ON Fabrication of Frames using M.S.

Sheets (Door and Window Frames)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree of Bachelors of Technology (Mechanical) Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra

Submitted to: Er. Kapil Monga ( Lect Machanical Dept.)

Submitted By: Maninder Pal singh Roll No.- 2104454

DOON VALLEY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KARNAL-132001

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It gives me great pleasure to present this project report on

SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES (Fabrication of Frames using M.S.Sheets) I am thankful to all the Lecturers of Mechanical Engineering Department especially to Er. Kapil Monga for their valuable suggestions and timely help. The well-experienced and skilled staff of mechanical department imparted me good knowledge about the small-scale industries. I have enhanced my technical knowledge to a great extent by preparing this project report under the guidance of my guide lecturer and other lecturers of mechanical department. At last, I would like to thank the management of my college & university for introducing this project report in our study curriculum.

Maninder Pal Singh 2104454 B.Tech Mechanical (final year)

DOON VALLEY INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY,KARNAL-132001

CERTIFICATE
We hereby certify that the work, which is being presented in the entrepreneurship project, entitled Fabrication of FRAMES using M.S.Sheets by me in partial fulfillment in requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech (Mechanical Engg.) submitted in the department of mechanical engineering at DOON VALLY INSTITUTE OF EGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, KARNAL under KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY, KURUKSHETRA is carried out under the guidance of Er. Kapil Mongas

Er. Kapil Monga Lect. In Mech. Engg. DIET Karnal H.O.D In Mech. Engg. DIET Karnal

INDEX
1. Introduction
Classifications of Entrepreneur Characteristics of Entrepreneur Functions of Entrepreneur Entrepreneur development Introduction to SSI Advantages of Small Scale Industries Objectives of Small Scale Industries Financial requirement for SSI Overview of the steps taken by the GOI Credit to SSI Sector from public Sector Banks RBI and its support to SSI AGENCIES HELPING SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SSI Organization under SSI Training Institutes Studs in Marketing Management

2. Procedure to start a small scale industry 3. Introduction about the industry 4. Project Report 5. Breakeven Analysis

Introduction to Entrepreneur

ENTREPRENEUR
Entrepreneur is the owner of the business who contributes the capital and bears the risk of uncertainties in business life. He organizes, manages, assumes the risks and takes the decision about the enterprise. He takes all the steps to establish undertaking, coordinates the various factors of production, and gives it a start. He should be able to evaluate, business, opportunities, together all the necessary resources and ensures the success of the enterprise. CLASSIFICATION OF ENTREPRENEUR : Entrepreneur views are broadly classified into three groups: Risk bearer Organizer Innovator 1. ENTREPRENEUR AS A RISK BEARER: According to Richard Cotillion, a rich man living in France, was the first who introduced the term entrepreneur as an agent who buys the factory production at certain price in order to combine them into product with a view to selling it at certain price. He illustrated the framer who pays out contractual income, which are certain to landlord, labour and sells at price that are uncertain. Thus they too are risk bearer agent of production. Uncertainty is

defined as the risk which cannot be insure against and incalculable.

2.ENETREPREPNUER AS AN ORGANIZER: According to Jean-Baptize, Entrepreneur is a function of coordination, organization and supervision. According to him, an Entrepreneur is one who combines the land of one, the labor of another, capital of one another and thus produces product. By selling the product in the market he pays interest in capital, rent on land, wages to labor and what remains in his profit. 3.ENTREPREUER AS AN INNOVATOR: According to Joseph who has introduced new combination of factors of production. He said, it may occur in any one of the following five forms: 1. The introductions of new product in market. 2. The instituting of new production technique, which is not yet tested by experience in the branch of manufacture concern. 3. The opening of new market into which the specific product has not previously entered. 4. The discovery of new source of supply of raw material. 5. The carry input of new form of organization of any industry by creating of monopoly position or breaking up of it.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ENTREPRENEUR: An entrepreneur should have following characteristics: Desire of high achievement. Hardworking, willingness Highly optimistic Independence Foresight Good organizer Innovative Energetic Flexible Knowledgeable Resourceful and should be able to take initiative.

FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEUR: The function of an entrepreneur are as following: Idea generation Determination of business objectives Product analysis and market research Determination of form of ownership of organization completion of promotion facilities Raising the necessary funds Proper use of machine and material

 ENTREPRENEURE DEVELOPMENT The myth that entrepreneurs are born not made no longer holds good. Entrepreneur characteristics can be developed through entrepreneur development program. The duration under this program ranges from 7 days to 3 months. The objectives of entrepreneur development program can be started as: 1. To develop and strengthen their entrepreneurship quality. 2. To analyze the environment related to small scale industry. 3. To select project and product. 4. To formulate the project. 5. To know the influence support needed for launching enterprise. 6. To ensure providing self employment to launch a number of young men and women.

INTRODUCTION TO SSI
The SSI (Small Scale Industries) today is immense for the growth of country. Small Scale Industries are the industries which are run with the help of hired labour and which also use some simple machine and power. The investment scale in the industry varies from 5 lakhs to 1 crore for the fixed assets. Irrespective to number of workers engaged is called small-scale unit. In India these type of industries are promoted to meet with the problems of excess population and unemployment so the government of India promotes entrepreneur to set up small scale industries by aiding him by giving loans, subsidiaries, land, guidance etc. The strategy adopted by the government, is: 1. Public entrepreneurship should remain confirmed only to those industries and sectors where private enterprise, individual or corporate, is generally not attracted. Existing public entrepreneurship be improved through better management and by putting relatively greater emphasis on research and development. There is need to streamline the R&D wing of public sector enterprises. 2. All possible efforts are made very seriously (not carefully) for the development of an industrial culture. It should be realized that the central core of entrepreneurship is the motive force since by its very nature, entrepreneurship implies positive action and initiative, motivated individuals with the right kind

of combination of abilities and attributes can pursue their goal with unremitting courage and enthusiasm. 3. There is need to develop management education and industrial training. 4. The development of backward regions and areas constitutes a new challenge, programs for their development be drawn up and should be effectively implemented. 5. Adequate measures are a must for mobilizing and fostering the entrepreneurial talent in the country. In the context, it should be realized that entrepreneurs are not the gift of a particular class. 6. Economic administration by the state should be improved and made more effective so that economic policies may fully achieve their objectives in the overall interest of the economy. 7. Financial institutions should provide adequate and timely credit and technical assistance, especially to the small and medium sized enterprises. They may also impart knowledge about the needs of the economy and they should file their massive data in terms of growth of new entrants or entrepreneurs in the field of industry.

Advantages of Small Scale Industries 1. These create immediate and permanent employment in large scale at relatively small capital cost. 2. These can immediately meet a substantial part of the increased demand for consumer goods. 3. These offer a good method of ensuring more equitable distribution of national income. 4. These provide more chances of work and income. Objectives of Small Scale Industries 1. Employment generation 2. Equitable distribution of national income 3. To meet increased demand 4. Decentralization 5. Better utilization of services 6. Balanced economic development 7. Self employment 8. Labor intensive and capital saving 9. With small investment production can be easily started check on monopoly 10. Highly prcised machines and modern techniques are not needed.

 Financial requirement for SSI Since independence the government of India has been giving all possible encouragement of SSI. A number of organizations have been set up by the government of India to provide assistance and incentives to the small scale industries. These packages of assistance are provided to the SSI by a large number of organizations operating at national and state level. Development programs are being carried out at low levels. National level Agencies which work at national level are: a) Small Scale Industrial Board (SSIB). b) Small Scale Industries Development Organization (SSIDO). c) National Small Scale Industries Corporation State level Agencies working at state level are:a) b) c) d) e) f) (SIDBI). State Directorate of Industries. District Industrial Centre (DIC). State Small Industrial Corporation (SSIC). State Financial Corporation. Commercial Banks. Small Industries Development Bank of India

 Overview of the steps taken by the GOI is 1. Composite loans limits raised from Rs.10 lakhs to Rs. 25 lakhs. 2. In the national equality fond scheme (NEF) the project cost limit has been raised from Rs. 25 lakhs to Rs. 50 lakhs. 3. Soft loan limit restrained to 25% of the project. 4. Task force is appointed by the Department of Economic Affairs to suggest revitalization/ restructuring of State Financial Corporation.

Credit to SSI Sector from public Sector Banks RBI and its support to SSI a) Investment limit rises from Rs. 60 lakhs to Rs. 300 lakhs. b) Working capital limit raised to Rs 4 crores. c) Lower rate of interest and the interest is 20% of their projected annual turnover. d) Public sector banks have been advised to operational more specialized SSI branches at Centers where there is a potential for financing many SSI borrowers.

AGENCIES HELPING SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

1. National Small Industries Corporation (NSIC) 2. National Institute of Small Industries Extension Training (NISIET) 3. Indian Investment Centre (IIC) 4. Export Promotion Councils (EPC) 5. Commodity Boards (CB) 6. Small Industries Development Of India (STC) 7. State Trading Corporation Of India (STC) 8. District industries centre (DIC)

 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF SSI There are 28 SISIs and 30 Branch SISIs set up in State Capital and other industrial cities all over the country. The main activities of these institutions are as follows: Assistance/consultancy of prospective entrepreneurs. Project profiles. Entrepreneurship development Programmes. Motivational campaigns. Production index. Management development Programmes. Energy conservation Quality control and up gradation. Export promotion. Market surveys Intensive technical assistance.

Organization under SSI 1. Regional Testing Centres (RTCs) 2. Field Testing Stations (FTSs) 3. Tool Rooms/Tool Design Industries (TRs/TDs) 4. Training institutes: - National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training (NISIET) - National Institute for Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development (NIESBUD), New Delhi. - Integrated Training Centre (Industries), Nilokheri (Haryana). 5. Product-cum-Process Development Centres (PPDCs)

Six Centres are in existence. These are:- Firozabad for Glass Industry. - Kannauj for Essential Oils. - Meerut for Sports Goods and Leisure Time Equipment. - Agra for foundry and forgings. - Ramnagar for Electronic Industries - Mumbai for Electrical Measuring Instruments. The main motive of these Centres is to upgrade the technology of the manufacturer and help in energy conservation.

 Training Institutes
All the 3 training institutes mentioned above are an autonomous body and are under the administrative control of the office of DC (SSI). Their objective is to identify and motivate

traditional/non/traditional entrepreneurs and to provide training at National and International level. These institutes provide training by imparting seminars and workshops on topical issues. The

Integrated Training Centre (Industry), Nilokheri is the only institute that imparts training to the junior field staff i.e. Investigators/SIPOs to expose to and educate them in the Programmes and policies of development and promotion of small industries. At present its training consists of courses like 1. Rewinding of electric motors and house wiring. 2. Repairs to diesel engine and agricultural water pumps. 3. Servicing and repair to automobiles (cars and scooters).

 Studs in Marketing Management

1. Product Planning 2. Sales Forecasting 3. Pricing Policy 4. Distribution Strategy 5. Role of Advertising (Personnel Selling) 6. Quality 1. Product Planning Product planning may be defined as the act of marketing out and supervising the search, screening, development and commercialization of new products, modification of existing lines. Product planning involves three important considerations1. The development and introduction of new ideas 2. The modification of exiting lines as may be required in terms of changing consumers need and preferences. 3. The discontinuance of elimination of marginal or unprofitable products. Products can be classified as1. Consumers products 2. Industrial products

3. Defense products

Consumers products Goods designed for use ultimately by the consumers or household and in such from they can be used without commercial processing. Industrial product Goods which are designed to be sold primarily for use in producing goods or rendering services as contrasted with goods destined to be sold primarily to the ultimate consumers. 2. Sales Forecast Sales forecast is an estimate for the amount or unit sales for a specified future period under a proposed marketing plan or programme. As defined by the American Marketing Association it is an estimate of sales in doclars or physical units for a specified future period under a proposed marketing plan or programme and under an assumed set of economic and other forces outside the unit for which the forecast is made. Marketing of a proper sales forecast requires an assessment of: 1. The outside uncontrollable force likely to influence the company sales. 2. The internal proposed changes in the marketing strategies and tactics of the company which are likely to affect the sales. Sales forecast can be for a specified product line or it can be for a market as a whole or for any portion of it. According to the time period, the sales forecast can be divided under 3 types-

Short run forecast which generally extends from a few weeks to about six months or at most one year in future. This is mostly done by companies as day-to-day forecasts for their production control needs and to plan for long term financial needs. Medium range forecasts which extends from one year to about four years into future. This type of forecasting is important for: 1. Estimating profits, budgeting expenses etc. 2. Determining dividend policy 3. Deciding rate of maintenance expenditure 4. Determining schedule of operations. Long Range Forecast Extending to at least five years into future and in case of really large organizations extending over a longer period up to ten years or even more. It is useful in the following ways 1) Anticipating the magnitude and timing of capital expenditures required for new facilities in the future. 2) Determining probable trends and range of cash inflows from sales. 3) Estimating companies long range personnel needs. 4) Highlighting future problems. 3.Pricing Policy Pricing is a very critical decision. Pricing decisions are not easy to make. Hence sound pricing policies must be adopted to ensure that the organization secures satisfactory profits. For pricing decisions a marketing manager has to be

familiar with economic concepts useful in pricing decisions. He has to consider various pricing factors which influence pricing apart from costs such as the customers characteristics, the economic environment product and characteristics, competitive

Governmental control wherever applicable. The price of the product materially affects the demand for it as well as the organization competitive ability for expenditure if the quality of the product be improved this may be possible only if the customers are willing to pay a higher price for it. Besides, if the product is not properly priced there might be reluctance from the channels of distribution. 4. Distribution Strategy Distribution may be defined as an operation or a series of operations, which physically bring goods manufactured or produced by only particular manufacturers into the hands of the final consumers to the users. A distribution strategy consists of distributing or sub-dividing the total products of a manufacturer on a geographical basis to various specific markets. There may be a state market, a National Market or even a world wide market for the production while defining a strategy we have to deal with two aspects. First, is the organizational aspects, it is concerned with how and through what channels we should distribute. For this general marketing policy is

responsible for deciding the various channels for distribution. Secondly, is the operational aspect of distribution or the physical distribution, it is concerned with moving of goods from one place to another, including the warehousing storage and transportation costs as well includes.

5. Advertising To counter the markets at National and International level the GOI set up various institutes like:1. Export Credit Guarantee Corporation Ltd. (ECGC) 2. State Trading Corporation. (STC) 3. Trade Development Authority. 4. National small Industries Corporation. (NSIC)

PROCEDURE TO START A SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY Starting of a small-scale industry is not a very easy task. At the same time it is not difficult so, if different factors are considered before taking a decision to start it. For starting, the first and most important work is to select a suitable site and then to make a proper scheme and yet approved. Procedure to start small scale industry consist of following important steps-

1. Getting Familiar: An entrepreneur desiring to set up an industry must first formulate comprehensive setting the industry for its success. For this, he should be confident, enthusiastic and realizing. He should therefore make himself familiar with the permanent policies and procedures, assistants and facilities he can get from whom and how.

2. Selection of Industry Selection of a suitable place for an industry is the key to success. Different factors for the selection of the site are availability of the land, labour, raw material, power and transport facilities and nearness to the market.

Type and size of industry should be decided by the market study, quality and price of other product with which proposed item be in competition. Demand and supply of position of the product should be before selecting the type of industry. Owner should make himself conversant with all acts, rules of central and state governments etc.

3. Preparation of Scheme After deciding the product to be manufactured and the place of industry, a detailed scheme is prepared. This scheme include number of machines, their approximate cost, requirements of land and building, number of workers and other staff, their salaries and estimated production cost, expected profit, proposed factory layout and plant layout.

Introduction to industry
About this industry Windows and door frames (Chaukhats of known in rural or local languages) are the essential part of constructions of any building like hospitals, offices or homes. As to support any member, initial or basic frame is needed or chaukhats are really essential to support any door or window or any other member of such kind in a building. So this industry is related to the fabrication and manufacturing of such frames using M.S.sheets. Market Potential Since now a days contractions is at a rapid pace in each area, may be rural or urban. So these windows an door frames are always in demand. Since the constructions business is increasing at a rapid pace, so demand of these is also going to be increased at a rapid pace. Plant Location 1. the plant site should be chosen at a place where supply of electricity should be easily available and should be accessible to water and drainage system. 2. it should be located in the closest possible proximity to a key industrial area where transport of raw materials and products are convenient.

Various type of doors and windows frame Traditionally, windows and door frames were made of wood using seasum, teek etc. but these dont have a longer life. As they were more prone to termites. Also their maintenance was also very costly and they arent environmentally friendly. Now a day these are made either from mild steel sheets. Aluminum sheet and PVC moldings which have longer life as well as their maintenance is also very economical.

Man working on a hydraulic press

PROCESS FLOW CHART (Fabrication of Doors and Window Frames)

Raw material storage Raw material inspection Sheet Shearing with aid of sheet shearing machine Marking and dimensioning with precise gauge and center punches Bending of sheets into shapes with hydraulic operated sheet bending machine Bending of edges Drilling of holes with bench drilling machine Welding of sub parts of frame

 Priming of unfinished frame Paining of frames Final inspection Dispatch

Break Even Point:

BEP = FC*100/ (FC+GP) = 5,16,500*100/(20,00,000+5,16,500) = 5,16,500*100/25,16,500 = 20.542%