LDPC Coded OFDM with Alamouti/SVD Diversity Technique

Jeongseok Ha, Apurva N. Mody, Joon Hyun Sung,

John R. Barry, Steven W. McLaughlin and Gordon L. St uber
School of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, GA 30332
[email protected]
Abstract
Two transmit two receive space-time processing with
LDPC coding is evaluated for OFDM transmission. The
two methods for space-time processing are Alamoutis com-
bining and the SVD technique. The channel estimates are
calculated and provided to the diversity combiner, the SVD
lters and LDPC decoder. Noise variance estimates are
provided to the LDPC decoder. Using the proposed scheme
we can obtain a BER of 10
5
at an SNR of 2.6 dB with spec-
tral efciency of 0.4 bits/sec/Hz and 14.5 dB with a spectral
efciency of 4.2 bits/sec/Hz.
1. Introduction
Recently, many space-time techniques have been pro-
posed for array-to-array communication systems when
channel information is available at the receiver but not the
transmitter. Such techniques provide transmit diversity in a
at-fading channel. Alamouti suggested a space-time code
for two transmit antennas, which provides a diversity gain
and has a very simple decoder [2]. If the transmitter knows
the channel, this knowledge can be exploited to further im-
prove the performance. In this case, it is known that a proce-
dure based on singular-value decomposition (SVD) is opti-
mal in information-theoretical sense [3]. The SVD scheme
employs a transmit prelter and a receive lter to diagonal-
ize the array-to-array channel into a bank of independent
scalar channels, where some of scalar channels have much
larger channel gains than the fading channel. This advan-
tage in channel gain can be interpreted as a diversity gain.
Space-time techniques can be integrated with orthogo-
nal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) for frequency-
selective channels by applying either Alamoutis scheme

The authors wish to thank the YamacrawMission, of the State of Geor-

gia, U. S. A. http://www.yamacraw.org for supporting this research.
(Alamouti-OFDM) or SVD scheme (SVD-OFDM) to each
OFDM subcarrier.
In order to provide the channel coding gain, low-density
parity-check (LDPC) codes are used for both Alamouti-
OFDM and SVD-OFDM schemes. LDPC coding was rst
introduced by Gallager in the 1960s [4]. Several recent
research results show that turbo codes can be expressed
as LDPC codes, and well-structured irregular LDPC codes
outperform turbo codes at high code rates. Aside from the
superior performance, message-passing decoders of LDPC
codes have a fully parallelized structure which can be re-
alized with parallel connections of simple basic elements.
Thus, we can achieve a good coding gain with relatively
small complexity. LDPC codes inherently have random in-
terleavers which can mitigate performance degradation due
to deep attenuation of a data symbol on a subcarrier.
Parameter estimation for such a scheme is important.
The Alamouti and SVD schemes require accurate channel
estimates for their functioning whereas the LDPC codes re-
quire accurate noise variance estimates to calculate the log-
likelihood ratios. This paper addresses this issue as well.
Throughout this paper, we only consider a 2 2 sys-
tem with two transmit and two receive antennas. The SVD
scheme is more exible to extend to any number of an-
tennas, since SVD exists for any size of matrix channel.
For more than two transmit antennas, space-time block
codes [5] replace Alamoutis scheme sacricing the code
rate.
2 Two Space-Time Strategies
First, consider a single-carrier 22 communication sys-
tem in a at-fading environment. Let h
ij
denote the channel
response at the i-th receive antenna from the j-th transmit
antenna. At the receiver, the sampled base-band signal r
i,n
at the i-th receive antenna during the n-th symbol interval
is represented in discrete time by
_
r
1,n
r
2,n
_
= H
_
x
1,n
x
2,n
_
+
_
w
1,n
w
2,n
_
, (1)
where x
j,n
is the transmitted sequence from the j-th trans-
mit antenna, and w
i,n
is the complex additive white Gaus-
sian noise. The 2 2 matrix H is called matrix channel,
which is given by H = [h
ij
].
2.1 Alamoutis Transmit Diversity Technique
In Alamoutis scheme, the transmitted sequences x
1,n
and x
2,n
are generated from the sequences s
1
and s
2
dur-
ing two symbol intervals according to x
2n
= [s
1
, s
2
]
T
and
x
2n+1
= [s

2
, s

1
]
T
, where the asterisk denotes complex
conjugate.
At the receiver, assuming that Hdoes not change during
the (2n)-th and (2n + 1)-st symbol intervals, the received
signals
r
2n
= Hx
2n
+ n
2n
r
2n+1
= Hx
2n+1
+ n
2n+1
(2)
are combined by a matched lter:
[h
11
, h
21
]

r
2n
+ [h
12
, h
22
]r

2n+1
for s
1
[h
12
, h
22
]

r
2n
+ [h
11
, h
21
]r

2n+1
for s
2
.
(3)
This combining results in a separable decoding of s
1
and s
2
owing to the orthogonality of x
2n
and x
2n+1
.
2.2 Space-Time Processing Based on SVD
A transmitter with knowledge of H can exploit this
knowledge in order to approach Shannon capacity. In
particular, it is known that a capacity-achieving transmit-
ter bases its space-time processing on a channel SVD,
H = UDV

, where denotes the Hermitian transpose.

A capacity-achieving transmitter will then preprocess the
transmitted symbols with a unitary prelter V, and the re-
ceiver will postprocess with a unitary lter U

such that the

overall system is diagonal: D = diag[d
1
, d
2
] = U

HV,
as shown in Fig. 1-a. The problem has thus been reduced
to one of communication across two independent parallel
scalar channels in Fig. 1-b, where the channel gains are
singular values d
1
and d
2
(d
1
d
2
).
Once the matrix channel is diagonalized, there remains
the problem of allocating bits and power to each of the
scalar channels. In this paper, we use a xed allocation in-
stead of dynamic allocation to reduce the complexity with
a marginal performance loss [6]. The xed allocation will
distribute all information bits to the rst singular channel
H U
receive filter
V
prefilter
d
1
d
2
AWGN
AWGN
AWGN
AWGN
(a) (b)
Figure 1. SVD scheme for a matrix channel.
d
1
, and nothing to the second singular channel d
2
, exploit-
ing the fact d
1
d
2
. If we use the second singular channel,
its error probability will bound the overall error probability,
since d
2
becomes too small for reliable communcation.
Although the SVD scheme requires the channel infor-
mation at the transmitter, it will signicantly outperform
Alamoutis scheme with very small increase in complex-
ity. For a 2 2 system, the SVD scheme has an advantage
of approximately 2.43 dB in SNR over Alamoutis scheme,
when only the rst singular channel is used [6]. This SNR
gap increases up to approximately 3.6 dB when dynamic
allocation is adopted.
3 Integration with OFDM
parallel-
to-serial
LLR
calculation
and LDPC
decoder
Alamouti
combining
or
SVD receive
filter
FFT
FFT
remove cyclic
prefix and
serial-to-
parallel
remove cyclic
prefix and
serial-to-
parallel
(b) Receiver
sink
N N
N
N
N
Parameter
estimation
N*Code Rate
serial-to-
parallel
LDPC
encoder
Alamouti
encoding
or
SVD prefilter
IFFT
IFFT
add cyclic
prefix and
parallel-to-
serial
add cyclic
prefix and
parallel-to-
serial
(a) Transmitter
source
N*Code Rate
N
N
N
N
N
Pilot inserter
Figure 2. Block diagram of the proposed system
OFDM has become popular for wide-band wireless com-
munications. It can be efciently implemented in discrete
time using inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) as a mod-
ulator and fast Fourier transform (FFT) as a demodulator.
Here, a single-antenna OFDM is extended to the array-to-
array antenna system [1]. An example of 2 2 OFDM sys-
tem is illustrated in Fig. 2.
Let {S
j,k
}
N1
k=0
be the input symbols to the N-point IFFT
for j-th transmit antenna. Capital letter in S
j,k
is used to
H
0
H
N-1
serial-to-
parallel
parallel-to-
serial
AWGN
AWGN
AWGN
AWGN
Figure 3. An equivalent matrix-channel model of 22
OFDM.
emphasize that input symbols are in the frequency domain.
The output sequence of the IFFT is
s
j,n
=
1

N
N1

k=0
S
j,k
exp
_
j
2nk
N
_
0 n N 1.(4)
A cyclic prex is inserted in front of the IFFT output se-
quence. The time length of the cyclic prex should be
greater than the maximum delay spread of the channel.
The main function of the cyclic prex is to guard the
OFDM symbol against inter-symbol interference. Hence,
this cyclic prex is called the guard interval of the OFDM
symbol and has a time duration T
g
= GT. The guard-
inserted sequence is applied to a pair of balanced D/A con-
verters, unconverted to radio frequency, and transmitted
over the channel. The received sequence for the (vT
s
)-th
time instant after the removal of the guard interval given by
r
i,n
=
2

j=1
M1

m=0
h
ij,m,v(N+G)+n
s
j,(nm)
N
+ w
i,n
, (5)
where h
ij,m,v(N+G)+n
is the channel impulse response at
lag m and instant v(N + G) + n, from the j-th trans-
mit antenna to the i-th receive antenna and T
s
is the
OFDM symbol period including the guard interval. The
w
i,n
are complex additive white Gaussian noise samples
with E[|w
i,n
|
2
] = 2
2
. The received sample sequence
{r
i,n
}
N1
n=0
is demodulated as
R
i,k
= FFT{r
i
}(k)
=
2

j=1

ij,k
S
j,k
+ W
i,k
(6)
where [7]

ij,k
=
M1

m=0
H
v
ij,m
(0)exp
_
j2km
N
_
(7)
and where
H
v
ij,m
(0) =
1
N
N1

n=0
h
ij,m,v(N+G)+k
. (8)
The 2 2 OFDM system is equivalently described by a
bank of matrix channels, as shown in Fig. 3. The received
samples at the k-th subcarrier in (6) can be rewritten as
_
R
1,k
R
2,k
_
= H
k
_
S
1,k
S
2,k
_
+
_
W
1,k
W
2,k
_
, (9)
where the matrix channel is
H
k
=
_

11,k

12,k

21,k

22,k
_
. (10)
Consequently, we can use either Alamoutis scheme or the
SVD scheme to provide the diversity of H
k
.
By the same argument for a channel that is at over each
subcarrier, in SVD-OFDM, each matrix channel is diago-
nalized by SVD: D
k
= diag[d
1,k
, d
2,k
] = U

k
H
k
V
k
, with
d
1,k
d
2,k
. Then, the matrix-channel model in Fig. 3 fur-
ther reduces to a bank of 2N parallel scalar channels.
We have the same problem of bit and power allocation as
a single-carrier SVD scheme. In SVD-OFDM, however, the
dynamic allocation requires much more complexity than the
single-carrier system, since the number of scalar channels
increases to 2N. Thus, a xed allocation algorithm is more
attractive for SVD-OFDM. In this paper, we allocate the
same number of bits to each D
k
. Then, the xed allocation
for single-carrier system is used for the allocation for D
k
.
Power is distributed equally to all used channels, which is
called on-off power allocation.
3.1 Parameter Estimation for the Proposed
Scheme
Parameter estimation for the proposed scheme is carried
out using the method described in [7]. Two consecutive
blocks of a known sequence of samples {S
j,k
}
N1
k=0
which
form the pilot symbols are transmitted. The N-point FFT
coefcients of a chirp sequence are used as the pilot sym-
bol. Chirp sequences are directly modulatable and are opti-
mal for channel estimation. A chirp sequence can be repre-
sented as follows
s
n
=
1

2
_
cos
_

N
n
2
_
+ jsin
_

N
n
2
__
, (11)
where 0 n N 1. Since only two antennas are used at
the transmitter, the training symbols transmitted from both
the antennas can be identical thus simplifying the channel
estimation problem. The channel estimates are utilized by
the combiner in Alamoutis scheme, by the transmit and re-
ceive lters in the SVD scheme and for the log-likelihood
ratio computation in the LDPC decoder. Noise variance es-
timates are provided to the LDPC decoder. The proposed
technique gives sufciently accurate channel estimates and
almost perfect noise variance estimates.
3.2 Low-Density Parity-Check Codes
LDPC codes are specied by a sparse parity-check ma-
trix and can be categorized into regular and irregular LDPC
codes. The regular LDPC codes have parity-check matri-
ces whose columns have the same number of ones. In this
paper, we only consider regular LDPC codes.
A parity-check matrix, P of a (c, t, r) LDPC code has
c columns, t ones in each column and r ones in a row. A
(c, t, r) LDPC code has a code rate of 1 t/r. Gallager
[4] showed that there is at least one LPDC code whose
minimum distance, d
min
grows linearly with block length
c when t > 2. Therefore, we can expect a better coding
gain with a longer code length, although the coding length
is limited by practical considerations like decoding latency,
decoder complexity etc.. The rate of growth of d
min
is
bounded by a nonzero number, which is determined by the
selection of t and r.
The belief propagation algorithm has been widely
adopted for decoding LDPC codes. MacKay [9] gives a
good description of the iterative message passing decoder
based on the belief propagation algorithm which can be im-
plemented in either probability or log-probability domain.
The decoder in this paper works in the log-probability do-
main. For the message-passing decoder, we need a log-
likelihood ratio (LLR) of each bit. A general form of LLR
computing formula is given by
LLR(b
j
) = log
_

_
2
k1

i=1
P(R|b
j
= 1, m
j
= m
i
)
2
k1

i=1
P(R|b
j
= 0, m
j
= m
i
)
_

_
(12)
where Ris a received signal vector, b
j
is j-th bit of a trans-
mitted message, m
j
is a message less the jth bit, m
i
is one
of 2
k1
possible symbols of m
j
and each symbol carries k
bits .
On an AWGN channel and at fading, (12) can be ex-
pressed as
LLR(b
j
) = log
_

_
2
k1

i=1
e

d(R,c
b
j
=1
i
)
2
2
2
2
k1

i=1
e

d(R,c
b
j
=0
i
)
2
2
2
_

_
(13)
where c
bj=b
i
is a signal constellation for a message dened
by m
i
and b
j
and d(R, c
bj=b
i
) is a distance between a re-
ceived signal vector Rand c
bj=b
i
.
To prevent possible underow or overow, the equation
can be modied to a more applicable form as
LLR(b
j
) =
(d
0
min
(j))
2
(d
1
min
(j))
2
2
2
+log
_

_1 +
2
k1

i=1,
i=l
1
e

d(R,c
b
j
=1
i
)
2

(
d
1
min
(j)
)
2
2
2
_

_
log
_

_1 +
2
k1

i=1,
i=l
0
e

d(R,c
b
j
=0
i
)
2

(
d
0
min
(j)
)
2
2
2
_

_
(14)
where d
b
min
(j) = d(R, c
b
j
=b
l
b
) = min
1i2
k1
d(R, c
b
j
=b
i
) and b
is in {0, 1}.
Fig. 4 shows the BER performance of LDPC codes hav-
ing code length, c = 1024 and code rates of 0.5, 0.75, 0.875
and 1.0 (uncoded) with 16 and 64-QAM modulation on an
AWGN channel.
E
b
/N
o
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
l
o
g
1
0
(
P
e
)

-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
(16, 0.500)
(16, 0.750)
(16, 0.875)
(16, 1.000)
(64, 0.500)
(64, 0.750)
(64, 0.875)
(64, 1.000)
Figure 4. BER performances of LDPC codes having
code length, c = 1024 and code rates of 0.5, 0.75,
0.875 and 1.0 (uncoded) with 16 and 64-QAM on an
AWGN channel.
4 Simulation Results
Simulations are carried out in a frequency-selective
faded quasi-static indoor environment. A 2 2 system is
simulated. Each channel is assumed to be composed of 6
uncorrelated Rayleigh faded taps with the tap coefcients
obtained from the modied Jakes simulator [8]. All the
channels are uncorrelated and length of each channel im-
pulse response is restricted to 100 ns. The Jakes simulator
assumes uniformly distributed angle of arrival for the in-
coming incident waves. The complex low-pass channels are
modeled as transversal lters with the sample-spaced taps.
The symbol rate at the input of the OFDM modulator is 64
Mbaud. The performance is evaluated by sending 50, 000
OFDM symbols of block size N = 1024 and guard length
G = 64. It is assumed that the maximum delay spread of
the indoor channel (T
m
) is less than the guard time (T
g
).
The carrier frequency is chosen to be 5.8 GHz. Simulations
are carried out for LDPC code rates of 1/2, 3/4 and 7/8 us-
ing BPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM constellations. The SNR
per bit is dened as E
b
/N
o
= 1/2
2
R, where R is the
transmission per symbol interval in bits/sec/Hz, and where
denotes the code rate. We set E[|S
1,k
|
2
+|S
2,k
|
2
] = 1 and
E[|
ij,k
|
2
] = 1.
The simulations are carried out for a Doppler frequency
of 48.33 Hz corresponding to a velocity of 2.5 m/s. Two
training symbols are sent for every 10 OFDM symbols for
channel estimation. Quasi-static assumption implies that
the time of arrival of rays can change from frame to frame
but it remains constant for a particular frame. It is found that
as symbol rate becomes higher, less frequent pilot trans-
missions are required for parameter estimation. We have
assumed perfect time and frequency synchronization. The
channel parameters are estimated using the technique de-
scribed in [7]. The BER degradation due to imperfect chan-
nel estimation in the following simulations is around 1.1 dB.
Once channel parameters are estimated, the same parame-
ters are used for the entire frame until the transmission of
the new training symbols.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
10
5
10
4
10
3
10
2
10
1
B
E
R
E
b
/N
o
(dB)
SVD, BPSK, code rate = 1/2
Alamouti, BPSK, code rate = 1/2
SVD, 16QAM, code rate = 3/4
Alamouti, 16QAM, code rate = 3/4
SVD, 64QAM, code rate = 7/8
Alamouti, 64QAM, code rate = 7/8
Figure 5. Performance of rate 1/2, 3/4 and 7/8 coded
LDPC with BPSK, 16 and 64-QAM Alamouti/SVD
diversity techniques over a frequency selective fading
channel.
Fig. 5 illustrates the BER performance of Alamouti-
OFDM and SVD-OFDM using BPSK. The performance
improves tremendously when LDPC coding is introduced.
Use of LDPC code along with the Alamoutis scheme pro-
vides a gain of around 5.8 dB as compared to the uncoded
case at a BER of 10
3
and a 1/2 rate code. Using the SVD
scheme instead of Alamoutis scheme along with LDPC
coding gives a further improvement of 2.3 dB.
Fig. 5 also shows the performance of the system using
higher rate codes and higher order constellations. The SVD
technique outperforms Alamouti s scheme almost always
by around 3 dB. The simulation results show that the pro-
posed system can provide low BER at a high spectral ef-
ciency and low SNR.
5 Concluding Remarks
Performance of a 22 space-time processing with LDPC
coding is evaluated for OFDM transmission. The two meth-
ods for space-time processing are Alamouti s scheme and
the SVD technique. The channel estimates are calculated
and provided to Alamouti s combiner, the SVD lters and
LDPC decoder. Noise variance estimates are provided to
the LDPC decoder. By using the proposed scheme we can
obtain a BER of 10
5
at an SNR of 2.6 dB with spectral
efciency of 0.4 bits/sec/Hz and 14.5 dB with a spectral ef-
ciency of 4.2 bits/sec/Hz. Hence, the proposed system can
provide low BER at a high spectral efciency and low SNR.
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