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Structural Mechanics Stiffness Method - One Dimensional Analyses Continued

This document discusses the stiffness method for one-dimensional structural analysis. It introduces element and structure stiffness matrices [k] and [K] which relate applied forces {F} to displacements {δ}. The element stiffness matrix [k] depends on the element's stiffness k. The overall equations are {F} = [K]{δ}, accounting for externally applied forces {R}, nodal forces from non-nodal loads {Fd}, and initial stresses {Fε0}. Boundary conditions are required to obtain a unique solution for displacements {δ}.

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55 views6 pages

Structural Mechanics Stiffness Method - One Dimensional Analyses Continued

This document discusses the stiffness method for one-dimensional structural analysis. It introduces element and structure stiffness matrices [k] and [K] which relate applied forces {F} to displacements {δ}. The element stiffness matrix [k] depends on the element's stiffness k. The overall equations are {F} = [K]{δ}, accounting for externally applied forces {R}, nodal forces from non-nodal loads {Fd}, and initial stresses {Fε0}. Boundary conditions are required to obtain a unique solution for displacements {δ}.

Uploaded by

denis1808scribd
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRUCTURAL MECHANICS Lecture 9 Stiffness Method - One Dimensional Analyses continued

Element Stiffness Matrix [k]


In general, both ends of an element will move : e.g.

Sign convention :

( F , u)

+ ( F , u)

F1 = k ( u1 u2 ) F2 = k (u2 u1 ) Rewrite as

- spring in compression if u1 u2 - spring in tension if u2 u1

F1 = ku1 ku2 F2 = ku1 + ku2

In matrix form :

{ F } = [ k ] {}
F 2 u 2

where

{ F } = F1 , {} = u1

and element stiffness matrix

[ k ] = k

If

k k11 = k k 21

k12 k 22 k12 1 k11 = k 22 0 k 21 k12 0 k12 = k 22 1 k 22

F1 k11 u1 = 1 and u2 = 0, then : = F2 k 21 F1 k11 u1 = 0 and u2 = 1, then : = F2 k 21

and if

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SM lecture 9

k11 = force at node 1 resulting from unit displacement of node 1 k21 = force at node 2 resulting from unit displacement of node 1 k12 = force at node 1 resulting from unit displacement of node 2 k22 = force at node 2 resulting from unit displacement of node 2

kij is the force at i which balances the force in the member resulting from a unit displacement at j with zero displacement at all other nodes..

i.e.

Note:

[k] symmetric since k12 = k21

Reciprocal Theorem shows this always true (shown by considering the amount of work done) Reciprocal Theorem examples:

BA = AB

Numerically : If C = P, then BA = AB

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SM lecture 9

Structure Stiffness Matrix [K]


Consider 2 springs in series

Separate :

Set u1 = 1, u2 = u3 = 0

Set u2 = 1, u1 = u3 = 0

Set u3 = 1, u1 = u2 = 0

Overall equations:

F1 = k11 u1 + k12 u2 + k13 u3


` F1 = k a u1 k a u2 + 0 u3

F2 = k 21 u1 + k 22 u2 + k 23 u3 Since

F2 = F2a + F2b then

k 21 = k 21a + k 21b
k 22 = k 22a + k 22b k 23 = k 23a + k 23b

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F2 = ( k a + 0)u1 + ( k a + kb )u2 + ( 0 kb )u3 F3 = k 31 u1 + k 32 u2 + k 33 u3 F3 = 0 u1 kb u2 + k b u3 In matrix form :

{ F } = [ K ] {}
K11 K 21 K31 K12 K22 K32

where [ K ] is the structure stiffness matrix

i.e.

F1 F2 = F 3

K13 u1 K23 u2 = K33 u3

ka k a 0

ka 0 u1 ( k a + kb ) kb u2 kb kb u3

Note :

[K] indicates structure stiffness matrix [k] indicates element stiffness matrix

where

[ k ]a

k11 = k 21a k

k12 = k 22a k 23b = k 33

ka k a kb k b

ka ka kb kb

[ k ]b = k22b
32

{F}

are externally applied forces

Hence if : Then F1 = R, F2 = 0, ( F2a = F2b ), F3 = P

Must introduce boundary conditions (restraints) before solution for {} possible - to prevent rigid body movement. For this example : u1 = 0 F1 R k a F2 = 0 = k a F P 0 3 3 equations: ka 0 u1 = 0 ( k a + kb ) kb u2 kb kb u3 (1) (2) (3)

R = k a u2 0 = ( k a + k b ) u2 k b u3 P = k b u 2 + k b u3

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Always get 2 types of equation: Eq 2 and 3 : Forces known but displacements not known. Solve to get displacements (primary solutions). Number of unknowns match number of equations. Forces and displacements not known. Forces can be found once solution for displacements obtained (secondary solution).

Eq 1

Treatment of Forces Not Applied at Nodes


General equation is :

{ F} = [ K ] {}

To account for forces not at nodes, we put : where and

{ F } = { R} + {Fd }

{R} lists external forces applied at nodes {Fd} lists nodal forces that would be generated on the nodes by forces not applied at nodes if no nodal movement occurs.

e.g.

if load P applied uniformly along member:


Total load P P 2 P 2

{Fd } a =

+ P 2 P + 2

if point load P acts a distance x from on end:


x

P( L x ) L

P
L

Px L

( L x) + P L {Fd } a = Px + L

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SM lecture 9

Treatment of Initial Strain (due to thermal changes or initial lack of fit)


To account for initial strain we put :

{ F } = { R} + {Fd } + {F 0 }

where { F 0 } lists nodal forces that would be generated on the nodes by initial stress if no nodal movement occurs. e.g. if temperature rise T and coefficient of expansion then initial strain 0 = T and compressive force in member = EAT

EAT EAT EAT

{F 0 } a

EAT = + EAT

if initial lack of fit s (too large) then initial strain 0 =

s EAs and compressive force in member = L L

EAs L

EAs L

EAs L

{F 0 } a

EAs / = + EAs /

L L

Overall equation thus : { R} + {Fd } + {F 0 } = [ K ] {} After solution for displacements found, effects of forces not applied at nodes and initial stress need to be considered when calculating forces and stresses in member. Forces acting on end of member e,

{ F} e given by {F } e = [ k ] e {} e {Fd } e {F 0 } e .

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SM lecture 9

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