PROMOTING MATHEMATICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION WITH EFFECTIVE QUESTIONING STRATEGIES

Using Mistakes as a Route to Success Phrases that Do and Do Not Motivate

The Value of a Pause

Look, no hands! Now what? Troubleshooting

The Art of Questioning in the Math Class

Motivating Students to Ask Questions

Questions that Need enhancing

A Beginning Repertoire of Teacher Questions

Recall: Five Productive Talk Moves 1. Revoicing 2. Asking Students to Restate Someone Elses Reasoning 3. Asking Students to Apply Their Own Reasoning to Someone Elses Reasoning 4. Prompting Students for Further Participation 5. Using Wait Time Some Productive Talk Formats 1. Whole-Class Discussion 2. Small-Group Discussion 3. Partner Talk What Do We Talk About? Mathematical Concepts Computational Procedures Solution Methods and Problem-Solving Strategies Mathematical Reasoning Mathematical Terminology, Symbols, and Definitions Forms of Representation

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

What Teachers Should Know About Questioning in the Math Class Asking questions that motivate student reflective thinking is an art. If our lessons are to be effective, we need to develop this art. It takes practice. As with most arts, there is not a set of hard and fast rules that work in all situations all of the time, but here are some general effective ideas to keep in mind for most times.
1. A Try-to List:

Try to use effective pauses and wait time. Try to avoid frequent questions which require only a yes/no answer or simple recall. Try to avoid answering your own questions. Try to follow up student responses with questions and phrases such as, why? or tell me how you know or think about how you can put Jims response into your own words. Try to avoid directing a question to a student mainly for disciplinary reasons. Try to follow up a students response by fielding it to the class or to another student for a reaction. Try to avoid giveaway facial expressions to student responses. Try to make it easy for students to ask a question at any time. Try to ask the question before calling on a student to respond. Try not to call on a particular student immediately after asking a question. Try to ask questions that are open-ended. Try not to label the degree of difficulty of a question. Try to leave an occasional question unanswered at the end of the period. Try to replace or enhance lectures with a set of appropriate questions. Try to keep the students actively involved in the learning process.
2. Questions to seldom ask: [The point here is that even though you do want to know

the answers to these questions, the way these questions are phrased probably wont get you very far in learning what you want to know.] How many of you understood that? Everybody see that? You want me to go over that again? This is a right triangle, isnt it? Do you have any questions?

3. Phrases That Encourage Participation: Its useful to have a handful of effective ways

to start your questions that will motivate all students to participate. Here are some to try. What others can you think of? Dont raise your hand--yet; just think about a possible answer. I will give you a minute . . . Everyonepicture this figure in your mind. Is it possible to sketch a possible counterexample to this statement? . . . I will walk around to look at your work and select 3 students to share their results with the class. Find an example for this statement and write it down. In just a minute I will tell you possible ways to check your example to see if it indeed makes the statement true. Put the next step on your paper and write a reason to justify this step. Raise your hand when you are ready and I will be around to check in on you.
4. Phrases That May Fail to Motivate: There are some questions that you might want

to avoid. Why? Because often you end up answering your own questions . . . and permitting students NOT to participatethat is, students are not required to take responsibility to develop a response depending how the question is phrased. Does someone know if . . . Can anyone here give me an example of . . . Who knows the difference between . . . Someone tell me the definition of . . . OK, who wants to tell me about . . .
5. Questions That Need Enhancing: Some common types of questions need some

special care if they are to be useful in the math classroom. Otherwise, these questions do not provide much information to check students reasoning. Yes-No questions True-false questions One-word-answer questions Questions that fail to motivate

Phrases for enhancing questions: Tell me more about what you were thinking. How did you decide that? Elaborate for others in the class so they can check their thinking. Can you justify that? Give us your insights about arriving at the answer. What steps did you take? Tell us more about what youre thinking. What made you think of that? To a person on the street who doesnt speak Math, tell how you decided that . . .
6. The Value of a Pause: An extremely valuable skill within the art of questioning is in

knowing how to build in a pause at the appropriate time. This means both students and teacher need to value a pause.
Note: Pausing is not always comfortable. However, in a classroom where both the teacher and the students pause at appropriate times, research has shown that some exciting things can happen: The length of student responses increase students confidence increases weaker students contribute more theres a greater variety of student responses discipline problems decrease creative responses increase

Some suggestions about when to pause, who pauses, and the reasoning behind the pause:

7. Encouraging Your Students to Ask Questions

Instead of asking questions this way: Are there any questions? Do you have any questions? You dont have any questions, do you? Would anyone like to see that again? You might try asking questions this way: Okay--What questions do you have? Now, ask me some questions. Now, what questions may I answer? Give me your questions! Note the subtle difference. The first set sounds as if you dont want questions; the second set implies that you both want and expect questions.
Note: Now, when students do ask questions, instead of always providing quick answers, you can help to keep the class student-centered by considering the following: Students should practice directing questions to other students-not only to the teacher. The teacher should pause to permit other students to develop an answer to the question not immediately jump in and answer the question. The teacher should remind students that the question is for all members of the class. To ensure that they focus on it, students might write down the question in their notes. They could then write a possible solution or response to the question.

8. Troubleshooting: Look, no hands! Now what?

First, analyze the situation: When there are no hands, it may be the case that no one has a question and that everyone understands. But it also may be the case that:
No one knows the answer or has a response. The level of concern is low. (No one cares.) The question is not understandable. There was insufficient time for students to formulate an acceptable response. The question is too difficult at this stage of the conceptual development. No one is confident enough to give a response. Students are afraid of being wrong, and of what the teacher might say or do if they give an incorrect response.

Second: Depending on how you analyze the situation, there are several possible things to consider when addressing the no hands scenario.
What could you do, for instance, if the level of concern for answering the question is low? What might you try if you suspect that students do not understand but are hesitant to ask a question? Keep in mind that students need to feel safe to express that they do not understand.

9. More Troubleshooting

Analyzing the Situation

1. My Students Wont Talk

Some Ideas for Troubleshooting

2. The Same Few Students Do All the Talking

3. Should I Call on Students Who Do Not Raise Their Hands?

4. My Students Will Talk, But They Wont Listen

5. Huh?Responding To Incomprehensible Contributions

Analyzing the Situation

6. Brilliant, But Did Anyone Understand?

Some Ideas for Troubleshooting

7. I Have Students at Different Levels

8. What Should I Do When Theyre Wrong?

9. This Discussion Is Not Going AnywhereOr At Least Not Where I Planned

10. Answers/Responses Are Superficial

11. What If The First Speaker Gives The Right Answer?

12. What Can I Do For EnglishLanguage Learners?

Beginning Repertoire of Teacher Questions 1. Initial eliciting of students thinking

Does anyone have a solution they would like to share? Please raise your hand when you are ready to share your solution. What did you come up with? What are you thinking? Be ready to explain the solution you got. Please explain to the rest of the class how you got your answer, ____. How did you begin working on this problem? What have you found so far? Would anyone be willing to explain their solution? Can you point to a part of this problem that was difficult? What are some ideas you had? Raise your hand if you have a different idea. Did anyone approach the problem in a different way? What do you already know about ____?

2. Probing students answers to Figure out what a student means or is thinking when you dont understand what they are saying Check whether right answers are supported by correct understanding Probe wrong answers to understand student thinking
Explain what you have done so far? What else is there to do? How do you know? Why did you ____? How did you get ____? Could you use [materials] to show how that works? What led you to that idea? Walk us through your steps. Where did you begin? Please give an example. Would you please repeat what you said about that? Say a little more about your idea. So is what youre saying ____? When you say ____, do you mean ___? Could you explain a little more about what you are thinking?
Can you explain that in a different way?

What do you notice when _____?

3. To help when students get stuck

How would you describe the problem in your own words? What do you know that is not stated in the problem? What facts do you have? Could you try it with simpler numbers? Fewer numbers? Using a number line? What about putting things in order? Would it help to create a diagram? Make a table? Draw a picture? Can you guess and check? What did other members of your group try? What do you already know that could help you figure that out?

4. Focusing students to listen and respond to others ideas

What do other people think? What do other people think about what ____ said? Do you agree or disagree with the idea? Would someone be willing to add on to what ____ said? What do you think ____ means by that? How does what ____ said go along with what you were thinking? How could you explain what ____ said in a different way? Can you repeat what ____ just said in your own words? Why do you think ____ did it that way? Why is it okay for ____ to do that? Who can explain this using ____s idea? Does anyone have the same answer but a different way to explain it? Can you convince us that your answer makes sense? Can anybody see what method ____ might have used to come up with that solution? How do you think ____ got his/her solution?

5. Supporting students to make connections (e.g., between a model and a mathematical idea or a specific notation)
How is ____s method similar to (or different from) ____s method? How does [one representation] correspond to [another representation]? Can you think of another problem that is similar to this one? How does that match what you wrote on the board? Can you explain your representation? Can you use the [representation] to explain what you are thinking? How is this similar to what we learned about _____? How is this related to [a particular problem students already solved or something students already learned]?

How does that relate to what ____ said? How can we make a [picture, graph, model, chart] of this solution? What part of the problem/solution does this [pointing to a particular part of representation] represent?

6. To guide students and encourage mathematical reflection and reasoning (e.g., make conjectures, state definitions, generalize, prove)
Can you explain the method you used? Does this method always work? Why does that work in this case? When do you think that would be true? Do you notice any patterns? What do these solutions have in common? Can this method be used for other problems? What do we mean when we say _____ in math class? What math terms help us to talk about that? Did you learn any new words today? What do you mean by ___? Can you give a definition? Does this match our reasoning? How? Have we found all the possible answers? How do you know it works in all cases? What about [counterexample]? How would you describe ____s method? Can you represent the solution in another way? Using this problem as an example, what can you say about problems like this in general? What are the main ideas that you learned about today?

7. Extending students current thinking, and assessing how far they can be stretched
Can you think of another way to solve this problem? Can you use this same method to solve _____? What would happen if the numbers were changed to _____? What if the problem was like this instead: [give slight variation of problem]? If someone said [wrong answer], how would you respond? If we notice/know ______ then what does that mean for _______? Can you predict the next one? Can you think of another problem that could be solved with this method?