Definition of Power Quality

Definition of power quality: Power quality is a set of boundaries that allows electrical systems to function in their intended manner
without significant loss of performance or life. The term is used to describe electric power that drives an electrical load and the load's ability to function properly with that electric power. Without the proper power, an electrical device (or load) may malfunction, fail prematurely or not operate at all. Introduction It is often useful to think of power quality as a compatibility problem: is the equipment connected to the grid compatible with the events on the grid, and is the power delivered by the grid, including the events, compatible with the equipment that is connected? Compatibility problems always have at least two solutions: in this case, either clean up the power, or make the equipment tougher. Ideally, voltage is supplied by a utility as sinusoidal having an amplitude and frequency given by national standards (in the case of mains) or system specifications (in the case of a power feed not directly attached to the mains) with an impedance of zero ohms at all frequencies. No real-life power source is ideal and generally can deviate in at least the following ways: 1. Variations in the peak or RMS voltage are both important to different types of equipment. 2. When the RMS voltage exceeds the nominal voltage by 10 to 80% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute, the event is called a "swell". 3. A "dip" (in British English) or a "sag" (in American English - the two terms are equivalent) is the opposite situation: the RMS voltage is below the nominal voltage by 10 to 90% for 0.5 cycle to 1 minute. 4. Random or repetitive variations in the RMS voltage between 90 and 110% of nominal can produce a phenomenon known as "flicker" in lighting equipment. Flicker (i.e. light flicker) is the impression of unsteadiness of visual sensation induced by a light stimulus on the human eye. A precise definition of the voltage fluctuations (i.e. voltage flicker) that produce light flicker that annoys humans, has been subject to ongoing debate in more than one scientific community for many years. 5. Abrupt, very brief increases in voltage, called "spikes", "impulses", or "surges", generally caused by large inductive loads being turned off, or more severely by lightning. 6. "Undervoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage drops below 90% for more than 1 minute. The term "brownout" is an apt description for voltage drops somewhere between full power (bright lights) and a blackout (no power - no light). It comes from the noticeable to significant dimming of regular incandescent lights, during system faults or overloading etc., when insufficient power is available to achieve full brightness in (usually) domestic lighting. This term is in common usage has no formal definition but is commonly used to describe a reduction in system voltage by the utility or system operator to decrease demand or to increase system operating margins. 7. "Overvoltage" occurs when the nominal voltage rises above 110% for more than 1 minute.
8. 9. 10. 11.
Variations in the frequency Variations in the wave shape - usually described as harmonics Nonzero low-frequency impedance (when a load draws more power, the voltage drops) Nonzero high-frequency impedance (when a load demands a large amount of current, then stops demanding it suddenly, there will be a dip or spike in the voltage due to the inductances in the power supply line)
Each of these power quality problems has a different cause. Some problems are a result of the shared infrastructure. For example, a fault on the network may cause a dip that will affect some customers and the higher the level of the fault, the greater the number affected, or a problem on one customers site may cause a transient that affects all other customers on the same subsystem. Other problems, such as harmonics, arise within the customers own installation and may or may not propagate onto the network and so affect other customers. Harmonic problems can be dealt with by a combination of good design practice and well proven reduction equipment. Power conditioning Power conditioning is modifying the power to improve its quality. 1. An uninterruptible power supply can be used to switch off of mains power if there is a transient (temporary) condition on the line. However, cheaper UPS units create poor-quality power themselves, akin to imposing a higher-frequency and lower-amplitude sawtooth wave atop the sine wave. 2. A surge protector or simple capacitor or varistor can protect against most overvoltage conditions, while a lightning arrestor protects against severe spikes. 3. Electronic filters can remove harmonics. Smart Grids and Power quality Modern systems use sensors called PMUs distributed throughout their network to monitor power quality and in some cases respond automatically to them. Using such smart grids features of rapid sensing and automated self healing of anomalies in the network promises to bring higher quality power and less downtime while simultaneously supporting power from intermittent power sources and distributed generation, which would if unchecked degrade power quality.

Definition of Power Quality

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Definition of Power Quality

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Definition of Power Quality

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Definition of power quality: Power quality is a set of boundaries that allows electrical systems to function in their intended manner

You might also like