-1-

Electrical Power Engineering Lab I

LAB 6
Institute of Power Systems and Power Economics
of Aachen University of Technology

Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. A. Moser

Protection against electric shock

Introduction and objective of the Lab

Legal entities, who built, produce or operate electric installations or electric equipment are according to existing law obliged to ensure through their diligence and in every case at their own responsibility the proper, especially safe condition of these devices according to the recognised rules of electrical engineering. The VDE regulations are such confirmed by the legislator (2. Durchfhrungsverordnung zum Energiewirtschaftsgesetz - EnWG - vom 2.8.1937) as valid standard to put in concrete terms these requirements. In the standard VDE 0100 [1] Regulations for installations of power systems and equipment with nominal voltages to 1000 V are established, especially with regard to the protection of body, life and material assets when electrical energy is applied. These given rules are steadily actualised corresponding to new knowledge and techniques and are harmonised with other countries standards by international bodies (CENELEC and IEC). The compliance with the VDE 0100 by producers and operators of electric installations and equipment has been contributed to it, that the number of fatal accidents due to electric shock in West Germany can be continuously reduced in spite of increasing energy consumption. The objective of the test is presentation of most important protection principles, which are based on the VDE 0100. Application of protection equipment and eventually appearing problems in real systems are to be explain. The test is to be limited to most important basics. Thus it is referred to specification of correspondent literature at the end of the test description.

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2 2.1

Danger to persons due to shock currents Effects of electric current on the human body

Health hazard as well as lethal impact of electric current may be divided according to [3] into: internal and external burning due to Joule heat and possibly due to electric arc haemoglobin decomposition negative effects on muscular system, especially fibrillation (not co-ordinated contraction of heart muscle, failure of pump action) and respiratory standstill. The injury extent is dependent on both physical-psychological constitution of the concerned person and altitude of body current, its frequency and duration. With the definition of a specific current path (left hand to both feet), four current intensity zones can be defined corresponding to the physiological effects as shown in Fig.1.

Time response of threshold of non-fibrillation is important for protection design: at exposure time under 500 ms also relatively large currents do not lead generally to fibrillation.

t ms

10000 5000 2000 1000 500 200 100 50 20 0,1 0,2 0,5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000 10000

I mA
1: 2: 3: 4: normally no perception normally no dangerous pathophysiological effect muscle cramps, fibrillation probability insignificant fibrillation probability very high

Fig. 1: Effective ranges of shock current (alternating current, effective values at 50 to 60 Hz) [2]

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2.2

Effective impedances

Impedances of voltage source and conductors, transfer impedance and earthing impedance as well as essential human body impedance have influence on danger to person at given voltage. Values of these quantities and their mutual relations determine a part of appeared fault voltage UF, which is bridged by a person and thus the altitude of body current. This is shown in Fig. 2.

L1 L2 L3 N

UB RB RE

UF

Fig. 2: Fault- and touch voltage at short circuit to frame Human body impedance varies very much dependent on constitution, in particular on skin condition, on touch voltage frequency and on current path through the body. It follows from Fig. 3 showing measurement results, that the body impedance can hold values from about 400 to several k at relevant for public power supply voltage- and frequency range (110 230 V, 50 60 Hz).

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100000
thick, horny, dry skin

ZK 10000

10000

dry

ZK 1000

hand-body-hand hand-body-feet

1000 600 400 200 100 1

thin, moist skin

moist hands-body-feet

100 0,01

0,1

10

100 f kHz

4 6 8 10

100

U 1000 Volt

Fig. 3: Human body impedance as function of voltage and frequency

2.3

Maximum permissible touch voltages

With the simplistically presented relations taken into account, the maximal permissible continuous touch voltage 50 V~ and 120 V_ has been established within the scope of international standardisation. These limits can be to high in specially cases. The values 25 V~ and 60 V_ are valid for example for agricultural operating areas and medical used rooms. A part of the VDE 0100 constitutes measures, which prevent development and existence higher touch voltages in fault case. The maximal permissible switch off time is generally 0,2 s (see Fig.1). In case of stationary operational equipment it is approved however the duration until 5 s, because the probability of a touch during the time to fault clearing is small. Till now international harmonising of the switch off time has not been undertaken.

Safety measures

On viewing of protection measures against electric shock two important causes of danger to person are taken into consideration: contact with parts, which are operational under voltage (direct touch) contact with exposed conducting parts (device body), which are under voltage in fault case only (indirect touch)

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Fig. 4 gives an overview of protective measures, which are defined according to that division and mostly applied in practice.

Protective measures Protection against direct contact Protection against indirect contact By switching off isolation obstacles clearance or indication system-plan specific measures safety extra-low voltage functional extra-low voltage Fig: 4: Overview of protective measures against electric shock The protective measures are combined with each other. The object of the test is exclusively protection against indirect contact, which will be described in the following according to its subdivision. Without switching off or indication total isolation protective separation

3.1 3.1.1

Protection by switching off or indication Overview

Protective measures at indirect touch, which include a switching off or indication require co-ordination of a system configuration and protective devices used. The circuit arrangement and identification of conventional three-phase system configuration are shown in Fig. 5.

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L1 L2 L3 N PE

L1 L2 L3 PEN

device body device body

device body

TN-S-system Separate neutral conductors and protective conductors in entire system

TN-C-system Neutral conductor and protective conductor functions are integrated into single conductor (PEN-conductor) L1 L2 L3 N

L1 L2 L3 PEN PE N PE device body device body device body

TN-C-S-system partially TN-C- and TN-S-system

TT-system One point is directly earthed (operational earth) Exposed conducting parts are connected to earth electrodes separated from operational earth L1 L2 L3 Identification 1. letter: earthing conditions at current source

T solidly earthed system I isolation of all active parts from earth or earthing of network point through impedance 2. letter: earthing conditions at installation exposed conducting parts

PE device body

T direct earthing of exposed conducting parts N exposed conducting parts connected to operational earth IT-system No direct connection between active conductors and earthed parts Next letters: arrangement of protective conductors and neutral conductors in TN-system

Fig. 5: Design and identification of typical system configurations [4]

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To realise the subsequent described network-specific protection design the following protection equipment is applied:

Overcurrent protection devices Operation according to current-time characteristic (exemplary types: low voltage fuse, miniature fuse, miniature circuit-breaker and circuit- breaker)

Residual-current-operated protective devices The highly sensitive fault current circuit-breaker is able, due to its property, to switch off fault currents already under the threshold of non-fibrillation, Fig.1, and it is the most effective protection device. Fig. 6 illustrates its application: at faultless supply of electric consumers the sum of currents in the conductors L1, L2, L3 and also in the neutral conductor N at each moment equals to zero. In case of fault the voltage appears on exposed conducting parts and the fault current flows between the parts and the earth through an earth electrode, protection conductor but also through the body of a person, who is in touch with the affected part. The summated current flowing in L1, L2, L3 and N is no more equals to zero and it is then applied as a trip criterion.

Iron core L1 L2 L3 N

I = IF

I> T

Fault current circuit-breaker SL RS IF RS UB

////////////////////////////////////////
Fig. 6: Fault current circuit-breaker in the TT-system Measurement principle is as follows: the conductors L1, L2 and L3 as well as the neutral conductor N are led according to Fig. 7 through laminated ring core. The line integral

H ds
c

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around any closed curve in iron core, which encloses the four conductors, gives:

H ds=
c

=
L1 , L2 , L3 , N

(1)

In faultless condition it is valid:

= 0 , also then H = 0 . The magnetic flux in iron core is also equal to zero. In case when F = 0 , the magnetic flux 0 . The time changeable magnetic

flux induces in a coil on the ring core a voltage, which is proportional to the fault current F . The voltage causes, in case of exceeding of fault current limited value today are triggering currents to 15 mA accessible, to operate an all-or-nothing relay, which switches off the faulty consumer.

Insulation monitoring devices

The application follows especially in the IT-system according to Fig.7. It realises a protection by indication of insulation fault.

L1 L2 L3 N

protective device

protective device

protective device

water pipe

V1

V2

SL Fe - bar
\\\\\\\\\\\ \\\ \

RH

RS protective earth

Fig. 7: Insulation monitoring in the IT-system As long as the voltmeters V1 and V2 with equal internal resistance show the same values, the insulation against earth is intact. In case the voltmeters do not show the same values, one of the conducters or the neutral point has an earth fault. Besides this kind of insulation monitoring with voltmeters, it is also possible to use electronic monitoring devices. These put a small DC voltage between earth and the monitored network. If there is an insulation fault anywhere in the network, a small DC current (mA) is detected and indicated [5].

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Fault-voltage-operated protective devices

Application of this protection equipment is fastened to conditions, which are manifold, partially difficult to fulfil and it is to be applied in special cases. A condition for the network-specific protection measure by indication or switching off is main potential bonding, which connects together such parts as: protection conductors, earth conductors, lightning earth terminations, metallic pipe systems and conducting building constructions.

3.1.2

Protective measures in the TN-system

In case of TN-system it appears on faulty device, e.g. with short circuit between operating conductor and the body, a fault voltage, which magnitude is about half the phase voltage as long as crosssections of the forward and return conductor are the same. Because the value lies over the permissible touch voltage 50 V, a switch off is urgent required. Application of: overcurrent protection equipment and residual-current-operated protective device

is here permissible. The impedance of fault circuit Zs , which is determined by line lengths and line cross-sections, can be in practical application so large, that the fault current is recognised and switched off within the time of 0,2 s: (2)

U 0 Zs a
where U0 : phase voltage

a : operating current of protection device

The application of residual-current-operated protective devices is limited only to the TN-S-system and TN-C-S-system, in which the protection conductor PE is laid at least partially separately from the neutral conductor N. In the TN-C-system is however a sensible installation not possible. Moreover, in the TN-C-system, interruption of the PEN-conductor or mix-up of outer conductor and the PENconductor can lead to danger, which is why this network configuration takes off in its use.

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3.1.3

Protective measures in the TT-system

In the TT-system all devices have to be earthed together. Thus earthing resistance RA has to fulfil the following condition: (3)

UL RA a
where

a : protective device operating current

UL : permanent permissible touch voltage

A switch off by overcurrent protective devices or residual-current-operated protective devices

is necessary in case when the fault voltage exceeds 50 V.

3.1.4

Protective measures in the IT-system

In the IT-system fault currents (first fault) at short circuit to frame of an electric device are limited by ground capacitances and leakage resistances of the network. As far as the installation earth electrode (earth electrode resistance RA) is so realised, that (4)

UL RA F
where

F : fault current at first fault with negligible impedance,

touch voltages greater then 50 V can not appear in case of single fault. Thus switching off is not necessary. Just at second fault the conditions as in the TN- or TT-system are given. Thus in the IT-system apart from overcurrent protective devices and residual-current-operated protective devices insulation monitoring devices

also

are applied.

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The latter are to report through signal the first short circuit to frame or ground fault or to realise the switching off. The insulation faults are to be repaired as soon as possible. The operation with them is on principle still possible. Thus for the IT-system is required generally an additional equipotential bonding, in which are included all touchable, at the same time, stationary consumer bodies, all connections of protective conductors and all foreign conducting parts. The IT-system ensures high security of electric installations supply and for this reason it is applied in particular in industrial networks.

3.2

Protection without indication or switching off

In difference to previously treated protective devices, which are to ensure switching off of the inadmissible high touch voltages, the following devices have the objective to prevent of inadmissible touch voltage occurrence.

3.2.1

Total insulation

In case this protective measure is used, an additional insulating coating is applied to the devices in addition to the normal operation insulation. Conducting parts by which voltages can pass through, are not allowed to be lead through this additional coating. The connection of protective conductors is also generally not allowed here. Total insulated devices are identified by the symbol .

3.2.2

Protective separation

Principle of protective separation is based on it, that due to complete galvanic separation an artificial IT-system is created and as result at first fault inadmissible high touch voltage does not occur, Fig. 8. Magnitude of eventually fault current in case of first fault is determined by leakage resistances and capacitances of the protective separation circuit. Conductor lengths and voltages are not allowed to be to large. According to the VDE 0100 is valid, that the product of the voltage U and the conductor length l is not allowed to exceed 100.000 Vm (U < 500 V; l < 500 m). In that case are fault currents at first fault sufficient small.

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//////////////////////////////////////////////
Fig. 8: Principle of protective separation: danger only after two insulation faults

3.2.3

Safety extra-low voltage and functional extra-low voltage

These measures are supposed to ensure protection against direct contact as well as protection against indirect contact. We speak of safety extra-low voltage in case essentially the following conditions are satisfied: the nominal voltage is not allowed to exceed the maximum permissible touch voltage, the supply of safety extra-low voltage circuits is realised with suitable current sources, active parts and exposed conducting parts of safety extra-low circuits are not allowed to be connected to earth, to protective conductors or any active parts of other circuits. Suitable current sources for safety extra-low voltage circuits are: safety isolating transformers according to the VDE 0551, motor-generator sets with separate windings and accordant insulation, electrochemical current sources, e.g. batteries.

By the strict galvanic separation of safety extra-low voltage circuits from circuits with higher voltage is avoided that, in case of a fault, voltages from other circuits are carried off to the extra-low voltage circuit and added to the safety extra-low voltage, thus possibly yielding inadmissible high touch voltages.

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Safety extra-low voltage is applied in perilous environments while functional extra-low voltage is used in normal surroundings (e.g. in offices). Circuits are operated at voltages up to 50 V~ or 120 V_ but do not fulfill all conditions of safety extra-low voltage. This is for example the case when: the electrical circuits or exposed conducting parts are earthed, the insulation is not sufficiently dimensioned or current sources without safe electrical separation are applied. [6]

L1 L2 L3

380V; 3/PEN ~ 50 Hz L1 N 1 fault

st

50V~

PEN PE 2
nd

fault cutoff after nd 2 fault

L+

L-

Fig. 9: Examples of safety extra-low voltage and functional extra-low voltage [4]

Lab preparation

For lab preparation equivalent circuits have to be drawn and calculations have to be carried out for the following subsections: 5.3.1 - subnumber 4; 5.3.2 - subnumber 4; 5.3.3 - subnumber 5; 5.3.4 - subnumber 3; 5.4.1 - subnumber 4; 5.4.2 - subnumber 4; 5.5.2 - subnumber 4. Special note:

You only have to consider the current leading phases in the equivalent circuits.

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Please notice, wether equivalent circuits of the whole circuit or of the fault current circuit are required. Rk are at each case the resistances at the point of the fault.

Provided material (sketches, calculations) should be enclosed to the test evaluation.

5 5.1

Lab procedure Diagram of applied switchboard

The test is led by use of special switchboard for demonstration of different protection measures, Fig.10.

R L1 L 1 1

L1 L2 L3 N PE F1
R=1

R PE/N

F2

F3

220V H

220V

220V

RP T1
RK2 220V

RP

R4
R K1

T2

42V

T3

42V

RV1

RV2

RV3 20m 5m 1m 30m 10m 2m

////////////////////////////////////////////////////
RB RE /RA RE RA /RH RE R

Fig. 10: Switchboard block diagram for demonstration of protection measures according to VDE0100 Every resistor, which is not identified, is considered to be R = 1. The consumer resistors are RV1 = 50 , RV2 = 100, RV3 = 10.

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5.2

Mode of operation of protection equipment

5.2.1 Tripping operation of circuit breaker

1. Connect the neutral point of voltage source to earth through the operational earth electrode RB and connect up the ammeter at open circuit breaker F1 according to the scheme.
R L1 L

2.

Circuit conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the PEN-conductor - operational earth - earthing resistance the Table RL1 RPEN RB RE =1 =1 =2 according to
R PEN

1 1

F1
R=1

Ia A

/////////////////////////////
RB RE

3.

Determine by measurement or calculation in case RE = 0 the values given in the Table RE/ 0 2 5 15

a/A

ta/s

4. 5.

Outline the tripping characteristic ta(Ia) of the circuit breaker. Circuit breakers have mostly two tripping devices. Name the possible operation rules or actuating quantities for one tripping.

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5.3

Protection measures in the TN-system

Connect the voltage source according to the TN-C-S-system.

5.3.1 Protection operation of overcurrent protective devices in the TN-Ssystem

1. 2. Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Operation conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the PEN-conductor - operating earth RL1 RPEN RB =1 =1 =2 according to
R L1 L 1 1

R PEN

F2
R=1

IF A
RK

- consumer with short circuit to frame RK the Table

RV2

UF V

/////////////////////////////
RB RA /R H

3.

Measurement RK/ 1000 10 0

F/A

UF/V

ta/s

4.

Draw the equivalent circuit of fault current circuit (load current circuit is not taken into account) and calculate the maximum fault current and the fault voltage in case of consumer full short circuit to frame (RK = 0 ). Is an automatically switching off necessary?

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5.

Modified Operation conditions - line resistance - resistance in the PEN-conductor - operational earth - consumer with short circuit to frame RL1 RPEN RB RK = 20 = = = 1 2 0

6.

Measurement

F/A
UF/V ta/s

7.

Determine by calculations also F and UF according to 4. Is an automatically switching off necessary?

8.

Modified Operation conditions - line resistance - resistance of the PEN-conductor - operational earth - consumer with short circuit to frame RL1 RPEN RB RK = = = 1 2 0 = 20

9.

Measurement

F/A
UF/V ta/s

10. Examine by calculation the values F and UF according to 4. Why is this fault case considered as dangerous and how it can be avoided?

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5.3.2 Effect of resistance in the PEN-conductor on protection effectiveness in the TN-C-system

1. 2. Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Operation conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the PEN-conductor the Table - operational earth RL1 RPEN RB =1 according to =2 =
RK R L1 L 1 1

R PEN

A IPEN

F2
R=1

- consumer without short circuit to frame RK

RV2

UF V

/////////////////////////////
RB RA /RH

3.

Measurement (consumer switched on) RPEN/ 1 20 400

PEN/A

UF/V

4.

Draw the equivalent circuit of the tested circuit arrangement and determine by calculation PEN and UF with RPEN = 20 . Why can the PEN-conductor not be switchable itself?

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5.3.3
1.

Equipotential bonding and foundation earth

R L1 L 1 1 R PEN

Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Note: Setup arrangement first without B and C. Those are used in 4 and 5.

2.

Operating conditions: - line resistance - operational earth - PEN-conductorinterruption RL1 RB RPEN = 1 = 2 =

PEN interruption

F2
R=1

- consumer with no short circuit to frame RK - installation earth electrode

RK

= RA = 15

B RV2 C

UF V

UF V

/////////////////////////////
RB RA RE RA /RH

3.

Measurement (consumer switched on) Circuit arrangement without foundation earth connection and without equipotential bonding. Determine the fault voltage between a water pipe and the consumer body.

4.

Measurement Circuit arrangement with equipotential bonding (B), without foundation earth connection. Determine the fault voltage between the body and water pipe or reference earth.

5.

Measurement Circuit arrangement with equipotential bonding (B) and foundation earth connection (C). Measurement as in 4. Draw equivalent circuit of faulty circuit and examine by calculation the measured value UF (body reference earth).

6.

Why does the VDE 0100 require a main equipotential bonding in each building? Is this protective measure sufficient at the PEN-break?

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5.3.4 Voltage clamping in case of ground fault at outer conductor

1. 2. Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme
R L1 L

Operating conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the PEN-conductor - operational earth the Table RL1 RPEN RB =1 =1 according to
RK R PEN

F2
R=1

- consumer with no short circuit to frame RK - resistance at ground fault point RE

= =5

IF

RV2 V UF

/////////////////////////////
RB RE RA /RH

3. Measurement (consumer switched on) RB/ 2000 5 2 Draw equivalent circuit and examine by calculation the values for RB = 2 . 4. Modified Operating conditions - operational earth - resistance at ground fault point RB = 2 RE according to the Table

F/A

UF/V

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5.

Measurement RE/ 160 15 5 2 Note: the automatic device locating on back side of the panel "Netzeinspeisung" (input to network) releases during measurements at RE = 2 after about 30 s.

F/A

UF/V

6.

Is the operating earthing of 2 (RB) sufficient in case of outer conductor fault-to-ground, assuming that the earth contact resistance at fault point is normally not smaller than 5 (RE)? Which formal condition has to be fulfilled?

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5.4

Protective measures in the TT-system

Connect the voltage source according to the TT-system.

5.4.1
1. 2.

Effect of installating an earth-electrode on protection effectiveness

R L1 L 1 1

Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Operating conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the neutral conductor - operational earth RL1 RN RB =1 =1 =2 =0 RA according

RN

F2
R=1

- consumer with short circuit to frame RK - installation earth-electrode to the Table

RK

RV2

IF A

UF V

/////////////////////////////
RB RA

3. Measurement RA/ 160 15 5

F/A

UF/V

ta/s

4.

Draw the equivalent circuit of the fault current circuit and control by calculation values of fault voltage and fault current for RA = 5 . What effect has the installation earth-electrode on the protective measure?

5.

Is this configuration sufficient from protection view point? Which condition is valid for the highest permissible value of the installation earth-electrode ?

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5.4.2
1. 2.

Protection operation of fault current-protection equipment

Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Operating conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the neutral conductor - operational earth RL1 RN RB = = = 1 1 2

RL 1 1 RN

F1

F2

- consumer with short circuit to frame RK - installation earth-electrode to the table

RK = 1000 RA according

R4

IF A

RV2

UF V

/////////////////////////////
RB RE /RA RA /RH

3.

Measurement

RA/ 2000 160 15

F/A

UF/V

Tripping Yes/no

4.

Draw an equivalent circuit and calculate the fault current F for RA = 160.

5.

Calculate the highest permissible resistance value of the installation earth-electrode, when the tripping current of the FI-protective circuit-breaker is 300 mA .

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5.5

Protective measures in the IT-system

Connect the voltage source according to the IT-system.

5.5.1
1. 2.

Operation principle of protective measures in the IT-system

RL 1 1 RN

Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Operating conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the neutral conductor RL1 RN = 1 = 1 = 0 RA = 10

F2

- consumer with short circuit to frame RK - installation earth-electrode

RV2

UF V

/////////////////////////////
RB RE RA /RH

3.

Measurement (short circuit in system with no earthing) Measure the fault voltage UF between body and reference earth. Which is the reaction of the LS-switch? Describe the behaviour of the insulation monitoring with and without the consumer short-circuit to earth!

4.

Evaluate the potential liable to cause danger after short circuit in the IT-system. Can the device continue the operation? Which measures are in such fault case to take?

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5.5.2

Operation principle of protective measures in the IT-system (double fault)

1. 2.

Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Operating conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the neutral conductor - insulation resistance RL1 RN RIso = = 1 1
2

RL

RN

F1

F2

A IF

= 220 k = 20 = 0

- consumer 1 with short circuit to frame RK - consumer 2 with short circuit to frame RK

RV1

RV2

V UF

- installation earth-electrode RA = 10

///// ///////////////////////
RB RE RA /R H

3.

Measurement (short circuits of different outer conductors at two consumers) Measure the fault current F and the fault voltage UF between both consumers. Which observation referred to the LS-switches is to make?

4.

Draw an equivalent circuit of the faulty circuit and calculate the F and UF. Is in this case immediately switching off necessary? Calculate the

and

UF

for

two

full

short

circuits

to

frame

(RK1 = 0 ,

RK2 = 0 ). Is it necessary in this case to switch off immediately? Why is an insulation monitoring device important for the operation?

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5.5.3
1. 2.

Effect of line capacitances on protection effectiveness in the IT-system

Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Operating conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the neutral conductor - insulation resistance RL1 RN RIso = = 1 1
2

RL

RN

F2 A IF

= 220 k = 0

- consumer with short circuit to frame RK

RV2

V UF B

- installation earth-electrode RA according to the Table

///// ///////////////////////
RB RE RA /R H A

3. Measurement (fault voltage dependence on total earthing resistance of the installation)

RA/

Fault voltage between body and construction

Fault voltage between body and reference electrode

F/mA

1000 (500) 100 (90) 10 (9,9) Values in parenthesis stand for the real effective resistance values of the installation earthelectrode. 4. In contrast to observations in the test 5.5.1 the danger to persons can exist due to line capacitances. Which condition must be met by the earth-electrode of the installation, to preclude dangerous touch voltage during further operation after single short circuit to frame?

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5.6 Protective separation

Connect up the voltage source according to the TN-system.

5.6.1
1. 2.

Operation of protective separation

R L1 L 1 1

Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Operating conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the PEN-conductor - operational earth RL1 RPEN RB = 1 = 1 = 2

R PEN

F2
R=1

- consumer with short circuit to frame RK - earthing resistance RE

T1

= 0 = 15
B

RK

RV2

UF

/////////////////////////////
RB RE RA /RH

3.

Measurement (consumer with short circuit to frame) Measure the fault voltage UF.

4.

Measurement (consumer with short circuit to frame) Ground fault of a supply conductor through insulation fault (B). Measure the fault voltage UF.

4.

Explain when the protective separation fails.

- 28 -

5.6.2
1.

Protective separation in case of two consumers

R L1 L 1 1

Circuit arrangement: according to the scheme Note: Setup arrangement first without
R PEN

B and C. Those are used in 4 and 5. 2. Operating conditions: - line resistance - resistance in the PEN-conductor - operational earth RL1 = 1

F2
R=1

RPEN = 1 RB = 2 according to declaration

A
RK

T1 C B UFK V V UF2

- short circuits to frame on both consumers RK

V UF1

/////////////////////////////
RB RA /RH

3.

Measurement Short circuit to frame on consumer 1 (RK1 = 0 ) (A), Consumer 2 with no short circuit to frame (RK2 = ). Measure the fault voltage UF and the fault voltage UFK between housing of both consumers.

4.

Measurement Both consumers with short circuit to frame (RK1,2 = 0 ) (A and B). Measure UF and UFK.

5.

Measurement Both consumers with short circuit to frame (RK1,2 = 0 ) (A and B). Additionally connecting line between housing of both consumers (C). Measure UF and UFK.

6.

Which measure is therefore necessary in case of operation of more consumers at single isolating transformer?

- 29 -

Evaluation of Lab the results

6.1 Explain why in the TN-C-system the application of residual-current devices is not possible or it is not useful. 6.2 Which voltage lies across consumer body before switching off in the TN-system in case of direct short circuit to frame ? 6.3 Does also appear a fault voltage across body of the other consumer with no fault? Explain it using an outline. 6.4 Is it allowed to connect in the TN-S-system neutral conductors and protective conductors between transformer neutral point and protective device (FI-circuit breaker) ? Explain your answer. 6.5 Is it allowed to connect in the TN-S-system neutral conductors and protective conductors between the FI-circuit breaker and a consumer? Why? 6.6 Which fault voltage appears across an exposed conducting part of a device with direct short circuit to frame before switching off in the TT-system with overcurrent protective device (operational earth RB = 2 , protective earth RA = 3 ).

- 30 -

7
[1]

Literature
VDE 0100 Bestimmungen fr das Errichten von Starkstromanlagen mit Nennspannungen bis 1000 V VDE-Verlag, Berlin, Offenbach

[2]

VDE-Schriftenreihe 9 45 49 Schutzmanahmen gegen gefhrliche Krperstrme nach DIN 57100 / VDE 0100, Teil 410 und Teil 540 Elektro-Installation in Wohngebuden VDE 0100 und die Praxis

VDE-Verlag, Berlin, Offenbach [3] Koeppen, S. Erkrankungen der inneren Organe und des Nervensystems nach elektrischen Unfllen Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Gttingen, Heidelberg, 1953 [4] Siemens Elektrische Installationstechnik, Teil 3 Verlag Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin, Mnchen, 1985 [5] Seyr, S.; Rsch, G. Elektroinstallation, Blitzschutz, Lichttechnik Bohmann Verlag, Wien 1993 [6] Pietsch, G. Skriptum zur Vorlesung Schutzmanahmen und Schutzeinrichtungen in elektrischen Netzen und Anlagen RWTH Aachen