five terms are 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Given, tn = n2 2n For n = 1, t1 = (1)2 2(1) = 1 For n = 2, t2 = (2)2 2(2) = 0 For n = 3, t3 = (3)2 2(3) = 3 For n = 4, t4 = (4)2 2(4) = 8 For n = 5, t5 = (5)2 2(5) = 15 The first five terms are 1, 0, 3, 8 and 15. Given, tn = n3 For n = 1, t1 = (1)3 = 1 For n = 2, t2 = (2)3 = 8 For n = 3, t3 = (3)3 = 27 For n = 4, t4 = (4)3 = 64 For n = 5, t5 = (5)3 = 125 The first five terms are 1, 8, 27, 64 and 125. Given, tn = 1 n +1 1 1 For n = 1, t1 = = 1+1 2 1 1 For n = 2, t2 = = 2 +1 3 1 1 = For n = 3, t3 = 3 +1 4 1 1 For n = 4, t4= = 4 +1 5 1 1 = For n = 5, t5 = 5 +1 6 The first five terms are
1 1 1 1 1 , , , and . 2 3 4 5 6

TARGET Publications

ii.

3.

Find the first three terms of the sequences for which Sn is given below: i. Sn = n2(n + 1) ii. Sn =

n 2 ( n + 1)

iii.

iii.

Sn =

4 n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1)

iv.

Solution: i. Given, Sn = n2(n + 1) For n = 1, S1 = (1)2(1 + 1) = 1 2 = 2 For n = 2, S2 = (2)2(2 + 1) = 4 3 = 12 For n = 3, S3 = (3)2(3 + 1) = 9 4 = 36 Now, t1 = S1 and tn = Sn Sn 1, for n > 1 t1 = 2 t2 = S2 S1 = 12 2 = 10 t3 = S3 S2 = 36 12 = 24 The first three terms are 2, 10 and 24.

ii.

Given, Sn =

n 2 ( n + 1) 4

v.

For n = 1, S1 = For n = 2, S2 = For n = 3, S3 =

(1) 2 (1 + 1) 4
2

=
2

1 4 =1 4 49 =9 4

(2) ( 2 + 1) 4 (3) ( 3 + 1)
2

= =

vi.

9 16 = 36 4 4 Now, t1 = S1 and tn = Sn Sn 1, for n > 1 t1 = 1 t2 = S 2 S 1 = 9 1 = 8

t3 = S3 S2 = 36 9 = 27 iii.

The first three terms are 1, 8 and 27. n ( n + 1)( 2n + 1) Given, Sn = 6 1(1 + 1)( 2 1 + 1) 1 2 3 For n = 1, S1 = = =1 6 6 2 ( 2 + 1)( 2 2 + 1) 2 3 5 =5 = For n = 2, S2 = 6 6 3 ( 3 + 1)( 2 3 + 1) 3 4 7 = =14 For n = 3, S3= 6 6 Now, t1 = S1 and tn = Sn Sn 1, for n > 1 t1 = 1 t2 = S2 S1 = 5 1= 4 t3 = S3 S2 = 14 5 = 9 The first three terms are 1, 4 and 9.

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra

1.3Progressions
a. Definition: A progression is a special type of sequence in which the relationship between any two consecutive terms is the same. Examples: i. 3, 6, 9, 12, 27 ii. 2, 4, 8, 16, 1 1 1 1 , , , , iii. 2 4 6 8
In example i., t2 t1 = t3 t2 = = 3 = constant In example ii., t 2 t3 t 4 = = = = 2 = constant t1 t 2 t 3 In example iii., 1 1 1 1 = = ... = 2 = constant t 2 t1 t 3 t 2 Hence, each example represents a progression.

1.4ArithmeticProgression(A.P.)
Definition: An Arithmetic progression is a sequence in which the difference between any two consecutive terms is constant. Examples: i. 10, 20, 30, 40, ... ii. 18, 16, 14, ... 2 3 4 , , , ... iii. 5 5 5
In example i., t2 t1 = t3 t2 = = 10 = constant In example ii., t2 t1 = t3 t2 = = 2 = constant In example iii., t2 t1 = t3 t2 = = 1 = constant 5

Note: i. If tn + 1 tn is constant, for all n N, then the sequence is an A.P.

ii. In an A.P., the first term is denoted by 'a' and the common difference is denoted by 'd'. Now, t1 is the first term t1 = a t2 is the second term t2 = t1 + d = a + d = a + (2 1)d = a + (n 1)d where n = 2 t3 is the third term t3 = t2 + d = a + d + d = a + 2d = a + (3 1)d = a + (n 1)d where n = 3 Continuing in this manner, tn = tn 1 + d = a + (n 1) d. t1 = a t2 = a + d t3 = a + 2d t4 = a + 3d and so on.

Thinkitover
The following are not progressions. Explain why? i. 1, 4, 9, 16, ii. 3, 5, 8, 13, Solution: i. The given sequence is 1, 4, 9, 16, Here, 4 1 = 3 94=5 16 9 = 7 Since, there is no fixed (same) relationship between any two consecutive terms, the given sequence is not a progression. ii. The given sequence is 3, 5, 8, 13, Here, 5 3 = 2 85=3 13 8 = 5 Since, there is no fixed (same) relationship between any two consecutive terms, the given sequence is not a progression.

Thinkitover
The triplets 1, 25, 49 form an A.P Can you find some more such triplets? Solution: Triplets like 2, 4, 6 and 17, 14, 11 form an A.P.
5

b.

Types of progressions: There are three types of progressions: i. Arithmetic progression (A.P.) ii. Geometric progression (G.P.) iii. Harmonic progression (H.P.) We shall study only A.P. and G.P. in this chapter.
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X: Algebra
v.

TARGET Publications

Exercise1.2
1. Which of the following lists of numbers are Arithmetic Progressions? Justify. i. 1, 3, 6, 10, ii. 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, iii. 1, 4, 7, 10, iv. 3, 6, 12, 24, v. 22, 26, 28, 31, vi. 0.5, 2, 3.5, 5, vii. 4, 3, 2, 1, viii. 10, 13, 16, 19,

vi.

The given list of numbers is 22, 26, 28, 31, Here, t1 = 22, t2 = 26, t3 = 28, t4 = 31 t2 t1 = 26 22 = 4 t3 t2 = 28 26 = 2 t4 t3 = 31 28 = 3 t2 t1 t3 t2 t4 t3 Since, the difference between two consecutive terms is not constant. The given list of numbers is not an A.P. The given list of numbers is 0.5, 2, 3.5, 5, Here, t1 = 0.5, t2 = 2, t3 = 3.5, t4 = 5 t2 t1 = 2 0.5 = 1.5 t3 t2 = 3.5 2 = 1.5 t4 t3 = 5 3.5 = 1.5 t2 t1 = t3 t2 = ... = 1.5 = constant The given list of numbers is an A.P. The given list of numbers is 4, 3, 2, 1, Here, t1 = 4, t2 = 3, t3 = 2, t4 = 1 t2 t1 = 3 4 = 1 t3 t2 = 2 3 = 1 t4 t3 = 1 2 = 1 t2 t1 = t3 t2 = ... = 1 = constant The given list of numbers is an A.P.

Solution: i. The given list of numbers is 1, 3, 6, 10, Here, t1 = 1, t2 = 3, t3 = 6, t4 = 10 t2 t1 = 3 1 = 2 t3 t2 = 6 3 = 3 t4 t3 = 10 6 = 4 t2 t1 t3 t2 t4 t3 Since, the difference between two consecutive terms is not constant. The given list of numbers is not an A.P.

vii.

ii.

iii.

The given list of numbers is 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, ... Here, t1 = 3, t2 = 5, t3 = 7, t4 = 9, t5 = 11 t2 t1 = 5 3 = 2 t3 t2 = 7 5 = 2 t4 t3 = 9 7 = 2 t5 t4 = 11 9 = 2 t2 t1 = t3 t2 = ... = 2 = constant The given list of numbers is an A.P. The given list of numbers is 1, 4, 7, 10, Here, t1 = 1, t2 = 4, t3 = 7, t4 = 10 t2 t1 = 4 1 = 3 t3 t2 = 7 4 = 3 t4 t3 = 10 7 = 3 t2 t1 = t3 t2 = ... = 3 = constant The given list of numbers is an A.P. The given list of numbers is 3, 6, 12, 24, Here, t1 = 3, t2 = 6, t3 = 12, t4 = 24 t2 t1 = 6 3 = 3 t3 t2 = 12 6 = 6 t4 t3 = 24 12 = 12 t2 t1 t3 t2 t4 t3 Since, the difference between two consecutive terms is not constant. The given list of numbers is not an A.P.

viii. The given list of numbers is 10, 13, 16, 19, Here, t1 = 10, t2 = 13, t3 = 16, t4 = 19 t2 t1 = 13 (10) = 3 t3 t2 = 16 (13) = 3 t4 t3 = 19 (16) = 3 t2 t1 = t3 t2 = ... = 3 = constant The given list of numbers is an A.P.

iv.

Write the first five terms of the following Arithmetic Progressions where the common difference d and the first term a are given. i. a = 2, d = 2.5 ii. a = 10, d = 3 iii. a = 4, d = 0 iv. a = 5, d = 2 v. a = 3, d = 4 vi. a = 6, d = 6 Solution : i. Given, a = 2, d = 2.5 t1 = a = 2 t2 = t1 + d = 2 + 2.5 = 4.5 t3 = t2 + d = 4.5 + 2.5 = 7 t4 = t3 + d = 7 + 2.5 = 9.5 t5 = t4 + d = 9.5 + 2.5= 12 The first five terms of the A.P. are 2, 4.5, 7, 9.5 and 12.
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

2.


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra

ii.

Given, a = 10, d = 3 t1 = a = 10 t2 = t1 + d = 10 + (3) =7 t3 = t2 + d = 7 + (3) = 4 t4 = t3 + d = 4 + (3) = 1 t5 = t4 + d = 1 + (3) = 2

Thenth termofanA.P.
Consider the A.P. a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ... (i) Here, t1 = a (ii) t2 t1 = d t3 t2 = d (iii) (iv) t4 t3 = d

The first five terms of the A.P. are 10, 7, 4, 1 and 2.

Given, a = 4, d = 0 t1 = a = 4 t2 = t1 + d = 4 + 0 = 4 t3 = t2 + d = 4 + 0 = 4 t4 = t3 + d = 4 + 0 = 4 t5 = t4 + d = 4 + 0 = 4 The first five terms of the A.P. are 4, 4, 4, 4 and 4. Given, a = 5, d = 2 t1 = a = 5 t2 = t1 + d = 5 + 2 = 7 t3 = t2 + d = 7 + 2 = 9 t4 = t3 + d = 9 + 2 = 11 t5 = t4 + d = 11 + 2 = 13

. . .

iii.

tn 1 tn 2 = d tn tn 1 = d

(n 1) (n)

Adding all the above equations, we get t1 + (t2 t1) + (t3 t2) + + (tn tn 1) = a + d + d + + d [d is added (n 1) times] tn = a + (n 1) d. This is the nth term of an A.P. with first term a and common difference d.

iv.

Exercise1.3
1. Find the twenty fifth term of the A.P. : 12, 16, 20, 24, Solution: The given A.P. is 12, 16, 20, 24, ... Here, a = 12, d= 16 12 = 4 Since,tn = a + (n 1)d
t25 = 12 + (25 1) 4 = 12 + 24 4 = 12 + 96 = 108

v.

The first five terms of the A.P. are 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13. Given, a = 3, d = 4
t1 = a = 3 t2 = t1 + d = 3 + 4 = 7 t3 = t2 + d = 7 + 4 = 11 t4 = t3 + d = 11 + 4 =15 t5 = t4 + d = 15 + 4 = 19

The twenty fifth term of the given A.P. = 108.

The first five terms of the A.P. are 3, 7, 11, 15 and 19.
Given, a = 6, d = 6 t1 = a = 6 t2 = t1 + d = 6 + 6 = 12 t3 = t2 + d = 12 + 6 = 18 t4 = t3 + d = 18 + 6 = 24 t5 = t4 + d = 24 + 6 = 30

2.

vi.

The first five terms of the A.P. are 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30.

Find the eighteenth term of the A.P.: 1, 7, 13, 19, Solution: The given A.P. is 1,7, 13, 19, ... Here, a = 1, d = 71 = 6 Since, tn = a + (n 1)d t18 = 1 + (18 1) 6 = 1 + 17 6 = 1 + 102 = 103 The eighteenth term of the given A.P. = 103.
7

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X: Algebra

TARGET Publications

3. Find tn for an A.P. where t3 = 22, t17 = 20. Solution: Given, t3 = 22, t17 = 20 Since, tn = a + (n 1)d a + (3 1)d = t3 a + 2d = 22 ...(i) Also, a + (17 1) d = t17 a + 16d = 20 ...(ii) Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get a + 16d = 20 a + 2d = 22 () () ()
14d = 42 42 d = 14 d =3 ... (iii) Substituting d = 3 in equation (i), we get a + 2 ( 3) = 22 a 6 = 22 a = 28 ... (iv) tn = a + (n 1)d = 28 + (n 1) (3) ... from (iii) and (iv) = 28 3n + 3 tn = 3n + 31.

Solution: The given sequence is 5, 2, 9, 16, 23, 30, Here, t1 = 5, t2 = 2, t3 = 9, t4 = 16, t5 = 23, t6 = 30 t2 t1 = 2 (5) = 7 =7 t3 t2 = 9 2 t4 t3 = 16 9 = 7 t5 t4 = 23 16 = 7 t6 t5 = 30 23 = 7 Since the common difference (7) is a constant, the given sequence is an A.P. Here, a = 5, d = 7 tn = a + (n 1) d = 5 + (n 1) 7 = 5 + 7n 7 The general term tn = 7n 12.

6.

For an A.P. if t4 = 12 and d = 10, then find its general term. Solution: Given, t4 = 12, d = 10 Since, tn = a + (n 1)d a + (4 1)( 10) = t4 a + 3 (10) = 12 a 30 = 12 a = 12 + 30 a = 42 tn = 42 + (n 1)(10) tn = 42 10n + 10 The general term tn = 10n + 52. 4. 5. Given the following sequence, determine whether it is arithmetic or not. If it is an arithmetic progression, find its general term. 5, 2, 9, 16, 23, 30,
8

Given the following sequence determine if it is arithmetic progression or not. If it is an arithmetic progression, find its general term. 5, 2, 2, 6, 11, Solution: The given sequence is 5, 2, 2, 6, 11, ... Here, t1 = 5, t2 = 2, t3 = 2, t4 = 6, t5 = 11 t2 t1 = 2 5 = 3 t3 t2 = 2 2 = 4 t2 t1 t3 t2 The given sequence is not an A.P. How many three digit natural numbers are divisible by 4? Solution: Let n be the number of 3 digit natural numbers divisible by 4. The three digit natural numbers which are divisible by 4 are 100, 104, 108, ..., 996. This sequence is an A.P. with a = 100, d = 4, tn = 996 But, tn = a + (n 1) d 996 = 100 + (n 1)4 996 100 = (n 1)4 896 =n1 4 224 = n 1 n = 224 + 1 = 225 The number of three digit natural numbers divisible by 4 is 225.
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

7.


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra

The 11th term and the 21st term of an A.P. are 16 and 29 respectively then find i. the 1st term and the common difference ii. the 34th term iii. n such that tn = 55. Solution: Given, t11 = 16, t21 = 29 i. Since, tn = a + (n 1)d a + (11 1)d = t11 a + 10d = 16 ... (i) Also, a + (21 1) = t21 a + 20d = 29 ... (ii) Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get a + 20d = 29 a + 10d = 16 () () () 8.
10d = 13 d= 13 10
13 in (i), we get 10

Sumofthefirstntermsofan A.P.
If a, a + d, a + 2d, a + (n 1)d is an A.P. with first term a and common difference d, then the sum of first n terms of the A.P. is Sn = [a] + [a + d] + + [a + (n 2)d] + [a + (n 1)d] Reversing the terms and rewriting (i), we get Sn = [a + (n 1)d] + [a +(n 2)d] + + [a + d] + [a] ...(ii) Now, adding equations (i) and (ii), we get 2Sn = [a+ a +(n 1)d] + [a + d + a + (n 2)d] + ... + [a + (n 2) d + a + d] + [a + (n 1)d + a] 2Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] + [2a + (n 1)d] + (n times) 2Sn = n [2a + (n 1) d] Sn = n [2a + (n 1)d] 2 ...(i)

Substituting d = a + 10

ii.

13 = 16 10 a + 13 = 16 a = 16 13 = 3 13 a = 3 and d = =1.3 10 Now, tn = a + (n 1) d t34 = 3 + (34 1) 1.3 = 3 + 33 1.3 = 3 + 42.9 = 45.9 Given, tn = 55 Since, a + (n 1)d = tn 3 + (n 1) 1.3 = 55 (n 1) 1.3 = 52 (n 1) = 40 n = 40 + 1 = 41

Thus the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. is n Sn = [2a + (n 1)d]. 2

Thinkitover
i. ... [From i.] ii. Derive the formula for nth term of the sequence of odd natural numbers and even natural numbers. Find the sum of first n odd natural numbers and first n even natural numbers.

iii.

... [From i.]

i. ii. iii.

The 1st term = 3 and the common difference = 1.3 The 34th term = 45.9 tn = 55 for n = 41

Solution: i. Sequence of odd natural numbers is 1, 3, 5, 7, This sequence is an A.P. with a = 1, d = 3 1 = 2 Now, tn = a + (n 1) d = 1 + (n 1) 2 = 1 + 2n 2 = 2n 1 th The n term of the sequence of odd natural numbers = 2n 1. 9

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X: Algebra
Sequence of even natural numbers is 2, 4, 6, 8, This sequence is an A.P. with a = 2, d = 4 2 = 2. = a + (n 1)d tn = 2 + (n 1) 2 = 2 + 2n 2 = 2n The nth term of the sequence of even natural numbers = 2n. Sequence of odd natural numbers is 1, 3, 5, 7, This sequence is an A.P. with a = 1, d = 3 1 = 2 n [2a + (n 1) d] 2 n [2 1 + (n 1)2] = 2 n n [2 + 2n 2] = [2n] = n2 = 2 2 The sum of first n odd natural numbers = n2. Sequence of even natural numbers is 2, 4, 6, 8, This sequence is an A.P. with a = 2, d = 4 2 = 2 n Now, Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n = [2 2 + (n 1)2] 2 n n [2n + 2] = [4 + 2n 2] = 2 2 2n(n + 1) = 2 = n(n + 1) The sum of first n even natural numbers = n(n + 1). Now, Sn = Now, Sn =

TARGET Publications

ii.

n [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n = [2 1 + ( n 1)1] 2 n n = [2 + n 1] = (n + 1) 2 2 n(n + 1) = 2 20 ( 20 +1) 20 21 = 210 S20 = = 2 2 The sum of first n natural numbers n(n + 1) and the sum of first 20 natural = 2 numbers = 210.

2.

Find the sum of all odd natural numbers from 1 to 150. Solution: The odd natural numbers from 1 to 150 are 1, 3, 5, ... , 149
This sequence is an A.P. with a = 1, d = 31 = 2, tn = 149 But, tn = a + (n 1)d 149 = 1 + (n 1)2 n1 = 74 n Now, Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 S75 = = 148 = (n 1)2 n = 75

75 [ 2 1 + (75 1)2] 2

75 75 [ 2 + 148] = 150 2 2 = 75 75 = 5625 The sum of all the odd natural numbers from 1 to 150 = 5625.

Exercise1.4
1. Find the sum of the first n natural numbers and hence find the sum of the first 20 natural numbers.

Solution: The first 'n' natural numbers are 1, 2, 3, ... , n. This sequence is an A.P. with a = 1, d = 2 1 = 1 10

3. Find S10 if a = 6 and d = 3. [March 2013] Solution: Given, a = 6, d = 3 n Now, Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 10 S10 = [2 6 + (10 1)3] 2 = 5 [12 + 27] = 5 39 S10 = 195.
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
Obtain the sum of the 56 terms of an A.P. whose 19th and 38th terms are 52 and 148 respectively. Solution: Given, t19 = 52 and t38 = 148 Now, tn = a + (n 1)d t19 = a + (19 1)d 52 = a + 18d a+ 18d = 52 ... (i) Also, a + (38 1)d = t38 a+ 37d = 148 ... (ii) Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get a + 37d = 148 a + 18d = 52 () () ()
19d = 96 96 d= 19 96 in (i), we get Substituting d = 19 96 a + 18 = 52 19 1728 = 52 a+ 19 1728 a = 52 19 988 1728 a = 19 740 a = 19 n Also, Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2

Find the sum of all numbers from 1 to 140 which are divisible by 4. Solution: The numbers 1 to 140 which are divisible by 4 are 4, 8, 12, ... 140 This sequence is an A.P. with a= 4, d = 4, tn = 140 But, tn = a + (n 1)d 140 = 4 + (n 1)4 140 4 = (n 1)4 136 =n1 34 + 1 = n 4 n = 35 n Now, Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2
S35
35 [ 2 4 + (35 1)4] 2 35 35 [8 + 136] = 144 = 2 2

4.

6.

S35

= 35 72 = 2520

(iii)

The sum of all numbers from 1 to 140 which are divisible by 4 = 2520.

Find the sum of the first n odd natural numbers. Hence find 1 + 3 + 5 + + 101. Solution: The sequence of odd natural numbers is 1, 3, 5, This sequence is an A.P. with a = 1, d = 3 1 = 2 n Now, Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n = [ 2 1 + (n 1)2] 2 n n = [2 + 2n 2] = [2n] 2 2 2 Sn = n (i) For 1, 3, 5, ..., 101, tn = 101 = a + (n 1)d But, tn 101 = 1 + (n 1)2 100 = (n 1)2 100 =n1 2 50 = n 1 n = 50 + 1 = 51 1 + 3 + 5 + + 101 = S51 1 + 3 + 5 + + 101 = 512 ... from (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + + 101 = 2601 The sum of the first n odd natural numbers = n2 and 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + 101 = 2601.
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

5.

(iv)

S56 =

56 2

96 740 2 19 + ( 56 1) 19

96 740 S56 = 28 2 + 55 19 19 from (iii) and (iv) 1480 5280 = 28 + 19 19 3800 = 28 19

S56

= 28 200 = 5600.
11

Std. X: Algebra
The sum of the first 55 terms of an A.P. is 3300. Find the 28th term.

TARGET Publications

7.

1.5PropertiesofanA.P.
Property I: For an A.P. with the first term a and the common difference d, if any real number k is added to each term then the new sequence is also an A.P. with the first terma + k and the same common difference d. Property II: For an A.P. with the first term a and the common difference d, if each term of an A.P. is multiplied by any real number k, then the new sequence is also an A.P. with the first term ak and the common difference dk. Note: 1. If each term of an A.P. is multiplied by 0 then the new sequence will be 0, 0, 0, 2. If each term of an A.P. is added, subtracted multiplied or divided by a certain constant then the new sequence is also an A.P.

Solution:

Given, S55 = 3300 But, Sn = n [ 2a + (n 1)d ] 2

55 [ 2a + (55 1)d ] 2 55 [2a + 54d] 2 55 2(a + 27d) 2

S55 = 3300 = 3300 =

3300 = 55 (a + 27d) 3300 = a + 27d 55 60 = a +27d ... (i) a + 27d = 60 t28 = a + (28 1)d t28 = a + 27d ... (ii)

Also, tn = a + (n 1)d

1.6ParticulartermsinanA.P.
To solve problems, we can consider three, four or five consecutive terms of an A.P. in the following way. i. Three consecutive terms as a d, a, a + d. ii. Four consecutive terms as a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d. iii. Five consecutive terms as a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d.

From (i) and (ii), we get

t28 = 60. Find the sum of the first n even natural numbers. Hence find the sum of the first 20 even natural numbers. Solution: The sequence of even natural numbers is 2, 4, 6, ... This sequence is an A.P. with a = 2, d = 4 2 = 2 n Now, Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 n Sn = [2 2 + (n 1)2] 2 n n = [4 + 2n 2] = [2n + 2] 2 2 n = 2(n + 1) = n(n + 1) 2 Sn = n(n + 1) S20 = 20(20 + 1) = 20 21= 420 The sum of the first n even natural numbers = n (n+1) and the sum of the first 20 even natural numbers = 420.
12

8.

Exercise1.5
Find the four consecutive terms in an A.P. whose sum is 12 and the sum of the 3rd and the 4th term is 14. Solution: Let the four consecutive terms be a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d. According to the first condition, a 3d + a d + a + d + a + 3d = 12 12 4a = 12 a= 4 a=3 ... (i)
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

1.


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
By the first given condition, a d + a + a + d = 3 3a = 3 a = 1 ... (i) By the second given condition, (a d)3 (a)3 (a +d)3 = 512 Taking cube root on both sides, we get (a d)(a)(a +d) = 8 a (a2 d2) = 8 1[(1)2 d2] = 8 from (i) 1 (1 d2) = 8 1 d2 = 8 d2 = 9 Thus, d =
9 = 3 ( considering the positive root)

According to the second condition, a + d + a + 3d = 14 2a + 4d = 14 2 3 + 4d = 14 ... from (i) 4d = 14 6 4d = 8 d=2 Thus, a 3d = 3 3 2 = 3 ad=32=1 a+d=3+2=5 a + 3d = 3 + 3 2 = 9 The four consecutive terms are 3, 1, 5 and 9.

2.

Find the four consecutive terms in an A.P. whose sum is 54 and the sum of the 1st and the 3rd terms is 30. Solution:
Let the four consecutive terms be a 3d, a d, a + d, a + 3d. According to the first condition, a 3d + a d + a + d + a + 3d = 54 4a = 54 54 27 = = 13.5 ... (i) a= 4 2 According to the second condition, a 3d + a + d = 30 2a 2d = 30 a d = 15 13.5 d = 15 ... from (i) d = 13.5 + 15 d = 1.5 Thus, a 3d = 13.5 3 1.5 = 13.5 4.5 = 18 a d = 13.5 1.5 = 15 a + d = 13.5 + 1.5 = 12 a + 3d = 13.5 + 3 1.5 = 13.5 + 4.5 = 9 The four consecutive terms are 18, 15, 12, 9.

ad=13=4 a =1 a+d=1+3=2 The three consecutive terms are 4, 1 & 2.

4.

In winter, the temperature at a hill station from Monday to Friday is in A.P. The sum of the temperatures of Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday is zero and the sum of the temperatures of Thursday and Friday is 15. Find temperature of each of the five days. Solution: Let the temperatures from Monday to Friday in A.P be a 2d, a d, a, a + d, a + 2d. According to the first condition, a 2d + a d + a = 0 3a 3d = 0 ad =0 a = d According to the second condition, a + d + a + 2d = 15 2a + 3d = 15
Thus, 2a + 3a = 15 ( d = a) 5a = 15 a=3 d=3 ( d = a) a 2d = 3 2 3 = 3 ad=33=0 a=3 a+d=3+3=6 a + 2d = 3 + 2 3 = 9 The temperatures from Monday to Friday are 3, 0, 3, 6 and 9 respectively. 13

3.

Find the three consecutive terms in an A.P. whose sum is 3 and the product of their cubes is 512. Solution: Let the three consecutive terms in an A.P be a d, a, a+d
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X: Algebra
35 = (n 1) 5
35 =n1 5

TARGET Publications

1.7ApplicationsofA.P.
In this section, we will study the application of theory and formulae of A.P. to solve various word problems.

Exercise1.6
1. Mary got a job with a starting salary of ` 15000/- per month. She will get an incentive of ` 100/- per month. What will be her salary after 20 months? Solution: Marys salaries are in A.P. with the first term 15000 and common difference 100. a = 15000, d = 100, n = 20 Now, tn = a + (n 1) d t20 = 15000 + (20 1) 100 = 15000 + 19 100 = 15000 + 1900 = 16900 Marys salary after 20 months = `16900 The taxi fare is ` 14 for the first kilometre and ` 2 for each additional kilometre. What will be the fare for 10 kilometres? Solution: The taxi fares are in A.P. with the first term 14 and common difference 2. a = 14, d = 2, n = 10 Now, tn = a + (n 1) d t10 = 14 + (10 1) 2 = 14 + 9 2 = 32 The taxi fare for 10 kilometres = ` 32. 2. Mangala started doing physical exercise 10 minutes for the first day. She will increase the time of exercise by 5 minutes per day, till she reaches 45 minutes per day. How many days are required to reach 45 minutes? Solution: The daily time of exercise is an A.P. with the first term 10 and common difference 5. a = 10, d = 5, tn = 45 Now, tn = a + (n 1) d 45 = 10 + (n 1) 5
14

7=n1 n=7+1=8 The no. of days required to reach 45 minutes = 8.

There is an auditorium with 35 rows of seats. There are 20 seats in the first row, 22 seats in the second row, 24 seats in the third row, and so on. Find the number of seats in the twenty fifth row. Solution: The no. of seats arranged row wise are as follows : 20, 22, 24, ... This sequence is an A.P. with a = 20, d = 22 20 = 2, n = 25 Now, tn = a + (n 1)d t25 = 20 + (25 1)2 = 20 + 24 2 = 68 The no. of seats in the twenty fifth row = 68. A village has 4000 literate people in the year 2010 and this number increases by 400 per year. How many literate people will be there till the year 2020? Find a formula to know the number of literate people after n years? Solution: The number of literate people in the village is in A.P. with the first term 4000 and common difference 400. a = 4000, d = 400, n = 10 Now, tn = a + (n 1)d t10 = 4000 + (10 1)400 = 4000 + 9 400 = 4000 + 3600 = 7600 Putting n = 10 we have tn = 400 10 + 3600 = 7600 Since,tn = a + (n 1)d = 4000 + (n 1)400 = 4000 + 400n 400 = 400n + 3600 The no. of literate people till the year 2020 = 7600 and the no. of literate people after n years = 400 n + 3600.
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

4.

5.

3.


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
Also, tn = a + (n 1)d t10 = 495 + (10 1)(10) = 495 + 9 (10) = 495 90 = 405 The first installment = ` 495 and the last installment = ` 405.

Neela saves in a Mahila Bachat Gat ` 2 on the first day of February, ` 4 on the second day, ` 6 on the third day and so on. What will be her saving in the month of February 2010? Solution: Neelas daily savings of February 2010 are as follows : 2, 4 , 6, ... This sequence is an A.P. with 6.
a = 2, d = 4 2 = 2, n = 28 ( Feb 2010 had 28 days as 2010 was not a leap year) Now, Sn = S28 = n [2a + (n 1)d] 2

8.

28 [2 2 + (28 1)2] 2 = 14 [4 + 27 2] = 14 58 = 812 Neelas saving in the month of February 2010 = ` 812.

7.

Babubhai borrows ` 4000 and agrees to repay with a total interest of ` 500 in 10 installments, each installment being less than the preceding installment by ` 10. What should be the first and the last installment?

A meeting hall has 20 seats in the first row, 24 seats in the second row, 28 seats in the third row, and so on and has in all 30 rows. How many seats are there in the meeting hall? Solution: The number of seats arranged row-wise are as follows: 20, 24, 28, This sequence is an A.P. with a = 20, d = 4, n = 30. n [ 2a + ( n 1)d] Now, Sn = 2 30 S30 = [2 20 + (30 1)4] 2 = 15 [40 + 29 4] = 15 [40 + 116] = 15 156 = 2340 The number of seats in the meeting hall = 2340. Vijay invests some amount in the National saving certificate. For the 1st year he invests ` 500, for the 2nd year he invests ` 700, for the 3rd year he invests ` 900, and so on. How much amount has he invested in 12 years? Solution: Amount of investments year-wise are as follows: 500, 700, 900, ... This sequence is an A.P. with a = 500, d = 200, n = 12 n Now, Sn = [ 2a + ( n 1)d] 2 12 [2 500 + (12 1)200] S12 = 2 = 6[1000 + 11 200] = 6[1000 + 2200] = 6 3200 = 19200 Total amount invested in 12 years = ` 19200.
15

9.

Solution: The installments are in A.P. Here, S10 = 4000 + 500 = 4500 Also, n = 10, d = 10 n Now, Sn = [2a + (n 1)d] 2 10 [2a + (10 1)(10)] S10 = 2 4500 = 5 [2a + 9 (10)]

4500 = 2a 90 5 900 + 90 = 2a 990 = 2a 990 a = 2 a = 495

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X: Algebra

TARGET Publications

10.

In a school, a plantation programme was arranged on the occasion of world environment day, on a ground of triangular shape. The plants are to be planted as shown in the figure. One plant in the first row, two in the second row, three in the third row and so on. If there are 25 rows then find the total number of plants to be planted. Solution: No. of trees planted row- wise are as follows:
1, 2, 3, This sequence is an A.P. with a = 1, d =1, n = 25 Now, Sn = n [2a + (n 1)d] 2 25 [2 1 + (25 1)1] 2
25 25 [2 + 24] = 26 2 2

TryThis
Write the next three terms for the following sequences: i. 8, 16, 32, 64, ii. 6, 6, 6, 6, iii. 5, 10, 20, 40, Solution: i. The given sequence is 8, 16, 32, 64, Here, t1 = 8, t2 = 16, t3 = 32, t4 = 64 The common ratio of two consecutive terms is =
16 t2 = = 2. t1 8

t5 = 64 2 = 128 t6 = 128 2 = 256 t7 = 256 2 = 512 The next three terms are 128, 256 and 512. The given sequence is 6, 6, 6, 6, Here, t1 = 6, t2 = 6, t3 = 6, t4 = 6 The common ratio of two consecutive terms is 1. t5 = 6 1 = 6 t6 = 6 1 = 6 t7 = 6 1 = 6

ii.

S25 = =

= 325

The total number of plants to be planted = 325.

1.8GeometricProgression(G.P.)

iii.

The next three terms are 6, 6 and 6.

The given sequence is 5, 10, 20, 40, Here, t1 = 5, t2 = 10, t3 = 20, t4 = 40 The common ratio of two consecutive terms is 2.

a.

Definition: A Geometric Progression is a sequence in which the ratio of any two consecutive terms is a constant. t t t i.e., In a G.P. 2 = 3 = = n = constant. t2 t1 t n 1 Note: The first term is denoted by a and the common ratio is denoted by r. Examples:
i. ii. iii. iv. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, (Infinite G.P.) 1 1 1 1 , , (Finite G.P.) 2 4 8 256 10, 100, 1000, (Infinite G.P.) 1, 9, 3, 1,
1 1 1 , , (Finite G.P.) 3 9 729

t5 = 40 (2) = 80 t6 = 80 (2) = 160 t7 = 160 (2) = 320

The next three terms are 80, 160 and 320.

Note: i. Since division by zero is not permissible, neither the common ratio nor any term of a G.P. can be zero.
ii. If the common ratio r is a positive number then all the terms of the G.P. will have the same sign. In this case all the terms of the G.P. will be either positive or negative.
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

16


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra

iii.

If the common ratio r is a negative number then any two consecutive terms of the G.P. will have the opposite sign. In this case, G.P. contains alternatively positive and negative terms.

Exercise1.7
1. Find the ninth term of the G.P. 3, 6, 12, 24, Solution: The given G.P. is 3, 6, 12, 24, ...
Here, a = 3, r = Now, tn = arn1 t9 = 3 291 = 3 28 = 3 256 = 768 6 =2 3

TryThis
Find the missing terms in the following table:

Common ratio 10
1 3 1 10

Progression
4, 40, 400, 4000, 40000, 400000 9, 3, 1,

The ninth term of the given G.P. is 768.

1 1 1 1 , , , 3 9 27 81

2.

7, 0.7, 0.07, 0.007, 0.0007. 3, 3, 3, 3, 3.

1
1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 , , 1, , , , 32 64 2 4 8 16
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3

Write down the first five terms of the geometric progression which has the first term 1 and the common ratio 4. Solution: Given, a = 1, r = 4 Now, tn = arn1 t1 = 1 411 = 1 40
=11 =1 t2 = 1 421 = 1 41 =4 t3 = 1 43 1 = 1 42 = 16 t4 = 1 441 = 1 43 = 64 t5 = 1 451 = 1 44 = 256 (4 = 1)

b.

General representation of a G.P.: If a is the first term and r is the common ratio of a G.P. then the sequence of G.P. can be represented as a, ar, ar2,
Here, t1 = a, t2 = ar, t3 = ar2 and so on.

The nth term of a G.P.:

Now,
t t2 t t = r, 3 = r, 4 = r, , n = r t2 t1 t3 t n 1

The first five terms are 1, 4, 16, 64 and 256.

Multiplying all the (n 1) ratios, we get

t 2 t3 t 4 t n = r r (n 1) times t1 t 2 t 3 t n 1

tn = rn1 t1

But, t1 = a
tn = rn1 a

tn = arn1

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Find the 4th and the 9th terms of the G.P. with the first term 4 and the common ratio 2. Solution: Given, a = 4, r = 2 Now, tn = arn 1 t4 = 4 241 = 4 23 = 32 and t9 = 4 29 1 = 4 28 = 1024 The 4th and 9th terms of the G.P. are 32 and 1024. 17 3.

Std. X: Algebra
Sn(1 r) = a arn Sn(1 r) = a(1 rn) Sn =

TARGET Publications

Find the common ratio and the 7th term of the G.P. 2, 6, 18, Solution: The given G.P. is 2, 6, 18, ... 6 Here, a = 2, r = = 3 2 n1 Now, tn = ar t7 = 2(3) 71 = 2 (3)6 = 2 729 = 1458 The common ratio = 3 and the 7th term = 1458. 4. 5. Find the 69th term of the G.P. 1,1, 1, 1, Solution: The given G.P. is 1, 1, 1, 1, ...
Here, a = 1, r = 1 = 1 1

a(1 r n ) ...(iii) 1 r Equation (iii) represents the sum of the first n terms of a G.P. when r < 1.

Note: 1. If the common ratio r of the G.P. is greater a rn 1 . than 1 i.e. r > 1 then Sn = r 1 2. When the common ratio r of the G.P. is equal to 1 then G.P. becomes a, a, a, In this case, sum of n terms is a + a + a + + a (upto n terms) Sn = na

Now, tn = arn1 t69 = 1(1)691 = 1(1)68 =11=1 The 69th term of the given G.P. is 1.

Exercise1.8
1. Find the indicated sums for the following Geometric Progressions: i. 2, 6, 18, Find S7 ii. 2, 4, 8, 16, Find S9 and S12. 1 1 1 iii. 1, , 2 , 3 , Find S6 2 2 2 iv. 1, 2 , 2, Find S10. Solution: i. The given G. P. is 2, 6, 18, ... 6 Here, a = 2, r = = 3 2 n a(r 1) , since r > 1 Now, Sn = r 1 2(37 1) 2 (2187 1) S7 = = 2 3 1 S7 = 2186
ii. The given G. P. is 2, 4, 8, 16, 4 = 2 Here, a = 2, r = 2 a(1 r n ) , since r < 1 Now, Sn = 1 r 2[1 (2)9 ] 2(1 + 512) S9 = = 1+ 2 1 (2)

Find the 15th term of the G. P. 3, 12, 48, 192, Solution: The given G.P. is 3, 12, 48, 192, 12 Here, a = 3, r = =4 3 Now, tn = arn 1 t15 = 3(4)151 = 3(4)14 = 3 414 6.

The 15th term of the given G. P = 3 414.

SumofthefirstntermsofaG.P.
Sequence of G.P. can be written as a, ar, ar2, where r 1. Let Sn be the sum of the first n terms of a G.P. Sn = a + ar + ar2 + + arn2 + arn1 (i) Multiplying equation (i) by r, we get ...(ii) rSn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + + arn1 + arn Subtracting equation (ii) from equation (i), we get
18

2 513 = 2 171 3 = 342 =

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
If in a G.P. r = 2 and t8 = 64, then find a and S6. Solution: Given, r = 2, t8 = 64 Now, tn = a. r n1 t8 = a(2) 81 64 = a 27 64 = a 128 64 1 a = = 128 2
Also, Sn = a(r n 1) , since r > 1 (r 1)

S12

=
=

2[1 (2)12 ] 2(1 4096) = 1 ( 2) 1+ 2 2 (4095) 3 = 2 (1365) = 2730

2.

iii.

S9 = 342 and S12 = 2730

The given G. P. is 1,
1 1 1 , , , 2 2 2 23

1 1 Here, a = 1, r = 2 = 2 1

Now, Sn =

a(1 r n ) , since r < 1 (1 r)

6

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 64 = S6 = 1 1 1 2 2
63 64 63 2 S6 = = 1 64 1 2

S6

1 6 2 1 = 2 ( 2 1) =

1 (64 1) 2 1 63 = 63 = 2 2 1 63 a = and S6 = 2 2

iv.

S6 =

63 32

The given G.P. is 1, Here, a = 1, r =

n

2 , 2,

3. If S3 = 31 and S6 = 3906 then find a and r. Solution: Given, S3 = 31, S6 = 3906

Since, Sn =
a(r n 1) (r 1)

2 = 1

2
S3 =

Now, Sn =

a(r 1) , since r > 1 (r 1)

a r3 1

( r 1) ( r 1)

) ) )
( r 1)
a(r 3 1)

... (i)

S10

1 =

( ) ( )
10

2 1 1/210 1 = 2 2 1 2 1 = 32 1 2 1
31

a r6 1

and S6

... (ii)

Dividing (ii) by (i), we get

S6 S3
a r6 1

2 1 2 1
5

( r 1)

31 2 1
31

2 +1

2 1

)(

2 +1

3906 r6 1 = 3 31 r 1 126 126 126

S10

( 2 ) (1) = 31 ( 2 + 1)
2

2 +1

)
2

31 =

2 +1

(r ) =
3

3 2

(1)
3

2 1

( r + 1)( r 1) ( r 1)
3

r3 1

= r3 + 1
19

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X: Algebra
5.

TARGET Publications

125 = r3 r = 3 125 = 5 Substituting r = 5 in (i), we get

a 53 1

S3 =

31 =

( 5 1) a (125 1)
4

If the nth, (2n)th, (3n)th terms of a G.P. are a, b, c respectively then show that b2 = ac. Solution: Let the first term be A and common ratio be r.
Given, tn = a, t2n = b, t3n = c Now, tn = A.rn1 a = A.rn1 ... (i) 2n1 Similarly, t2n = A.r and t3n = A.r3n1 2n1 b = A.r ... (ii) 3n1 and c = A.r ... (iii) To prove that b2 = ac L.H.S.= b2 = A2(r2n 1)2 ... From (ii) 2 4n 2 = A .r R.H.S.= ac = A.rn 1 A.r3n 1 ... From (i) and (iii) = A2.rn = A2.r4n 2 L.H.S. = R.H.S. b2 = ac
1 + 3n 1

4 31 = a 124 4 31 124 a = = =1 124 124 a = 1 and r = 5

4. If S6 = 126 and S3 = 14 then find a and r. Solution : Given, S6 = 126, S3 = 14

Since, Sn =
a(r n 1) (r 1)

a r6 1

S6 S3

( r 1)
a r3 1

... (i)

and

( r 1)

...(ii)

1.9ParticulartermsinaG.P.
To solve problems, we can consider three, four or five consecutive terms of a G.P. in the following way. a i. Three consecutive terms as , a, ar. r a a ii. Four consecutive terms as 3 , , ar, ar3. r r a a iii. Five consecutive terms as 2 , , a, ar, ar2. r r

Dividing (i) by (ii) , we get

a r6 1 S6 ( r 1) = S3 ( r 1) a r3 1

126 r 6 1 = 3 14 r 1

(r 9=

r 3 2 12 9= 3 r 1
3

( )

+ 1 r3 1

(r
3

)(

9 =r +1 r3 = 8 r = 38=2 Substituting r = 2 in (ii), we get a(23 1) S3 = 2 1 14 = a(8 1) 14 = a 7 14 a= =2 7 a = 2 and r = 2

20

ArithmeticMean(A)
a. Definition: If three numbers x, y, z are in A.P. then y is called the arithmetic mean between x and z. Formula: Suppose x and y are any two numbers. Let the arithmetic mean between x and y be A.Then x, A, y are in A.P. Ax=yA 2A = x + y
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

b.


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
which intersects the semicircle in point C. Join AC and CB. ACB is a triangle inscribed in a semicircle and hence it is a right angled triangle. APC and CPB are also right angled triangles Now, the triangles APC and CPB are similar triangles, C AP CP = CP PB 2 ab (CP) = AP PB Hence (CP)2 = ab A B P a b CP = ab Thus the length of the perpendicular CP from the circumference to the diameter is exactly the geometric mean of a and b, and is denoted by G.

x+ y 2 Thus, the arithmetic mean A between any two numbers x and y is given by
=

A=

x+ y 2

Example: Find arithmetic mean between 3 and 9. Solution: Let A be the arithmetic mean between 3 and 9.
3 + 9 12 = 2 2 A=6 A=

GeometricMean(G)
a. Definition:
If three numbers x, y, z are in G.P. then y is called the geometric mean between x and z.

b.

Formula: Suppose x and y are any two numbers with the same sign. Let the geometric mean between x and y be G. Then x, G, y are in G.P.
G y = x G G2 = xy G = xy Thus, the geometric mean G between any two numbers x and y is given by G = xy

Note: 1. G will be a real number if and only if a and b have the same sign. 2. There exists two values of geometric mean for any two numbers, namely + ab and ab . 3. If two numbers a and b are equal i.e. if a = b then i. The arithmetic mean between a + a 2a = = a. them is A = 2 2 ii. The geometric mean between them is G = aa = a. d. Theorem: Let x and y be any two unequal positive real numbers. If A is the arithmetic mean and G is the positive geometric mean between x and y, then A > G. Proof:
A=
x+ y and G = xy 2 x+ y 2

Example: Find geometric mean between 2 and 8.

Solution:

Let G be the geometric mean between 2 and 8 G = 2 8 = 16 G=4

AG= = =

xy =

x + y 2 xy

2
2

x) 2 x y + ( y)
2

2
( x y) 2
2

c.

Euclid construction which gives geometrical interpretation of geometric mean:

Consider the line segment AP of length a cm. and a line segment PB of length b cm. as shown in the figure. Then the length of AB is (a + b) cm. Draw a semicircle with AB as diameter and draw a perpendicular through P

Since both x and y are positive, Hence, ( x y )2 > 0 Thus, A G > 0 i.e. A > G.

x and

y are

real. Since x y, we have ( x y ) 0

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

21

Std. X: Algebra
a a ar = 8000 r a3 = 8000 a=
3

TARGET Publications

Exercise1.9
1. Find the three consecutive terms in a G.P. such that the sum of the first two terms is 9 and the product of all the three is 216. [March 2013]
Solution:
a , a, ar. r

According to the second condition,

8000

a = 20 20 + 20 r = 60

Substituting a = 20 in (i), we get Thus, 20r = 40 r =2

a 20 = = 10, r 2 a = 20,

Let the three consecutive terms be Sum of first two terms is, a +a = 9 r Product of all three terms is, a a ar = 216 r a3 = 216 a =
3

...(i)

ar = 20 2 = 40

216

The three consecutive terms in G. P. are 10, 20 and 40.

a =6 Substituting a = 6 in (i), we get 6 +6=9 r 6 =96 r 6 =3 r 3r = 6 6 =2 r= 3 a 6 Thus, = = 3, r 2 a=6 ar = 6 2 = 12

3.

Sachin, Sehwag and Dhoni together scored 228 runs. Their individual scores are in G.P. Sehwag and Dhoni together scored 12 runs more than Sachin. Find their individual scores. Solution: Let the individual scores of Sachin, Sehwag and a Dhoni be , a and ar respectively. r
According to the first condition, a + a + ar = 228 r According to the second condition, a = 12 r Adding (i) and (ii), we get a + ar ...(ii) ...(i)

The three consecutive terms are 3, 6 and 12. Find the three consecutive terms in a G.P. such that the sum of the 2nd and the 3rd term is 60 and the product of all the three is 8000.
a , a, ar r

2.

a a + a + ar + a + ar = 228 + 12 r r

2a + 2ar = 240 a + ar = 120 ...(iii)

Solution:

Let the three consecutive terms be According to the first condition, a + ar = 60

22

(i)

a(1 + r) = 120 Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get a (1 + r ) 120 = a 108 r

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
If 25 is the arithmetic mean between x and 46, then find x. Solution: Let A = 25, y = 46 x+ y Now, A = 2 x + 46 25 = 2 50 = x + 46 x = 50 46 x=4 5. If x + 3 is the geometric mean between x + 1 and x + 6 then find x. Solution: Let G = x +3, X = x + 1, Y = x + 6 4.

a a + a + ar a ar + = 228 12 r r 2a = 216 r ...(iv)

a = 108 r Dividing (iii) by (iv), we get

a(1 + r) (1 + r)r =

r 120 = a 108 10 9

(1 + r)9r = 10 9r2 + 9r 10 = 0 9r2 + 15r 6r 10 = 0 3r(3r + 5) 2(3r + 5) = 0 (3r + 5)(3r 2) = 0 3r + 5 = 0 or 3r 2 = 0 3r = 5 or 3r = 2 r=

Now, G = XY

x + 3 = ( x +1) ( x + 6)

Squaring both sides, we get (x + 3)2 = (x + 1) (x + 6)

6.
x2 + 6x + 9 = x2 + 7x + 6

5 2 or r = 3 3 Discarding the negative value of r and substituting

6x + 9 = 7x + 6 96 =x
x=3

2 r= in (iv), we get 3

a = 108 2 3 Thus, a 3 = 108 2

Find the geometric mean of

82 1 and

82 + 1. Solution: Let G be the geometric mean.

3a = 108 2 108 2 a= = 72 3

Let x = Now, G

82 1 and y = = xy

82 + 1

= ( 82 1) ( 82 +1)
G = =

72 a = r 2 3
3 = 72 = 108, 2 a = 72

82 1 82

)(

82 + 1

12

= 82 1 = 81

= 9 82 1 and
82 + 1 is 9.
23

2 ar = 72 = 48 3

82 + 1 are positive.
82 1 and

The individual scores of Sachin, Sehwag and Dhoni are 108, 72 and 48 respectively.

The geometric mean of

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

Std. X: Algebra

TARGET Publications

7.

If the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean of two numbers are in the ratio 5:4 and the sum of the two numbers is 30 then find those numbers. Solution: Let A be the arithmetic mean and G be the geometric mean and let the two numbers be x and y.

ProblemSet 1
1. Find t11 from the following A.P. 4, 9, 14,
Solution:

According to the first condition, A:G = 5:4

A 5 = G 4 4A = 5G 4A 5G = 0

The given A.P. is 4, 9, 14, ... Here, a = 4, d = 9 4 = 5 Now, tn = a + (n 1)d

t11 = 4 + (11 1)5 = 4 + 10 5

= 54

... (i) ...(ii)

2.

According to the second condition,

x + y = 30
x+ y 2

Find the first negative term from the following A.P. 122, 116, 110, ... (Note: find smallest n, such that tn < 0)

Now, A = =

30 2

From (ii)

Solution:

= 15 Substituting A = 15 in (i), we get 4 15 5G = 0

The given A.P. is 122, 116, 110, ... Here, a = 122, d = 116 122 = 6 Now, tn = a + (n 1)d If

60 5G = 0 60 = 5G G = 12

Now, G = xy Squaring both sides, we get G2 = xy 122 = xy xy = 144 ... (iii) 2 2 (x y) = (x + y) 4xy (x y)2 = 302 4 144 ... From (ii) and (iii) = 900 576 = 324
x y = 324 = 18 ...(iv) Adding (ii) and (iv), we get 2x = 48 x = 24 Substituting x = 24 in (ii), we get 24 + y = 30 y = 30 24 =6 The two numbers are 24 and 6.
24

tn = 0, then 0 = 122 + (n 1)(6) 0 = 122 6n + 6 0 = 122 + 6 6n 0 = 128 6n 6n = 128 128 = 21.33 n= 6 tn = 0 for n = 21.33 t22 will be negative and t22 = 122 + (22 1)(6) = 122 + 21 (6) = 122 126 = 4 The first negative term = 4 (and n = 22).
Find the sum of the first 11 positive numbers which are multiples of 6.

3.

Solution:

The positive multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, This sequence is an A.P. with
Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
5. From an A.P., the first and the last term is 13 and 216 respectively. Common difference is 7. How many terms are there in that A.P. Find the sum of all the terms.

a = 6, d = 12 6 = 6 Now, Sn

= = =

n [2a + (n 1)d] 2

S11

11 [2 6+(11 1)6] 2 11 [12+ 10 6] 2

Solution:

Let there be n no. of terms. Given, a = 13, tn = 216, d = 7 Now, tn = a + (n 1)d

11 [12 + 60] = 2

216 = 13 + (n 1)7 216 13 = (n 1)7 203 = (n 1)7 (n 1) = 203 = 29 7

11 72 2

= 11 36 = 396
The sum of the first 11 positive multiples of 6 = 396. In the A.P. 7, 14, 21, how many terms are to be considered for getting the sum 5740.

n = 29 + 1 = 30 = n [2a + (n 1)d] 2
30 [2 13 + (30 1)7] 2

Also, Sn

4.

S30 =

= 15[26 + 29 7] = 15[26 + 203] = 15 229 = 3435

The no. of terms in the A. P. = 30 and the sum of all 30 terms = 3435.

Solution:

The given A. P. is 7, 14, 21, Also, Sn = 5740 Here, a = 7, d = 14 7 = 7 Now, Sn =

n [2a + (n 1)d] 2
n [2 7+(n 1)7] 2

6.

5740 =

5740 2 = n(14 + 7n 7) 11480 = n(7 + 7n) 11480 = 7n + 7n2 7n2 + 7n 11480 = 0 n2 + n 1640 = 0 n + 41n 40n 1640 = 0
2

The second and the fourth term of an A.P. is 12 and 20 respectively. Find the sum of the first 25 terms of that A.P. Solution: Given, t2 = 12, t4 = 20

Now, tn = a + (n 1)d

a + (2 1)d = t2 a + d = 12 ...(i)

Also, a + (4 1)d = t4
a + 3d = 20 ...(ii) Subtracting (i) from (ii), we get a + 3d = 20 a + d = 12

n(n + 41) 40(n + 41) = 0 (n + 41)(n 40) = 0 n + 41 = 0 or n 40 = 0 n = 41 or n = 40 n = 40

The no. of terms to be considered = 40.

() ()

()

2d = 8

8 =4 2 Substituting d = 4 in (i), we get

But n cannot be negative

d=

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

25

Std. X: Algebra
a + 4 = 12
8.

TARGET Publications

For an A.P. given below find t20 and S10.

1 1 1 , , , 6 4 3

a = 12 4 = 8 = n [2a + (n 1)d] 2

Now, Sn

Solution:

S25

25 = [28 + (25 1)4] 2 25 = [16 + 24 4] 2

The given A.P. is Here, a =

1 1 1 , , , ... 6 4 3

2 1 1 1 1 = ,d= = 6 4 6 24 12
1 1 + (20 1) 6 12

25 25 [16 + 96] = 112 = 2 2 = 25 56

7.

Now, tn = a + (n 1)d

t20 = = =

S25 = 1400
The sum of first 25 terms = 1400. The sum of the first n terms of an A.P. is 3n + n2 then i. ii. find the first term and the sum of the first two terms find the second, third and the 15th term.

1 1 1 19 + 19 = + 12 6 12 6
2 + 19 21 7 = = 12 12 4

Also, Sn =

n [2a + (n 1)d] 2

S10 =

10 1 1 2 + (10 1) 2 6 12

Solution :

Given, Sn = 3n + n2 i. For n = 1, S1 = 3(1) + (1)2 =3+1=4 For n = 2, S2 = 3(2) + (2)2 = 6 + 4 = 10

1 1 1 3 = 5 + 9 = 5 + 12 3 3 4
13 4 + 9 =5 =5 12 12

= t20 =

65 12

t1 t2 a

= S1= 4 and S2 = 10 = S2 S1 = 10 4 = 6 = 4, d = 6 4 = 2

ii.

Since, tn = Sn Sn 1, for n > 1

9.

7 65 and S10 = 4 12

Now, tn = a + (n 1)d t3 = 4 + (3 1)2 =4+22 =4+4=8 t15 = 4 + (15 1)2 = 4 + 14 2 = 4 + 28 = 32

i. ii.
26

In a school, tree plantation on Independence day was arranged. Every student from I standard will plant 2 trees, II standard students will plant 4 trees each, III standard students will plant 8 trees each etc. If there are 5 standards, how many trees are planted by the students of that school? Solution: The no. of trees planted standard-wise are : 2, 4, 8, ...

The first term = 4 and the sum of the first two terms = 10. The second, third and the 15th terms are 6, 8 and 32 respectively.

This sequence is a G.P. with a = 2, r = Now, Sn = a(r n 1) , since r > 1 (r 1)

4 = 2, n = 5 2

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
6. For the G.P. common ratio.
Solution:
a r
2

S5

2(25 1) (2 1)

a , a, ar, ar2 write the r

2(32 1) = 1 = 2 31 = 62
The total trees planted by the students of that school = 62.

The common ratio is r2.

7. Frame the AP for the following situation. The taxi fare after each km, when the fare is ` 17 for first km and ` 9 for each additional km.

OneMarkQuestions

Solution: The A.P. is 17, 26, 35,

1.

Write first three terms of the A.P. when the first term is 10 and common difference in zero. Solution: The terms are 10, 10, 10.
3 1 , , 2 2 1 , write the 2

8.

In the given A.P., find the missing term: 2, __ , 26.

Solution:

The missing term is 14.

9. Find the next four terms of the G.P. 1, 2, 4, 8,

2.

For the A.P.

common difference. Solution:

Solution: Here, a = 1, r = 2 and t1 = 1, t2 = 2, t3 = 4, t4 = 8

The common difference is 1.

1 1 1 , , , write the 2 4 8

t5 = t4 2 = 8 2 = 16 t6 = t5 2 = 16 2 = 32 t7 = t6 2 = 32 2 = 64 t8 = t7 2 = 64 2 = 128

3.

For the G.P.

common ratio. Solution:

1 . 2

Next four terms are 16, 32, 64, 128. Find the first three terms of the sequence whose nth term is given by
1 n2

The common ratio is

10.

+ 1.

4.

Write the first 3 terms of the sequence whose nth term is

1 n2

Solution:

+ 1.

tn = t1 = t2 = t3 =

1 n2

+1

Solution:
5 10 The first 3 terms of the sequence are 2, , . 4 9

1 +1=2 12 1 2 3
2

+1= +1=

5 4 10 9
5 10 , . 4 9

5.

Write the next two terms of the following sequence: 1, 1, 3, 5,

1
2

Solution:

The next two terms are 7 and 9.

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression

First three terms are 2,

27

Std. X: Algebra
8.

TARGET Publications

For a given A.P. if = 6 and d = 3, find S4. [March 2013] Solution: n Sn = [2 + (n 1)d] 2 4 S4 = [2(6) + (4 1)3] 2 = 2(12 + 9) = 2(21) S4 = 42 11.

How many terms are there in the A.P. 201, 208, 215, 369? If the 5th and 12th terms of an A.P. are 14 and 35 respectively, find the first term and the common difference.

9.

BasedonExercise1.4
10. 11. Find the sum of the first n terms of an A.P. 1, 4, 7, 10, Also find S40. If for an A.P. = 6, d = 3, find S8 i. = 6, d = 3, find S6 ii. If for an A.P. t8 = 36, find S15. If for an A.P. S31= 186, find t16. Find the sum of all natural numbers from 50 to 250, which are exactly divisible by 4.
[March 2013]

AdditionalProblems forPractice
BasedonExercise1.1
1. For each sequence, find the next four terms: i. 2, 4, 6, 8, ii. 0.2, 0.02, 0.002, 0.0002, Find the first five terms of the following: n ( n + 1) 1 ii. Sn = i. tn = 1 + n 2

12. 13. 14.

2.

BasedonExercise1.5
15. Find four consecutive terms in an A.P. such that their sum is 26 and the product of the first and the fourth term is 40. Find five consecutive terms in A.P. such that their sum is 65 and the product of the third and the fourth term exceeds the fifth by 195.

BasedonExercise1.2
3. 4. Check whether the sequence 7, 12, 17, 22, .. is an A.P. If it is an A.P., find d and tn. Which of the following sequences are arithmetic progressions? Justify i. 2, 6, 10, 14, ii. 24, 21, 18, 15, iii. 4, 12, 36, 108, 3 5 iv. 1, , 2, , 2 2 50, 75, 100, v. vi. 12, 2, 8, 18, Write the first four terms of the following Arithmetic Progression where the common difference d and the first term a are given. i. a = 5, d = 7 ii. a = 8, d = 0 16.

BasedonExercise1.6
17. A man borrows ` 1,000 and agrees to repay without interest in 10 installments, each installment being less than the preceding installment by ` 8. Find his first installment. A man saves ` 16,500 in ten years. In each year after the first he saved ` 100 more than he did in the preceding year. How much did he save in the first year? A man borrows ` 2,000 and agrees to repay with a total interest of ` 340 in 12 monthly installments, each installment being less than the preceding one by ` 10. Find the amount of the first and the last installment. A sum of ` 6,240 is paid off in 30 installments, such that each installment is 10 more than the preceding installment. Calculate the value of the first installment.

18.

5.

19.

BasedonExercise1.3
6. 7. For an A.P. if t4 = 20 and t7 = 32, find a, d and tn. Find the i. 10th term of the A.P. 3, 1, 1, 3, ii.
28

20.

7th term of the A.P. 6, 10, 14,

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression


TARGET Publications

Std. X: Algebra
12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. S15 = 540 t16 = 6 The sum of all natural numbers from 50 to 250, that are divisible by 4 is 7500. 5, 6, 7, 8 9, 11, 13, 15, 17 The first installment is of ` 136. The man saved `1200 in the first year. The first installment is Rs 250 and the last installment is ` 140. The first installment is ` 63. 1280

BasedonExercise1.7
21. 22. 23. If for a G. P., a = 5, r = 2, find t9.
1 If for a G. P., a = 7, r = , find t6. 3 nd th If the 2 term and 5 term of a G.P. are 24 and 81 respectively then find the first term and the common ratio.

BasedonExercise1.8
24. Find the indicated sums for the following Geometric Progressions. i. 1, 3, 9, 27, ... ii. 25. 26. 1,
5 , 5, 5 5 , ...

7 243
t1 = 16, r = i. 3 242 5, 10, 20 or 20, 10, 5
x = 49 x=9

If for a G. P., S5 = 1023, r = 4, find a. If for a G. P., t3 = 18 and t6 = 486, find S5.

3 2
ii.

BasedonExercise1.9
27. 28. 29. Find three consecutive terms in a G.P. such that their sum is 28 and their product is 512. If 33 is the arithmetic mean between x and 17, find the value of x. If x 1 is the geometric mean between x 5 and x + 7, then find x.

365 2

156

5 +1

Answerstoadditional problemsforpractice
1. i. ii. i. 10, 12, 14, 16 0.00002, 0.000002, 0.0000002, 0.00000002 2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

3 4 5 6 , , , ii. 2 3 4 5 d = 5 and tn = 5n + 2 iii. is not an A.P. i, ii, iv, v, vi are A.P. i. 5, 12, 19, 26, ii. 8, 8, 8, 8, a = 8, d = 4, tn = 4n + 4

7th term is 30 i. 10th term is 15. ii. There are 25 terms in the given A.P. The first term is 2 and common difference is 3. S40 = 2380 ii. S6 = 81 i. S8 = 132
29

Arithmetic Progression and Geometric Progression