Cognitive Radio Research in

the U.S.: Overview, Challenges

and Directions
ARIB Frequency Resource Development
Symposium, June 8, 2007

Narayan B. Mandayam
Professor of ECE & Associate Director, WINLAB
Rutgers University

[email protected]
www.winlab.rutgers.edu

1
 Cognitive Radio Research
A Multidimensional Activity
„ Spectrum Policy „ Theory and Algorithms
… Economics … Fundamental Limits
… Regulation … Information & Coding Theory

… Legal … Cooperative Communications

… Business … Game Theory & Microeconomics

„ Hardware/Software
Platforms & Prototyping
… Programmable agile radios
… GNU platforms

„ Several Universities „ Govt Agencies

… E.g. WINLAB-Rutgers, UC Berkeley, … E.g. FCC, DARPA, NSF, etc.
Virginia Tech, etc.

„ Industry – small and big

… E.g. Blossom, Shared Spectrum, Vanu, Intel, Alcatel-Lucent, Philips,
Qualcomm and a very many more
2
How it all started -
The Spectrum Debate
& Cognitive Radio

3
 The Spectrum Debate
Triumph of Technology vs. Triumph of Economics

„ Open Access (Commons)

… [Noam, Benkler, Shepard, Reed …]
„ Triumph of Technology
„ Agile wideband radios will dynamically share a commons
„ Success of 802.11 vs 3G

„ Spectrum Property Rights

… [Coase, Hazlett, Faulhaber+Farber]
„ Triumph of Economics
„ Owners can buy/sell/trade spectrum
„ Flexible use, flexible technology, flexible divisibility, transferability
„ A spectrum market will (by the force of economics) yield an efficient solution
„ What everyone agreed on (a few years ago):
„ Spectrum use is inefficient
„ FCC licensing has yielded false scarcity

4
Spectrum Management: In fairness to
the FCC, Frequency allocation is complex…

Source: FCC website

5
 Spectrum Management: Then again, poor
utilization in most bands

Maximum Amplitudes

Atlanta Heavy Use Heavy Use

Less than 6% Occupancy

Amplidue (dBm)
New
Time Sparse Use Medium Use
Orleans

San
Diego

Frequency (MHz)
Frequency
„ FCC measurement shows that occupancy of approximately 700 MHz of
spectrum below 1 GHz is less than 6~10%
„ ~ 13% spectrum opportunities utilized in New York City during 2004
Political Convention to nominate U.S. Presidential Candidate
6
 Arguments against Triumph of Technology
„ Partially developed theory
… Information theoretic relay channel
… Information theoretic interference channel
… Ad hoc network capacity, with/without mobility

„ Technology Panacea
… Spread spectrum, UWB, MIMO, OFDM
… Short range communications
… Ad hoc multi-hop mesh networks

„ Infant technology
… UWB, MIMO antenna arrays
… Transmitter agility

„ Technology not separable from user assumptions

… Capabilities of technology vary with cooperation

7
 Recent Research Developments
Research themes that have emerged from mobile ad hoc and/or
sensor networks research:
„ Hierarchical Network Architecture wins
… Capacity scaling, energy efficiency, increases lifetimes, facilitates
discovery
„ Cooperation wins
… Achievable rates via information theoretic relay and broadcast channels
„ “Global” awareness and coordination wins
… Space, time and frequency awareness and coordination beyond local
measurements
„ Efficient operation requires radios that can:
… Cooperate
… Collaborate
… Discover
… Self-Organize into hierarchical networks

8
 The Spectrum Debate and Cognitive Radio

„ What everyone agrees on now:

… Spectrum use is inefficient
… FCC licensing has yielded false scarcity

„ Possible middle ground?

… Dynamic spectrum access
… Short-term property rights
… Spectrum use driven by both technology and market forces

„ Cognitive Radios with ability to incorporate market forces?

… Microeconomics based approaches to spectrum sharing
… Pricing and negotiation based strategies
„ (e.g. Ileri & Mandayam, “Dynamic Spectrum Access Models- Towards an
Engineering Perspective in the Spectrum Debate” in IEEE Communications
Magazine January 2008)

9
Dynamic Spectrum
Management &
Cognitive Radio

10
 Motivation for Dynamic Spectrum and
Cognitive Radio Techniques:

„ Static allocation of spectrum is inefficient

… Slow, expensive process that cannot keep up with technology
„ Spectrum allocation rules that encourage innovation &
efficiency
… Free markets for spectrum, more unlicensed bands, new services, etc.
„ Anecdotal evidence of WLAN spectrum congestion
… Unlicensed systems need to scale and manage user “QoS”
„ Density of wireless devices will continue to increase
… ~10x with home gadgets, ~100x with sensors/pervasive computing
„ Interoperability between proliferating radio standards
… Programmable radios that can form cooperating networks across
multiple PHY’s

11
Spectrum Management: Problem Scope
Spectrum
Allocation
Rules „ Dense deployment of
(static)
wireless devices, both
wide-area and short-
Spectrum Auction range
Coordination Server
Server
(dynamic)
INTERNET (dynamic) „ Proliferation of multiple
Dynamic frequency radio technologies, e.g.
provisioning
802.11a,b,g, UWB,
AP
Short-range
infrastructure
802.16, 4G, etc.
Spectrum Coordination
BTS mode network
protocols
(e.g. WLAN) „ How should spectrum
allocation rules evolve
Etiquette
policy
to achieve high
efficiency?
„ Available options
include:
Spectrum
Coordination
… Agile radios (interference
protocols Ad-hoc avoidance)
Short-range ad-hoc net sensor cluster
(low-power, … Dynamic centralized
Wide-area infrastructure high density) allocation methods
mode network (e.g. 802.16)
… Distributed spectrum
coordination (etiquette)
… Collaborative ad-hoc
networks
12
 Cognitive Radio: Design Space

„ Broad range of technology & related policy options for spectrum

„ Need to determine performance (e.g. bps/Hz or bps/sq-m/Hz) of different
technologies taking into account economic factors such as static efficiency,
dynamic efficiency & innovation premium
Unlicensed band + Ad-hoc,
simple coord protocols Ad-hoc,
Multi-hop
Multi-hop
Internet Collaboration
Internet Collaboration
Server-based
Server-based
Spectrum
Spectrum “cognitive radio”
Protocol Etiquette
Etiquette schemes
Complexity Radio-level
(degree of Radio-level
Unlicensed Spectrum
coordination) Unlicensed Spectrum
Band Etiquette
Band Etiquette
with DCA Protocol
with DCA Protocol
(e.g. 802.11x)
(e.g. 802.11x)

Internet Agile
Internet Agile
Spectrum Wideband “Open Access”
Spectrum Wideband + smart radios
Leasing Reactive Radios
Leasing Reactive Radios
Rate/Power UWB,
Rate/Power UWB,
Control Spread
Static Control Spread
Static Spectrum
Assignment Spectrum
Assignment

Hardware Complexity
13
Selected Cognitive
Radio Research

14
 Cognitive Radio Research
Fundamental research and algorithms – based on foundations of:
… Information and Coding Theory
„ Relay cooperation, User Cooperation, Coding techniques for
cooperation, Collaborative MIMO techniques
… Signal Processing
„ Collaborative signal processing, Signal design for spectrum sharing,
Interference avoidance, Distributed sensing algorithms
… Game Theory
„ Microeconomics and pricing based schemes for spectrum sharing,
negotiation and coexistence, Incentive mechanisms for cooperation
… MAC and Networking Algorithms
„ Discovery protocols, Etiquette protocols, Self-organization protocols,
Multihop routing

15
 Information Theoretic Approaches
… Various types of relay cooperation and user cooperation models
„ Cooperation – nodes share power and bandwidth to mutually enhance their
transmissions
„ Can achieve spatial diversity – similar to multiple antennas
… Fundamental limits are known in limited cases
… Primary focus on achievable rates, outage and various cooperative coding
schemes, e.g.
„ Decode-and-Forward Relay
Cooperation
„ Compress-and-Forward
„ Amplify-and-Forward

16
 Information Theoretic Approaches
… Various types of relay cooperation and user cooperation models
„ Cooperation – nodes share power and bandwidth to mutually enhance their
transmissions
„ Can achieve spatial diversity – similar to multiple antennas
… Fundamental limits are known in limited cases
… Primary focus on achievable rates, outage and various cooperative coding
schemes, e.g.
„ Decode-and-Forward User
Cooperation
„ Compress-and-Forward
„ Amplify-and-Forward
SN
SN SN
SN SN
SN
SN SN SN
SN
AP SN
SN
SN SN
SN SN
Wired SN
Backbo
AP ne
SN SN
SN
SN SN

SN SN
SN SN AP
SN SN SN
SN
17
E.g. Relay Cooperation vs User Cooperation
(Sankar-Kramer-Mandayam)

„ Sector of circle
0.5
of radius 1 and User 1
destination at 0.4 User 2
circle center. 0.3
Destination
Relay
„ Uniform node 0.2
distribution.
0.1

y-coordinate
„ Average rate and
0
outage over 100
locations. -0.1

„ Path-loss exp. -0.2

γ = 4. -0.3

„ Transmit SNR -0.4

for all users = P1.
-0.5
„ Processing cost 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
x-coordinate
factor η
Compare Outage Probability?
How much better than TDMA?
What is the effect of processing costs? 18
 Amplify-and-Forward Cooperation η = 0.01
0
Sub-plot 1 0
Sub-plot 2
10 10
Coop. 2-hop Coop. 2-hop
Relay Pr=0.5P1 Relay Pr=0.5P1
-1
10 Relay Pr=P1 -1
10 Relay Pr=P1
TD-MAC TD-MAC
Outage Probability Pout

Outage Probability Pout

-2 -2
10 10

-3 -3
10 10

-4 -4
10 10
K=2
K=2
Rate R = .25
Rate R = .25
η = .01
-5 -5
10 10
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10 15
Transmit SNR P1 (dB) Total (transmit+proc.) SNR Ptot (dB)

„ Relay and User Cooperation schemes gain over TDMA

„ Relay achieves gains relative to user-cooperation
19
 Amplify-and-Forward Cooperation η = 0.5, 1
0
Sub-plot 1 0
Sub-plot 2
10 10
K=2 K=2
Rate R = .25 Rate R = .25
η = .5 η=1
-1 -1
10 10
Outage Probability Pout

Outage Probability Pout

-2 -2
10 10

-3 -3
10 10

Coop. 2-hop Coop. 2-hop

-4 -4
10 Relay Pr=0.5P1 10 Relay Pr=0.5P1
Relay Pr=P1 Relay Pr=P1
TD-MAC TD-MAC
-5 -5
10 10
-5 0 5 10 15 -5 0 5 10 15
Total (transmit+proc.) SNR Ptot (dB) Total (transmit+proc.) SNR Ptot (dB)

„ Even with η ↑ relay achieves gains relative user cooperation

20
 Game Theory Approaches
„ Negotiation strategies for mediation
… Pricing and microeconomic strategies to promote cooperation in spectrum sharing
… Reimbursing costs in cooperation – energy costs, delay costs

„ Domination strategies for situations of conflict

… Spectrum warfare with agile waveforms and competition for spectrum
„ Coalition formation strategies for cooperation
… Coalitional games for receiver and transmitter coalitions in spectrum sharing

Approaches result in algorithms that specify:

• Power control
• Rate control
• Channel selection
• Cooperation techniques
• Route selection

21
 E.g. Inducing Forwarding through
Reimbursement (Ileri-Mandayam)

Each node
•Enjoys its own data reaching the access point.
•Pays for its outgoing throughput to adjacent devices.
•Gets reimbursed for data it relays only if the data reaches the
access point.

22
 E.g. Inducing Forwarding through
Reimbursement
19
10
Aggregate bits/Joule
Aggregate bits/Joule, no reimbursement.
Horizontal Trajectory
18
10

ACCESS POINT

17
Radio tower 10

POSITIONS OF
5m
USER 1 IN
HORIZONTAL 16
GEOMETRY 10

5m 10 m
15
10

-5 m USER 2
(POTENTIAL USER 1(NON-
FORWARDER) FORWARDER) 14
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
- user 2 distance

• Incentives for forwarding works well when nodes tend to “cluster”

• The aggregate bits/Joule in network is higher
• Network revenue is also higher
23
 PHY & MAC: Reactive Algorithms
„ Reactive (autonomous) methods used to avoid interference via:
… Frequency agility: dynamic channel allocation by scanning
… Power control: power control by interference detection and scanning
… Time scheduling: MAC packet re-scheduling based on observed activity
… Waveform agility: dynamism in signal space

Frequency DD
A&B’s spectrum band
agility D C D D

Range with Power Control

A
C&D’s spectrum band A
Range with Power Control Scheduling
Range without Power Control

Range without Power Control

24
Cognitive Radio: Limitations of Reactive
Schemes
„ Reactive schemes (without explicit coordination
protocols) suffer from certain limitations:
… Near-far problems possible at the receiver
… Inability to predict future behavior of other nodes
… Only detects transmitters, not receivers, but interference is a receiver
property

C
B D’s agile radio waveform
without coordination protocol

Coverage
A’s agile radio waveform
A cannot hear D area of D
A
Y with coordination

Coverage area of A

Hidden Terminal Problem

25
 Cognitive Approaches: Outlook
Fundamental research and algorithms – based on foundations
of
… Information and coding theory, Game theory, MAC, Networking,
Signal processing
all point to the following:
„ Cognitive radio networks require a large of amount of
network (and channel) state information to enable efficient
… Discovery
… Self-organization
… Cooperation Techniques

In addition to advances in cognitive radio technology,

Network Architectures and Information Aids that
support these are required

26
 Cognitive Radios need help too!

„ Infrastructure that can facilitate cognitive radio

networks

„ Coordination mechanisms for coexistence and cooperation

… Information aids
„ Spectrum Coordination Mechanisms

… Network architectures
„ “Spectrum Servers” to advise/mediate sharing

27
 Cognitive Radio: Common Spectrum
Coordination Channel (CSCC) (Jing-Raychaudhuri)
„ Common spectrum coordination channel (CSCC) can be used to
coordinate radios with different PHY
… Requires a standardized out-of-band etiquette channel & protocol
… Periodic tx of radio parameters on CSCC, higher power to reach hidden
nodes
… Local contentions resolved via etiquette policies (independent of
protocol)
… Also supports ad-hoc multi-hop routing associations

CH#N

CH#N-1
CSCC
CH#N-2 RX range Ad-hoc
for X net B Ad-hoc
: net A
:

CH#2 X
CH#1
Master
Node
Y CSCC
CSCC
Ad-hoc RX range
Frequency Piconet for Y

28
 CSCC Spectrum Etiquette Protocol
„ CSCC( Common Spectrum Coordination Channel) can enable
mutual observation between neighboring radio devices by periodically
broadcasting spectrum usage information

Service channels

Edge-of-band
coordination channel

29
CSCC: Proof-of-Concept Experiments

WLAN-BT Scenario

„ Different devices with

dual mode radios
running CSCC
„ d=4 meters are kept
constant
„ Priority-based etiquette
policy

30
 CSCC Results: Throughput Traces

„ Observations:
… WLAN session throughput can improve ~35% by CSCC coordination
… BT session throughput can improve ~25% by CSCC coordination

WLAN = high priority Bluetooth = high priority

65
4.8
CSCC on
60 CSCC off
4.6
CSCC on

Bluetooth Throughput (Kbps)

WLAN Throughput (Mbps)

CSCC off 55
4.4

4.2 50

4.0 45

3.8
40

3.6
35

3.4
30
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time (Seconds) Time (Seconds)

WLAN session BT session

with BT2 in initial position with BT2 in initial position

31
802.11 & 16 Co-Existence Scenario

802.16a 802.11b
Traffic Type UBR (Poisson arrival), UDP packet, 512 Bytes datagram
MAC protocol TDMA IEEE 802.11 BSS mode
Channel Model AWGN, two ray ground propagation model, no fading
Bandwidth/channels 20 MHz / 4 non-overlapping chs 22MHz / 11 overlapping chs
Bit Rate 13Mbps 2Mbps
Radio parameters OFDM (256-FFT, QPSK) DSSS (QPSK)
Background Noise -174 dBm/Hz
Rx Noise Figure 9 dB 9 dB
Receiver Sensitivity -80dBm (@BER 10^-6) -82dBm (@BER 10^-5)
Antenna Height BS 15m, SS 1.5m 1.5m
Tx Power/Max range 33dBm / 3.2Km 20dBm / 500m
Default channel Channel 1 : centered at 2412GHz Channel 1 : centered at 2412GHz
Available channels 4 (non-overlap) 12 (overlapping)

32
802.11 & 16 Co-Existence: Reactive vs.
CSCC-based Power Control (Jing-Raychaudhuri)
802.11b
Hotspot
DSS-AP
100m
AP Single 802.11 Hot Spot Case
1km SS
BS
802.16a
Cell
0.8
Average Link Throughput (Mbps)

0.7

0.6 1.2

0.5
1.0

Average Link Throughput (Mbps)

0.4
0.8
0.3 802.16a DL
0.6
802.16a DL with CSCC
0.2 No Coordination 802.11 link
CSCC frequency adaptation 802.11 link with CSCC
0.1
0.4
Average No Coordination
0.0 Average with CSCC
802.16 DL 802.11 link 0.2

802.16 DL and 802.11 link

0.0
CSCC frequency adaptation when DSS-AP =200m and 0 200 400 600 800 1000
Distance between 802.16 SS and 802.11 hotspot (meters)
traffic load 2Mbps
Throughputs vs. DSS-AP by using CSCC power
adaptation and traffic load 2Mbps

33
 802.11 & 16 Co-Existence: Reactive vs.
CSCC Power Control

802.16a BS
600 Kbps load
Multiple 802.11 802.16a SS 120000

Average Network Throughput (bps)

Hot Spot Case 802.11b AP No Coordination
with CSCC
110000
802.11b Client with RTPC
130000 with TA
100000
No Coordination
Average Network Throughput (bps)

120000 Varying Max Cluster

with CSCC
90000
Radius
with RTPC
110000
with TA R16 80000

1km
100000 70000
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Clustering Index
90000 Max Hotspot Radius R11 130000 1 Mbps load
No Coordination

Average Network Throughput (bps)

120000 with CSCC
80000 with RTPC
with TA
110000

70000 Region (i)

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 100000

Clustering Index Region (ii) 90000

80000

802.16 SS nodes are (i) uniform or (ii) 70000

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

clustered in the cell.

Clustering Index
CSCC power adaptation with clustered 802.16a SS in

clustering index CI = R11/R16

region (ii), with numbers of 802.16a SS :
802.11b nodes = 1:1
34
Cognitive Radio: Spectrum Policy Server
„ Internet-based Spectrum Policy Server can help to coordinate
wireless networks (a “Google for spectrum”)
… Needs connection to Internet even under congested conditions (...low bit-rate OK)
… Some level of position determination needed (..coarse location OK?)
… Spectrum coordination achieved via etiquette protocol centralized at server

Spectrum
Policy Server
Internet
Internet www.spectrum.net
AP1: type, loc, freq, pwr
Etiquette
AP2: type, loc, freq, pwr
Protocol
BT MN: type, loc, freq, pwr
AP1 Access Point
(AP2)
WLAN
operator A
WLAN
operator B

Master
Node
Wide-area
Cellular data
service

Ad-hoc
Bluetooth
Piconet

35
 What can a Spectrum Policy Server do?

Spectrum rate4
rate1 Server

rate2 rate3

„ Spectrum Policy Server facilitates co-existence of heterogeneous set

of radios by advising them on several possible issues
… Spectrum etiquette
… Interference information
… Location specific services
… Many more things ….

36
 Scheduling Variable Rate Links with a
Spectrum Server (Raman-Yates-Mandayam)
„ Users share a common frequency band
… Orthogonal signal dimensions = time slots
… Time domain scheduling is used for channelization
„ Wireless network of L directed links
„ Links employ ON-OFF transmission schedule in each time slot
… Use constant transmission power in the ON state
„ Links employ interference-adaptive modulation/coding
… Link rate in each time slot depends on interference, receiver mitigation.
„ Interference depends on the transmission mode
… mode = subset of links that are ON simultaneously

1 4 1

tli = 1, if link l is in mode i

2
= 0, otherwise.
3 3
[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1]
[0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1]
Transmission mode [1 0 1 0]
[0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1]
(one of 24 possible modes)
[0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1]

37
 Spectrum Server
Mode Matrix Æ Rate Matrix

1 4 1
Glk = link gain from
Tx k to Rx l
2

3
3

network with 4 links Transmission mode [1 0 1 0]

Rate matrix C =
[6.6 0 0.01 0 0.56 0 0.01 0 2.05 0 0.01 0 0.49 0 0.01]
[0 6.6 0.06 0 0 1.86 0.06 0 0 0.97 0.06 0 0 0.77 0.06 ]
[0 0 0 6.6 1.0 1.86 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 ]
[0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6.65 0.32 0.05 0.04 0.40 0.19 0.05 0.04]

38
Spectrum Server: Optimizing the Mode
Schedule
„ Spectrum server specifies
xi = fraction of time mode i is ON
„ Average rate in link l is rl = Σi cli xi
„ In vector form, r = Cx

„ Spectrum server specifies x to optimize an objective such

as for example:
… Maximum sum rate of the schedule
… Maximize the common rate on the links
… Fair scheduling
… Efficient scheduling

39
 Spectrum Server: Scheduling Results

„ As common rmin increases,

… the sum rate decreases
… Rates of dominant mode links decrease
… Rates of disadvantaged links increase

40
Spectrum Server: Fairness in Scheduling

41
Hardware & Software
Platforms

42
 Vanu Software Defined Radio

„ Vanu Inc. SDR programmable radio based on commodity

processors. Supports multiple standards on handheld
device.

Vanu Inc. Software Defined Radio

Source: http://www.vanu.com/products.html
43
GNU Hardware/Software Platform (Blossom)

„ GNU/USRP boards with GNU Software with API’s for flexible PHY and
MAC are currently available for experimentation
„ Various RF front-ends (0-100MHz, 400MHz, 900MHz, 2.4GHZ) with
data rates upto 64 MSamples/sec
„ All DSP functions in software on general-purpose CPU

44
 WARP Platform (Rice University)

•Various RF front-ends (2.4GHZ, 5GHz) with baseband of up to 20

MHz
•High data rates possible, Programmable PHY & Protocols, Extensible
to MIMO
•Backed by Xilinx, Nokia

45
 Cognitive Radio Networks & Protocols
„ Discovery strategies
… Algorithms and protocols for frequency selection, coordination and cooperation
„ Multihop strategies
… Algorithms for self-organization and routing
E.g.
• Cognitive Radio scans for active nodes and executes discovery algorithm

• Control protocol for exchange of network information and routing tables

End-to-end routed path
From A to F

Bootstrapped PHY &

control link
C
PHY A
B
B

DD PHY C
PHY B
E
Multi-mode radio PHY
A
A
Ad-Hoc Discovery
& Routing Capability
Control
(e.g. CSCC)

F
Functionality can be quite
challenging! 46
 WINLAB Cognitive Radio
Requirements include:
WINLAB’s “network centric” concept for
cognitive radio prototype
„ ~Ghz spectrum scanning,
„ Etiquette policy processing
(..under development in collaboration with GA Tech
& Lucent Bell Labs) „ PHY layer adaptation (per pkt)
„ Ad-hoc network discovery
„ Multi-hop routing ~100 Mbps+

47
 Cognitive Radio Networks: “CogNet”
Architecture

„ New NSF FIND project called “CogNet” aimed at development

of prototype cognitive radio stack within GNU framework
„ Joint effort between Rutgers, U Kansas, CMU and Blossom Inc

48
 Cognitive Radio Networks: “CogNet”
Protocol Stack
„ Global Control Plane (GCP)
… Common framework for spectrum allocation, PHY/MAC bootstrap,
topology discovery and cross-layer routing
„ Data plane
… Dynamically linked PHY, MAC, Network modules and parameters as
specified by control plane protocol

Data Plane

Global Control Plane

Control Plane Data Plane

Control Signalling
Application
Data Naming
Boot- Disco Path & Transport
strap very Establish Addres
ment sing Network
Control MAC MAC
Control PHY PHY

49
 Cognitive Radio Network Experiments
Hardware/Software Platforms@WINLAB
„ ORBIT radio grid testbed currently supports ~10/USRP GNU
radios, 100 low-cost spectrum sensors, WARP platforms,
WINLAB Cognitive platforms and GNU/USRP2
„ Each platform will include baseline CogNet stack

Suburban ORBIT Radio Grid

Current ORBIT sandbox with GNU radio

20 meters
500 meters Urban
Office

400-node Radio Grid Facility at WINLAB Tech Center

30 meters 300 meters
Planned upgrade
Radio Mapping Concept for ORBIT Emulator Programmable
(2007-08)
ORBIT radio node

URSP2
CR board

50
Concluding Remarks

51
Wireless/Mobile/Sensor Scenarios and the
Future Internet – NSF’s GENI Project
„ Some architectural and protocol implications for the future
Internet...
… Integrated support for dynamic end-user mobility
… Wireless/mobile devices as routers (mesh networks, etc.)
… Network topology changes more rapidly than in today’s wired Internet
… Significant increase in network scale (10B sensors in 2020!)
… New ad hoc network service concepts: sensors, P2P, P2M, M2M,…
… Addressing architecture issues – name vs. routable address
… Integrating geographic location into routing/addressing
… Integrating cross-layer and cognitive radio protocol stacks
… Data/content driven networking for sensors and mobile data
… Pervasive network functionality vs. broadband streaming
… Power efficiency considerations and computing constraints for sensors
… Many new security considerations for wireless/mobile
… Economic incentives, e.g. for forwarding and network formation

52
 NSF GENI Implementation: Wireless
Subnets – Overall Wireless Deployment Plan
„ Five types of experimental wireless networks planned –
necessary to support full range of protocol research and
to enable new applications
… 1. Wireless emulation and simulation (repeatable protocol validations)
… 2. Urban 802.11-based mesh/ad-hoc network (real-world networking experience
with emerging short-range radios)
… 3. Wide-area suburban network with both 3G/WiMax (wide area) and 802.11
radios
… 4. Sensor networks (…application specific, specific system TBD via proposal
process; may include environmental, vehicular, smart spaces, etc.)
… 5. Cognitive radio network – advanced technology demonstrator (…adaptive,
spectrum efficient networks using emerging CR platforms)
… …also some common network facilities such as location & dynamic binding services

„ Each network at a different geographic location – new

spectrum allocation may be needed at some sites

53
 NSF GENI Implementation
Wireless Sub-Networks Overview
Location
Service
Open API
Emerging 5 3 Wide-Area
Technologies Networks
“Open” Internet
(cognitive radio)
Concepts for
Other
GENI services Cellular devices

Advanced Technology Infrastructure

Demonstrator (spectrum)
Sensor 4
Networks

Ad-Hoc 1 Embedded wireless,

Broadband Mesh 2 NSF Radio Real-world applications
Services,
Mobile Network Testbeds Protocol &
Computing Scaling
Studies
Emulation &
Simulation
54
 Cognitive Radio in NSF’s GENI Project
„ Propose to build advanced technology demonstrator of cognitive radio
networks for reliable wide-area services (over a ~50 Km**2 coverage area)
with spectrum sharing, adaptive networking, etc.
… Basic building block is a cognitive radio platform, to be selected from competing
research projects now in progress and/or future proposals
… Requires enhanced software interfaces for control of radio PHY, discovery and
bootstrapping, adaptive network protocols …….. suitable for protocol virtualization
… FCC experimental license for new cognitive radio band

Cognitive Radio Network Node

Cognitive Radio Client

Spectrum Monitors
Spectrum Server

Cognitive Radio Network Node Connections to GENI

Infrastructure

Research Focus:
1. New technology validation of cognitive
radio
Cognitive Radio Client 2. Protocols for adaptive PHY radio
networks
3. Efficient spectrum sharing methods
4. Interference avoidance and spectrum
etiquette
5. Dynamic spectrum measurement
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6. Hardware platform performance studies
 Concluding Remarks
„ Future wireless networks need ~100-1000x increases in density and
bit-rate of radios Æ motivates better spectrum coordination
methods
„ Spot shortages of spectrum will occur if present static allocation is
continued Æ significant improvement achieved with dynamic
allocation
„ Cognitive radio technologies can be characterized in terms of the
combination of hardware complexity & level of protocol coordination
„ Promising cognitive radio schemes include
… Agile radio with interference avoidance
… Spectrum etiquette protocols: spectrum server, CSCC..
… Adaptive networks via ad-hoc collaboration
„ Early technical results now available for some of these methods, but
very different complexity factors and market implications…

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 Concluding Remarks
„ Future research areas in cognitive radio include:
… New concepts and algorithms for agile radio and spectrum etiquette protocols
… Architecture and design of adaptive wireless networks based on cognitive radios
… Detailed evaluation of large-scale cognitive radio systems using alternative
methods
… Spectrum measurement and field validation of proposed methods
… Cognitive radio hardware and software platforms

„ User-level field trials of emerging cognitive radios and related

algorithms/protocols may also be useful to gain experience
… Controlled testbed experiments comparing different co-existence methods
… Large-scale “spectrum server” trial for 802.11x coordination
… Experimental deployments in proposed US FCC cognitive radio band

„ Success with cognitive radio technologies should lead to major

improvements in spectrum efficiency, performance and
interoperability

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