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AK-47
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The AK-47 is a selective-fire, gas-operated 7.6239mm assault rifle, first developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is officially known as Avtomat Kalashnikova (Russian: ). It is also known as Kalashnikov, AK, or in Russian slang, Kalash. Design work on the AK-47 began in the last year of World War II (1945). After the war in 1946, the AK-46 was presented for official military trials. In 1948 the fixed-stock version was introduced into active service with selected units of the Soviet Army. An early development of the design was the AKS (SSkladnoy or "folding"), which was equipped with an underfolding metal shoulder stock. In 1949, the AK-47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces[10] and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact. The original AK-47 was one of the first assault rifles of 2nd generation, after the German StG 44.[11] Even after six decades the model and its variants remain the most widely used and popular assault rifles in the world because of their durability, low production cost, availability, and ease of use. It has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with armed forces as well as irregular forces worldwide. The AK-47 was the basis for developing many other types of individual and crew-served firearms. More AK-type rifles have been produced than all other assault rifles combined.[3]

AK-47[N 1]

A Type 2 AK-47, the first machined receiver variation

Type Place of origin In service Used by Designer Designed Manufacturer Produced Number built Variants Weight

Assault rifle Soviet Union

Service history
1949present See Users

Production history
Mikhail Kalashnikov 19461948[1] Izhmash and various others including Norinco 19491959[2] 75 million AK-47s, 100 million Kalashnikov-family weapons [3][4] See Variants

Specifications
Without magazine: 3.47 kg (7.7 lb) AK[5] 2.93 kg (6.5 lb) AKM[6][N 2] Magazine, empty: 0.43 kg (0.95 lb) (early issue)[5] 0.33 kg (0.73 lb) (steel)[6] 0.25 kg (0.55 lb) (plastic)[7] 0.17 kg (0.37 lb) (light alloy)[6] Ammo weight: 16.3 g 30 = 0.49 kg (1.1 lb)[8] Length 880 mm (35 in) fixed wooden stock[citation needed] 875 mm (34.4 in) folding stock extended[citation needed]
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Contents
1 History 1.1 Pre-history 1.2 Development and competition 1.3 Design 1.4 Receiver development 2 Features 2.1 Operating cycle 2.2 Fire selector 2.3 Sights 2.4 Ballistics
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2.5 Accuracy 2.6 Magazines 2.7 Additional firepower 3 Variants 3.1 Production outside of the Soviet Union/Russia 3.2 Derivatives 3.3 Licensing 4 Illicit trade 5 Cultural influence 6 Kalashnikov Museum 7 Users 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links 13.1 Audio 13.2 Video

645 mm (25.4 in) stock folded[5] Barrel length 415 mm (16.3 in) total[5] 369 mm (14.5 in) rifled[5] 7.6239mm M43/M67 Gas-operated, rotating bolt Cyclic 600 rounds/min, [5] practical 40 rounds/min semi-automatic [5] 100 rounds/min fully automatic [5] Muzzle velocity Effective range Feed system 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s)[5] 400 metres (440 yd) semi-auto[9] 300 metres (330 yd) full auto[9] Standard magazine capacity is 30 rounds;[5] there are also 10-, 20and 40-round box and 75- and 100-round drum magazines Sights Adjustable iron sights with a 378 mm (14.9 in) sight radius:[5] 100800 m adjustments (AK)[5] 1001000 m adjustments (AKM)[7]

Cartridge Action Rate of fire

History
Pre-history

In the field of firearms, the Russian word "avtomat" was introduced around 1919 to describe an automatic rifle designed in 1916 by Vladimir Fyodorov as an emergency adaptation of his semi-automatic rifle designs, with the intent of providing a firearm capable of automatic fire that was more portable than the light machine guns then in service.[12] The Fedorov Avtomat saw very limited action in World War I, but was used in larger numbers during the Russian Civil War, with about 3,200 having been built, the vast majority of them after 1919. The Fedorov Avtomat was chambered in 6.550mmSR Arisaka, one of the more common cartridges at the time.[N 3][14][15][16][17] Some historians argue that in consequence, the Fedorov Avtomat was the first assault rifle to see combat;[17][18][19] others have argued however that "this was more a case of accident than intention".[20] The Fedorov Avtomat was withdrawn from service between 1925 and 1928 owing to its use of foreign ammunition, which the Soviet Union could not easily procure, although the stockpiled Fedorov Avtomats would be rushed back into service during the 1939-1940 war with Finland because of the general penury of individual automatic weapons in the Red Army.[21][22] During World War II, it was replaced in Soviet service mostly by sub-machine guns, like the ubiquitous PPSh-41. Soviet attempts at creating a fully automatic rifle chambered in their powerful 7.6254mmR rifle cartridge, like the AVS-36 or AVT-40 were basically unsuccessful. During World War II, the Germans introduced the StG 44 (Sturmgewehr) in large numbersabout half a million were built. This gun, from which the English terminology "assault rifle" comes from, was chambered in a new intermediate cartridge, the 7.9233mm Kurz.[23] The Soviets captured an early prototype of the StG 44, a Mkb 42(H), and they were also given samples of the U.S. M1 Carbine, which was also developed for a less powerful
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round. Based on these developments, on July 15, 1943, the People's Commissariat for Armaments decided to introduce a Soviet intermediate cartridge. A team led by NM Elizarov (.. ) was charged with the development of what eventually became the 7.6239mm M43; the new cartridge went into mass production in March 1944.[24][25] At the same meeting that adopted the new cartridge, the Soviet planners decided that a whole range of new small arms should use it, including a semi-automatic carbine, a fully automatic rifle, and a light machine gun. Design contests for these new weapons began in earnest in 1944.[24]

Development and competition

Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a weapon designer while in a hospital after he was shot in the shoulder during the Battle of Bryansk.[4][26] After tinkering with a submachine gun design in 1942[27] and with a light machine gun in 1943,[28][29] in 1944 he entered a competition for a new weapon that would chamber the 7.6241mm cartridge developed by Yelizarov and Syomin in 1943 (the 7.6241mm cartridge predated the current 7.6239mm M1943).[citation needed ] In the 1944 competition for intermediate cartridge weapons, Kalashnikov submitted a semi-automatic, gas-operated carbine, strongly influenced by the American M1 Garand, but that lost out to a Simonov design, which was adopted as the SKS-45.[30] In the fully automatic weapon category, the specifications (- - TTT) number 2456-43[31] passed down by the GAU in November 1943 were rather ambitious: the weapon was to have a 500 520 mm long barrel and had to weigh no more than 5 kg., including a folding bipod. Despite this, many Soviet designers participated in this category, Tokarev, Korovin, Degtyarev, Shpagin, Simonov, and Prilutsky are some of the more prominent names who submitted designs;[32] Kalashnikov did not submit an entry for this contest.[31] A gun presented by Sudayev, the AS-44 (weight: 5.6 kg, barrel length 505 mm), came up ahead in the mid-1944 trials. However subsequent field trials conducted in 1945 found it to be too heavy for the average soldier and Sudayev was asked to lighten his gun; his lightened variant (5.35 kg, 485 mm barrel) turned out to be less reliable and less accurate. In October 1945, the GAU was convinced to dispense with the built-in bipod requirement; Sudayev's gun in this variant, called OAS ( - ), weighed only 4.8 kg. Sudayev however fell ill and died in 1946, preventing further development.[33][34][35] The experience gained from the reliability issues of the lightened Sudayev design convinced the GAU that a brand new competition had to be held, and for this round the requirements were explicitly stated: a wholesale replacement of the PPSh-41 and PPS-43 sub-machine guns was what they were after. The new competition was initiated in 1946 under GAU TTT number 3131-45. Ten designs had been submitted by August 1946.[36] Kalashnikov and his design team from factory number two in Kovrov submitted an entry. It was a gas-operated rifle which had a breech-block mechanism similar to his 1944 carbine, and a curved 30-round magazine. Kalashnikov's rifles (codenamed AK-1 and 2, the former with a milled receiver and the latter with a stamped one) proved to be reliable and the weapon was accepted to second round of competition along with designs by A. A. Dementyev (KB-P-520) and A. A. Bulkin (TKB-415). In late 1946, as the rifles were being tested, one of Kalashnikov's assistants, Aleksandr Zaitsev, suggested a major redesign of AK-1, particularly to improve reliability. At first, Kalashnikov was reluctant, given that their rifle had already fared better than its competitors. Eventually, however, Zaitsev managed to persuade Kalashnikov. The new rifle (factory name KB-P-580) proved to be simple and reliable under a wide range of conditions with convenient handling characteristics; prototypes with serial numbers one to three were completed in November 1947. Production of the first army trial series began in early 1948 at the Izhevsk factory number 524,[37] and in 1949 it was adopted by the Soviet Army as "7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle (AK)".[10]
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Design
The AK-47 is best described as a hybrid of previous rifle technology innovations:[38] the trigger mechanism,[39] double locking lugs and unlocking raceway[citation needed ] of the M1 Garand/M1 carbine, the safety mechanism of the John Browning designed Remington Model 8 rifle,[citation needed ] and the gas system of the Sturmgewehr 44.[citation needed ] Kalashnikov's team had access to all of these weapons and had no need to "reinvent the wheel",[38] though he denied that his design was based on the German Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle.[40] Kalashnikov himself observed: "A lot of Russian Army soldiers ask me how one can become a constructor, and how new weaponry is designed. These are very difficult questions. Each designer seems to have his own paths, his own successes and failures. But one thing is clear: before attempting to create something new, it is vital to have a good appreciation of everything that already exists in this field. I myself have had many experiences confirming this to be so."[26] There are claims about Kalashnikov copying other designs, like Bulkin's TKB-415[2] or Simonov's AVS-31.[41]

Receiver development
There were many difficulties during the initial phase of production. The first production models had stamped sheet metal receivers. Difficulties were encountered in welding the guide and ejector rails, causing high rejection rates.[42] Instead of halting production, a heavy machined receiver was substituted for the sheet metal receiver. This was a more costly process, but the use of machined receivers accelerated production as tooling and labor for the earlier MosinNagant rifle's machined receiver were easily adapted. Partly because of these problems, the Soviets were not able to distribute large numbers of the new rifle to soldiers until 1956. During this time, production of the interim SKS rifle continued.[42]

AKMS with a Type 4B receiver (top), and an AK-47 with a Type 2A

Once manufacturing difficulties had been overcome, a redesigned version designated the AKM (M for "modernized" or "upgraded" (in Russian: [Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy]) was introduced in 1959.[43] This new model used a stamped sheet metal receiver and featured a slanted muzzle brake on the end of the barrel to compensate for muzzle rise under recoil. In addition, a hammer retarder was added to prevent the weapon from firing out of battery (without the bolt being fully closed), during rapid or automatic fire.[42] This is also sometimes referred to as a "cyclic rate reducer", or simply "rate reducer", as it also has the effect of reducing the number of rounds fired per minute during automatic fire. It was also roughly one-third lighter than the previous model.[43] Both licensed and unlicensed production of the Kalashnikov weapons abroad were almost exclusively of the AKM variant, partially due to the much easier production of the stamped receiver. This model is the most commonly encountered, having been produced in much greater quantities. All rifles based on the Kalashnikov design are frequently referred to as AK-47s in the West, although this is only correct when applied to rifles based on the original three receiver types.[44] In most former Eastern Bloc countries, the weapon is known simply as the "Kalashnikov" or "AK". The photo above at right illustrates the differences between the Type 2 milled receiver and the Type 4 stamped, including the use of rivets rather than welds on the stamped receiver, as well as the placement of a small dimple above the magazine well for stabilization of the magazine.

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Receiver type Type 1A/B Type 2A/B Type 3A/B Type 4A/B

Description Original stamped receiver for AK-47. -1B modified for underfolding stock. A large hole is present on each side to accommodate the hardware for the underfolding stock. (this naming convention continues with all types) Milled from steel forging. "Final" version of the milled receiver, from steel bar stock. The most ubiquitous example of the milledreceiver AK-47. Stamped AKM receiver. Overall, the most-used design in the construction of the AK-series rifles.

In 1974, the Soviets began replacing their AK-47 and AKM rifles with a newer design, the AK-74, which uses 5.4539mm ammunition. This new rifle and cartridge had only started to be manufactured in Eastern European nations when the Soviet Union collapsed, drastically slowing production of this and other weapons of the former Soviet bloc.

Features
The main advantages of the Kalashnikov rifle are its simple design, fairly compact size, and adaptation to mass production. It is inexpensive to manufacture and easy to clean and maintain. Its ruggedness and reliability are legendary.[45] The AK-47 was initially designed for ease of operation and repair by glove-wearing Soviet soldiers in Arctic conditions. The large gas piston, generous clearances between moving parts, and tapered cartridge case design allow the gun to endure large amounts of foreign matter and fouling without failing to cycle. This reliability comes at a slight cost of accuracy, as the looser tolerances do not allow for precision and consistency. The bore and chamber, as well as the gas piston and the interior of the gas cylinder, are generally chromium-plated. This plating dramatically increases the life of these parts by resisting corrosion and wear. This is particularly important, as most military-production ammunition (and virtually all ammunition produced by the Soviet Union and other Warsaw Pact nations) during the 20th century contained potassium chlorate in the primers. On firing, this was converted to corrosive and hygroscopic potassium chloride which mandated frequent and thorough cleaning in order to prevent damage. Chrome plating of critical parts is now common on many modern military weapons.[citation needed ] In addition to the USSR, the AK-47 and its variants were/are made in dozens of countries, with "quality ranging from finely engineered weapons to pieces of questionable workmanship."[46]

Operating cycle
To fire, the operator inserts a loaded magazine, pulls back and releases the charging handle, and then pulls the trigger. In semi-automatic, the firearm fires only once, requiring the trigger to be released and depressed again for the next shot. In full-automatic, the rifle continues to fire automatically cycling fresh rounds into the chamber, until the magazine is exhausted or pressure is released from the trigger. As each bullet travels through the barrel, a
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portion of the gases expanding behind it is diverted into the gas tube above the barrel, where it impacts the gas piston. The piston, in turn, is driven backward, pushing the bolt carrier, which causes the bolt to move backwards, ejecting the spent round, and chambering a new round when the recoil spring pushes it forward.[47] The gas operation uses what is known as a long-stroke, that is the piston moves back into the receiver a long way, pushing the bolt carrier along. The gas-operated mechanism of a This contrasts most other gas Chinese AK-47 operated rifles of the 20th century which used a shortstroke piston. Those designs have a piston that gives a single sharp blow to get the bolt group moving through transfer of momentum rather than pushing it all the way back. Rifles using that system are the commonly used FN FAL and AR-18, along with others such as the SA-80. The comparison is of importance because the FAL, and later the M16 have been the rifles which faced the Kalashnikov in battle throughout the 2nd half of the 20th century. In contrast to the AK, the gas system of the M16 does not use a piston at all.

Fire selector
The prototype of the AK-47, the AK-46, had a separate fire selector and safety.[48] These were later combined in the production version to simplify the design. The fire selector is a large lever located on the right side of the rifle, it acts as a dust-cover and prevents the charging handle from being pulled fully to the rear when it is on safe.[49] It is operated by the shooter's right fore-fingers and it has 3 settings: up = safe, center = full-auto and down = semi-auto.[49] The reason for this is, under stress a soldier will push the selector lever down with considerable force bypassing the fullauto stage and setting the rifle to semi-auto.[49] To set the AK-47 to full-auto requires the deliberate action of centering the selector lever.[49] Some AK-type rifles also have a small vertical selector lever on the left side of the receiver just above the pistol grip.[49] This lever is operated by the shooter's right thumb and has three settings: forward = safe, center = full-auto and backward = semi-auto.[49]
Vietcong guerrilla stands beneath a Vietcong flag carrying his AK-47 rifle. Note: fire selector, bolt handle and magazine lever.

Sights
The AK-47 has a 378 mm (14.9 in) sight radius.[7] The AK-47 uses a notched rear tangent iron sight, it is adjustable and is calibrated in hundreds from 100 to 800 metres (100 to 1000 metres for AKM models).[50] The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field. Horizontal adjustment is done by the armory before issue. The "fixed" battle setting can be used for all ranges up to 300 metres.[50][51] This "point-blank range" setting marked "",[51] allows the shooter to fire at close range targets without adjusting the sights. These settings mirror the MosinNagant and SKS rifles which the AK-47 replaced. Some AK-type rifles have a front sight with a flip-up luminous dot that is calibrated at 50 metres, for improved night fighting.[50] All current AK-47s (100 series), have a side rail for mounting a variety of scopes and sighting devices, such as the PSO-1 Optical Sniper Sight.[52] However, their side folding stocks cannot be folded with the optics mounted.[53]
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Ballistics
Main article: 7.6239mm The standard AK-47 or AKM fires the 7.6239mm cartridge with a muzzle velocity of 715 m/s (2,350 ft/s).[7] The cartridge weight is 16.3 g (0.6 oz), the projectile weight Rear sight of a Chinese Type 56 is 7.9 g (122 gr).[8] The Note: 100 to 800 metres settings cartridge produces significant wounding effects if the projectile tumbles in tissue;[54] but it produces relatively minor wounds when the projectile exits the body before beginning to yaw.[55][56]

Gunshot wound caused by an AK-47 during the Vietnam War. Image (a) shows multiple fragments and the retained core from an AK-47 round

Accuracy
The AK-47's accuracy has always been considered to be "good enough."[57][58][59] The milled AK-47s are capable of shooting 35 inch groups at 100 yards, whereas the stamped AKM's are capable of shooting 46 inch groups at 100 yards.[59] "There are advantages and disadvantages in both forged/milled receivers and stamped receivers. Forged/milled receivers are much more rigid, flexing less as the rifle is fired, thus not hindering accuracy as much as stamped receivers. Stamped receivers are a bit more rugged, since they have some resilience and are less likely to fail due to fatigue under heavy usage."[59] As a result, the newer stamped steel receiver AKM models are less accurate than their predecessors.[59] The AKM, with the 7.6239mm cartridge, has a battle range of around 350 metres (1,150 ft).[7] The best shooters are able to hit a man-sized target at 800 metres with five shots (firing from prone position or a trench) or ten shots (standing).[60]

Magazines
A major but often overlooked factor in a firearm's reliability is the design of its magazine. The AK-47's magazine has a pronounced curve which allows it to smoothly feed ammunition into the chamber. Its heavy steel construction combined with "feed-lips" (the surfaces at the top of the magazine that control the angle at which the cartridge enters the chamber) machined from a single steel billet makes it highly resistant to damage. This makes the AK-47 magazine more reliable, although heavier than U.S. and NATO magazines. The steel AK-47 magazine weighs 334 g (0.736 lb) empty.[6][61] There were also 164 g (0.362 lb) aluminum alloy magazines which appeared in 1961. They were too sensitive to damage and were soon replaced by plastic ones (20 g (0.71 oz) heavier). The plastic magazines were modernized in 1967 by the addition of steel magazine hooks and reinforcing plates to the feed lips these improvements have increased the (plastic) magazine's life expectancy by 4 times.[61] The current-issue plastic magazine weighs .25 kg (0.55 lb) empty.[7] Most Yugoslavian and some East German AK magazines were made with cartridge followers that hold the bolt open when empty; however, most AK magazine followers allow the bolt to close when the magazine is empty. The AK-47 magazines are interchangeable with the 40-round box and 75-round drum RPK magazines. There are also 10- and 20-round box and 100-round drum magazines.
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Additional firepower
All current model AK-47 rifles can mount under-barrel 40 mm grenade launchers such as the GP-25, GP-30 & GP-34, which can fire up to 20 rounds per minute and have an The Zastava M70AB2 (AKMS-type effective range of up to 400 rifle) with a BGA-40 grenade launcher [62] metres. The main grenade is the VOG-25 (VOG-25M) fragmentation grenade which has a 6 m (9 m) (20 ft (30 ft)) lethality radius. The VOG-25P/VOG-25PM ("jumping") variant explodes 0.51 metre (1.63.3 ft) above the ground.[63]

Zastava M70 rifle with grenade sights raised

The Zastava M70s (AKM-type rifle) also have a grenade-launching sight and gas cut-off on the gas block, and are capable of launching rifle grenades. To launch them a 22 mm diameter grenade launching adapter is screwed on in place of the slant brake or other muzzle device.[64] Other AK-47 variants tuned for launching rifle grenades are the Polish Kbkg wz. 1960/72 and the Hungarian AMP-69.[65] The AK-47 can also mount a (rarely used) cup-type grenade launcher that fires standard RGD-5 Soviet handgrenades.[66]

Variants
Early variants (7.6239mm) Issue of 1948/49 The very earliest models, with the Type 1 stamped sheet metal receiver, are now very rare. Issue of 1951 Has a milled receiver. Barrel and chamber are 1955 AK-47 Type 3 chrome plated to resist corrosion. Issue of 1954 (1955) Lightened milled receiver variant. Rifle weight is 3.47 kg (7.7 lb).[5] AKS Featured a downward-folding metal stock similar to that of the German MP40, for use in the restricted space in the BMP infantry combat vehicle, as well as by paratroops. AKN (AKSN) Night scope rail.[67] Modernized (7.6239mm) AKM A simplified, lighter version of the AK-47; Type 4 receiver is made from stamped and riveted sheet metal. A slanted muzzle device was added to counter climb in automatic fire. Rifle weight is 2.93 kg (6.5 lb)[6][N 2] due to the lighter receiver. This is the most ubiquitous variant of the AK-47. AKMS Under-folding stock version of the AKM intended for airborne troops. AKMN (AKMSN) Night scope rail. AKML (AKMSL) Slotted flash suppressor and night scope rail.[68] RPK Hand-held machine gun version with longer barrel and bipod. The variants PRKS, RPKN (RPKSN), RPKL (RPKSL) mirror AKM variants. The "S" variants have a side-folding wooden stock.
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Low-impulse variants (5.4539mm) AK-74 Assault rifle. AKS-74 Side-folding stock. AK-74N (AKS-74N) Night scope rail. AKS-74U Compact carbine. AKS-74UN Night scope rail. RPK-74 Light machine gun. RPKS-74 Side-folding stock. RPK-74N (RPKS-74N) Night scope rail. The 100 Series 5.4539mm / 5.5645mm / 7.6239mm AK-74M /AK-101/AK-103 Modernized AK-74. Scope rail and side-folding stock. AK-107/AK-108 Balanced recoil models. AK-105/AK-102/AK-104 Carbine. PRK-74M/RPK-201/RPKM and RPK-203 Light machine gun. Other weapons Saiga-12 12-gauge shotgun. Built on AK receiver. Saiga-12S Pistol grip and side-folding stock. Saiga-12K Shorter barrel. Saiga-20 (S/K) 20-gauge. Saiga-410 (S/K) .410 bore. Saiga semi-automatic rifle KSK shotgun 12-gauge combat shotgun (based on Saiga-12). Vepr-12 Molot 12-gauge combat shotgun. Built on RPK receiver. PP-19 Bizon Submachine gun with helical magazine. Borrows 60% of details from AKS-74U. 918mm PM, 919mm Luger, .380 ACP; 7.6225mm TT (box magazine). PP-19-01 Vityaz Submachine gun. 919mm Parabellum. OTs-14 Groza Bullpup assault rifle. 939mm, 7.6239mm. AK-12 series AK-12 A family of weapons in a variety of calibers. Currently undergoing trials.

AK-74 and RPK-74

AK-12

Production outside of the Soviet Union/Russia

Military variants only. Includes new designs substantially derived from the Kalashnikov. Country
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Variant(s)
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Automatiku Shqiptar model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-1) Albanian Automatic Assault Rifle Model 56 Type-1 [Made in Polian Arsenal] (Straight forward copy of Type 56, which in turn is a clone of the Soviet AKM rifle) Automatiku Shqiptar Tipi 1982 (ASH-82) Albanian Automatic Assault Rifle Type 1982 [Made in Polian Arsenal] (Straight forward copy of AKMS) Automatiku Shqiptar model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-2) Albanian Light Machine Gun [Made in Polian Arsenal] (Straight forward copy of RPK) Albania Automatiku Shqiptar model 56 (ASH-78 Tip-3) Albanian Automatic Hybrid Rifle Model 56 Type-3 [Made in Polian Arsenal] (Hybrid rifle for multi-purpose roles mainly Marksman rifle with secondary assault rifle and grenade launcher capability) Other unknown variants. Several other unnamed & unidentified versions of the AKMS have been produce mainly with short barrels similar to the Soviet AKS-74U mainly for special forces, Tank & Armoured crew also for Helicopter pilots and police. There have also been modifications and fresh production of heavily modified ASh-82 (AKMS) with SOPMOD accessories, mainly for Albania's special forces RENEA & exports. Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh K-3 (bullpup, 5.4539mm) Khazri (AK-74M)[69] Chinese Type 56

AKK/AKKS (Type 3 AK-47/w. side-folding buttstock) AKKMS (AKMS), AKKN-47 (fittings for NPSU night sights) AK-47M1 (Type 3 with black polymer furniture) AK-47MA1/AR-M1 (same as -M1, but in 5.56 mm NATO) AKS-47M1 (AKMS in 5.5645mm NATO) AKS-47S (AK-47M1, short version, with East German folding stock, laser aiming device)
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Bulgaria

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AKS-47UF (short version of -M1, Russian folding stock), AR-SF (same as 47UF, but 5.56 mm NATO) AKS-93SM6 (similar to 47M1, cannot use grenade launcher) RKKS (RPK), AKT-47 (.22 rimfire training rifle) Cambodia Chinese Type 56, Soviet AK-47, and AKM

People's Republic Type 56 of China Colombia Croatia Cuba Galil ACE APS-95 AKM[70] MPi-K/MPi-KS (AK-47/AKS) MPi-KM (AKM; wooden and plastic stock), MPi-KMS-72 (side-folding stock), MPiKMS-K (carbine) MPi-AK-74N (AK-74), MPi-AKS-74N (side-folding stock), MPi-AKS-74NK (carbine) KK-MPi Mod.69 (.22 LR select-fire trainer) Egypt Ethiopia AK-47, Misr assault rifle (AKM), Maadi AK-47, AK-103 (manufactured locally at the State-run Gafat Armament Engineering Complex as the Et-97/1)[72] Rk 62, Valmet M76 (other names Rk 62 76, M62/76), Valmet M78 (light machine gun), Rk 95 Tp

East Germany[71]

Finland

AK-55 (domestic manufacture of the 2nd Model AK-47) AKM-63 (also known as AMD-63 in the US; modernized AK-55), AMD-65M (modernized AKM-63, shorter barrel and side-folding stock), AMP-69 (rifle grenade launcher) AK-63F/D (other name AMM/AMMSz), AK-63MF (modernized)
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Hungary[65]

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NGM-81 (5.5645mm NATO; fixed and under-folding stock)

INSAS (fixed and side-folding stock), KALANTAK (carbine), INSAS light machine gun (fixed and side-folding stock) India Trichy Assault Rifle 7.62 mm, manufactured by Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli of Ordnance Factories Board[73] Iran Iraq KLS/KLF (AK-47/AKS), KLT (AKMS) Tabuk Sniper Rifle, Tabuk Assault Rifle (with fixed or underfolding stock, outright clones of Yugoslavian M70 rifles series), Tabuk Short Assault Rifle IMI Galil: AR (assault/battle rifle), ARM (assault rifle/light machine gun), SAR (carbine), MAR (compact carbine), Sniper (sniper rifle), SR-99 (sniper rifle) Israel Galil ACE Bernardelli VB-STD/VB-SR (Galil AR/SAR)[74] Produced by the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria as OBJ-006[75][76] Type 58A/B (Type 3 AK-47/w. stamped steel folding stock), Type 68A/B (AKM/AKMS), Type 88 (AKS-74)[77][78] Reverse engineered by hand and machine in Pakistan's highland areas (see Khyber Pass Copy) near the border of Afghanistan; more recently the Pakistan Ordnance Factories started the manufacture of an AK-47/AKM clone called PK-10[79] pmK (kbk AK) / pmKS (kbk AKS) (name has changed from pmK "pistolet maszynowy Kaasznikowa", Kalashnikov SMG to the kbk AK "karabinek AK", Kalashnikov Carbine in mid-1960s) (AK-47/AKS) kbkg wz. 1960 (rifle grenade launcher), kbkg wz. 1960/72 (modernized) Poland[80] kbk AKM / kbk AKMS (AKM/AKMS) kbk wz. 1988 Tantal (5.4539mm), skbk wz. 1989 Onyks (compact carbine) kbs wz. 1996 Beryl (5.5645mm), kbk wz. 1996 Mini-Beryl (compact carbine)
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PM md. 63/65 (AKM/AKMS), PM md. 80, PM md. 90, collectively exported under the umbrella name AIM or AIMS PA md. 86 (AK-74), exported as the AIMS-74 Romania PM md. 90 short barrel, PA md. 86 short barrel, exported as the AIMR PSL (designated marksman rifle; other names PSL-54C, Romak III, FPK and SSG-97) South Africa Sudan Ukraine Vietnam Venezuela R4 assault rifle, Truvelo Raptor, Vektor CR-21 (bullpup) MAZ[81] (based on the Type 56) Vepr (bullpup, 5.4539mm), Malyuk (bullpup)[82] Chinese Type 56, Soviet AK-47, AK-74, AK-108 and AKM License granted, factory under construction[83]

Yugoslavia/Serbia M60, M64, M70, M76, M77, M92, M21 Certainly more have been produced elsewhere; but the above list represents known producers and is limited to only military variants. An updated AK-47 design the AK-103 is still produced in Russia.

Derivatives
The basic design of the AK-47 has been used as the basis for other successful rifle designs such as the Finnish Rk 62/76 and Rk 95 Tp, the Israeli Galil, the Indian INSAS and the Yugoslav Zastava M76 and M77/82 rifles. Several bullpup designs have surfaced such as the Chinese Norinco Type 86S, although none have been produced in quantity. Bullpup conversions are also available commercially. Further information: list of weapons influenced by the Kalashnikov design

Iraqi Tabuk sniper rifle

Licensing
OJSC IzhMash has repeatedly claimed that the majority of manufacturers produce AK-47s without a proper license from IZH.[84][85] The Izhevsk Machine Tool Factory acquired a patent in 1999, making manufacture of the newest Kalashnikov rifles, such as AK-100s by anyone other than themselves illegal in countries where a patent is granted. However, older variants, such as AK and AKM are public domain due to age of design.

Illicit trade

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Throughout the world, the AK and its variants are among the most commonly smuggled small arms sold to governments, rebels, criminals, and civilians alike, with little international oversight.[citation needed ] In some countries, prices for AKs are very low; in Somalia, Rwanda, Mozambique, Congo and Tanzania prices are between $30 and $125 per weapon, and prices have fallen in the last few decades due to mass counterfeiting. Moiss Nam observed that in a small town in Kenya in 1986, an AK-47 cost fifteen cows but that in Cambodian AK-47 with black 2005, the price was down to four cows indicating that supply was furniture [86] "immense". The weapon has appeared in a number of conflicts including clashes in the Balkans, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Somalia.[87] The Taliban and the Northern Alliance fought each other with Soviet AKs; some of these were exported to Pakistan. The gun is now also made in Pakistan's semi-autonomous areas (see Khyber Pass Copy).[citation needed ] "'The Distribution of Iranian Ammunition in Africa', by the private British arms-tracking group Conflict Armament Research (CAR), shows how Iran broke trade embargos and infiltrated African markets with massive amounts of illegal, unmarked 7.62 mm rounds for the Kalashnikov-style AK-47 rifles."[88]

Modified Chinese (Norinco) AK-47 commercial variant that has been customized by its owner

Estimated numbers of AK-type weapons vary. The Small Arms Survey suggest that "between 70 and 100 million of these weapons have been produced since 1947."[89] The World Bank estimates that out of the 500 million total firearms available worldwide, 100 million are of the Kalashnikov family, and 75 million are AK-47s.[3] Because AK-type weapons have been made in other countries, often illicitly, it is impossible to know how many really exist.[90]

Cultural influence
Russia/Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China, as well as Western countries (especially the United States) supplied arms and "Basically, it's the anti-Western cach of technical knowledge to numerous countries and rebel forces in a it ... And you know, one man's terrorist is global struggle between the Warsaw Pact nations and their allies another man's freedom fighter, so we all sort of think, oh boy, we've got a little bit against NATO and their allies called the Cold War. While the of Che Guevara in us. And this accounts NATO countries used rifles such as the relatively expensive M14, for the popularity of the (AK 47) weapon. HK G3 and M16 assault rifle during this time, the low production Plus I think that in the United States it's and materials costs of the AK-47 meant that the Russia/USSR could considered counterculture, which is produce and supply its allies at a very low cost. Because of its low always something that citizens in this country kind of like ... It's kind of sticking cost, it was also duplicated or used as the basis for many other rifles a finger in the eye of the man, if you will." (see List of weapons influenced by the Kalashnikov design), such as the Israeli Galil, Chinese Type 56, and Swiss SIG SG 550. As a Larry Kahaner, author of AK-47: The result, the Cold War saw the mass export of AK-47s by the Soviet Weapon That Changed the Face of Union and the PRC to their allies, such as the Nicaraguan War[91] Sandinistas, Viet Cong as well as Middle Eastern, Asian, and African revolutionaries. The United States also purchased the Type 56 from the PRC to give to the mujahideen guerrillas during the Soviet war in Afghanistan.[92]

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The proliferation of this weapon is reflected by more than just numbers. The AK-47 is included in the flag of Mozambique and its emblem, an acknowledgment that the country's leaders gained power in large part through the effective use of their AK-47s.[93] It is also found in the coats of arms of Zimbabwe and East Timor, the revolution era coat of arms of Burkina Faso and the flag of Hezbollah. In parts of the Western world, the AK-47 is associated with their enemies; both Cold War era and present-day. In the pro-communist states, the AK-47 became a symbol of third-world revolution. During the 1980s, the Soviet Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by Western nations, including Middle Eastern nations such as Syria, Libya and Iran, who welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel. After the fall of the Soviet Union, AK-47s were sold both openly and on the black market to any group with cash, including drug cartels and dictatorial states, and more recently they have been seen in the hands of Islamic groups such as the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Iraq, and FARC, Ejrcito de Liberacin Nacional guerrillas in Colombia. Western movies often portray criminals, gang members and terrorists using AK-47s. For these reasons, in the U.S. and Western Europe the AK-47 is stereotypically regarded as the weapon of choice of insurgents, gangsters and terrorists. Conversely, throughout the developing world, the AK-47 can be positively attributed with revolutionaries or freedom fighters against foreign occupation, imperialism, or colonialism.[91]

A U.S. Army M.P. inspects a Soviet AK-47 recovered in Vietnam, 1968.

In Mexico, the AK-47 is known as "Cuerno de Chivo" (literally "Ram's Horn") and is one of the weapons of choice of Mexican drug cartels. It is sometimes mentioned in Mexican folk music lyrics.[94] In 2006, Colombian musician and peace activist Csar Lpez devised the escopetarra, an AK converted into a guitar. One sold for US$17,000 in a fundraiser held to benefit the victims of anti-personnel mines, while another was exhibited at the United Nations' Conference on Disarmament.[95] The AK-47 made an appearance in U.S. popular culture as a recurring focus in the Nicolas Cage film Lord of War. There are numerous monologues in the movie focusing on the weapon and its effects on global conflict and the gun running market, such as: "Of all the weapons in the vast soviet arsenal, nothing was more profitable than Avtomat Kalashnikova model of 1947. More commonly known as the AK-47, or Kalashnikov. It's the world's most popular assault rifle. A weapon all fighters love. An elegantly simple 9 pound amalgamation of forged steel and plywood. It doesn't break, jam, or overheat. It'll shoot whether it's covered in mud or filled with sand. It's so easy, even a child can use it; and they do. The Soviets put the gun on a coin. Mozambique put it on their flag. Since the end of the Cold War, the Kalashnikov has become the Russian people's greatest export. After that comes vodka, caviar, and suicidal novelists. One thing is for sure, no one was lining up to buy their cars." [96]

Kalashnikov Museum
The Kalashnikov Museum (also called the AK-47 museum) opened on 4 November 2004, in Izhevsk, Udmurt Republic. This city is in the Ural Region of Russia. The museum chronicles the biography of General Kalashnikov, as well as documents the invention of the AK-47. The museum complex of small arms of M. T. Kalashnikov, a
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series of halls and multimedia exhibitions is devoted to the evolution of the AK-47 assault rifle and attracts 10,000 monthly visitors.[97] Nadezhda Vechtomova, the museum director stated in an interview that the purpose of the museum is to honor the ingenuity of the inventor and the hard work of the employees and to "separate the weapon as a weapon of murder from the people who are producing it and to tell its history in our country."

Users
Afghanistan[99] Albania[100] Algeria[100] Angola[100] Armenia[100] Azerbaijan[100][101] Bangladesh[100] Belarus[100] Benin[100] Bosnia and Herzegovina[100] Botswana[100] Bulgaria[100] Cambodia[100] Cape Verde[100] Central African Republic[100] Chad[100] Chile[102] People's Republic of China: Type 56 variant was used.[103] Comoros[100] Republic of the Congo[100] Democratic Republic of the Congo[100] Cuba[100] Egypt[100] Eritrea[100] Ethiopia[100] Finland: Rk 62, Rk 95 Tp. Gabon[100] Georgia:[100] Replaced by the M4 carbine in 2008.[104] East Germany[2] Greece: EKAM counter-terrorist unit of the Hellenic Police.[105][106] Guinea[100] Equatorial Guinea[100]
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Israeli Special Forces soldier with an AK47. Large quantities of these weapons were captured by Israel from Arab stocks and some Israeli units were wholly equipped with it. [98]

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Guinea-Bissau[100] Guyana[100] Hungary[100] India:[100] Used by Force One.[107] Iran[100] Iraq[99][100] Israel:[100] Captured from Arab armies over the course of the Arab-Israeli Conflict.[98] Kazakhstan[100] Kenya[108] North Korea: Type 56 and Type 58 variants were used.[100] Iraqi Kurdistan[citation needed ] Laos[100] Lesotho[100] Liberia[100] Libya[100] Macedonia[100][109] Madagascar[100] Mali[100] Malta: Type 56 variant.[100] Mexico[100] Moldova[100] Mongolia[100] Morocco[100] Mozambique[100] Myanmar: Used by the Myanmar Police Force (include the Chinese Type 56).[citation needed ] Namibia[100] Pakistan: Type 56[110] and AK-103[111] used. Palestine[112] Peru[100] Philippines: Used by the Santiago City PNP.[113] Poland[2] Qatar[100] Rhodesia[114] Romania[100] Russia:[2] Replaced by the AK-74M since 1974. Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic[115] Sao Tome and Principe[100] Serbia[100] Seychelles[100]
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Sierra Leone[100] Slovenia[100] Somalia[100] South Africa: Used by the Special Forces Brigade.[116] Soviet Union: Adopted in 1949.[10] Sri Lanka: Type 56 variant.[100] Sudan[100] South Sudan[citation needed ] Suriname[100] Syria[100] Tajikistan[100] Tanzania[100] Togo[100] Turkey[100] Turkmenistan[100] Uganda[100] Ukraine[100] UAE[100] Uzbekistan[100] Vietnam: Type 56 variant was used extensively by the Viet Cong.[103] Yemen[100] Yugoslavia[2] Zambia[100] Zimbabwe[100]

See also
Comparison of the AK-47 and M16 List of Russian inventions List of Russian weaponry List of weapons influenced by the Kalashnikov design

Notes
1. ^ Table data are for AK-47 with Type 3 receiver. 2. ^ a b AKMS is ~200 g (0.44 lb) heavier. 3. ^ Both Britain and Russia purchased 500,000 and 600,000 Arisaka rifles, respectively, in 1914 during WWI from Japan. They also purchased "cartridge making machinery" for the 6.5mm Arisaka ammunition. [13]

References
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1. ^ Monetchikov 2005, chpts. 6 and 7 (if AK-46 and 47 are to be seen as separate designs). 2. ^ a b c d e f Popenker, Maksim (5 February 2009). "Kalashnikov AK (AK-47) AKS, AKM and AKMS assault rifles (USSR)" (http://world.guns.ru/assault/rus/ak-akm-e.html). World Guns. Modern Firearms & Ammunition. Retrieved 14 March 2011. 3. ^ a b c Killicoat 2007, p. 3. 4. ^ a b "AK-47 Inventor Doesn't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention" (http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,288456,00.html). FoxNews.com. USA: News Corporation. 6 July 2007. OCLC 36334372 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/36334372). Retrieved 3 April 2010. 5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m . 7,62- 1967, pp. 161162. 6. ^ a b c d e . 7,62- () 1983, pp. 149150. 7. ^ a b c d e f "AKM (AK-47) Kalashnikov modernized assault rifle, caliber 7.62mm" (http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/akm.shtml). Izhmash. Retrieved 8 June 2012. 8. ^ a b Land Forces Weapons: Export Catalogue (http://www.scribd.com/doc/30301368/Rosoboronexport-LandForces-Weapons-Catalogue). Moscow: Rosoboronexport. 2003. p. 85. OCLC 61406322 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/61406322). 9. ^ a b Shelford Bidwell et al. (25 February 1977). Bonds, Ray, ed. The Encyclopedia of land warfare in the 20th century (http://books.google.com/books?id=RuIgAQAAIAAJ). A Salamander book. London; New York: Spring Books. p. 199. ISBN 978-0-600-33145-2. OCLC 3414620 (//www.worldcat.org/oclc/3414620). 10. ^ a b c Monetchikov 2005, p. 67; Bolotin 1995, p. 129. 11. ^ Zlobin, Vladimir (15 February 2013). Yefimov, N. N. ed. Interview with Andrei Bondarenko. " XXI ["Kalashnikovs" for the XXI century]" (http://redstar.ru/images/files/2013/022013/krz28_15.02.2013.pdf) (in Russian) (PDF). Krasnaya Zvezda (28 (26247)): pp. 1011. http://redstar.ru/images/files/2013/02-2013/krz28_15.02.2013.pdf. "If we talk about assault rifles in general, the AK-12 could be classified as fourth generation. This is my opinion as a gunmaker. First generation is Fyodorov Avtomat, second AK-47 and the German MP43, third AK-74." 12. ^ (2008). . / . pp. 305308. ISBN 978-5-69925634-1. 13. ^ Honeycutt & Anthony p. 177, 197 14. ^ The 6.5mm Arisaka (6.5mm Japanese) by Chuck Hawks 15. ^ "Modern Firearms-Fedorov avtomat" World. guns. ru 16. ^ Honeycutt & Anthony p. 177, 197 17. ^ a b Gordon Rottman (2011). The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles (http://books.google.com/books? id=qK9Nn-2xocUC&pg=PA7). Osprey Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-84908-835-0. 18. ^ Daniel D. Musgrave; Thomas B. Nelson (1967). The World's Assault Rifles and Automatic Carbines. T. B. N. Enterprises. p. 149; see also discussion on p. 15. 19. ^ Williams, Anthony G (11 April 2002 November 2012). "Assault Rifles and their Ammunition: History and Prospects" (http://www.quarry.nildram.co.uk/Assault.htm). Retrieved 4 April 2012. 20. ^ Chris McNab (2001). The Ak47. MBI Publishing Company. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7603-1025-0. 21. ^ Monetchikov, Sergei (2005). [The History of Russian Assault Rifle] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps. pp. 1819. ISBN 5-98655006-4. 22. ^ John Walter (2006). The Rifle Story: An Illustrated History from 1756 to the Present Day (http://books.google.com/books?id=CWN1Nb9hfUkC&pg=PA192). MBI Publishing Company. p. 192. ISBN 9781-85367-690-1. 23. ^ "Machine Carbine Promoted" (http://www.lonesentry.com/articles/ttt07/stg44-assault-rifle.html) Tactical and Technical Trends, No. 57, April 1945. 24. ^ a b Monetchikov, Sergei (2005). [The History of Russian Assault Rifle] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps. pp. 2425. ISBN 598655-006-4. 25. ^ C. J. Chivers (2010). The Gun (http://books.google.com/books?id=r3VwUEHoDikC&pg=PA166). Simon & Schuster. pp. 166167. ISBN 978-1-4391-9653-3. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47 19/26 ^ a b Bolotin 1995, pp. 123124.

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26. 27. 28. 29.

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^ a b Bolotin 1995, pp. 123124. ^ Bolotin 1995, p. 123. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 38. ^ David Naumovich Bolotin; [translation: Igor F. Naftul'eff ; edited by John Walter, Heikki Pohjolainen] (1995). Soviet Small-arms and Ammunition. Hyvink: Finnish Arms Museum Foundation (Suomen asemuseosti). p. 150. ISBN 9519718419. ^ David Naumovich Bolotin; [translation: Igor F. Naftul'eff ; edited by John Walter, Heikki Pohjolainen] (1995). Soviet Small-arms and Ammunition. Hyvink: Finnish Arms Museum Foundation (Suomen asemuseosti). p. 115. ISBN 9519718419. ^ a b , (http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/4dd/014_020.pdf) . , , 2010/3, p. 15 ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 26. ^ , : , (http://www.bratishka.ru/archiv/2002/9/2002_9_8.php) , October 2002 issue ^ Bolotin 1995, pp. 127. ^ Monetchikov, Sergei (2005). [The History of Russian Assault Rifle] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps. p. 35. ISBN 5-98655-006-4. ^ Monetchikov, Sergei (2005). [The History of Russian Assault Rifle] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Military Historical Museum of Artillery, Engineers and Signal Corps. p. 36. ISBN 5-98655-006-4. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 64. ^ a b Wasserman, Anatoly (23 February 2010). " " [The Great Compilator] (http://awas1952.ru/videoblog/kto-na-samom-dele-sozdal-avtomat-kalashnikova.html). - (in Russian). Retrieved 15 September 2011. ^ Kokalis, Peter (July 1983). "Israel's Deadly Desert Fighter" (http://web.archive.org/web/19991004151710/http://www.ak-47.net/ak47/galil.html). Soldier of Fortune (USA: Omega Group). ISSN 0145-6784 (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0145-6784). ^ Val Shilin; Charlie Cutshaw. "Mikhail Kalashnikov" (http://www.powercustom.com/AKPages/MikhailKalashnikov.htm). Power Custom. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ Kuptsov, Andrei (2001). : . . , , [Odd History of Weapons: S. G. Simonov, a Unknown Genius of Russia, or How and Who Disarmed the Russian Soldier] (in Russian). Moscow: Kraft+. p. 262. ISBN 978-5-93675-025-0. ^ a b c Poyer 2006, pp. 811. ^ a b Ezell 1986, p. 36. ^ Poyer 2006, p. 2. ^ "An AK for Every Market by James Dunnigan April 23, 2003" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070325171640/http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/20030423.asp). strategypage.com. Archived from the original (http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/20030423.asp) on 25 March 2007. Retrieved 26 June 2009. ^ Rottman 2011, p. 39. ^ Department of the Army. wikisource:en:AK-47 Operator's Manual. 203d Military Intelligence Battalion. ^ Popenker, Maxim; Williams, Anthony G (2005). Assault Rifle (http://books.google.com/?id=TNwgAAAACAAJ). Crowood Press. ISBN 978-1-86126-700-9. ^ a b c d e f Peter G. Kokalis, Kalashnikovs 3 of the best (http://www.arsenalinc.com/usa/imgs/articles/BulgarianAK.pdf). arsenalinc.com ^ a b c Ak 47 Technical Manual (http://www.scribd.com/doc/35165946/Ak-47-Technical-Manual). Scribd.com (2010-07-31). Retrieved on 9 February 2012. ^ a b Rottman 2011, p. 42. ^ "7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifles AK103, 104" (http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/ak103.shtml). Izhmash. Retrieved 8 June 2012. ^ Cold vodka hot steel: a test of Russia's Bizon 2 submachine gun | Guns Magazine (http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQY/is_6_49/ai_100727296/). Find Articles. Retrieved on 9 February 2012.
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AK-47 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 2012. 54. ^ Bellamy RF, Zajtchuk R. The physics and biophysics of wound ballistics. In: Zajtchuk R, ed. Textbook of Military Medicine, Part I: Warfare, Weaponry, and the Casualty, Vol. 5, Conventional Warfare: Ballistic, Blast, and Burn Injuries. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, United States of America (1990) pp. 146155 55. ^ Roberts GK, (21 May 2008) DTIC.mil "U.S. Military Small Arms Ammunition Failures and Solutions" (http://www.dtic.mil/ndia/2008Intl/Roberts.pdf) NDIA Dallas, Texas 56. ^ Fackler ML, Malinowski JA, Hoxie SW, Jason A (1990). "Wounding Effects of the AK-47 Rifle Used by Patrick Purdy in the Stockton, California, Schoolyard Shooting of 17 January 1989". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 11 (3): 1859. doi:10.1097/00000433-199009000-00001 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1097%2F00000433-199009000-00001). PMID 2220700 (//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2220700). 57. ^ Kalashnikov AK47 By Gideon Burrows 58. ^ "The USA's M4 Carbine Controversy" (http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-usas-m4-carbine-controversy03289/). Defenseindustrydaily.com. 21 November 2011. Retrieved 10 January 2012. 59. ^ a b c d Avtomat Kalashnikov (http://www.alpharubicon.com/leo/akseries.htm). Alpharubicon.com. Retrieved on 3 April 2012. 60. ^ . 7,62- () 1983, p. 155 (under the default conditions of no wind and sea level atmospheric pressure, 15 C (59 F)). 61. ^ a b Monetchikov 2005, pp. 123124. 62. ^ "40 mm underbarrel grenade launcher GP-34" (http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/gp-34.shtml). Izhmash. Retrieved 20 October 2012. 63. ^ Russian Close Combat Weapon. Moscow: Association "Defense Enterprises Assistance League". 2010. pp. 482 489. ISBN 978-5-904540-04-3. 64. ^ http://home.roadrunner.com/~m70AK3/M70.htm |M70AB2 & M70B1 Yugoslavian Battle Rifles 65. ^ a b "Hungary. Assault Rifles" (http://weapon.at.ua/load/312). (in Russian). Retrieved 24 February 2013. 66. ^ http://www.ar15.com/content/manuals/AK47USArmyOperatorManual.pdf | Department of the Army, Operator's Manual for the AK-47 Assault Rifle 67. ^ Monetchikov 2005, p. 76. 68. ^ "AKML (AKMSL)" (http://www.ak-info.ru/joomla/index.php/aaka/6-akm/54-akmsl). AK-INFO.RU. Retrieved 8Feb-2013. 69. ^ " -74 " [Azerbaijan began serial production of AK-74M assault rifles under Russian license] (http://www.armstrade.org/includes/periodics/news/2011/0708/10108803/detail.shtml). (in Russian). Moscow: Centre for Analysis of World Arms Trade. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011. 70. ^ Dimov, Roman. "Kalashnikov Arms Versions" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070929125610/http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/models.html). The AK Site. Archived from the original (http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/models.html) on 29-Sep-2007. 71. ^ "MPi-K / MPi-AK Assault Rifle Series" (http://weapon.at.ua/load/290-1-0-792). (in Russian). Retrieved 19-Feb-2013. 72. ^ Advertisement flyer for manufacturing capabilities of the GAEC Gafat Armament Engineering Complex. (http://web.archive.org/web/20110710203214/http://ethiopiabook.com/galleryimg/l/print-advert-371.jpg) Retrieved on 8 October 2010. 73. ^ "Assault Rifle 7,62mm" (http://ofbindia.nic.in/products/data/weapons/wsc/21.htm). Indian Ordnance Factory Board 74. ^ "Bernardelli company profile and history" (http://www.bernardelli.com/en/index.htm). V. Bernardelli S.r.l. Retrieved 20-Feb-2013. 75. ^ "Nigeria to mass-produce Nigerian version of AK-47 rifles." (http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200610/02/eng20061002_308128.html) Retrieved on 5 October 2008. 76. ^ "DICON Defence Industry Corp. of Nigeria" (http://www.dicon.gov.ng/military1.html) Retrieved on 23 June 2012. 77. ^ US Department of Defense, North Korea Country Handbook 1997, Appendix A: Equipment Recognition, PPSH 1943 SUBMACHINEGUN (TYPE-50 CHINA/MODEL-49 DPRK), p. A-79. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AK-47 21/26

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78. 79.

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1943 SUBMACHINEGUN (TYPE-50 CHINA/MODEL-49 DPRK), p. A-79. ^ US Department of Defense, North Korea Country Handbook 1997, Appendix A: Equipment Recognition, TYPE68 (AKM) ASSAULT RIFLE, p. A-77. ^ Russia confronts Pakistan, China over copied weapons. (http://www.upiasia.com/Security/2009/11/16/russia_confronts_pakistan_china_over_copied_weapons/5776/) Retrieved on 16 October 2010. ^ "Poland. Assault Rifles" (http://weapon.at.ua/load/313). (in Russian). Retrieved 19-Feb-2013. ^ "MAZ" (http://web.archive.org/web/20081227202939/http://www.mic.sd/images/products/wepons/en/MAZbn.html). Military Industry Corporation. Archived from the original (http://mic.sd/images/products/wepons/en/MAZbn.html) on 27 December 2008. Retrieved 8 February 2009. ^ Raigorodetsky, Aleksandr (6-Oct-2011). " "" ("") ()" ["Malyuk" Assault Rifle (Ukraine)] (http://raigap.livejournal.com/87857.html?mode=reply). (in Russian). Retrieved 1-Dec-2012. ^ Martin Sieff (15 August 2007). "Defense Focus: Venezuela's Kalashnikovs" (http://web.archive.org/web/20080604095328/http://www.upi.com/International_Security/Industry/Analysis/2007/ 08/15/defense_focus_venezuelas_kalashnikovs/1273/). UPI.com. Archived from the original (http://www.upi.com/International_Security/Industry/Analysis/2007/08/15/defense_focus_venezuelas_kalashnikovs /1273/) on 2008-06-04. Retrieved 19 October 2008. ^ " " (http://www.lenta.ru/news/2006/06/13/rifles/). Lenta.ru. Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20060702132440/http://lenta.ru/news/2006/06/13/rifles/) from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2006. ^ "'' " (http://lenta.ru/news/2006/04/15/fake). Lenta.ru. Retrieved 19 July 2006. ^ Nam, Moiss; Myers, Joanne J. (9 November 2005). "ILLICIT: How Smugglers, Traffickers, and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy" (http://www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/5279.html). Carnegie Council. Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20090629002155/http://www.cceia.org/resources/transcripts/5279.html) from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 26 June 2009. ^ The AK-47: The World's Favourite Killing Machine (http://web.archive.org/web/20081015063503/http://www.controlarms.org/en/documents%20and%20files/reports/ english-reports/the-ak-47-the-worlds-favourite-weapon/at_download/file). ControlArms Briefing Note (26 June 2006). ^ Geoffrey Ingersoll, "Investigation Reveals Iran's Secret Role In African Conflicts (http://www.businessinsider.com/iran-sells-ammo-to-africa-2013-1)", Business Insider, Jan. 14, 2013. ^ Small Arms Survey Yearbook 2004 (Chapter 1) (http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/AYearbook/2004/en/Small-Arms-Survey-2004-Chapter-01-EN.pdf). (PDF) . Retrieved on 20 May 2012. ^ Graves-Brown, P. 2007 "Avtomat Kalashnikova" (http://mcu.sagepub.com/content/12/3/285.abstract?rss=1). Journal of Material Culture November 2007 vol. 12 no. 3 285307 ^ a b AK-47: The Weapon Changed the Face of War (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=6539945) by Andrea Seabrook, NPR Weekend Edition Sunday, 26 November 2006 ^ "Chinese Type-56 Assault Rifle" 5th Battalion Royal Australian Regiment Association website (http://www.5rar.asn.au/weapons/type_56.htm). 5rar.asn.au. Retrieved on 20 May 2012. ^ Michael R. Gordon (1997-03-13). "Burst of Pride for a Staccato Executioner: AK-47" (http://www.nytimes.com/1997/03/13/world/burst-of-pride-for-a-staccato-executioner-ak-47.html). The New York Times. ^ Muessig, Ben. "Narcocorridos: The Songs of Mexico's Drug War" (http://www.aolnews.com/2010/08/10/narcocorridos-the-songs-of-mexicos-drug-war/). AolNews. Retrieved 9 August 2011. ^ Latorre, Hctor (24 January 2006). "Escopetarras: disparando msica" (http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/misc/newsid_4644000/4644028.stm). BBC World. Archived (http://web.archive.org/web/20070222195808/http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/misc/newsid_4644000/4644028.st
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m=12&sec=reader&rp=1&fi=p060902.htm&no=3&date=09/02/2006). Philippine Information Agency. 2 September 2006. Retrieved 1 February 2010. 114. ^ Rod Wells. Part-Time War (2011 ed.). Fern House. p. 155. ISBN 978-1-902702-25-4. 115. ^ "Western Sahara In the unforgiving deserts of south west Algeria, Nick Ryan meets the nomads fighting a 25 year battle" (http://www.nickryan.net/articles/sahara.html). Geographical (Royal Geographical Society). 1999. ISSN 0016-741X (//www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-741X). Retrieved 20 May 2012. 116. ^ Harry McCallion. Killing Zone (April 11, 1996 ed.). Bloomsbury Paperbacks. pp. 13281. ISBN 0-7475-2567-6.

AK-47 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Bibliography
Gulevich, I. D., ed. (1967). . 7,62- [7.62 mm AK] (http://weapon.at.ua/blog/2011-07-14570) (in Russian) (3 ed.). Moscow: Voenizdat. Honeycutt Jr, Fred L. and Anthony, Patt F. Military Rifles of Japan. (1996) Fifth Edition, 8th printing; Julin Books. ISBN 0-9623208-7-0. Vilchinsky, I. K., ed. (1983). . 7,62- () [7.62 mm AKM (AKMS)] (http://militera.lib.ru/manuals/nastav_akm/index.html) (in Russian) (3 ed.). Moscow: Voenizdat. Monetchikov, Sergei Borisovich (2005). [The History of Russian Assault Rifle] (http://www.rulit.net/books/istoriya-russkogo-avtomata-read-249341-1.html). Entsiklopediya Russkoi Armii (in Russian). Izdatel'stvo "Atlant 44". ISBN 5-98655-006-4. Bolotin, David Naumovich (1995). [The History of Soviet Small-arms and Ammunition] (http://www.shootingua.com/dop_arhiv/dop_2/books/Istor_sovet_orujiya.pdf) (PDF). Voyenno-Istoricheskaya Biblioteka (in Russian). Saint Petersburg: Poligon. ISBN 5-85503-072-5. Killicoat, Phillip (April 2007). "Weaponomics: The Global Market for Assault Rifles" (http://wwwwds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/13/000016406_20070413145045/Rendered/PD F/wps4202.pdf) (PDF). World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4202 (Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10). Oxford University. Retrieved 3 April 2010. Ezell, Edward (1 March 1986). The AK47 story: evolution of the Kalashnikov weapons (http://books.google.com/books?id=LsYqAQAAMAAJ). Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-0916-3. Kahaner, Larry (2007). AK-47: the weapon that changed the face of war (http://books.google.com/books? id=oBAhAQAAIAAJ). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-72641-8. Poyer, Joe (1 January 2006). The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations: A Shooter's and Collector's Guide (http://books.google.com/books?id=EPArOwAACAAJ). North Cape Publications. ISBN 978-1882391-41-7. Rottman, Gordon (24 May 2011). The AK-47: Kalashnikov-series assault rifles (http://books.google.com/books? id=qK9Nn-2xocUC). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-835-0.

Further reading
Books Shilin, Valery; Cutshaw, Charlie (1 March 2000). Legends and Reality of the AK: A Behind-The Scenes Look at the History, Design, and Impact of the Kalashnikov Family of Weapons (http://books.google.com/books?id=U3kIAAAACAAJ). Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-069-8. Ezell, Edward Clinton; R. Blake Stevens (1 December 2001). Kalashnikov: The Arms and the Man. Cobourg, ON: Collector Grade Publications. ISBN 978-0-88935-267-4. Michael Hodges (2007-01). Ak47: The Story of the People's Gun (http://books.google.com/? id=j82yAAAACAAJ). Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 978-0-340-92104-3. Mikhail Timofeevich Kalashnikov; Elena Joly (2006). The gun that changed the world (http://books.google.com/?id=CY2HlLDiaNwC). Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-3691-7.
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John Walter (4 September 1999). Kalashnikov: machine pistols, assault rifles, and machine-guns, 1945 to the present (http://books.google.com/?id=XnybC2qSORAC). Greenhill Books/Lionel Leventhal. ISBN 978-1-85367-364-1. Chivers, C.J (October 2010). The Gun (http://books.google.com/books? id=r3VwUEHoDikC&pg=PA459). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-7076-2. Articles How the AK-47 Rewrote the Rules of Modern Warfare (http://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/11/ff_ak47/all/1) Three-part article by C. J. Chivers, for Wired Magazine . 1999/3, pp. 18-21 has an article about the AK-46 prototypes .. Kalashnikov, " -47? (http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/8c5/04_07.pdf)" (Who is the author of AK-47?) - an article rejecting some of the alternative theories as to the authorship of the AK-47, Kalashnikov magazine, 2002/2, pp. 4-7 (in Russian) . Degtyaryov, " (http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/910/018_023.pdf)" - an article comparing the internals of the StG 44 and AK-47, Kalashnikov magazine, 2009/4, pp. 18-23 (in Russian) " ... (http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/499/018_022.pdf)" Transcription of the commission report on the testing round from the summer of 1947; no winner was selected at this point, but the commission held Kalashnikov's, Dementiev's and Bulkin's designs as most closely satisfying TTT number 3131. Kalashnikov magazine, 2009/8, pp. 18-22 (in Russian) " (http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/843/016_022.pdf)" Report/letter on the final round of testing, 27 Dec. 1947, declaring Kalashnikov's design the winner. Kalashnikov magazine, 2009/9, pp. 16-22 (in Russian) Articles on the 1948 military trials: " (http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/b62/064_066.pdf)" and " (http://www.kalashnikov.ru/upload/medialibrary/c06/008_013.pdf)", Kalashnikov magazine, 2009/10-11

External links
Manufacturer's Official Site (http://www.izhmash.ru/eng/product/akm.shtml) AK Site Kalashnikov Home Page (http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/) (Mirror (http://web.archive.org/web/20070929102901/http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/)) US Army Operator's Manual for the AK-47 Assault Rifle Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide (MANUAL) AK 47 Manual (.pdf) (http://www.nazarian.no/images/wep/284_US_Army_AK47.pdf) The Timeless, Ubiquitous AK-47 (http://www.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1964810,00.html) slideshow by Time magazine

Audio
AK-47: The Weapon Changed the Face of War (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php? storyId=6539945) audio report by NPR The AK-47: The Gun That Changed The Battlefield (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?
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storyId=130493013) audio report by NPR

Video
AK-47 Documentary: Part 1 (http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=na2_Nw31BBI) & Part 2 (http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=PB1VuBWTyvY) by Al Jazeera English AK-47 Full Auto, U.S. Army in Iraq (http://www.archive.org/details/AkmAk47TypeFullAutoIraqU.s.Army) from the Internet Archive Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AK-47&oldid=576817374" Categories: 1947 introductions 7.62 mm rifles Assault rifles Infantry weapons of the Cold War Rifles of the Cold War Cold War weapons of the Soviet Union Kalashnikov derivatives Soviet inventions Weapons of Russia Military equipment 19451949 This page was last modified on 12 October 2013 at 05:01. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.

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