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    Handout 3 Materials Corrosion

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    Simon Tin Hann Pyng
    The document discusses stresses, deformation, and fracture of materials. It defines stress as force over cross-sectional area and describes types of stresses like tension and compression. Elastic deformation is reversible while plastic deformation is not. The yield strength is the stress at which plastic deformation begins. Tensile strength is the maximum stress on a stress-strain curve. Ductility refers to the amount of plastic deformation before fracture. Toughness represents the energy required to fracture a material. Different material types have varying mechanical properties like Young's modulus and yield strength. Tensile tests are used to measure properties like strength, stiffness, and ductility.

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    Handout 3 Materials Corrosion

    Uploaded by

    Simon Tin Hann Pyng
    39 views21 pages
    The document discusses stresses, deformation, and fracture of materials. It defines stress as force over cross-sectional area and describes types of stresses like tension and compression. Elastic deformation is reversible while plastic deformation is not. The yield strength is the stress at which plastic deformation begins. Tensile strength is the maximum stress on a stress-strain curve. Ductility refers to the amount of plastic deformation before fracture. Toughness represents the energy required to fracture a material. Different material types have varying mechanical properties like Young's modulus and yield strength. Tensile tests are used to measure properties like strength, stiffness, and ductility.

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    Corrosion

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    The document discusses stresses, deformation, and fracture of materials. It defines stress as force over cross-sectional area and describes types of stresses like tension and compression. Elastic deformation is reversible while plastic deformation is not. The yield strength is the stress at which plastic deformation begins. Tensile strength is the maximum stress on a stress-strain curve. Ductility refers to the amount of plastic deformation before fracture. Toughness represents the energy required to fracture a material. Different material types have varying mechanical properties like Young's modulus and yield strength. Tensile tests are used to measure properties like strength, stiffness, and ductility.

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    39 views21 pages

    Handout 3 Materials Corrosion

    Uploaded by

    Simon Tin Hann Pyng
    The document discusses stresses, deformation, and fracture of materials. It defines stress as force over cross-sectional area and describes types of stresses like tension and compression. Elastic deformation is reversible while plastic deformation is not. The yield strength is the stress at which plastic deformation begins. Tensile strength is the maximum stress on a stress-strain curve. Ductility refers to the amount of plastic deformation before fracture. Toughness represents the energy required to fracture a material. Different material types have varying mechanical properties like Young's modulus and yield strength. Tensile tests are used to measure properties like strength, stiffness, and ductility.

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    CHE 3166: HANDOUT 3 Stresses, Deformation and Fracture

    LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Part I


    Stress and Strain

    Elastic Deformation Plastic Deformation Ductility Toughness

    Stress and Stress Types


    Stress ( : Force (F) / Cross-sectional Area (A) =F/A

    States / Types of Stress Tension Compression Shear / Torsion

    Engineering Stress and Strain


    Ft Ao Engineering stress, Ft
    Area, A

    :
    Units of Stress: N/m2 or lb/in2

    original area before loading

    Ft Engineering strain, : = (L-L0)


    L /2

    /2

    Lo

    wo

    Lo

    True Stress and Strain


    True stress,
    T:

    Load F divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area Ai (after deformation)

    F Ai
    li ln l0

    True strain,

    Elastic Deformation
    1. Initial 2. Small load
    bonds stretch return to Initial

    3. Unload

    Elastic Deformation is reversible

    Linearelastic Non-Linearelastic

    Plastic Deformation
    1. Initial 2. Small load bonds stretch & planes shear 3. Unload p lanes still sheared

    elastic + plastic

    plastic

    F F

    Plastic Deformation is NOT reversible

    linear elastic

    linear elastic

    plastic

    Linear Elastic Behaviour


    When stress ( ) is proportional to strain ( )
    F
    E
    Linearelastic

    F
    simple tension test

    Hooke's Law:

    E: Slope, a Constant, also known as:


    Modulus of Elasticity or Youngs Modulus Stiffness of the materials Materials resistance to elastic deformation

    =E

    Youngs Modulus (E) of Different Material Types


    Youngs Modulus (E):
    Metals: 40 400 GPa
    Polymers: 0.2 4GPa Ceramics: 80 1200 GPa
    E
    Metals Alloys
    1200 10 00 8 00 6 00 4 00

    Ceramics Polymers
    Diamond Si carbide Al oxide Si nitride Si crystal
    <100> <111>

    Composites /fibers

    (GPa, 2 00 0 109 Pa) 10 80


    60 40 20 10 8 6 4

    Tungsten Molybdenum Steel, Ni Tantalum Platinum Cu alloys Zinc, Ti Silver, Gold Aluminum Magnesium, Tin

    Carbon fibers only

    C FRE(|| fibers)*
    A ramid fibers only

    Glass - soda

    A FRE(|| fibers)*
    Glass fibers only

    G FRE(|| fibers)* Concrete GFRE* G raphite CFRE * G FRE( fibers)* C FRE( fibers) AFRE( fibers) * *

    Polyester PET PS PC PP HDP E PTF E

    Epoxy only

    1GPa = 103 MPa = 109 N/m2

    1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

    Wood(

    grain)

    LDPE

    Effect of Temperature on Youngs Modulus (E)

    E decreases with increase in temperature

    Yield strength
    A plastically deformed structure, will experience permanent change in shape and may not be intended for good functionality. Stress level at which plastic deformations begins is known as yielding. It is the point of linearity of stress-strain curve, shown as proportional limit.

    Yield Strength of Different Material Types


    Metals/ Alloys 20 00
    Steel (4140) qt

    Ceramics

    Polymers

    Composites/ fibre

    (MPa)

    Room Temp. Data

    10 00 700 600 500 400 300 200

    Yield strength,

    Based on data in Table B4, Callister 7e. a = annealed hr = hot rolled ag = aged cd = cold drawn cw = cold worked qt = quenched & tempered

    100 70 60 50 40 30 20
    Tin (pure)
    Al (6061) a

    dry

    PC Nylon 6,6 PET PVC humid PP HDPE

    LDPE

    10

    Hard to measure,

    Al (6061) ag Steel (1020) hr Ti (pure) a Ta (pure) Cu (71500) hr

    since in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

    in ceramic matrix and epoxy matrix composites, since in tension, fracture usually occurs before yield.

    Ti (5Al-2.5Sn) a W (pure) Cu (71500) cw Mo (pure) Steel (4140) a Steel (1020) cd

    Hard to measure ,

    Tensile Strength (TS) or Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS)


    TS / UTS: Maximum stress on an engineering stress-strain curve

    TS Engineering stress
    y

    F = fracture or ultimate strength


    Typical response of a metal

    Neck acts as stress concentrator


    Adapted from Fig. 6.11, Callister 7e.

    strain Engineering strain


    Metals: when noticeable necking starts.

    Ductility
    Ductility is a measure of degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture. A material that experiences very little or no plastic deformation upon fracture is termed brittle. Ductility may be expressed quantitatively as percent elongation or percent reduction in area. %EL is the percentage of plastic strain at fracture.

    Ductility
    Plastic tensile strain at failure
    smaller %EL Engineering tensile stress,

    %EL

    Lf

    Lo Lo

    x 100

    larger %EL

    Lo

    Ao

    Af

    Lf

    Engineering tensile strain,

    Another ductility measure:

    Ao - Af %RA = x 100 Ao

    Toughness / Fracture Toughness


    Energy to break a unit volume of material

    Approximated by the area under the stress-strain curve


    Engineering tensile stress,
    Low toughness: ceramics High toughness: metals Very low toughness: unreinforced polymers

    Engineering tensile strain,


    Brittle fracture: elastic energy Ductile fracture: elastic + plastic energy

    Why are metals/alloys and reinforced plastic so popular as structural materials?

    Mechanical Properties and Testing


    LEARNING OBJECTIVES: Part II Materials response to: Excessive Loading: Tensile Test Localized Loading: Hardness Test Sudden Intense Loading: Impact Test Loading at High Temperatures: Creep Test Cyclic Loading: Fatigue Test

    Excessive loading: Tensile Test

    Tensile Test
    Tests are performed as per the ASTM, BS or Australian Standards. A tensile test measures the resistance of a material to a static or slowly applied force. A machined specimen is placed in the testing machine and load is applied. A strain gage or extensometer is used to measure elongation. The stress obtained at the highest applied force is the Tensile Strength.

    Tensile Test
    Test provides data: strength, stiffness, ductility

    Other Tensile Test Data


    Yield Strength: The stress at which a prescribed amount of plastic deformation (commonly, 0.2%) is produced. Elongation: The extent to which the specimen stretches before fracture.

    Tensile Properties: Effect of Temperature

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