Clearance and Preload

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload
8. Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

8.1
8.2.1 Criteria for selecting bearing internal clearance

A bearing's life is theoretically maximum when
operating clearance is slightly negative at steady
operation. In reality it is however difficult to constantly
maintain this optimal condition. If the negative clearance
becomes enlarged by fluctuating operating conditions,
heat will be produced and life will decrease dramatically.
Under ordinary circumstances you should therefore
select an initial internal clearance where the operating
clearance is slightly larger than zero.
For ordinary operating conditions, use fitting for
ordinary loads. If rotational speed and operating
temperature are ordinary, selecting normal clearance
enables you to obtain the proper operating clearance.
Table 8.2 gives examples applying internal clearances
other than CN (normal) clearance.
Bearing internal clearance
Bearing internal clearance is the amount of internal free

movement before mounting.
As shown in Fig. 8.1, when either the inner ring or the
outer ring is fixed and the other ring is free to move,
displacement can take place in either an axial or radial
direction. This amount of displacement (radially or axially)
is termed the internal clearance and, depending on the
direction, is called the radial internal clearance or the
axial internal clearance.
When the internal clearance of a bearing is measured, a
slight measurement load is applied to the raceway so the
internal clearance may be measured accurately.
However, at this time, a slight amount of elastic
deformation of the bearing occurs under the measurement
load, and the clearance measurement value (measured
clearance) is slightly larger than the true clearance. This
difference between the true bearing clearance and the
increased amount due to the elastic deformation must be
compensated for. These compensation values are given in
Table 8.1. For roller bearings the amount of elastic
deformation can be ignored.
8.2.2 Calculation of operating clearance

Operating clearance of a bearing can be calculated
from initial bearing internal clearance and decrease in
internal clearance due to interference and decrease in
internal clearance due to difference in temperature of the
inner and outer rings.
eff o f t 8.1
where,
eff : Effective internal clearance, mm
o : Bearing internal clearance, mm
f : Reduced amount of clearance due to
The internal clearance values for each bearing class are

shown in Tables 8.3 through 8.11.
8.2
Internal clearance selection
The internal clearance of a bearing under operating

conditions (effective clearance) is usually smaller than the
same bearing's initial clearance before being installed and
operated. This is due to several factors including bearing
fit, the difference in temperature between the inner and
outer rings, etc. As a bearing's operating clearance has
an effect on bearing life, heat generation, vibration, noise,
etc.; care must be taken in selecting the most suitable
operating clearance.
Table 8.1 Adjustment of radial internal clearance based on

measured load (deep groove ball bearing)
Unitm
Nominal Bore Diameter
Measuring Load
d mm
Nkgf
over
incl.
10 1
18
50
18
50
200
24.5
49
147
2.5
5
15
Internal clearance adjustment

C2
CN
C3
C4
C5
34
45
68
4
5
8
4
6
9
4
6
9
4
6
9
1 This diameter is included in the group.
Table 8.2 Examples of applications where bearing clearances

other than CN (normal) clearance are used
Operating conditions
Applications
Railway vehicle axles
With heavy or shock

load, clearance is large. Vibration screens
Railway vehicle traction

With indeterminate load, motors
both inner and outer
rings are tight-fitted.
Tractors and final speed
regulators
Fig. 8.1 Internal clearance
A-58
C3
C3C4
C4
C4
Paper making machines

and driers
C3C4
Rolling mill table rollers
C3
Reduction of noise and

vibration when rotating.
Micromotors
C2CM
Adjustment of clearance
to minimize shaft runout.
Main spindles of lathes

(Double-row cylindrical roller
bearings)
C9NA
C0NA
Loose fitting for both

inner and outer rings.
Compressor roll neck
C2
Shaft or inner ring is

heated.
Radial clearance = Axial clearance =12
Selected clearance
interference, mm
t : Reduced amount of clearance due to
temperature differential of inner and outer
rings, mm
shaft is connected to a heat source, or a heated

substance is conducted through the hollow shaft; the
temperature difference between the two rings can be
even greater. The amount of internal clearance is thus
further reduced by the differential expansion of the
two rings.
(1) Reduced clearance due to interference

When bearings are installed with interference fits on
shafts and in housings, the inner ring will expand and the
outer ring will contract; thus reducing the bearings'
internal clearance. The amount of expansion or
contraction varies depending on the shape of the
bearing, the shape of the shaft or housing, dimensions of
the respective parts, and the type of materials used. The
differential can range from approximately 70% to 90% of
the effective interference.
t TDo (8.3)
where,
t : Amount of reduced clearance due to heat
differential, mm
: Bearing material expansion coefficient
12.5 10-6/C
T : Inner/outer ring temperature differential,
Do : Outer ring raceway diameter, mm
f (0.700.90) deff (8.2)

where,
f : Reduced amount of clearance due to
interference, mm
deff : Effective interference, mm
Outer ring raceway diameter, Do, values can be

approximated by using formula (8.4) or (8.5).
For ball bearings and spherical roller bearings,
Do 0.20 (d 4.0D) (8.4)
For roller bearings (except Spherical roller bearing),
Do 0.25 (d 3.0D) (8.5)
where,
d : Bearing bore diameter, mm
D : Bearing outside diameter, mm
(2) Reduced internal clearance due to inner/outer ring

temperature difference.
During operation, normally the outer ring will range
from 5 to 10C cooler than the inner ring or rotating parts.
However, if the cooling effect of the housing is large, the
Table 8.3 Radial internal clearance of deep groove ball bearings

Nominal bore diameter
dmm
over
incl.
C2
Unitm
CN
C5
C4
C3
min
max
min
max
min
max
min
max
min
max
2.5
6
2.5
6
10
0
0
0
6
7
7
4
2
2
11
13
13
10
8
8
20
23
23
14
29
20
37
10
18
24
18
24
30
0
0
1
9
10
11
3
5
5
18
20
20
11
13
13
25
28
28
18
20
23
33
36
41
25
28
30
45
48
53
30
40
50
40
50
65
1
1
1
11
11
15
6
6
8
20
23
28
15
18
23
33
36
43
28
30
38
46
51
61
40
45
55
64
73
90
65
80
100
80
100
120
1
1
2
15
18
20
10
12
15
30
36
41
25
30
36
51
58
66
46
53
61
71
84
97
65
75
90
105
120
140
120
140
160
140
160
180
2
2
2
23
23
25
18
18
20
48
53
61
41
46
53
81
91
102
71
81
91
114
130
147
105
120
135
160
180
200
180
200
225
200
225
250
2
2
2
30
35
40
25
25
30
71
85
95
63
75
85
117
140
160
107
125
145
163
195
225
150
175
205
230
265
300
250
280
315
280
315
355
2
2
3
45
55
60
35
40
45
105
115
125
90
100
110
170
190
210
155
175
195
245
270
300
225
245
275
340
370
410
355
400
450
400
450
500
3
3
3
70
80
90
55
60
70
145
170
190
130
150
170
240
270
300
225
250
280
340
380
420
315
350
390
460
510
570
500
560
560
630
10
10
100
110
80
90
210
230
190
210
330
360
310
340
470
520
440
490
630
690
A-59
Table 8.4 Radial internal clearance of self-aligning ball bearings

Bearing with cylindrical bore
dmm
over
C2
incl.
min
C3
min
max
CN
max
min
max
C4
min
C5
min
max
max
2.5
6
10
6
10
14
1
2
2
8
9
10
5
6
6
15
17
19
10
12
13
20
25
26
15
19
21
25
33
35
21
27
30
33
42
48
14
18
24
18
24
30
3
4
5
12
14
16
8
10
11
21
23
24
15
17
19
28
30
35
23
25
29
37
39
46
32
34
40
50
52
58
30
40
50
40
50
65
6
6
7
18
19
21
13
14
16
29
31
36
23
25
30
40
44
50
34
37
45
53
57
69
46
50
62
66
71
88
65
80
100
80
100
120
8
9
10
24
27
31
18
22
25
40
48
56
35
42
50
60
70
83
54
64
75
83
96
114
76
89
105
108
124
145
120
140
140
160
10
15
38
44
30
35
68
80
60
70
100
120
90
110
135
161
125
150
175
210
Table 8.5 (1) Radial internal clearance for duplex angular contact
ball bearings
Unit m
Table 8.5 (2) Radial internal clearance of double row angular contact
ball bearings
Unit m
Nominal bore
C1
diameter
d mm
min max
over incl.
Nominal bore
C2
diameter
d mm
min max
over incl.
10
18
C2
CN
C3
C4
min max
min max
min max
min max
10
18
30
3
3
3
8
8
10
6
6
6
12
12
12
8
8
10
15
15
20
15
15
20
22
24
32
22
30
40
30
40
55
30 50
50 80
80 100
3
3
3
10
11
13
8
11
13
14
17
22
14
17
22
25
32
40
25
32
40
40
50
60
55
75
95
3
3
3
3
15
16
18
20
15
16
18
20
30
33
35
40
30
35
35
40
50
55
60
65
50 75
55 80
60 90
65 100
110
130
150
180
100
120
150
180
120
150
180
200
CN
C3
C4
C5
min max
min max
min max
min max
10 only
10
18
18
24
0
1
1
10
11
11
5
6
6
15
16
16
10
12
13
21
23
24
16
19
21
28
31
33
24
28
31
36
40
43
75
95
120
24
30
40
30
40
50
1
2
2
13
15
15
6
7
9
19
22
24
13
15
17
26
30
32
21
24
28
35
39
45
31
35
40
45
50
57
140
170
200
240
50
65
80
65
80
100
0
1
3
15
17
20
7
11
13
24
31
36
16
21
25
33
42
49
28
34
40
48
56
65
41
50
58
61
74
67
Note: The clearance group in the table is applied only to contact angles in the table below.
Table 8.6 Radial internal clearance of bearings for electric motor

Unitm
Contact angle
symbol
C
1
A
B
Nominal contact
angle
15
30
40
Applicable clearance group 2
Nominal bore
diameter
dmm
over
incl.
C1C2
C2CNC3
CNC3C4
1 Not indicated for bearing number.

2 For information concerning clearance other than applicable
clearance, please contact NTN Engineering.
Radial internal clearance CM

Deep groove ball bearings Cylindrical roller bearings
min
max
min
max
10 (incl.)
18
24
18
24
30
4
5
5
11
12
12
15
30
30
40
50
40
50
65
9
9
12
17
17
22
15
20
25
30
35
40
65
80
100
80
100
120
12
18
18
22
30
30
30
35
35
45
55
60
120
140
160
140
160
180
24
24
38
38
40
50
60
65
80
90
180
200
65
100
Note 1: Suffix CM is added to bearing numbers.

Example: 6205ZZCM
2: Clearance not interchangeable for cylindrical roller bearings.
A-60
Unitm
Bearing with tapered bore

C2
min
max
CN
min
max
C3
min
max
C4
min
max
C5
min
max
dmm
over
incl.
2.5
6
10
6
10
14
7
9
17
20
13
15
26
28
20
23
33
39
28
33
42
50
37
44
55
62
14
18
24
18
24
30
12
14
18
24
27
32
19
22
27
35
39
47
29
33
41
46
52
61
40
45
56
59
65
80
52
58
73
72
79
99
30
40
50
40
50
65
23
29
35
39
47
56
35
42
50
57
68
81
50
62
75
75
90
108
69
84
100
98
116
139
91
109
130
123
144
170
65
80
100
80
100
120
40
45
68
74
60
65
98
110
90
100
130
150
120
140
165
191
155
180
205
240
120
140
140
160
Table 8.7 Interchangeable radial internal clearance for cylindrical roller bearing (cylindrical bore)
dmm
over
incl.
CN
C2
C3
Unitm
C4
C5
min
max
min
max
min
max
min
max
min
max
10
24
10
24
30
0
0
0
25
25
25
20
20
20
45
45
45
35
35
35
60
60
60
50
50
50
75
75
75
30
40
50
40
50
65
5
5
10
30
35
40
25
30
40
50
60
70
45
50
60
70
80
90
60
70
80
85
100
110
80
95
110
105
125
140
65
80
100
80
100
120
10
15
15
45
50
55
40
50
50
75
85
90
65
75
85
100
110
125
90
105
125
125
140
165
130
155
180
165
190
220
120
140
160
140
160
180
15
20
25
60
70
75
60
70
75
105
120
125
100
115
120
145
165
170
145
165
170
190
215
220
200
225
250
245
275
300
180
200
225
200
225
250
35
45
45
90
105
110
90
105
110
145
165
175
140
160
170
195
220
235
195
220
235
250
280
300
275
305
330
330
365
395
250
280
315
280
315
355
55
55
65
125
130
145
125
130
145
195
205
225
190
200
225
260
275
305
260
275
305
330
350
385
370
410
455
440
485
535
355
400
450
400
450
500
100
110
110
190
210
220
190
210
220
280
310
330
280
310
330
370
410
440
370
410
440
460
510
550
510
565
625
600
665
735
A-61
65
70
90
95
Table 8.8 Non-interchangeable radial internal clearance for cylindrical roller bearing
Nominal bore
diameter
dmm
over
incl.

C1NA
NA1
C2NA
min
max
min
max
min
max
C3NA
min
max
C4NA
min
max
C5NA
min
max
10
18
10
18
24
5
5
5
10
10
10
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
35
35
35
45
45
45
45
45
45
55
55
55
65
65
75
75
24
30
40
30
40
50
5
5
5
10
12
15
10
12
15
25
25
30
25
25
30
35
40
45
40
45
50
50
55
65
50
55
65
60
70
80
70
80
95
80
95
110
50
65
80
65
80
100
5
10
10
15
20
25
15
20
25
35
40
45
35
40
45
50
60
70
55
70
80
75
90
105
75
90
105
90
110
125
110
130
155
130
150
180
100
120
140
120
140
160
10
15
15
25
30
35
25
30
35
50
60
65
50
60
65
80
90
100
95
105
115
120
135
150
120
135
150
145
160
180
180
200
225
205
230
260
160
180
200
180
200
225
15
20
20
35
40
45
35
40
45
75
80
90
75
80
90
110
120
135
125
140
155
165
180
200
165
180
200
200
220
240
250
275
305
285
315
350
225
250
280
250
280
315
25
25
30
50
55
60
50
55
60
100
110
120
100
110
120
150
165
180
170
185
205
215
240
265
215
240
265
265
295
325
330
370
410
380
420
470
315
355
400
450
355
400
450
500
30
35
45
50
65
75
85
95
65
75
85
95
135
150
170
190
135
150
170
190
200
225
255
285
225
255
285
315
295
330
370
410
295
330
370
410
360
405
455
505
455
510
565
625
520
585
650
720
1 For bearings with normal clearance, only NA is added to bearing numbers. Ex. NU310NA
Table 8.9 Axial internal clearance for double row and duplex tapered roller bearings (metric series)
Nominal bore
diameter
dmm
over
incl.
Contact angle27 (e 0.76)

C2
C3
CN
C4
min
max
min
max
min
max
min
max
18
24
30
24
30
40
25
25
25
75
75
95
75
75
95
125
125
165
125
145
165
170
195
235
170
195
210
220
245
280
40
50
65
50
65
80
20
20
20
85
85
110
85
110
130
150
175
220
175
195
240
240
260
325
240
280
325
305
350
410
80
100
120
100
120
140
45
45
45
150
175
175
150
175
175
260
305
305
280
350
390
390
480
520
390
455
500
500
585
630
140
160
180
160
180
200
60
80
100
200
220
260
200
240
260
340
380
420
400
440
500
540
580
660
520
600
660
660
740
820
200
225
250
225
250
280
120
160
180
300
360
400
300
360
400
480
560
620
560
620
700
740
820
920
720
820
920
900
1,020
1,140
280
315
355
400
315
355
400
500
200
220
260
300
440
480
560
600
440
500
560
620
680
760
860
920
780
860
980
1,100
1,020
1,120
1,280
1,400
1,020
1,120
1,280
1,440
1,260
1,380
1,580
1,740
Note1: This table applies to bearings contained in the catalog. For information concerning other bearings or bearings using US customary unit, please contact NTN Engineering.
2: The correlation of axial internal clearance (a) and radial internal clearance (r) is expressed as r = 0.667 ea.
e: Constant (see dimensions table)
3: Bearing series 329X, 330, 322C and 323Cdo not apply to the table.
A-62
Unitm
Nominal bore
diameter
dmm
over
incl.

2
C9NA
min
max
C0NA
min
max
C1NA
min
max
C2NA
min
max
NA
min
max
C3NA
min
max
5
5
5
5
10
10
7
7
7
17
17
17
10
10
10
20
20
20
20
20
20
30
30
30
35
35
35
45
45
45
45
45
45
55
55
55
10
18
10
18
24
5
5
5
10
12
15
10
10
10
20
20
20
10
12
15
25
25
30
25
25
30
35
40
45
40
45
50
50
55
65
50
55
65
60
70
80
24
30
40
30
40
50
5
10
10
15
20
25
10
15
20
20
30
35
15
20
25
35
40
45
35
40
45
50
60
70
55
70
80
75
90
105
75
90
105
90
110
125
50
65
80
65
80
100
10
15
15
25
30
35
20
25
30
35
40
45
25
30
35
50
60
65
50
60
65
80
90
100
95
105
115
120
135
150
120
135
150
145
160
180
100
120
140
120
140
160
15
20
20
35
40
45
30
30
35
45
50
55
35
40
45
75
80
90
75
80
90
110
120
135
125
140
155
165
180
200
165
180
200
200
220
240
160
180
200
180
200
225
25
25
30
50
55
60
40
40
45
65
65
75
50
55
60
100
110
120
100
110
120
150
165
180
170
185
205
215
240
265
215
240
265
265
295
325
225
250
280
250
280
315
30
35
45
50
65
75
85
95
45
50
60
70
75
90
100
115
65
75
85
95
135
150
170
190
135
150
170
190
200
225
255
285
225
255
285
315
295
330
370
410
295
330
370
410
360
405
455
505
315
355
400
450
355
400
450
500
2 C9NA, C0NA and C1NA are applied only to precision bearings of Class 5 and higher.
Unitm
Contact angle 27 (e 0.76)

C2
min
C3
CN
C4
dmm
over
max
min
max
min
max
min
max
10
10
10
30
30
40
30
30
40
50
50
70
50
60
70
70
80
100
70
80
90
90
100
120
18
24
30
24
30
40
10
10
10
40
40
50
40
50
60
70
80
100
80
90
110
110
120
150
110
130
150
140
160
190
40
50
65
50
65
80
20
20
20
70
70
70
70
70
70
120
120
120
130
150
160
180
200
210
180
210
210
230
260
260
80
100
120
100
120
140
30
100
100
160
180
240
240
300
140
160
180
160
180
200
200
225
250
225
250
280
280
315
355
400
315
355
400
500
A-63
incl.
Table 8.10 Radial internal clearance of spherical roller bearings

dmm

C2
over
incl.
14
18
24
C3
min
max
CN
C4
min
max
C5
min
max
min
max
min
max
18
24
30
10
10
15
20
20
25
20
20
25
35
35
40
35
35
40
45
45
55
45
45
55
60
60
75
60
60
75
75
75
95
30
40
50
40
50
65
15
20
20
30
35
40
30
35
40
45
55
65
45
55
65
60
75
90
60
75
90
80
100
120
80
100
120
100
125
150
65
80
100
80
100
120
30
35
40
50
60
75
50
60
75
80
100
120
80
100
120
110
135
160
110
135
160
145
180
210
145
180
210
180
225
260
120
140
160
140
160
180
50
60
65
95
110
120
95
110
120
145
170
180
145
170
180
190
220
240
190
220
240
240
280
310
240
280
310
300
350
390
180
200
225
200
225
250
70
80
90
130
140
150
130
140
150
200
220
240
200
220
240
260
290
320
260
290
320
340
380
420
340
380
420
430
470
520
250
280
315
280
315
355
100
110
120
170
190
200
170
190
200
260
280
310
260
280
310
350
370
410
350
370
410
460
500
550
460
500
550
570
630
690
355
400
450
400
450
500
130
140
140
220
240
260
220
240
260
340
370
410
340
370
410
450
500
550
450
500
550
600
660
720
600
660
720
750
820
900
500
560
630
560
630
710
150
170
190
280
310
350
280
310
350
440
480
530
440
480
530
600
650
700
600
650
700
780
850
920
780
850
920
1,000
1,100
1,190
710
800
900
800
900
1,000
210
230
260
390
430
480
390
430
480
580
650
710
580
650
710
770
860
930
770
860
930
1,010
1,120
1,220
1,010
1,120
1,220
1,300
1,440
1,570
1,000
1,120
1,250
1,120
1,250
1,400
290
320
350
530
580
640
530
580
640
780
860
950
780
860
950
1,020
1,120
1,240
1,020
1,120
1,240
1,330
1,460
1,620
1,330
1,460
1,620
1,720
1,870
2,080
Table 8.11 Axial internal clearance of four points contact ball bearings
C2
Unit m
CN
C3
C4
dmm
over
incl.
min
max
min
max
min
max
min
max
17
40
60
40
60
80
26
36
46
66
86
96
56
76
86
106
126
136
96
116
126
146
166
176
136
156
166
186
206
226
80
100
140
180
100
140
180
220
56
66
76
96
106
126
156
176
96
116
136
156
156
176
196
216
136
156
176
196
196
216
236
256
186
206
226
246
246
266
296
316
A-64
Unitm

C2
min
max
CN
min
max
C3
min
max
C4
min
max
C5
min
max
dmm
over
incl.
15
20
25
30
25
30
35
40
35
40
45
55
45
55
60
75
60
75
75
95
14
18
24
18
24
30
25
30
40
35
45
55
35
45
55
50
60
75
50
60
75
65
80
95
65
80
95
85
100
120
85
100
120
105
130
160
30
40
50
40
50
65
50
55
65
70
80
100
70
80
100
95
110
135
95
110
135
120
140
170
120
140
170
150
180
220
150
180
220
200
230
280
65
80
100
80
100
120
80
90
100
120
130
140
120
130
140
160
180
200
160
180
200
200
230
260
200
230
260
260
300
340
260
300
340
330
380
430
120
140
160
140
160
180
110
120
140
160
180
200
160
180
200
220
250
270
220
250
270
290
320
350
290
320
350
370
410
450
370
410
450
470
520
570
180
200
225
200
225
250
150
170
190
220
240
270
220
240
270
300
330
360
300
330
360
390
430
470
390
430
470
490
540
590
490
540
590
620
680
740
250
280
315
280
315
355
210
230
260
300
330
370
300
330
370
400
440
490
400
440
490
520
570
630
520
570
630
650
720
790
650
720
790
820
910
1,000
355
400
450
400
450
500
290
320
350
410
460
510
410
460
510
540
600
670
540
600
670
680
760
850
680
760
850
870
980
1,090
870
980
1,090
1,100
1,230
1,360
500
560
630
560
630
710
390
440
490
570
640
710
570
640
710
750
840
930
750
840
930
960
1,070
1,190
960
1,070
1,190
1,220
1,370
1,520
1,220
1,370
1,520
1,500
1,690
1,860
710
800
900
800
900
1,000
530
570
620
770
830
910
770
830
910
1,030
1,120
1,230
1,030
1,120
1,230
1,300
1,420
1,560
1,300
1,420
1,560
1,670
1,830
2,000
1,670
1,830
2,000
2,050
2,250
2,470
1,000
1,120
1,250
1,120
1,250
1,400
A-65
(1) Bearing's rigidity increases, internal clearance tends

not to be produced even when heavy load is applied.
(2) The particular frequency of the bearing increases and
is becomes suitable for high-speed rotation.
(3) Shaft runout is suppressed; rotation and position
precision are enhanced.
(4) Vibration and noise are controlled.
(5) Sliding of rolling elements by turning, spinning, or
pivoting, is controlled and smearing is reduced.
(6) Fretting produced by external vibration is prevented.
8.3 Preload
Normally, bearings are used with a slight internal
clearance under operating conditions. However, in some
applications, bearings are given an initial load; this means
that the bearings' internal clearance is negative before
operation. This is called "preload" and is commonly
applied to angular ball bearings and tapered roller
bearings.
8.3.1 Purpose of preload
The following results are obtained by constant elastic
compressive force applied to the contact points of rolling
elements and raceway by providing preload.
Applying excessive preload could result in

reduction of life, abnormal heating, or increase in
turning torque. You should therefore consider the
objectives before determining the amount of preload.
Table 8.12 Preloading methods and characteristics

Method
Basic pattern
Applicable bearings
Fixed position preload

Constant pressure preload
Note: In the above formulas
Characteristics
Applications
Maintaining
accuracy of
rotating shaft,
Angular contact preventing
ball bearings
vibration
increasing
rigidity
Preloading is accomplished by
a predetermined offset of the
rings or by using spacers. For
the standard preload see Table
8.13.
Grinding machines,
lathes,
milling machines,
measuring instruments
Tapered roller
bearings, thrust Increasing
ball bearings,
bearing rigidity
angular contact
ball bearings
Preload is accomplished by
adjusting a threaded screw.
The amount of preload is set by
measuring the starting torque or
axial displacement.
Lathes,
milling machines,
differential gears of automotives,
printing machines, wheel axles
Preloading is accomplished by
using coil or belleville springs.
for deep groove ball bearings:
410 dN
0.41.0 d kgf
d: Shaft diameter mm
for angular contact ball bearings:
see Table 8.13.
Internal grinding machines,

electric motors,
high speed shafts in small machines,
tension reels
Angular contact
ball bearings,
deep groove
ball bearings,
tapered roller
bearings (high
speed)
Object
Maintaining
accuracy and
preventing
vibration and
noise with a
constant
amount of
preload without
being affected
by loads or
temperature
Preload is accomplished by
using coil or belleville springs.
Recommended preloads are as
follows:
Preload is
Spherical roller primarily used to for thrust ball bearings:
1.9
-13
thrust bearings, prevent
Rolling mills,
T1=0.42 (nCoa) 10 N
1.9
-13
cylindrical roller smearing of
extruding machines
=3.275(nC
oa) 10
kgf
thrust bearings, opposite axial
load side when T2=0.00083 Coa Nkgf

thrust ball
bearing an axial which ever is greater
bearings
for spherical roller thrust bearings,
load.
cylindrical roller thrust bearing
T=0.025 Coa0.8N
=0.0158 Coa0.8kgf
T = preload, N {kgf}
n = number of revolutions, min-1

Coa = basic static axial load rating, N {kgf}
A-66
8.3.2 Preloading methods and amounts

The most common method of applying preload on a
bearing is change the relative position of the inner and
outer rings of the bearing in the axial direction while
applying an axial load between bearings on opposing
sides. There are two types of preload: fixed position
preload and constant pressure preload.
8.3.3 Preload and rigidity

The increased rigidity effect preloading has on bearings
is shown in Fig. 8.2. When the offset inner rings of the
two paired angular contact ball bearings are pressed
together, each inner ring is displaced axially by the
amount 0 and is thus given a preload, F0, in the
direction. Under this condition, when external axial load
Fa is applied, bearing!will have an increased ,
displacement by the amount a and bearing @s
displacement will decrease. At this time the loads applied
to bearing!and @ are F! and F@, respectively.
The basic pattern, purpose and characteristics of

bearing preloads are shown in Table 8.12. The fixed
position preload is effective for positioning the two
bearings and also for increasing the rigidity. Due to the
use of a spring for the constant pressure preload, the
preloading amount can be kept constantly, even when the
distance between the two bearings fluctuates under the
influence of operating heat and load.
Under the condition of no preload, bearing!will be

displaced by the amount b when axial load Fa is
applied. Since the amount of displacement, a, is less
than b, it indicates a higher rigidity for a.
Also, the standard preloading amount for the paired

angular contact ball bearings is shown in Table 8.13.
Light and normal preload is applied to prevent general
vibration, and medium and heavy preload is applied
especially when rigidity is required.
Bearing2 Bearing1
Axial load
Fa
Fo
Fo
Bearing2
Outer ring Steel ball
Inner ring
(1) Before
preloading
o
b
o
(2) Under
preloading
Bearing1
a
o o
Fo
a
F2
(3) Under preloading

and applied axial
load
Inner ring axial

displacement
Fo : Preload
Fa
F1
Fa
Fo
Inner ring axial

displacement
F1= F2+ Fa
Fa: External axial load
F2
Axial displacement
1
o
2
o
F1= F2+ Fa
Fig. 8.2 Fixed position preload model diagram and preload diagram
A-67
Table 8.13 The normal preload of duplex angular contact ball bearings
Bearing

d mm
79
Low
GL
Normal
GN
70
Central
GM
Heavy
GH
Low
GL
Normal
GN
Central
GM
Heavy
GH
over
incl.
12
18
12
18
32
29 3
39 4
49 5
98 10
78 8
147 15
196 20
147 15
196 20
294 30
29 3
29 3
49 5
78 8
78 8
147 15
147 15
147 15
294 30
32
40
50
40
50
65
49 5
49 5
78 8
147 15
196 20
245 25
294 30
390 40
490 50
590 60
685 70
785 80
78 8
78 8
14715
294 30
294 30
490 50
590 60
590 60
880 90
885 90
980 100
1,470 150
65
80
90
80
90
95
9810
14715
14715
390 40
490 50
490 50
785 80
980100
980100
1,180120
1,470150
1,470150
14715
19620
19620
590 60
885 90
885 90
1,470150
1,960200
1,960200
1,960 200
2,940 300
2,940 300
95
100
105
100
105
110
19620
19620
19620
685 70
685 70
685 70
1,270130
1,270130
1,270130
1,960200
1,960200
1,960200
19620
29430
29430
885 90
980100
980100
1,960200
2,450250
2,450250
2,940 300
3,900 400
3,900 400
110
120
140
120
140
150
24525
29430
39040
885 90
980100
1,270130
1,780180
1,960200
2,450250
2,940300
3,450350
4,400450
29430
49050
49050
980100
1,470150
1,470150
2,450250
3,450350
3,450350
3,900 400
5,900 600
5,900 600
150
160
170
160
170
180
39040
39040
49050
1,270130
1,270130
1,770180
2,450250
2,450250
3,450350
4,400450
4,400450
5,900600
68570
68570
68570
2,450250
2,450250
2,450250
4,900500
4,900500
4,900500
8,850 900
8,850 900
8,850 900
180
190
190
200
49050
68570
1,770180
2,450250
3,450350
4,900500
5,900600
7,850800
88590
88590
3,450350
3,450350
6,850700
6,850700
9,8001,000
9,8001,000
A-68
196
294
490
20
30
50
unit N {kgf}
series
72, 72B
Low
GL
73, 73B
Normal
GN
Central
GM
Heavy
GH
Low
GL
Normal
GN
Central
GM
3
3
8
98 10
98 10
196 20
196 20
294 30
490 50
294
390
785
30
40
80
49 5
49 5
98 10
147 15
147 15
294 30
294
390
590
98 10
147 15
196 20
390 40
590 60
785 80
885 90
980100
1,470150
1,470 150
1,960 200
2,940 300
147 15
196 20
294 30
294 30
490 50
490 50
980100
1,470150
1,960200
2,450250
2,940300
3,900400
3,900 400
4,900 500
5,900 600
490 50
590 60
590 60
1,960200
2,450250
2,450250
3,900400
4,900500
4,900500
590 60
785 80
785 80
2,450250
2,940300
2,940300
885 90
885 90
885 90
980100
980100
29
29
78
Heavy
GH
30
40
60
390 40
490 50
980 100
490 50
785 80
980100
980 100
1,470 150
2,450 250
1,960 200
2,450 250
3,900 400
390 40
590 60
590 60
1,470150
1,960200
2,450250
3,450 350
3,900 400
4,900 500
4,900 500
5,900 600
6,850 700
5,900 600
7,850 800
7,850 800
590 60
685 70
685 70
2,450250
2,940300
2,940300
4,900 500
5,900 600
5,900 600
6,850 700
8,850 900
8,850 900
4,900500
5,900600
5,900600
7,850 800
9,8001,000
9,8001,000
685 70
885 90
885 90
2,940300
3,900400
3,900400
5,900 600
7,850 800
7,850 800
8,850 900
11,8001,200
11,8001,200
3,900400
3,900400
3,900400
7,850800
7,850800
7,850800
11,8001,200
11,8001,200
11,8001,200
980100
980100
980100
4,400450
4,400450
4,400450
8,800 900
8,800 900
8,800 900
13,7001,400
13,7001,400
13,7001,400
4,400450
4,400450
8,850900
8,850900
13,7001,400
13,7001,400
1,470150
1,470150
5,900600
5,900600
11,8001,200
11,8001,200
15,7001,600
15,7001,600
A-69

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Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

8. Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

8.2.1 Criteria for selecting bearing internal clearance

Bearing internal clearance

Bearing internal clearance is the amount of internal free

8.2.2 Calculation of operating clearance

The internal clearance values for each bearing class are

Internal clearance selection

The internal clearance of a bearing under operating

Table 8.1 Adjustment of radial internal clearance based on

Internal clearance adjustment

1 This diameter is included in the group.

Table 8.2 Examples of applications where bearing clearances

With heavy or shock

Railway vehicle traction

Fig. 8.1 Internal clearance

Paper making machines

Rolling mill table rollers

Reduction of noise and

Main spindles of lathes

Loose fitting for both

Compressor roll neck

Shaft or inner ring is

Radial clearance = Axial clearance =12

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

shaft is connected to a heat source, or a heated

(1) Reduced clearance due to interference

f (0.700.90) deff (8.2)

Outer ring raceway diameter, Do, values can be

(2) Reduced internal clearance due to inner/outer ring

Table 8.3 Radial internal clearance of deep groove ball bearings

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

Table 8.4 Radial internal clearance of self-aligning ball bearings

Bearing with cylindrical bore

Table 8.6 Radial internal clearance of bearings for electric motor

Applicable clearance group 2

1 Not indicated for bearing number.

Radial internal clearance CM

Note 1: Suffix CM is added to bearing numbers.

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

Nominal bore diameter

Bearing with tapered bore

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

Bearing with cylindrical bore

Contact angle27 (e 0.76)

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

Bearing with tapered bore

Contact angle 27 (e 0.76)

Nominal bore diameter

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

Table 8.10 Radial internal clearance of spherical roller bearings

Bearing with cylindrical bore

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

Nominal bore diameter

Bearing with tapered bore

Bearing Internal Clearance and Preload

(1) Bearing's rigidity increases, internal clearance tends

Applying excessive preload could result in

Table 8.12 Preloading methods and characteristics