Great Scientists

01Thomas Alva Edison

Born

Thomas Alva Edison February 11, 1847 Milan, Ohio, U.S. October 18, 1931 (aged 84) West Orange, New Jersey, U.S. American School dropout Inventor, businessman Deist Mary Stilwell (m. 18711884) Mina Miller (m. 18861931)

Died

Nationality Education Occupation Religion Spouse(s)

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 1

Great Scientists
Children Marion Estelle Edison (18731965) Thomas Alva Edison Jr. (18761935) William Leslie Edison (18781937) Madeleine Edison (18881979) Charles Edison (18901969) Theodore Miller Edison (18981992) Samuel Ogden Edison, Jr. (18041896) Nancy Matthews Elliott (18101871) Lewis Miller (father-in-law)

Parents

Relatives Signature

In school, the young Edison's mind often wandered, and his teacher, the Reverend Engle, was overheard calling him "addled". This ended Edison's three months of official schooling. Edison recalled later, "My mother was the making of me. She was so true, so sure of me; and I felt I had something to live for, someone I must not disappoint." His mother taught him at home.[7]Much of his education came from reading R.G. Parker's School of Natural Philosophy. Contrary to popular belief, Thomas Edison was not born into poverty in a backwater mid-western town. Actually, he was born -on Feb. 11, 1847 - to middle-class parents in the bustling port of Milan, Ohio, a community that next to Odessa, Russia - was the largest wheat shipping center in the world. In 1854, his family moved to the vibrant city of Port Huron, Michigan, which ultimately surpassed the commercial preeminence of
By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur Page 2

Great Scientists
both Milan and Odessa....

At age seven - after spending 12 weeks in a noisy one-room schoolhouse with 38 other students of ll ages - Tom's overworked and short tempered teacher finally lost his patience with the child's persistent questioning and seemingly self centered behavior. Noting that Tom's forehead was unusually broad and his head was considerably larger than average, he made no secret of his belief that the hyperactive youngster's brains were "addled" or scrambled. If modern psychology had existed back then, Tom would have probably been deemed a victim of ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) and proscribed a hefty dose of the "miracle drug" Ritalin. Instead, when his beloved mother - whom he recalled "was the making of me... [because] she was always so true and so sure of me... And always made me feel I had someone to live for and must not disappoint." - became aware of the situation, she promptly withdrew him from school and began to "home-teach" him. Not surprisingly, she was convinced her son's slightly unusual demeanor and physical appearance were merely outward signs of his remarkable intelligence. A descendant of the distinguished Elliot family of New England, New York born Nancy Edison was the devout and attractive daughter of a highly respected Presbyterian minister and an accomplished educator in her own right.
By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur Page 3

Great Scientists
After the above incident, she commenced teaching her favorite son the "Three Rs" and the Bible. Meanwhile, his rather "worldly" and roguish father, Samuel, encouraged him to read the great classics, giving him a ten cents reward for each one he completed. Beginning his career Edison began his career as an inventor in Newark, New Jersey, with the automatic repeater and his other improved telegraphic devices, but the invention that first gained him notice was the phonograph in 1877.[29] This accomplishment was so unexpected by the public at large as to appear almost magical. Edison became known as "The Wizard of Menlo Park," New Jersey.[1] His first phonograph recorded on tinfoil around a grooved cylinder, but had poor sound qualityand the recordings could be played only a few times. In the 1880s, a redesigned model using wax-coated cardboard cylinders was produced by Alexander Graham Bell,Chichester Bell, and Charles Tainter. This was one reason that Thomas Edison continued work on his own "Perfected By the 1920s Edison was internationally revered. However, even though he was personally acquainted with scores of very important people of his era, he cultivated very few close friendships. And due to the continuing demands of his career, there were still relatively long periods when he spent a shockingly small amount of time with his family. It wasn't until his health began to fail, in the late 1920s, that Edison finally began to slow down and, so to speak, "smell the flowers." Up until obtaining his last (1,093rd) patent at age 83, he worked mostly at home where, though increasingly frail, he enjoyed greeting former associates and famous people such as Charles Lindberg, Marie Curie, Henry Ford, and President Herbert Hoover etc.

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 4

Great Scientists
He also enjoyed reading the mail of admirers and puttering around, when able, in his office and home laboratory.

Awards
The President of the Third French Republic, Jules Grvy, on the recommendation of his Minister of Foreign Affairs Jules Barthlemy-SaintHilaire and with the presentations of the Minister of Posts and Telegraphs Louis Cochery, designated Edison with the distinctionof an 'Officer of the Legion of Honour' (Lgion d'honneur) by decree on November 10, 1881;[89] He also named a Chevalier in 1879, and a Commander in 1889.[90] In 1887, Edison won the Matteucci Medal. In 1890, he was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The Philadelphia City Council named Edison the recipient of the John Scott Medal in 1889.[90] In 1899, Edison was awarded the Edward Longstreth Medal of The Franklin Institute.[91] He was named an Honorable Consulting Engineer at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition World's fair in 1904.[90] In 1908, Edison received the American Association of Engineering Societies John Fritz Medal.[90] In 1915, Edison was awarded Franklin Medal of The Franklin Institute for discoveries contributing to the foundation of industries and the well-being of the human race.[92] In 1920, The United States Navy department awarded him the Navy Distinguished Service Medal.[90] In 1923, The American Institute of Electrical Engineers created the Edison Medal and he was its first recipient.[90] In 1927, he was granted membership in the National Academy of Sciences.[90] On May 29, 1928, Edison received the Congressional Gold Medal.[90] In 1983, the United States Congress, pursuant to Senate Joint Resolution 140 (Public Law 97198), designated February 11, Edison's birthday, as National Inventor's Day.[93]

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 5

Great Scientists

02 SirIsaac Newton

Born

25 December 1642 [NS: 4 January 1643][1] Woolsthorpe-byColsterworth,Lincolnshire, England 20 March 1727 (aged 84) [OS: 20 March 1726 NS: 31 March 1727][1] Kensington, Middlesex, England,Great Britain Westminster Abbey England English (later British)
o o o

Died

Resting place Residence Nationality Fields

Physics Natural philosophy Mathematics Astronomy Alchemy Christian theology Economics

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 6

Great Scientists
Institutions

University of Cambridge Royal Society Royal Mint Trinity College, Cambridge

Alma mater Academic advisors

Isaac Barrow[2] Benjamin Pulleyn[3][4]

Notable students Roger Cotes William Whiston Known for

Newtonian mechanics Universal gravitation Infinitesimal calculus Optics Binomial series Principia Newton's method

Influences

Johannes Kepler Henry More[5] Polish Brethren[6] Robert Boyle[7] Nicolas Fatio de Duillier John Keill Signature

Influenced

An English physicistand mathematician who is widely regarded as one of the most influential scientists of all time and as a key figure in the scientific revolution. His book Philosophi Naturalis Principia
Page 7

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Great Scientists
Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first

published in 1687, laid the foundations for most of classical mechanics. Newton also made seminal contributions to optics and shares credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the invention of theinfinitesimal calculus. Newton's Principia formulated the laws of motion and universal

gravitation that dominated scientists' view of the physical universe for the next three centuries. It also demonstrated that the motion of objects on the Earth and that of celestial bodies could be described by the same principles. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from his mathematical description of gravity, Newton removed the last doubts about the validity of the heliocentricmodel of the cosmos.

From the age of about twelve until he was seventeen, Newton was educated at The King's School, Grantham. He was removed from school, and by October 1659, he was to be found at Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, where his mother, widowed by now for a second time, attempted to make a farmer of him. He hated farming.[10] Henry Stokes, master at the King's School, persuaded his mother to send him back to school so that he might complete his education. Motivated partly by a desire for revenge against a schoolyard bully, he became the top-ranked student.[11] The Cambridge psychologist Simon BaronCohen considers it "fairly certain" that Newton had Asperger syndrome Newton's work has been said "to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied".[17]His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton's mathematical papers.[18] The author of the manuscript De
By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur Page 8

Great Scientists
analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as..

In 1679, Newton returned to his work on (celestial) mechanics, i.e., gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets, with reference to Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 167980 with Hooke, who had been appointed to manage the Royal Society's correspondence, and who opened a correspondence intended to elicit contributions from Newton to Royal Society transactions.[41] Newton's reawakening interest in astronomical matters received further stimulus by the appearance of a comet in the winter of 16801681, on which he corresponded with John Flamsteed.[46] After the exchanges with Hooke, Newton worked out a proof that the elliptical form of planetary orbits would result from a centripetal force inversely proportional to the square of the radius vector (see Newton's law of universal gravitation History and De motu corporum in gyrum).

Besides the work of Newton and others on calculus, the first important demonstration of the power of analytic geometry was Newton's classification of cubic curves in the Euclidean plane in the late 1600s. He divided them into four types, satisfying different equations, and in 1717 Stirling, probably with Newton's help, proved that every cubic was one of these four. Newton also

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 9

Great Scientists
claimed that the four types could be obtained by plane projection from one of them, and this was proved in 1731 In April 1705, Queen Anne knighted Newton during a royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge. The knighthood is likely to have been motivated by political considerations connected with theParliamentary election in May 1705, rather than any recognition of Newton's scientific work or services as Master of the Mint.[64] Newton was the second scientist to be knighted, after Sir Francis Bacon. Towards the end of his life, Newton took up residence at Cranbury Park, near Winchester with his niece and her husband, until his death in 1727.[65] His half-niece, Catherine Barton Conduitt,[66]served as his hostess in social affairs at his house on Jermyn Street in London; he was her "very loving Uncle,"[67] according to his letter to her when she was recovering from smallpox. Newton died in his sleep in London on 20 March 1727 (OS 20 March 1726; NS 31 March 1727)[1] and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Voltaire was present at his funeral and praised the British for honoring a scientist of heretical religious beliefs with burial there. A bachelor, he had divested much of his estate to relatives during his last years, and died intestate. After his death, Newton's hair was examined and found to contain mercury, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. Mercury poisoning could explain Newton's eccentricity in late life.

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 10

Great Scientists
03 Galileo Galilei

Born

15 February 1564[1] Pisa,[1] Duchy of Florence, Italy 8 January 1642 (aged 77)[1] Arcetri,[1] Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Italy Italian (Tuscan) Astronomy, physics and mathematics University of Pisa University of Padua University of Pisa Ostilio Ricci[2]

Died

Residence Nationality Fields Institutions

Alma mater Academic advisors

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 11

Great Scientists
Notable students Benedetto Castelli Mario Guiducci Vincenzo Viviani[3] Kinematics Dynamics Telescopic observational astronomy Heliocentrism Signature

Known for

Galileo Galilei ( 15 February 1564[4] 8 January 1642),[5] was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to thetelescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for Copernicanism. Galileo has been called the "father of modern observational astronomy",[6] the "father of modern physics",[7] the "father of science",[7] and "the Father of Modern Science".[8] His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic confirmation of thephases of Venus, the discovery of the four largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots. Galileo also worked in applied science and technology, inventing an improved military compass and other instruments.

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 12

Great Scientists
Galileo was named after an ancestor, Galileo Bonaiuti, a physician, university teacher and politician who lived in Florence from 1370 to 1450; at that time in the late 14th century, the family's surname shifted from Bonaiuti (or Buonaiuti) to Galilei. Galileo Bonaiuti was buried in the same church, the Basilica of Santa Croce in Florence, where about 200 years later his more famous descendant Galileo Galilei was buried too. When Galileo Galilei was 8, his family moved to Florence, but he was left with Jacopo Borghini for two years.[1] He then was educated in the Camaldolese Monastery at Vallombrosa, 35 km southeast of Florence.[1] Although a genuinely pious Roman Catholic,[16] Galileo fathered three children out of wedlock withMarina Gamba. They had two daughters, Virginia in 1600 and Livia in 1601, and one son, Vincenzo, in 1606. Because of their illegitimate birth, their father considered the girls unmarriageable, if not posing problems of prohibitively expensive support or dowries, which would have been similar to Galileo's previous extensive financial problems with two of his sisters.[17] Their only worthy alternative was the religious life. Both girls were accepted by the convent of San Matteo in Arcetri and remained there for the rest of their lives.[18] Virginia took the name Maria Celeste upon entering the convent. She died on 2 April 1634, and is buried with Galileo at the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence. Livia took the name Sister Arcangela and was ill for most of her life. Vincenzo was later legitimised as the legal heir of Galileo, and married Sestilia Bocchineri..

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 13

Great Scientists
in July 1633, concluded with his being threatened with torture if he did not tell the truth, but he maintained his denial despite the threat.[59] The sentence of the Inquisition was delivered on June 22. It was in three essential parts:

Galileo was found "vehemently suspect of heresy", namely of having held the opinions that the Sun lies motionless at the centre of the universe, that the Earth is not at its centre and moves, and that one may hold and defend an opinion as probable after it has been declared contrary to Holy Scripture. He was required to "abjure, curse and detest" those opinions.[60] He was sentenced to formal imprisonment at the pleasure of the Inquisition.[61] On the following day this was commuted to house arrest, which he remained under for the rest of his life. His offending Dialogue was banned; and in an action not announced at the trial, publication of any of his works was forbidden, including any he might write in the future. Career as a scientist Although he seriously considered the priesthood as a young man, at his father's urging he instead enrolled at the University of Pisa for a medical degree.[20] In 1581, when he was studying medicine, he noticed a swinging chandelier, which air currents shifted about to swing in larger and smaller arcs. It seemed, by comparison with his heartbeat, that the chandelier took the same amount of time to swing back and forth, no matter how far it was swinging. When he returned home, he set up two pendulums of equal length and swung one with a large sweep and the other with a small sweep and found that they kept time together.

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 14

Great Scientists
It was not until Christiaan Huygens almost one hundred years later, however, that the tautochrone nature of a swinging pendulum was used to create an accurate timepiece.[21] To this point, he had deliberately been kept away from mathematics (since a physician earned so much more than a mathematician), but upon accidentally attending a lecture on geometry, he talked his reluctant father into letting him study mathematics and natural philosophy instead.[21] He created a thermoscope (forerunner of the thermometer) and in 1586 published a small book on the design of a hydrostatic balance he had invented (which first brought him to the attention of the scholarly world). Galileo also studied disegno, a term encompassing fine art, and in 1588 attained an instructor position in the Accademia delle Arti del Disegno in Florence, teaching perspective and chiaroscuro. Being inspired by the artistic tradition of the city and the works of the Renaissance artists, Galileo acquired an aesthetic mentality. While a young teacher at the Accademia, he began a lifelong friendship with the Florentine painter Cigoli, who included Galileo's lunar observations in one of his paintings.[22][23] In 1589, he was appointed to the chair of mathematics in Pisa. In 1591, his father died and he was entrusted with the care of his younger brother Michelagnolo. In 1592, he moved to the University of Padua, teaching geometry, mechanics, and astronomy until 1610.[24] During this period, Galileo made significant discoveries in both pure fundamental science (for example, kinematics of motion and astronomy) as well as practical applied science (for example, strength of materials and improvement of the telescope). His multiple interests included the study of astrology, which at the time was a discipline tied to the studies of mathematics and astronomy.[25]

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 15

Great Scientists
04 C.V. Raman

Born

7 November 1888 Thiruvanaikoil, Tiruchirappalli,Madras Province, British India 21 November 1970 (aged 82) Bangalore, Karnataka, India Indian Physics Indian Finance Department[1] University of Calcutta Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science Indian Institute of Science Central College, Bangalore University Raman Research Institute
Page 16

Died

Nationality Fields Institutions

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Great Scientists Alma mater Doctoral students Known for Notable awards University of Madras G. N. Ramachandran Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai Raman effect Knight Bachelor (1929) Nobel Prize in Physics (1930) Bharat Ratna (1954) Lenin Peace Prize (1957)

One of the most prominent Indian scientists in history, C.V. Raman was the first Indian person to win the Nobel Prize in science for his illustrious 1930 discovery, now commonly known as the Raman Effect. It is immensely surprising that Raman used an equipment worth merely Rs.200 to make this discovery. The Raman Effect is now examined with the help of equipment worth almost millions of rupees. Early Life: Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born at Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu on 7th November 1888 to a physics teacher. Raman was a very sharp student. After doing his matriculation at 12, he was supposed to go abroad for higher studies, but after medical examination, a British surgeon suggested against it. Raman instead attended Presidency College, Madras. After completing his graduation in 1904, and M.Sc. in Physics in 1907, Raman put through various

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 17

Great Scientists
significant researches in the field of physics. He studied the diffraction of light and his thesis on the subject was published in 1906. Raman was made the Deputy Accountant General in Calcutta in 1907, after a successful Civil Service competitive examination. Very much occupied due to the job, he still managed to spare his evenings for scientific research at the laboratory of the Indian Association for Cultivation of Sciences. On certain occasions, he even spent the entire nights. Such was his passion that in 1917, he resigned from the position to become the Professor of Physics at Calcutta University. In 1917, Raman resigned from his government service after he was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics at the University of Calcutta. At the same time, he continued doing research at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (IACS), Calcutta, where he became the Honorary Secretary. Raman used to refer to this period as the golden era of his career. Many students gathered around him at the IACS and the University of Calcutta. On 28 February 1928, Raman led experiments at the IACS with collaborators, including K. S. Krishnan, on the scattering of light, when he discovered theRaman effect. A detailed account of this period is reported in the biography by G. Venkatraman.[4] It was instantly clear that this discovery was of huge value. It gave further proof of the quantum nature of light. Raman had a complicated professional relationship with K. S. Krishan, who surprisingly did not share the award, but is mentioned prominently even in the Nobel lecture.[5]

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 18

Great Scientists
Raman spectroscopy came to be based on this phenomenon, and Ernest Rutherford referred to it in his presidential address to the Royal Society in 1929. Raman was president of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. He was conferred a knighthood, and medals and honorary doctorates by various universities. Raman was confident of winning the Nobel Prize in Physics as well, but was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went toRichardson in 1928 and to de Broglie in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November, and would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news. He did eventually win the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman effect". He was the first Asian and first non-White to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him Rabindranath Tagore (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913. Raman and Bhagavantam discovered the quantum photon spin in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light.[6] During his tenure at IISc, he recruited the then talented electrical engineering student, G. N. Ramachandran, who later was a distinguished X-ray crystallographer himself. Raman also worked on the acoustics of musical instruments. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of bowed strings, on the basis of superposition velocities. He was also the first to investigate the harmonic nature of the sound of the Indian drums such as thetabla and the mridangam.

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 19

Great Scientists

Contributions and Achievements: On a sea voyage to Europe in 1921, Raman curiously noticed the blue color of the glaciers and the Mediterranean. He was passionate to discover the reason of the blue color. Once Raman returned to India, he performed many experiments regarding the scattering of light from water and transparent blocks of ice. According to the results, he established the scientific explanation for the blue color of sea-water and sky. There is a captivating event that served as the inspiration for the discovery of the Raman Effect. Raman was busy doing some work on a December evening in 1927, when his student, K.S. Krishnan (who later became the Director of the National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi), gave him the news that Professor Compton has won the Nobel Prize on scattering of X-rays. This led Raman to have some thoughts. He commented that if the Compton Effect is applicable for X-rays, it must also be true for light. He carried out some experiments to establish his opinion. Raman employed monochromatic light from a mercury arc which penetrated transparent materials and was allowed to fall on a spectrograph to record its spectrum. During this, Raman detected some new lines in the spectrum which were later called Raman Lines. After a few months, Raman put forward his discovery of Raman Effect in a meeting of scientists at Bangalore on March 16, 1928, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930. The Raman Effect is considered very significant in analyzing the molecular structure of chemical compounds. After a decade of its discovery, the
By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur Page 20

Great Scientists
structure of about 2000 compounds was studied. Thanks to the invention of the laser, the Raman Effect has proved to be a very useful tool for scientists. Some of Ramans other interests were the physiology of human vision, the optics of colloids and the electrical and magnetic anisotropy. Later Life and Death: Sir C.V. Raman became the Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1924. A year later, he set up Raman Research Institute near Bangalore, where he continued the scientific research until his death which was caused by a strong heart attack on November 21, 1970. His sincere advice to aspiring scientists was that scientific research needed independent thinking and hard work, not equipment.

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 21

Great Scientists
APJ Abdul Kalam

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam

A. P. J. Abdul Kalam

Abdul Kalam at the 12th Wharton India Economic Forum, 2008

11th President of India

In office 25 July 2002 25 July 2007

Prime Minister

Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 22

Great Scientists
Vice President Bhairon Singh Shekhawat

Preceded by

K. R. Narayanan

Succeeded by

Pratibha Devisingh Patil

Personal details

Born

Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam 15 October 1931 (age 81) Rameswaram, Madras Presidency, British India (now in Tamil Nadu, India)

Alma mater

St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli Madras Institute of Technology

Profession

Professor, Author, scientist, president Aerospace engineer

Website

abdulkalam.com

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 23

Great Scientists
This article is about the former President of India. For the freedom fighter, see Abul Kalam Azad. Bharat Ratna Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam ( i/bdl klm/; born 15 October 1931) usually referred to as Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, is an Indian scientist and administrator who served as the 11th President of India from 2002 to 2007. Kalam was born and raised in Rameswaram, Tamil Nadu, studied physics at the St. Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, Institute of and aerospace engineering at the Madras

Technology (MIT),Chennai Before his term as President, he worked as an aerospace engineer with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO).[1] Kalam is popularly known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[2] He played a pivotal organizational, technical and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974. Some scientific experts have however called Kalam a man with no authority over nuclear physics but who just carried on the works of Homi J. Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai.[3] Before his term as President, he worked as an aerospace engineer with Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO).[1] Kalam is popularly known as the Missile Man of India for his work on the development of ballistic missile and launch vehicle technology.[2] He played a pivotal organizational, technical and political role in India's Pokhran-II nuclear tests in 1998, the first since the original nuclear test by India in 1974. Some scientific experts have however called Kalam a man with no authority over nuclear physics but who just carried on the works of Homi J. Bhabha and Vikram Sarabhai.[3]
By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur Page 24

Great Scientists
Kalam was elected the President of India in 2002, defeating Lakshmi Sahgal and was supported by both the Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party, the major political parties of India. He is currently a visiting professor at Indian Institute of Management Shillong, Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad and Indian Institute of Management Indore, honorary fellow of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore,[4] Chancellorof the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology Thiruvananthapuram, a professorof Aerospace Engineering at Anna University (Chennai), JSS University (Mysore) and an adjunct/visiting faculty at many other academic and research institutions across India. Kalam advocated plans to develop India into a developed nation by 2020 in his book India 2020. Books authored by him have received considerable demands in South Korea for the translated versions.[5] He has received several prestigious awards, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian honour. Kalam is known for his motivational speeches and interaction with the student community in India.[6] He launched his mission for the youth of the nation in 2011 called the What Can I Give Movement with a central theme to defeatcorruption in India. Early life and education[edit source | editbeta] A. P. J. Abdul Kalam was born on 15 October 1931 in a Tamil Muslim family to Jainulabdeen, a boat owner and Ashiamma, a housewife, at Rameswaram, located in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu.[7][8][9][10] He came from a poor background and started working at an early age to supplement his family's income.[11] After completing school, Kalam distributed newspapers in order to financially contribute to his father's income.[11][12] In his school years, he had average grades, but was described as a bright and hardworking student who had a strong desire to learn and spend hours on his studies, especially mathematics.[12] "I inherited honesty and self-discipline from my father; from my mother, I inherited faith in goodness and deep kindness as did my three brothers and sisters." A quote from Kalam's autobiography[9] After completing his school education at the Rameshwaram Elementary School, Kalam went on to attend Saint Joseph's College, Tiruchirappalli, then affiliated with the University of Madras, from where he graduated
By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur Page 25

Great Scientists
in physics in 1954.[13] Towards the end of the course, he was not enthusiastic about the subject and would later regret the four years he studied it. He then moved to Madras in 1955to study aerospace engineering.[10] While Kalam was working on a senior class project, the Dean was dissatisfied with the lack of progress and threatened revoking his scholarship unless the project was finished within the next three days. He worked tirelessly on his project and met the deadline, impressing the Dean who later said, "I [Dean] was putting you [Kalam] under stress and asking you to meet a difficult deadline".[14]For him becoming a fighter pilot was a dearest dream but he failed to realize it as he bagged the ninth position when only eight slots were available in the IAF.[15] Career as scientist After graduating from Madras Institute of Technology (MIT Chennai) in 1960, Kalam joined Aeronautical Development Establishment of Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) as a scientist. Kalam started his career by designing a small helicopter for the Indian Army, but remained unconvinced with the choice of his job at DRDO.[17] Kalam was also part of the INCOSPAR committee working under Vikram Sarabhai, the renowned space scientist.[10] In 1969, Kalam was transferred to the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO)where he was the project director of India's first indigenous Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV-III) which successfully deployed the Rohini satellite in near earth orbit in July 1980. Joining ISRO was one of Kalam's biggest achievements in life and he is said to have found himself when he started to work on the SLV project. Kalam first started work on an expandable rocket project independently at DRDO in 1965.[1] In 1969, Kalam received the government's approval and expanded the program to include more engineers.[16]

By Sayed Mutyyab Sadat VI STD Secab English Medium Nauraspur Bijapur

Page 26