THE HUMANIST'S LIBRARY

Edited

by Lewis
VII

Einstein

A PLATONICK DISCOURSE UPON LOVE

PLATONICK DISCOURSE

UPON LOVE
BY PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA
01

Edited

by

EDMUND

G.

GARDNER

GRANT RICHARDS LONDON

LTD.

Copyright,

1914,

by

D. B.

Updike

A TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
ix

The

First

Book

3
21

The Second Book

The Sonnet The Third Book
Notes to Introduction
Bibliographical

$\

63

79
83

Note

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION
* *

Being

in

a dark wood, and travelling along a

hard and rough path, I rested from my labour, and slept. In my slumber I had this vision. Methought that I ascended a very high mountain,

from which was seen almost all the world, and above this mountain there was another even higher, from which things yet more distant were beheld. On the first mountain stood a most beauteous Lady, and before her there was a fire so great that it gave warmth to all the world; on the other mountain, which was higher, stood two Ladies, and between them there was a most fair fountain, to which I was wont to go oftentimes to
drink. Wherefore, wishing to as was usage, it behoved

go

thither to drink,

my

me to

Lady, and, as I passed, I before her, to whom the Lady was saykneeling ing these words: 'Thou knowest me by my face
first

of the

pass in front saw a Squire

and by my bearing right well, that I am Love.' And he answered her: My Lady, it is very sooth/ And the Lady said to him: 'Now hearken to me, and listen well to what I would tell thee. I have sent to the world two messengers of mine, to wit, Solomon and Ovidius Naso; the one led me into the world with music and song, and the other
'

ix

wherewith I should be brought. dudtion From then until now I have sent no messenger, but those that have spoken of me have done so
Intro-

wrought the

art

knowledge or because they were heated by this fire. have chosen thee for my third messenger, and this has been done with reason; for as the first was divine in his sweetness, and the second was a most perfedl poet, so art thou a philosopher full of wisdom; and because thou art not a slave of Love, but
either for their

own

desire of

a friend,

command thee not, but pray thee to renew my memory in the world, and to tell of
I
I

my nature and secret conditions, upon which the

other speakers have not touched.' Having heard this, that noble Squire answered the Lady, and
said:

'My Lady, what you pray

is

of

me

shall

be

done, but, because the world ions, tell me the fashion that you would have
full

of divers fash-

me

adopt
'

in

my speech/ And the Lady made reply:

that

thee one condition of mine, which is can verily give the desire of speaking, but cannot give the wisdom and the fashion but hie thee to those Ladies on the mountain, who are
I

will tell
I

the two Philosophies, Moral and Natural, and they will teach thee the fashion of speaking/"

Thus, quaintly enough, opens the fourteenth century commentary erroneously and unaccountably attributed to the great Augustinian
1 on the famous schoolman, Egidio Colonna canzone of Guido Cavalcanti, "Donna mi prega

perch' io voglio dire."

later, this

poem

century and a half Introseemed to the young Lorenzo dudlion

"a very wonderful canzone in which this gracious poet subtly described every quality, virtue, and accident of love;" but to us to-day it is a somewhat dreary composition, without a touch of the mystical enthusiasm which gives lyr" ical impetus to the Al cor gentil ripara sempre amore" of Cavalcanti's lesser namesake and elder contemporary, Guido Guinizelli of Bologna. And the exposition itself but emphasises the dullness of the stanzas. Guido Cavalcanti opened the series of discussions on the philosophy of love, which were to exercise such a fascination over the minds of the men and women of the Renaissance; but the canzone and the commentary with which we have now to deal are on a higher plane. For between Cavalcanti and Girolamo Benivieni, between the pseudo-Egidio and Pico della Mirandola, had come the revival of Platonism and Neo-Platonism in Italy. Neither Guido Cavalcanti nor his commentator makes any mention of Plato or his dodlrines. Yet, not many years before the canzone was written, Albertus Magnus had declared that Plato and Aristotle alike were necessary to the perfecft
de' Medici

philosopher:

"Non
2

perficitur

homo

in philoso-

phia nisi ex scientia duarum philosophiarum Aristotelis et Platonis."

frequently,

somewhat but he knew nothing of him at first

Dante
cites Plato

xi

Intro-

hand, save
"

in

the Latin translation of the "Ti-

ducftion

maeus by Chalcidius. For the poet of the "Divina Commedia," Aristotle alone is still "il maestro di
color che sanno;" 3 but Petrarch already, in a re-

markable anticipation of the following century, has deposed the Stagirite in favour of his master, and enthroned Plato in the place of philosophical supremacy. There came to the Council of Ferrara in 1438
4

a venerable Greek,

who seems

to

named Georgius Gemistus, have been already more than

eighty years old. He had held high office under the Emperors of the East, and had come to Italy
ostensibly to

work for the reunion of the Eastern

and Western Churches; but in reality he cared for none of these things. While men like Bessarion looked to the salvation of Greece by means of reunion with the Church of Rome, Gemistus
probably said in his heart: "A plague o' both your Churches." An ardent Neo-PIatonist, a student of Zoroaster arid other philosophers of old, he dreamed of the restoration of ancient Greece and her liberation from her Turkish assailants by a renovation of the antique virtues of the Greeks themselves; from the "Republic" of Plato and the old constitution of Lacedaemon, he had conceived the idea of a new State to be founded upon a new religion, which was to be a combination of Platonic philosophy with the classical mythology
of Greece.

When,
xii

in the following year,

he ac-

companied the council

spirit

he seemed to the Florentines a true reincarnation of the Greek

to Florence,

Intro-

ducftion

of the past.

At the

instigation

of Cosimo

de'

Medici, he wrote a treatise contrasting the rival systems of Plato and Aristotle, naturally giving the preference to the former, but did not wait

prolonged literary controversy which this aroused among the Greek scholars in Italy. He returned to Greece to share
for the conclusion of the

the lot of his countrymen, and at Mistra, the site of the ancient Sparta, he gathered a little band of
followers round him,

and established his religion, with ceremonial rites, prayers, and hymns.
did not live to see the final downfall of the

He

Greek Empire, but died, in extreme old age, some

time before
ple.

Mohammed II stormed

Constantino-

The story need not be retold here of how, in 1465, when Sigismondo Malatesta was command-

ing the Venetian forces in the Morea, he besieged and captured Mistra, and brought thence the ashes

of Gemistus to Rimini, where they were placed in a tomb outside Leon Battista Alberti's newly
built

church of San Francesco: the shrine of a

saint of
In the

Humanism.

meanwhile, the seeds that Gemistus had sown in Florence had borne fruit in the mind of Cosimo de' Medici. He had conceived the idea of

making Florence the centre of Platonic philosophy, and of creating a Platonic Academy on the model of that which had existed in Athens. He
xiii

Intro-

found the instrument he needed

in

the person of

ducflion Marsilio Ficino, the son of a physician of Figline he bade abandon his fain the Valdarno,

whom

and look to healing men's minds rather than their bodies. In 1463, he commissioned him to produce a complete Latin translation of Plato's dialogues, giving him a farm near the Medicean villa at Careggi and a house in Florence itself, that he might be enabled to work in ease and comfort. The translation took about fourteen years and was finished in 1477; but when Cosimo lay on his deathbed, in 1464, it was sufficiently advanced for Marsilio to comfort his last hours
ther's profession,

with the reading of his version of the "Philebus." "Even till the last day," wrote Marsilio to Lorenzo de' Medici, "when he departed from this world of shadows to go to light, he devoted himof knowledge. For, when we had read together Plato's book on the origin of the Universe and the Supreme Good, he, as
self to the acquisition

you who were present

well know, soon after

quitted this life, as though now in very deed to possess the fullness of that Good which he had
tasted during our conversation." 5

One of Marsilio's earlier works, perhaps the only

one still read except by specialists, is his exposition
ofPlato's"Symposium,"entitIed"SoprarAmore." Written first in Latin, it was translated by the author himself into Italian. It purports to be an
account of a banquet celebrated, apparently xiv

about 1470, in the villa of Careggi, at the desire Introof Lorenzo de' Medici, to renew the custom of dudlion
the Platonists of old, who thus commemorated the anniversary of the birth and death of Plato,

which were supposed to fall on November 7. The guests are nine in number, because nine is the number of the Muses: Antonio degli Agli, Maestro
Ficino (the author's father), Cristoforo Landini,

Bernardo Nuti,Tommaso Benci, Giovanni Cavalcanti, Cristoforo and Carlo Marsuppini (the sons of the more famous Carlo Marsuppini, who had

been secretary of the Republic in earlier days), and Marsilio Ficino himself. After the tables are cleared, the "Symposium" is read, and certain of
the guests in turn take the parts of the speakers in the dialogue and interpret them. A religious note
is

struck at the outset.

"The supreme Love of the

Divine Providence," writes Marsilio, "to recall us

to the right way [of love] which we had lost, inspired of old in Greece a most chaste woman

named Diotima, a priestess; who, finding the philosopher Socrates especially consecrated to love, revealed to him what this ardent desire was, and

how we can fall thereby into the greatest evil, and how we can ascend thereby to the Supreme
the Holy Spirit of Divine Love, who inspired Diotima, illumine our minds, and inflame our wills, in such fashion that we may love
. .
.

Good.

May

Him in all His beautiful works, and

works
in

then love His

Him, and

so

come to rejoice infinitely in xv

6 His infinite Beauty." Marsilio reads into the disdudlion courses of the "Symposium" the mystical doctrine of beauty as a splendour reflected from the

Intro-

Divine Countenance and spiritual love as the turning of the creature to God.

The harmonising of Platonism and

Christianity

was the chief aim of Marsilio's life. He had himself been troubled with doubts and difficulties, and had found in Platonic philosophy the solution of the problem. "There are some," he writes

"who wonder why we follow Plato with such observance, he who seems
to Giovanni Cavalcanti, to

have dealt only with paradoxes and wonBut they should consider that
it is

ders.

only the

divine incorruptible things that exist in reality; bodily things only seem to exist, they are subjedl
to corruption and change, and are no more than images or shadows of the real. While the other

philosophers, almost all, by devoting themselves to the study of material things, dreamed therein images of truth, our Plato, intent upon divine
things, alone or chief of
all,

kept watch.

hold,

then, that

we should follow Plato as

a theologian

rather than the other philosophers, even as we should commit ourselves to vigilant pilots rather

than to those that sleep." 7 But, from the standpoint of

literature,

the most

interesting production of the school of Marsilio Ficino is the little book of Pico and Benivieni.
It

was

in 1479,

when

Marsilio

had completed

his

xvi

Plato

and was about

to

apply himself

to the in- Intro-

terpretation of Plotinus, that Giovanni Pico della ducflion Mirandola, then seventeen years old, came to
Florence.

At a

the Medicean

social gathering, held perhaps in palace, he fell into discussion with

a Florentine citizen, ten years older than himself, Girolamo di Paolo Benivieni, and formed with

him one of the most famous

annals of literature.
8

friendships in the

Giovanni Pico was the youngest son of a powerful Lombard feudatory of the Empire, Gian Francesco Pico, Count of Mirandola

Born

in 1463,

and Concordia; his mother, Giulia Boiardo, was an aunt of the poet count of Scandiano, Matteo Maria Boiardo. His elder brother, Galeotto, who ruled the fiefs of the family, and who was married to a princess of the house of Este, was a fierce soldier, whom Savonarola in vain exhorted to repentance, and who excited the wonder of his
contemporaries

by defying a papal excommu-

nication for sixteen years until his death. Gio-

vanni Pico's extraordinary beauty and romantic character won him the hearts of Lorenzo de'

and

Medici and the intellectual society of Florence; his strange and varied learning aroused the
greatest admiration

among

all.

To

Poliziano he

was "omnium dodlrinarum lux;"

to Machiavelli,

"uomo
scribes

him

quasiche divino;" while Savonarola deas "inter perrara naturae miracula

perspicacitate ingenii et dodtrinae sublimitate xvii

olim connumerandus." 9 Nevertheless, his erudiducftion tion was little more than a medley of scholastiIntro-

cism, Neo-Platonic philosophy, and occult sciconviction ence, which he had failed to digest.

abode with him that his life would be short. It is a happy thing," he writes irra sonnet, "when Heaven is friendly to us, to die young; to comuntil plete one day then, is better than to wait
the evening." Loved by many women as well as by men, Pico wrote five books of erotic verse in

"

Latin elegiacs, which he afterwards destroyed, and sonnets in the vernacular, a certain number
of which have
to

come down to us, and show him have been but a mediocre poet. After his chal-

lenge to the world at Rome in 1486, to dispute his nine hundred conclusions, thirteen of which

were declared heretical, or at least "male sonantes," he finally (after many adventures and a
brief imprisonment) retired to the villa of
ceto,

Quer"

near Fiesole. There he composed his Heptaplus," a wild and fantastic book on the seven-

days of creation (dedicated to Lorenzo de' Medici), and another, "De Ente et Uno," addressed to Poliziano, in which he attempted to reconcile Aristotle and Plato, and to harmonise the transcendence and the immanence of God, but only succeeded, it has been
fold

meaning of the

six

said, in
tion.
10

His favourite

reducing the Deity to a mere abstracmaxim was: "There is no

philosophy that leads us

xviii

away from the truths

of

mysteries and his dream was to form a synthesis Introof all knowledge, and reconcile it with Christian- dudlion
;

"

ity.He planned a vast series of treatises," Adversus hostes Ecclesiae," but only completed the

twelve books of disputations In Astrologiam," a work that roused the orthodox enthusiasm of
Savonarola.
elder partner in this great friendship was a man of a spiritually less adventurous type.

"

The

Girolamo Benivieni was born

in 14^3,

the son of

a notary of Florence. An elder brother, Antonio, gained renown as a physician a younger, Domen;

ico, devoted himself to the study of philosophy, held a chair in the university of Pisa at the age of nineteen, and became a canon of San Lorenzo.

But Girolamo himself was prevented

ual ill-health

by perpet-

from adopting any profession, and, rather than remain a burden upon his father, he seems to have sought the favour of princes as a court poet of Giulio Cesare da Varano, the lord of Camerino, and of Lorenzo de' Medici reluctantly, we may surmise, as he was afflidled with a melancholy humour and tempted to suicide, not one to be at home in the atmosphere
ofa Court. Celibate throughout a long life, Girolamo's inclinations all tended towards religion, and
the blameless

poems

him, later in

life,

seemed to pernicious and wanton. He had

that he wrote
his "Buccolica,"

already published

a series of

eclogues in terza rima, depidling current events xix

Intro-

under the pastoral disguise; he had composed

ducftion narrative

poems

in ottava rima, in imitation

and love son-

of the poets of the "dolce stil nuovo," of Dante, and of Petrarch which he was afterwards to rewrite and interpret
nets

and canzoni

from the
vived of

ascetic standpoint.
his literary

But

it

is

to his colsur-

laboration with Pico that

he owes what has

la

fame.

The " Canzone

dello

Amore secondo
"

mente

e opinione de' Platonici is described by Benivieni himself as an attempt to sum up in a few verses what Marsilio Ficino had described at
length in his commentary upon the "Symposium" of Plato. It had been written some time

before
in

it

appeared,

in 1487,
is

accompanied by the
only important work

commentary which

Pico's

the vernacular, the result, doubtless, of the discussions that the two had held together on a
topic so dear to both their hearts. Benivieni

was

not a great poet, and the canzone (which, in the Italian, is modelled upon the structure of Petrarch's

vo pensando e nel penser m' assale "), in spite of its noble and elevated diction, is scarcely a masterpiece. But, rehandling the theme of Guido Cavalcanti's poem as to the nature, source, and effects of love, in the language of the NeoPlatonism of the writer's own day, it is a most
1'

"

characteristic literary fruit of the

in the field of painting,

movement that,
Botticelli.

produced both the Venus

and the prophetic Madonna of

xx

the least part of IntroPico's discourse, and occupies only the third book, dudtion In the first book he gives his own general philoacftual

The

commentary

is

sophical scheme of God and the world, a rather confused medley of Neo-Platonism and other theories. Beneath God, and created immediately

worlds,

by Him, between "

is

the intelligible and sensible

intelit is is

a creature of incorporeal and

the
is

ledlual nature, as perfect as created thing to be," which

possible for a
first

created

mind. "This
as also

first

created

mind

called

by Plato,

by the ancient philosophers, Mercurius Trismegistus and Zoroaster, now Son ojf God, now Mind, now Wisdom, now Divine Reason; which

some again interpret, Word. But we must take diligent heed not to believe that this is He who

by by

our theologians is called the Son of God for, the Son of God, we understand one same
;

essence with the Father, equal to Him in all things, creator in fine and not creature but what Plato;

nists call

the Son of

God

should rather be com-

pared to the first and most noble Angel produced 11 by God." As Mr. Rigg points out, this is a confusion of the doctrine of Plotinus, concerning the first emanation from the Godhead, with various

other mystical theories but I hardly think we need suppose that Pico had abandoned the or-

thodox

12

position. naissance seem to

The Neo-PIatonists

of the Re-

Christian

have been content to hold the and the philosophical docftrine of the
xxi

Intro-

Word
is

side

by

side. It

may be noticed

that there

ducftion

somewhat analogous inconsistency in Dante's "Convivio," whereby the lady of the poet's worship seems at times a symbol of the second
a

Person of the Blessed Trinity (though under a others a mere purely impersonal aspecfl), and at human idealized in an abstraction of Wisdom is avoided in being. This confusion, such as it is,
the mystical system of an earlier writer of the

Quattrocento, San Lorenzo Giustinian, by identifying the Wisdom, of which philosophy is the
uso," with the theological conception of Christ a,s the Wisdom of the Father. 13
In the second

"amoroso

book
It

we have the essence of the

whole

gives us the clearest and most systematical exposition of that mystical creed of love and beauty, already formulated by Marsilio
discourse.
Ficino,

which appealed
to find

so alluringly to

many of

the finest minds of the Renaissance, and was, a

little later,

more rapturous expression on

in

the

Cortegiano" of Baldassare CastigIione."We should call beauty," wrote Marsilio, "a certain lively and spiritual grace, the
lips

of

Bembo

the

"

which by the divine ray

this,

is

first

infused into

the Angels, then into the souls of men, and after

so far

and

in as

much

as

it

may be commu-

nicated, into corporeal figures and words, and mundane material. And this grace, by means of

reason and sight and hearing, moveth and delighteth our mind, and in the delight doth ravish,
xxii

doth kindle with ardent love." I4 IntroThe more perfecfl human lovers, says Pico, "are dudtion those that, remembering a more perfect Beauty
in ravishing

and

before they were fettered to the body, are kindled with an incredible desire of rebeholding that Beauty; and to
that their souls

saw of

old,

the end that they may obtain this purpose, they sever themselves as much as they can from the

body,

in

such fashion that the soul returneth to

her pristine dignity, becometh entirely mistress of the body, and is no longer subject to it in any
wise.

And

then

is

the soul in that love which

is

is

the image of celestial love, and this alone

the

human love that can be called perfect. When a man has reached this stage of love, he can go on
increasing from perfection to perfection, until at
last

he cometh to such a grade of perfecfledness

with the underto Angel;
is

that, uniting his soul entirely

standing, he
all

changed from

man

and

inflamed with that angelical love, utterly purged from all the dross and stains of the earthly transformed into a spiritual flame the power of love, and, flying up even to the
is

body, he

by

heaven, he reposeth blissfully in the arms of the Primal Father." IS It may, perhaps, be said that this is magnificent, but not practical religion. So Pico and Benivieni seem to have found, when they heard a simpler creed from the lips of Savonarola. Pico, who was one of those who stood by the deathbed
intelligible
xxiii

Intro-

of Lorenzo de Medici, confided to his

nephew

ducflion his intention of giving all his substance to the

poor, and, arming himself with the crucifix, walking barefoot through the world, to speak of

every town and village. This, however, He had been toid that he would die in the time that the lilies flowered, and he passed away, comforted in his last moments
Christ in

was not

to be.

by a

vision of the Blessed Virgin, in November, 1494, as the golden lilies on the royal standard

of France were being borne in triumph through the Porta San Frediano. Benivieni cast his Plato
aside, and became the poet of the Piagnoni. He revived Jacopone's docftrine that madness for Christ's sake is true wisdom, and wrote the laude

that Savonarola's adherents sang in their processions through Florence. He came to regard

canzone as written "in another style than that of the book of life," and tried to counhis Platonic

teradl

it

by

another, a

"Canzone

dello

Amore

celeste e divino secondo la verita cristiana e della

fede cattolica," which soon fell into oblivion. 16 In spite of his friendly relations with the younger

branch of the Medici, he Savonarola, not only in

still

his heart,

kept the ideals of but on his

tongue though they never carried him so far as even passive resistance to the government. The

was heard for the last time in November, 1530, two months after the surrender of Florence to the imperial army and the final
old poet's voice

xxiv

downfall of the Republic, when he addressed Introa letter to Pope Clement, affirming his unshaken dudlion belief that Fra Girolamo was a true prophet.

Twelve years
old,

later, in 1542,

he died, and was buried with years loved Pico in San Marco.

being nearly ninety his be-

This theme of Platonic love inspired several writers in Italian in the early sixteenth century to tread in the footsteps of Ficino and Pico. Works like the "Libro di Natura d'Amore" of
Ariosto's friend
cola, or

and correspondent, Mario Equiinfinita

the

"

Dialogo della

d'Amore" of

the Spanish-Roman courtesan, Tullia d' Aragona,

have

interest or spiritual significance; but " a higher note is struck in the Dialoghi di Amore" of Leone Abarbanel, known as Leone Ebreo, a
little

Jewish physician of Portuguese descent whose family had settled in Naples. Recent research has

same year as Benivieni, but these Dialoghi," discourses upon love between Philoneand Sophia, appear to have
shown that Leone died
"

in 1542, the

been written
Cinquecento.

in
I7

decade of the The originality of the book lies in

the
first

or second

the author's standpoint. Whereas the other thinkers of this school are concerned in harmonising
Plato with Christianity, Leone Abarbanel strives to show that Platonism is in accordance with

Judaism, and thus to do for his co-religionists what Ficino and Pico had done for theirs.

But

it is

in the glorious

prose poetry of the clos-

XXV

ing pages of the Cortegiano" that this mystical ducftion religion of Love and Beauty was to find its last
Intro-

"

and most perfedl utterance. Let us end, then, with

the prayer that Castiglione puts

upon the

lips

of

Bembo:

"What mortal tongue

then,
. . .

Omost holy Love",

can worthily praise thee? Vouchsafe, Lord, to hearken to our prayers. Infuse Thyself into our hearts, and, with the splendour of Thy most holy fire, illumine our darkness, and, like a trusted
guide
in this blind labyrinth,

show

us the true

way. Do Thou corredl the falseness of the senses, and, after long wandering in vanity, grant unto us the true and sound joy. Make us to smell those
odours that vivify the virtues of the understanding, and to hear the heavenly harmony
spiritual

with such ineffable melody, that no discord of passion may any more have place within us. Do

Thou

inebriate us at that inexhaustible fountain

of contentation that always doth delight and never doth satiate, and that giveth a taste of true
beatitude to
waters.
all

that drink of its living

light,

With the rays of Thy

and limpid purge Thou

our eyes from misty ignorance, that they may no more prize mere mortal beauty, and that they may know that the things that, at the first, they

thought themselves to see, are not, and those that they saw not, are in very sooth. Accept, Lord, our souls that are offered unto Thee in sacrifice. Burn them in the living flame that consumeth all

xxvi

gross filthiness, in order that, utterly separated Intro-

from the body, they may be united by an ever- dudlion lasting and most sweet bond to the Divine Beauty. And may we, alienated from ourselves, be transformed like true lovers into the beloved and, being uplifted from the earth, may we be admitted
;

banquet of the Angels, where, fed with ambrosia and immortal nedlar, we may at last die a most blissful and life-giving death even as
to the

once did those Fathers of the olden time, whose souls, with most ardent virtue of contemplation, Thou didst ravish from the body, and didst join them with God." We can claim for Stanley's "Pico" a place, albeit
a humble one, by theside of Hoby 's version of the "Courtier," published a century earlier. Thomas

charming lyrics and his excellent translations from Anacreon. The " Platonick Discourse" was published in 1651, when he was twenty-seven years old, together with a reissue of his "Poems," his "Anacreon," and various other translations from his hand. It was re" printed in the second volume of his History of Philosophy," published in 16^6, and in subsequent
Stanley
editions of that rather

is

better

known by

his

ponderous work; but has

not hitherto been reissued separately. His rendering of Benivieni's canzone (which he quaintly a "sonnet," and of which he reduces the metrical arrangement to rhyming couplets) has some poetical fire, and his translation of Pico's
calls

xxvii

Introcommentary, which is considerably abridged, dudlion has at least the merits of a noble English style and greater clarity than the original It is one of the

not the less delightful and typical, fruits of the Italian Renaissance in English literature.
latest, but

Edmund

G. Gardner

December

8, 1913

A PLATONICK DISCOURSE

UPON LOVE
Written
in Italian

by

JOHN PICUS MIRANDULA

In Explication of

a Sonnet

by

Hieronimo Benivieni

A
[Printed in the Year 1651]

THE
is

FIRST
I

BOOK

a Principle of the Platonists, That every created thing hath a threefold being: Causal,

IT Formal, Participated. In the Sun there

no heat, that being but an elementary quality, not of Celestial nature: yet is the Sun the cause and Fountain of all heat. Fire is hot by nature, and its proper form Wood is not hot of itself, yet is capable
is
:

of receiving that quality by Fire. Thus hath heat its Causal being in the Sun, its Formal in the its Fire, Participated in the Fuel. The most noble

and perfedt of these is the Causal and therefore Platonists assert, That all excellencies are in God after this manner of being: That in God is nothing, but from him all things; That Intellect is not in him, but that he is the original spring of every Intellect. Such is Plotinus's meaning, when he af:

"

firms,
is

God neither understands nor knows

"

that

way. As Dionysius Areopagita,"God is neither an Intellectual nor Intelligent nature, but unspeakably exalted above all Intellect and Knowledge."
to say, after a formal

The
Book

First

II

P latonists
grees.

distinguish Creatures into three defirst

comprehends the corporeal and visible, as Heaven, Elements, and all compounded of them: The last the invisible, incorporeal, absolutely free from bodies which properly are called

The

(by Divines, Angelical) Natures. Betwixt these is a middle nature, which though incorporeal, invisible, immortal,yet moveth bodIntellectual
ies,

as

being obliged to that

office; called,

the

ra-

tional soul; inferiour to Angels, superiour to Bodies;

subject to those, regent of these: above which is God himself; author and principle of every Creature, in

whom Divinity hath a causal being; from

Angels
it

whom proceeding to
ing,

hath a formal be-

and thence

is

derived into the rational soul

by

participation of their lustre:

title

below which no

nature can assume the

of divine.

Ill

The

First

I hat the first of these three Natures cannot be Book multiplyed, who is but one, the principle and

cause of all other Divinity, is evidently proved by Platonists, Peripateticks, and our Divines. About
the second, (viz.) the Angelick and Intellectual,
Platonists disagree.

Some

(as Proclus,

Hermias,

Syria^hus, rational Soul place a great

and

many

others) betwixt

God and the

;

number

of creatures

part of these they call Ndera,

:

i/depa, Intelligible;

part Intellectual which terms Plato sometimes confoundeth; as in his "Phaedo." Plotinus, Porphyrius, and generally, the most refined Platonists, betwixt God and the Soul of the World assigne onely one creature which they call the Son

of God, because immediately produced

by him.
.

The

opinion complies most with Dionysius Areopagita, and Christian Divines, who assert the
first

number of Angels to be in a manner infinite. The second is the more Philosophick, best suiting with Aristotle and Plato; whose sense we onely
purpose to expresse; and therefore will decline the first path (though that only be the right) to pursue the latter.

The
Book

First

IV

We therefore according to the opinion of

Ploti-

nus confirmed not onely by the best Platonists, but even by Aristotle and all the Arabians, especially Avicenna, affirm, That God from eternity produced a creature of incorporeal and intellectual nature, as perfecft as
is

possible for a created

being, beyond which he produced nothing; for of the most perfecft cause the effedl must be most

can be but one; for of two or more it is not possible but one should be more or lesse perfecft than the rest, otherwise they would not be two, but the same. This reason for our opinion I rather choose than that which Avicen alledges, founded upon this principle, That' from one cause, as one, can proceed but pne effecft. We conclude, therefore, that no creature but this first minde proceeds immediately from God
perfecft:

and the most

perfecft

minde, and all other second causes, God is onely the mediate efficient. This by Plato, Hermes, and Zoroaster is called the Daughter of God, the Minde, Wisthis

for of all other effecfts issuing

from

dom, Divine Reason, by some interpreted the Word: not meaning (with our Divines) the Son of God, he not being a creature, but one essence coequal with the Creator.

V
All understanding agents have in the form of that which they design to effecft as an Architect hath in his minde a figure of the building he undertakes, which as his pattern he
:

The
themselves Book

First

exadlly strives to imitate: This Platonists call the Idea or Exemplar, believing it more perfedl, than
that

which

is

made

after

it:

and

this

manner of

Being, Ideal or Intelligible, the other Material and Sensible: So that when a Man builds a house, they
affirm there are two, one intellectual in the Work-

man's minde; the other

sensible,

which he makes

in Stone, Wood, or the like; expressing in that matter the form he hath conceived: to this Dante

alludes
"

Unlesse himself

None any work can frame become the same."

Hereupon they say, though God produced onely

one creature, yet he produced all, because in it he produced the Ideas and forms of all, and that in their most perfedl being, that is the Ideal, for which reason they call this Minde, the Intelligible World.

The

First

VI
After the pattern of that Minde they affirm this sensible World was made, and the exemplar beit must ing the most perfedt of all created things,
follow that this

Book

image thereof be

as perfecft as

its nature will bear. And since animate things are more perfecft than the inanimate; and of those

the rational than the irrational,

this

World hath a
is

This

grant, soul perfedl above all others. the first rational soul, which, though in-

we must

corporeal and immaterial, is destin'd to the function of governing and moving corporeal Nature:

minde whence from Eternity it was deriv'd, as was the Minde from God. Hence Platonists argue the World is
not free from the

body

as that

its soul being such, and not capable of a without body, that also must be from being Eternity; as likewise the motion of the Heavens,

eternal;

because the Soul cannot be without moving.

VII
1

The

First

he ancient Ethnick Theologians, who cast Po- Book etical vails over the face of their mysteries, ex" press these three natures by other names. Caelum" they call God himself; he produc'd the first
Mind, "Saturn:" Saturn the Soul of the World,
"Jupiter." "Caelum" implies priority and excellence, as in the Firmament, the first Heaven. Sat-

urn signifies intellectual nature, wholly employ 'd

in

contemplation; Jupiter

acftive life, consisting

moving and governing all subordinate to it. The properties of the two latter agree with their Planets Saturn makes Men Contemplative, Juin
:

Speculative busied about things above them; the Pradlick beneath them.
piter Imperious.

The

The

First

VIII

Book

VVhich

three

names are promiscuously used

In

upon these grounds:

his Excellence,
all his effecfts;

God we understand

first

which, as Cause, he hath above for this he is called "Coelus." Sec-

ondly the production of those effecfts, which denotes conversion towards inferiours; in this respect he is sometimes called "Jupiter," but with " " an addition, Optimus," Maximus." The first Angelick nature hath more names, as more diverconsists of Power and Act: sity. Every creature
the
are
first,

Plato in "Philebus" calls Infinite: the

all

second, Finite:
?

by

imperfections in the Minde reason of the first; all perfections, from

the

latter.

Her operations are

threefold.

About

Superiours, the contemplation of God; about the

knowledge of her self; about Inferiours, the production and care of this sensible World: these three proceed from Act. By Power she descends
inferiour things; but in either respect is firm within her self. In the two first, because conto

make

templative, she is called "Saturn:" in the third "Jupiter," a name principally applied to her power, as that part from whence is derived the
act of production of things. For the same reason is the Soul of the World, as she contemplates

her self or superiours, termed "Saturn;" as she

is

employed
and

in ordering worldly things, "Jupiter:" the since government of the World belongs properly to her; the contemplation to the Minde;
10

the one absolutely called "Jupiter," The First Book the other "Saturn."
therefore
is

ii

The
Book

First

IX

World therefore (as all other creatures) consisteth of a Soul and Body: the Body is all
Ihis

that

we

behold,

compounded

of the four Ele-

ments. These have their causal being in the Heavens (which consist not of them, as sublunary
things; for then it would follow that these inferiour parts were made before the celestial, the

themselves being simple, by concourse causing such things as are compounded of them): Their formal being from the Moon
in

Elements

Their participate and imperfedl under the Earth, evident in the Fire, Air,
to the Earth
:

down

and Water experience daily findes there; evinc'd by natural Philosophers: to which the ancient
Theologians aenigmatically allude by their four infernal Rivers, Acheron, Cocytus, Styx, and
Phlegeton.

We may

divide the

body of

the

World

into

three parts: Celestial, Mundane, Infernal: The ground why the Poets feign the Kingdom of Sat-

urn to be shar'd betwixt

his three sons, Jupiter,

Neptune, and Pluto: implying onely the threefold variation of this corporeal World; which, as long as it remains under Saturn, that is, in its Ideal Intellectual being, is one and undivided; and so more firm and potent: but falling into the hands of his Sons, that is, chang'd to this material Being, and by them divided into three parts, according to the triple existence of bod12

ies, is

more

Book ing from a first part, the heavenly, they attribute to Jupiter; the last and lowest to Pluto; the middle
to
all

lesse potent, degeneratspiritual to a corporeal estate. The

infirm

and

The

First

Neptune.

And

because

in this principality

is

generation and corruption, the Theologians express it by the Ocean, ebbing or flowing continually by Neptune understanding the Power
:

or Deity that presides over Generation. Yet we must not imagine these to be different souls, dis-

informing these three parts: the World her self being one, can have but one Soul which
tincflly
;

as

it

animates the subterraneal parts,

is

called

Pluto; the sublunary, Neptune; the celestial, Ju" piter. Thus Plato in Philebus" averres "by Jove

understood a regal soul," meaning the principal part of the World which governs the other.
is

This opinion, though onely my own, I suppose is more true than the expositions of the Grecians.

The
Book

First

X
I> ext that of the World, Platonists assigne many other rational souls. The eight principal are those

of the heavenly Spheres which according to their opinion exceeded not that number consisting of
;

the seven Planets, and the starry Orb. These are the nine Muses of the Poets Calliope (the universal soul of the World) is first: the other eight
:

are distributed to their several Spheres.

14

XI
I

The
Author of the World Book

First

lato asserts, that "the

the mundane, and all other rational souls, one Cup, and of the same Elements the universall soul being most perfect, ours least:" whose parts we may observe by this division:
in
;

made

Man, the chain that

in

ties

the World together,

all

is

placed particitheir his of extreams, parts correspond with pate " the whole World; thence called Microcosmus."

the midst: and as

mediums

Corporeal Nature, eternal in the Heavens; corruptible in the Elements, and their compounds, as Stones, Mettals, &c. Then
is

In the

World

first

Plants.

The

third

degree

is

of Beasts.

The

fourth

Rational Souls. The fifth Angelical Mindes. Above

God, their origine. In two bodies: one eternal, the

is

these

Man

are likewise
"

Platonists'

Vehi-

culum

caeleste," immediately informed by the rational soul: The other corruptible, subject to

sight, consisting

of the Elements:

Then the vege-

tative faculty, by which generated and nourished. The third part is sensitive and motive. The fourth

Rational; by the Latine Peripateticks believ'd the last and most noble part of the Soul: yet above that is the Intellectual and Angelick; the

most excellent part whereof, we call the Soul's Union, immediately joyning it to God, in a manner resembling him; as in the other Angels, Beasts, and Plants. About these Platonists differ,
Proclus and Porphyrius onely allow the rational

The
Book

First

part to be Immortal Zenocrates and Speusippus the sensitive also; Numenius and Plotinus
;

the whole Soul.

16

XII
Ideas have their causal being in God, their formal in the first Minde, their participated in the
are not, but produced by him in the Angelick nature, through this communicated to the Soul, by whom illuminated, when she reflects on her intellectual parts, she rerational Soul. In

The

First

Book

God they

ceives the true formes of things, Ideas.

fer the souls of

Thus

dif-

Men from

the celestial: these in

their bodily functions recede not from the intellectual, at once contemplating and governing.

Bodies ascend to them, they descend not. Those employ 'd in corporeal office are depriv'd of contemplation, borrowing science from sense; to this wholly enclin'd; full of errours. Their onely means

the amatory life; which by sensible beauties, exciting in the soul a remembrance of the intellectual, raiseth her
is

of release from this bondage

from

this

terrene

life

to the eternal;

by the flame

of love refined into an Angel.

THE SECOND BOOK

THE SECOND BOOK

I

THE
The

apprehensive faculties of the Soul are employ 'd about truth, and falsehood; as-

senting to one, dissenting from the other. first is affirmation; the second, negation. The

desiderative converse in
to this, declining that.

The

good and ill; inclining first is Love: the sec;

ond Hate. Love is distinguish'd by its objects if of riches, termed covetousness of honour, ambi;

tion; of

heavenly

things, piety; of equals, friend-

ship: these
nification,
self,

we exclude, and

admit no other

sig-

but "the desire to possesse what in it or at least in our esteem is fair:" of a dif-

ferent nature
tures,

from the love of God

all

to his Crea-

who comprehending

cannot desire or

want the beauty and perfections of another: and from that of friends which must be reciprocal.

We,

therefore, with Plato define

it,

"The

desire

of Beauty." Desire is an inclination to real or apparent good. As there are divers kinds of good,
so of desire. Love is a species of desire; Beauty of good. Desire is Natural or Knowing. All creatures have a particular perfection by participation of the divine goodness. This
is

their end, in-

cluding that degree of felicity capable to which center they tend. This desire
;

whereof they are

we call Natural; a great testimony of divine Provi21

The dence, by which they are unwittingly (as an arSecond row by the Archer) directed to their mark. With Book this all Creatures desire God, as being the origigood imprinted and participated in every particular. This is in every Nature, as more or
nal

capable, adressed to ends more or less noble; yet is the ultimate end of all the same, to enjoy God, as far as they may: thus as the Psalmist,
less

"Every thing worships and praiseth God;" like suppliants "turning and offering themselves up
to him," saith

Theodore.

22

H
1

The

he other Species of Desire is employ 'd onely Second about things known, given by Nature that to Book every apprehensive faculty there might be a desiderative; to embrace what it judgeth good, to refuse what it esteemeth evil; in its own nature enclin'd to good. None ever desir'd to be miserable; but the apprehensive Vertue many times
mistaking Evil for Good,
desiderative (in its in some sense may
it

oft falls

out that the

self blinde) desires Evil. This be said voluntary, for none

can force
ceiv'd
is

it;

by

another sense, not voluntary, dethe judgement of its Companion. This

in
saith,

Plato's

meaning when he

"No man

sins

willingly."

The
Second
1 1 is

III

Book

the Property of every desiderative Vertue, th a t ne who desires, possesseth in part the thing

he

desires; in part not: for if

its

deprived of
sire it: this
is is

he were wholly Possession, he would never deit

verified

desired unless
is

two wayes. First, nothing be known; and to know a

it.

thing,

in

some
is all,

sort to possess

So Aristotle;
all:"

"The

Soul

because

it

knows

And

in

saith, "All things are mine, I know them." Secondly, there is alwayes some convenience and resemblance betwixt the de-

the Psalmist,

God

sirer,

serves

and desired Every thing delights, and preit self by that, which by natural affinity is
:

most conformable to it; by its contrary is griev'd, and consumed. Love is not betwixt things unlike; Repugnance of two opposite natures is natural hate. Hate is a repugnance with knowledge. Hence it followeth, that the nature of the desired,
is

in

some manner
it

in

the desirer; otherfor

wise, there would be no similitude betwixt them:

yet imperfectly; else

were vain

it

to seek

what

it

entirely possesseth.

24

IV

The

desire generally follows knowledge, so sev- Second eral knowing are annexed to several desiring

As

distinguish the knowing into three degrees: Sense, Reason, Intellect; attended by three desiderative Vertues: Appetite, Election,
Will.

Powers.

We

Appetite
in

is

in

Bruits;

Elecftion

in

Men;
corpo;

Will

Angels.

The Sense knows onely

real things, the Appetite onely desires such the Angelick Intellect is wholly intent on Contem-

plation of spiritual Conceptions; not inclining to Material Things, but when devested of Matter,

and

spiritualiz'd, their Will

is

onely fed with

in-

temporal spiritual Good. Rationall Nature is the mean betwixt these Extreams; sometimes descending to Sense, sometimes elevated to Intellecft; by its own Eledlion complying with the
desires of

which she pleaseth. Thus

it

appears

that corporeal objects are desired, either by Sensual Appetite, or Eledlion of Reason inclining to

Sense: Incorporeal by Angelick Will, or the Election of Reason elevated to Intellectual Height.

The
Second

V
Qeauty in
general
is

"

Harmony resulting from

of which temperament

several things proportionably concurring to constitute a third;" In respect

and mixture of various Natures, agreeing in the composition of one, every creature is Fair; and in this sense no simple being is beautiful; not God
Beauty begins after him; arising from contrariety, without which is no composihimself; this

being the union of contraries, a friendly enmity, a disagreeing concord whence Empedotion;
it
;

cles
all

makes discord and concord the

principles of /

by the first, understanding the variety of the Natures compounding; by the second, their Union: adding, that in God onely there is
things;

no Discord, he not being the Union of several Natures, but a pure uncompounded Unity: In these compositions the Union necessarily predominates over the contrariety; otherwise the Fabrick would be dissolved. Thus in the Fictions of Poets, Venus loves Mars this Beauty cannot subsist without contrariety she curbs and mod: ;

erates

him; temperament allays the strife betwixt these contraries. And in Astrology, Venus is plac'd next Mars, to check his destructive influence; as Jupiter next Saturn, to abate his malignancy. If Mars were alwayes subject to
this

Venus (the

contrariety of principles to their temper), nothing would ever be dissolved.

26

due

~
1

VI
is

The
is

his

Beauty in

the largest sense, the

said to

Harmony; whence God

same with Second have framed Book

the World with musical harmonious temperament. But Harmony properly implyes a melodious agreement of Voices; and Beauty in a restrict acception relates to a proportionable concord in
visible things, as
sire

Harmony
is

in audible.

The

de-

Love; arising onely from Beauty one knowing faculty, the Sight: and that gave
of
this

Plotinus (Ennead.
epws, Love, from

3, lib. j,

0/30,0-15,

3) occasion to derive Sight. Here the Platonist

visible things, to Ideas, invisible na-

may
how
and

objedl;

If

Love be onely of

can

it

be applyed

tures?

answer, Sight is twofold, corporeal, spiritual; the first is that of Sense, the other

We

the Intellectual faculty,

by which we agree with

the corporeal
"
this.

Angels;

this Platonists call Sight,

being onely an image of

tellecft is "

So Aristotle,
sight
is

In-

that to the Soul

is

which

to the

Body
call'd

Hence

Minerva (Wisdom) by
Bright-ey'd.

Homer
7

yXav/cwTus,

With

this

sight

Moses, S. of God
:

Paul, and other Saints, beheld the face this Divines call Intellectual, intuitive

cognition; the Beatifical vision, the

Reward of

the Righteous.

The

VII

Second As Sight, so Beauty (its objedl) is twofold; (the Book two Venus's celebrated by Plato and our Poet)
:

Sensible, called Vulgar Venus; Intellectual in Ideas (which are the objecft of the Intellect as

colour of sight), nam'd Celestial Venus. Love also is twofold, Vulgar and Celestiall; for as Plato
saith,

"There must necessarily be

1

as

many Loves

as

Venus's/

28

VIII

The

Beauty, whereof Love is gener- Second ated properly his Mother, because Beauty is the Book cause of Love, not as productive principle of this

Venus then
:

is

acft,

to Love, but as

its

efficient

cause of

it

as of

objedt the Soul being the all his adls Beauty the
: ;

material: For in Philosophy the efficient is assimilated to the Father, the material to the Mother.

The

IX

Second (Celestial Love is an Intellectual desire of Ideal Book Beauty: Ideas (as we said before) are the Patterns of things in God, as in their Fountain; in the Angelick Minde, Essential; in the Soul by Parthe Substance partakes of ticipation, which with the Ideas and Beauty of the first Minde. Hence
it
,

follows, that
is

Soul,

not Celestial

Love of Celestial Beauty in the Love perfectly, but the

it.

nearest

Image of

Its

truest being

is

with the

Beauty in the first Minde, which God immediately adorns with Ideas.
desire of Ideal

X
(the son of Metis) in Jupiter's Orchard, being drunk with Nedlar, when the Gods met to celebrate Venus' birth. Nature in
it

The
Book

Love (saith Plato) was begot on Penia,by Porus Second

it

self inform, when

..

form from God is the Angelick is Ideas, the first form Minde; Beauty; which in this descent from their divine Fountain, mixreceives
this

ing with a different nature,

become

imperfect.

The

first

Minde,

by

its

opacousness eclipsing

Beauty which they have lost; this desire is Love; begot when Porus, the affluence of Ideas, mixeth with Penia, the indigence of that inform nature we termed Jupiter, in whose Garden the Ideas are planted with
their lustre, desires that
;

Minde adorned, was by the Ancients named Paradise; to which contemplative life and eternal felicity Zoroaster inviting us
these the
first

saith,

fer

it

"Seek, seek Paradise:" Our Divines transto the Coelum Empyraeum, the seat of the
Souls,

whose blessedness consists in contemplation and perfection of the Intellect, according to Plato. This Love "begot on Venus'

happy

birthday," that

is,

when the Ideal Beauty though

,

imperfedlly,

is

infused into the Angelick Minde;

to perfection.
Feast, that
is

Venus yet as a childe, not grown All the Gods assembled at this
their Ideas (as

by

Saturn

we

understand both

the Planet and his Idea), an expression borrowed from Parmenides. These Gods, then, are those

Ideas that precede Venus (she is the Beauty Second and Grace resulting from their variety) " Invited Book to a banquet of Nedlar and Ambrosia;" those whom God feasts with Nedlar and Ambrosia

The

are eternal beings, the rest not. These Ideas of the Angelick Minde are the first eternals; Porus was

drunk with Nedlar,

Feast, not

this Ideal affluence fill'd

with

Eternity; other Ideas

were not admitted

to the

indued with Immortality. Orpheus upon the same grounds saith, "Love was born before all other Gods, in the bosome of Chaos:" Because Nature full of indistindl imperfedl forms (the Minde replenished with confused Ideas) desires their perfection.

XI
1

The

he Angelick Minde desires to make these Ideas Second be done by means op- Book perfecft; which can onely
posite to the causes of their imperfection, these are Recession from their Principle and mixtion

with contrary Nature: their remedy, separation from the unlike Nature, and return and conjunction (as far as possible) with God. Love, the desire

sion

of this Beauty, excites the Minde to converand re-union with him. Every thing is more

perfecfl as nearer its Principle; This is the first Circle. The Angelick Minde, proceeding from the

Union of God, by revolution of intrinsecal knowledge returneth to him. Which with the Ancients is Venus Adulta, grown to perfection. Every Nature that may have this conversion, is a Cirsuch alone are the Intellectual and Rational, and therefore onely capable of felicity, the obcle
;

Principle, their ultimate end and highest good/This is peculiar to Immortal Substances, for the Material (as both Platonists

taining their

first

and Peripateticks grant) have not

this reflection

upon themselves, or their Principle. These (the Angelick Minde and Rational Soul) are the two intelligible Circles; answerable to which in the corporeal World are two more the tenth Heaven
:

immoveable, image of the first Circle; the Celestial Bodies, that are moveable, image of the second. The first Plato mentions not, as wholly different and irrepresentable by corporeal Na33

"Timaeus" he saith, that Second "all the Circles of this visible Heaven" (by him Book distinguished into the fixed Sphere, and seven " Planets) represent as many Circles in the Ra-

The

ture: of the

second

in

tional Soul."

Some

attribute the

name

of Circle to

God by
;

the ancient Theologists called "Coelus;" being a Sphere which comprehends all, as the outmost

Heaven
In

includes the World.

this

one respedl

agrees with God, in another

not: the property of beginning from a point and returning to it, is repugnant to him; who hath

no beginning, but is himself that indivisible point from which all Circles begin, and to which they
return.

And

in this sense

it is

like

wise inconsis-

tent with material things; they have a beginning, but cannot return to it.
In

many
is

He

other properties it agrees with God; the most perfedl of beings; this of figures:

neither admit addition: the last Sphere is the place of all Bodies, God of all Spirits: the Soul

(say Platonists) is not in the Body, but the Body is in the Soul, the Soul in the Minde, the Minde
in God,

the outmost Place;

who is therefore named

by

the Cabalists

34

XII
1

The
Venus: Second Gladnesse, Book
to

he three Graces are Handmaids

Thalia, Euphrosyne, Aglaia; Viridity, Splendour; properties attending Ideal Beauty.

Thalia
tire

the permanence of every thing in its enbeing; thus is Youth called green, Man being
is

in his perfedl state; which decayes at his years' encrease, into his last dissolution. Venus is

then

proportion, uniting all things Viridity, the duration of it. In the Ideal World where is the first
;

Venus, is also the first Viridity; for no Intelligible Nature recedes from its being by growing old. It communicates this property to sensible things as
far as

they are capable of

this

Venus, that

is,

as

long as their due proportion continues. The two other properties of Ideal Beauty are Illustration of
the Intellect, Aglaia; Repletion of the will with

Euphrosyne. is painted looking toward us; the continuation of our being is no reflex adt. The other two with their faces from us, seemjoy,

desire

and

Of

the Graces one

ing to return the operations of the Intellect and Will are reflexive: "What comes from God to us,
;

returns from us to God."

The

XIII

Second \4nus is said to be born of the Sea; Matter Book the Inform Nature, whereof every Creature is compounded, is represented by Water, continually flowing, easily receptible of any form. This being first in the Angelick Minde, Angels are

times many "

exprest

by Water,

as in the Psalms,

The Waters above the Heavens

praise God con-

tinually;" so interpreted by Origen; Platonists expound the Ocean (stil'd

and some

by Homer

Father of Gods and Men) Principle and Fountain of

as

this
all

Angelick Minde,
other Creatures; of all Wa-

Gemistius, Neptune; ters, of all Mindes Angelical and

that living Fountain,

Commander

Humane. This

is

whereof he that drinketh shall never thirst; These are the Waters whereon (David saith) God hath founded the World.

36

XIV

The

Torus (the Affluence of Ideas proceeding from Second God) is stiled by Plato the Son of Metis (Coun- Book
sell), in

Imitation of the Scripture:

whence our

Dionysius Areopagita is termed the Angel of Counsel, that is, the Messenger of God the Father, so Avicen calls the first Cause con-

Saviour

by

ciliative,

the Minde not having Ideas from it self but from God, by whose counsel she receiveth

Knowledge and Art

to

frame

this visible

World.

37

The

XV

Second Love according to Plato is "Youngest and OldBook est of the Gods ;" They as all other things, have a twofold Being, Ideal and Natural. The first God in his natural being was Love, who dispenc'd theirs to all the rest, the last in his Ideal. Love was
the Descent of the Ideas into the Angelick Minde, which could not be perfect till they, its essence, were made so, by Love's conversion

born

in

God. The Angelick Minde owing its naturall being to Love, the other Gods, who succeed this Minde, necessarily are younger than he in their
to

natural Being,
Ideal, as

though they precede him in their not born till these Ideas, though imperto the informed Nature.

fectly,

were joyn'd

38

XVI
1

The

he Kingdom of Necessity is said to be before Second that of Love:" Every Creature consists of two Book Natures, Material, the imperfect (which we here understand by Necessity), and Formal, the occasion of perfection. That whereof it most partakes is said to be predominant, and the creature to be subjecft to it. Hence is Necessity (Matter) suppos'd to reign when the Ideas were imperfecft,and
all all

Imperfections to happen during that time;

perfections after Love began his reign; for the Minde was by him converted to God,

when
that

which before was imperfect

in her,

was per-

fected.

39

The
Second Venus
is

XVII
said "to

command Fate." The order and

depends on the order of

Book

concatenation of causes and effedls in this sensible World, called Fate,

the Intelligible World, Providence.

tonists

Hence

Pla-

place Providence (the ordering of Ideas) in the first Minde, depending upon God its ultimate end, to which it leads all other things. Thus

Venus being the order of those

Ideas

whereon

Fate, the World's order, depends, commands it. Fate is divided into three parts, Clotho, Lachesis,

and Atropos: That which

dence, indivisible in

one in ProviEternity, when it comes into

is

Time and Fate is divisible, into Past, Present, and Future. Others apply Atropos to the fixed
Sphere, Clotho to the seven Planets, Lachesis to

sublunary things.

Temporal corporeal things onely are subjected

to Fate; the Rational Soul being

predominates over

it;

but

is

incorporeal subjected to Provi-

dence, to serve which is true Liberty. By the Will (obeying its Laws) is led to the
sition

whom
Acqui-

of her desired end.

And

as often as she en-

deavours to loose her self from this Servitude, of Free she becomes a Servant and Slave to Fate,
of whom before she was the Mistress. To deviate from the Laws of Providence is to forsake Reason
to follow Sense

and

Irrational Appetite,

which

these

being corporeal are under Fate; he that serves is much more a servant than those he serves.
40

The XVIII As from God Ideas descend into the Angelick Second Minde, by which the Love of Intel ledlual Beauty Book
begot in her, called Divine Love so the same Ideas descend from the Angelick Minde into the rational Soul, so much the more imperfect in her, as she wants of Angelicall Perfection: From these springs Humane Love. Plato discourseth of
is
;

"

"

the

first,

Plotinus of the latter:

who by the same

Ideas not acci-

Argument whereby he proves

dental but substantial! in the Angelick Minde, evinceth likewise the specifical Reasons, the Ideas
in the Soul, to be substantial, terming the Soul " Venus," as having a specious splendid Love in

respedt of these specifical Reasons.

The
Book

XIX

Second Vulgar Love is the Appetite of sensible Beauty, through corporeal sight. The cause of this Beauty is the visible Heaven by its moving Power. As our motive faculty consists in Muscles and Nerves (the Instruments of its Operation), so the motive faculty of Heaven is fitted with a Body proper for circular sempiternal motion; through which Body the Soul (as a Painter with his Pencil) changeth this inferiour matter into various forms.

Thus vulgar Venus (the beauty of material forms) hath her causal being from the moving power of
the Heavens, her formal from colour, enlightened by the visible Sun as Ideas by the invisible; her
participate in the Figure and just order of parts communicated to sight by mediation of light and colour, by whose interest onely it procures love.

42

XX
As when the Ideas descend into the Minde, there
ariseth a desire of enjoying that from whence this Ideal Beauty comes; so when the species of sensible Beauty flow into the Eye, there springs

The
Second

Book

a twofold Appetite of Union with that whence this Beauty is deriv'd, one sensuall, the other ra-

and Humane Love. If we follow Sense, we judge the Body, wherein we behold this Beauty, to be its Fountain whence proceeds a desire of Coition, the most intimate
tional the Principles of Bestial
;

union with
tures.

Love of irrational CreaBut Reason knows that the Body is so

it.

This

is

the

far

from being its Original, that it is destructive to it, and the more it is sever'd from the Body, the more it enjoy es its own Nature and Dignity: we must not fix with the species of Sense, in the Body but refine that species from all reliques of
;

corporeal infection.

And

because

Man may be

understood

by

the

Rational Soul, either considered apart, or in its union to the Body; in the first sense, Humane

Love

is

the

Image of the Celestial

in the second,

Desire of sensible Beauty; this being

by the Soul

abstracted from matter, and (as much as its nature will allow) made intellectual. The greater

part of

Men

reach no higher than

this; others

more

perfect,

remembering

that

more

perfect

Beauty which the Soul (before immerst in the Body) beheld, are inflam'd with an incredible
43

The desire of reviewing it, in pursuit whereof they Second separate themselves as much as possible from the Book Body, of which the Soul (returning to its first Dignity) becomes absolute Mistress. This is the Image of Celestial Love, by which Man ariseth from

one perfection to another, till his Soul (wholly united to the Intellect) is made an Angel. Purged from Material dross and transformed into spiritual flame

by this

Divine Power, he mounts up to

the Intelligible Heaven, and happily rests in his

Father's

bosome.

44

XXI
Vulgar love
turbations
is

The
immerst
in Matter,

onely

in Souls

Second

and overcome by it, or at least hindred by perand passions. Angelick Love is in the Intellect, eternal as it. Yet but inferr'd, the greater part turning from the Intellect to sensible things, and corporeal cares. But so perfecft are these celestial Souls,

Book

that they can discharge both Func-

the Body, yet not be taken off from Contemplation of Superiours: these the Poets sigtions, rule

nifie

by

ward upon Sensible

Janus with two faces; one looking forthings, the other on Intelli-

gible: lesse perfecft Souls have but one face, and, when they turn that to the Body, cannot see the

being depri v'd of Contemplation when to the Intellect, cannot see the Body, neglecfting
Intellect,
;

the care thereof.

Hence those souls

that

must for-

sake the Intellect to apply themselves to Corporeal Government, are by Divine Providence
confin'd to caduque, corruptible Bodies, loosed from which, they may in a short time, if they

not themselves, return to their Intellectual felicity. Other souls not hindred from Speculafail

tion are

tyed to eternal incorruptible Bodies.

Celestial Souls then (design'd

by

Janus, as the

Principles of Time, motion intervening) behold the Ideal Beauty in the Intellect to love it per-

petually; and inferiour sensible things, not to desire their Beauty, but to communicate this other
to them.

Our Souls before united

to the

Body

are

45

The
Book

in like

manner double

Second were

cleft

but are then as it asunder, retaining but one which as

fac'd,
;

they turn to either objedl, Sensual or Intellectual, is deprived of the other.

Thus is vulgar Love inconsistent with the Celestial; and many ravish'd at the sight of Intellectual Beauty,

imply 'd by Callimachus, Hymn j in the Fable of Tyresias, who viewing Pallas naked, lost his sight, yet by her was made a Prophet; closing the eyes
of his Body, she open'd those of his Minde, by which he beheld both the Present and Future.

become blinde

to sensible;

The Ghost
with
all

of Achilles, which inspired

Homer

Intellectual

Contemplations

in Poetry,

deprived him of corporeal sight. Though Celestial Love li veth eternally in the Intellecfl of every Soul, yet onely those few make
declining the care of the Body, can with S.Paul say, "Whether in the Body or out

use of it,

who

Body they know not." To which state a man sometimes arrives but continues there but a while, as we see in Extasies.
of the
;

XXII

The

1 hus in our Soul (naturally indifferent to sensi- Second ble or intelligible Beauty) there may be three Book Loves; one in the Intellect, Angelical; the sec-

ond Humane; the

third Sensual.

The two

latter

are conversant about the

same objedl, Corporeal

its
it

Beauty; the sensual fixeth in it; the humane separates

Intention wholly from Matter. The

greater part of Mankinde go no further than these two; but they whose understandings are
purified by Philosophy, knowing sensible Beauty to be but the Image of another more perfect, leave it, and desire to see the Celestial, of which

they have already a Taste in their Remembrance; if they persevere in this Mental Elevation, they finally obtain it; and recover that, which though in them from the beginning, yet they were not sensible of, being diverted by
other objects.

47

THE SONNET

THE SONNET
I

Love (whose hand

stricft

guides

my Heart's

Reins,

Nor, though he govern it, disdains To feed the Fire with pious care

Which

himself enkindled there) Commands backward Soul to tell

first

my

What Flames within

her Bosome dwell

Fear would perswade her to decline The charge of such a high designe;

But

all

her

weak

reluctance

fails,

'Gainst greater Force

no Force

avails.

Love to advance her flight, will lend Those wings by which he did descend Into my Heart, where he to rest
For ever, long since built his Nest: I what from thence he dictates write,

And draw him

thus

by his own

Light.

The
Sonnet
I

II

Love, flowing from the sacred Spring

Of uncreated Good, sing When born how Heaven he moves

:
; ;

the Soul
;

Informs and doth the World controwl

How closely lurking in the heart,

With his sharp weapon's subtle art From heavy earth he Man unties, Enforcing him to reach the skies. How kindled, how he flames, how burns By what laws guided now he turns To Heaven, now to the Earth descends,

Now rests 'twixt both, to neither bends.

Apollo,

Thee

invocate,

Bowing beneath so great a weight. Love, guide me through this dark designe, And imp my shorter wings with thine.

IH

\A/

The
Sonnet
run,

When from true Heav'n the sacred Sun

Minde did
enliv'ned Leaves adorn,

Into th' Angelick

And with

Bestowing form on his first-born; Enflamed by innate Desires, She to her chiefest good aspires; By which reversion her rich Breast

With various Figures

And by this
This flame,
Is

is imprest; love exalted, turns Into the Sun for whom she burns.

rais'd

by the

From Heav'n

into th'

Light that shin'd Angelick Minde,

Ray, and Wealth Want begot that Day, By When Heav'n brought forth the Queen, whose Hand

eldest Love's religious

The Cyprian

Scepter doth

Command.

The
Sonnet

IV amorous Cypris' armes, The Sun of her bright Beauty warmes.

1

his

born
this

in

From

our

first

desire accrues,

Which, caught, pursues The honourable path that guides Where our eternal good resides. By this the fire, through whose fair beams Life from above to Mankinde streams, Is kindled in our hearts, which glow
in

new fetters

Dying, yet glowing greater grow;

By this th' immortal Fountain flows, Which all Heaven forms below, bestowes; By this descends By And
that shower of light
invite;

Which upwards doth our minds

this th' Eternal

Sun

inspires
fires.

Souls with sacred lustre

V
As God doth to the Minde dispence
Its

The
Sonnet

Being, Life, Intelligence,

So doth the Minde the Soul acquaint How t' understand, to move, to paint; She thus prepar'd, the Sun that shines
In the Eternal Breast designes,

And

here what she includes

diffuses,

Exciting every thing that uses Motion and sense (beneath her state)

To

know, to operate. Inferiour Venus hence took Birth; Who shines in Heav'n, but lives on Earth, And o'er the World her shadow spreads
live, to
:

The

elder in the Sun's Glasse reads

Of a

Her Face, through the confused skreen dark Shade obscurely seen; She Lustre from the Sun receives,

And

to the other Lustre gives;

Celestial

Love on

this

depends,
attends.

The younger, vulgar Love

The
Sonnet

VI rorm'd by th' eternal Look of God, From the Sun's most sublime abode,

The

Soul descends into Man's Heart, Imprinting there with wondrous Art

What Worth she borrowed of Her Starre, And brought in her Celestial Carre; As well as humane Matter yields,
She thus her curious Mansion builds; Yet all those frames from the divine
Impression differently decline:

The
In

Sun,

who

's

figur'd here, his

Beams

Into another's

Bosome streams;
stayes,

whose agreeing Soul he

And guilds it with his virtuous Rayes: The Heart in which Affection 's bred,
Is

thus

by pleasing

Errour fed.

VII
1

The
raigns,

he Heart where pleasing Errour

Sonnet

This objedt as her Childe maintains, By the fair Light that in her shines

(A

rare Celestial Gift) refines

And by degrees at last To her first splendours

From
this

doth bring
sacred Spring:

Through
Kindling

divine Look, one Sun passes three refulgent Burning-glasses,

The

Beauty, which the Spirit, Body, and the Minde inherit.

all

These rich spoyles, by th' eye first caught, Are to the Soul's next Handmaid brought, Who there resides: She to the Breast
Sends them; reform 'd, but not exprest: The Heart, from Matter Beauty takes,

Of many one Conception makes; And what were meant by Nature's Laws,
Distinct,

She

in

one

Picflure draws.

The
Sonnet
1

VIII

he Heart by Love allur'd to see Within her self her Progenie;

This, like the Sun's refledted

Rayes

Upon

the Water's face, survayes;

Yet some divine, though clouded Light Seems here to twinckle, and invite
pious Soul, a Beauty more Sublime and Perfecfl to adore; Who sees no longer his dim shade

The

the Earth's vast Globe display 'd, But certain Lustre, of the True

Upon

Sun's truest Image, now in view. The Soul thus entring in the Minde,

There such uncertainty doth finde, That she to clearer Light applies Her Armes, and near the first Sun flies: She by his splendour beautious grows,

By loving whom all Beauty flows Upon the Minde, Soul, World, and
Included in
this

All

spacious

Ball.

IX

The
Sonnet
force.

Dut hold! Love

That
Great Power!
if

stops the forward Course

me beyond my scope would

any Soul appears
is

Who not alone the blossomes wears,

But of the rich Fruit
possest,
rest.

Lend him thy

Light,

deny the

THE THIRD BOOK

THE THIRD BOOK

treat of both

Loves belongs to different

TO
first in

Vulgar Love to Natural or Moral Philosophy; Divine, to Theology or Metaphysicks. Solomon discourseth excellently of the
sciences;

"Ecclesiastes," as a Natural Philosopher, in his "Proverbs," as a Moral: of the Second in his

"Canticles,"

esteemed the most divine of all the

Songs

in Scripture.

The
Third
1

STANZA

he chief order established by divine Wisdom in Book created things is, that every inferiour Nature be immediately governed by the superiour; whom whilst it obeys, it is guarded from all ill, and led
without any obstruction to its determinate felicity; but if through too much affecflion to its own
desire to prefer the licentious life before the profitable, it rebel from the superiour
liberty,

and

double inconvenience. First, like a ship given over by the Pilot, it lights sometimes on one Rock, sometimes on another, without
nature,
it falls

into a

hope of reaching the Port. Secondly, it loseth the command it had over the Natures subjected to
superiour of his. Irrational Nature is ruled by another, unfit for its Imperfection to rule any. God by his ineffable Excellence
it,

as

it

hath deprived

its

provides for every thing, himself needs not the providence of any other: betwixt the two ex-

Angels and Rational and Souls, governing others, govern'd by others. The first Hierarchy of Angels, immediately illuminated by God, enlighten the next under them; the last (by Platonists termed Daemons, by the Hebrews man as Guardians of Men) are set over us as we over Irrationals. So Psalm 8. Whilst the
treams,
Bruits, are

God and

Angels continued subject to the Divine Power, they retained their Authority over other Creatures; but when Lucifer and his Companions,
through inordinate love of their 64

own Excellence,

aspir'd to be equal with God, and to be con- The served, as he, by their own strength, they fell Third

extream Misery; and when they Book lost the Priviledge they had over others, seeing us freed from their Empire, enviously every hour insidiate our good. The same order is in the lesser
to

from Glory

World, our Soul: the inferiour

faculties are di-

recfted by the superiour, following they erre not. The imaginative corrects the mistakes of outward sense: Reason is illuminated by the Intellect,

whom

nor do

we at any time miscarry, but when

the Imaginative will not give credit to Reason, or Reason confident of it self, resists the Intellect.

Appetite is governed by the Rational, the Rational by the Intellectual, which our Poet implyes, saying,
"

In the desiderati ve the

Love whose hand guides my heart's strict

reins."

The cognoscitive powers are seated in the Head, the desiderative in the Heart. In every well order'd Soul the Appetite is govern'd by Intellectual Love; imply ed by the Metaphore of Reines

borrowed from Plato

in his

"Phaedrus."

"Love to advance my flight, will lend The wings by which he did descend
Into

my

heart"

When any superiour vertue is said to descend, we imply not that it leaves its own height to
come down
to us, but draws us

up

to

it

self: its

descending to us, is our ascending to it: otherThird wise such conjunction would be the imperfec-

The

Book

tion of the vertue, not the perfection of

him who

receives

it.

66

STANZA
Of uncreated Good **
which
that influx

II

The
Third

"Love, flowing from the sacred Spring "

Book

From the Fountain of

souls in

divine goodness into our is terminated.

"When
The
lib. 2, sedt. 18.

born,-"

order, participation, conversion of Ideas; see

Heaven he moves; the Soul Informs; and doth the World controwl." Of these three properties Love is not the efficient:

"how

the Ideas in the Angelick Minde; the Minde illustrates the Soul with Ideal

God produceth

Beauty; Heaven is moved by its proper Soul: But without Love these principles do not operate: He is cause of the Minde's conversion to God, and of the Soul's to the Minde; without which the Ideas would not descend into the one, nor the specifick reasons into

the other: the Soul not illumi-

nated
out

by these, could not elicite this sensible form of matter by the motion of Heaven.

The
Third

STANZA

III

When the first emanation from God (the plenty

O f Ideas) descended into the Angelick Minde, she, desiring their perfection, reverts to God, obtaining of him what she covets which the more fully she possesseth, the more fervently she loves. This
;

Book

desire (Celestial Love), born

of the obscure

Minde and

Ideas,

is

explain'd in this stanza.

"true Heaven"
God,
all

who

includes

all

created beings, as

Heaven

(lib. 2,secfl. n). Onely Spiritual things to Platonists are true and real, the rest according but shadows and images of these.

sensible

"the
The
light of Ideas
"

sacred Sun

"

streaming from God.

"

enliven'd Leaves

The Metaphore of Leaves

relates to the

Orchard

of Jupiter, where these Ideas were planted (lib. 2, secft. 10): "Enliven'd" as having in themselves

the principle of their operation, Intellecflion, the noblest life, as the Psalmist, "Give me under-

standing and I shall live." So the Cabalists to the second Sephirah, which is Wisdom, attribute the

name

of Life.
" "

adorn, bestowing form To adorn denotes no more than accidentall perfedlion, but Ideas are the Substance of the Minde,
68

and therefore he adds "bestowing form;" which The though they come to her from without, she re- Third ceives not as accidents, but as her first intrin- Book secal adl: which our Author implies, terming her
desires innate.

"And by
Into the

this

Love
for

exalted, turns

Sun

whom

she burns."

Love transforms the

lover into the thing loved.

"-Wealth and Want-"

Porus and Penia
(lib. 2, sedl. 10).

The
Third
1

IV he properties of Celestial Love are

"

STANZA

in this

Book

stanza discovered.
in

new

fetters

caught"
the Body, her desire

The

Soul being opprest by of Intellectual Beauty sleeps; but, awakened by Love, is by the sensible Beauty of the Body led
at last to their Fountain,

God.

"which glow
Dying, yet glowing greater grow." Motion and Operation are the signes of life, their privation of death; in him who apply es himself
to the intellectual part, the rational
sitive fail;

and the sen-

Man; by the Intelledlual communicates with Angels: As Man he dyes, reviv'd an Angel. Thus the Heart dyes in the flames of Intellectual Love, yet consumes

by

the Rational he

is

not,

but by this death "grows greater," receives new and more sublime life. See in Plato the

Fables of Alcestes and Orpheus.

STANZA V
1 his

The
Book

stanza

is

a description of sensible Beauty. Third

"The Her

elder in the Sun's glasse reads face, through the confused skreen

a dark shade obscurely seen." Sensible light is the act and efficacy of corporeal, spiritual light of Intelligible Beauty. Ideas

Of

descent into the inform Angelick Minde, were as colours and figures in the Night. As he
in their

who by Moonlight
to

seeth

the Minde,

view and enjoy it weakly beholding in her self the Ideal Beauty dim, and opacous (which our Author calls

some fair objecft, desires more fully in the day; so

"the skreen of a dark shade") by reason of the Night of her imperfection, turns (like the Moon)
to the eternal Sun, to perfect her Beauty by him; to addressing her self, she becomes Intel-

whom

Veligible light; clearing the beauty of Celestial the first of it to the visible and nus, eye rendring
Minde.
In sensible
in
it

Beauty we consider

first

the object

at Midnight as at Noon: secondly the light, in a manner the Soul thereof: the Author supposeth, that as the first part of sensiself;

the

same

ble Beauty (corporeal forms) proceeds from the first part of Intellectual Beauty (Ideal forms), so
sensible light flows ing upon Ideas.

from the

intelligible

descend-

The
Third

STANZAS

VI, VII, VIII

Book

(Corporeal Beauty imply es, first the material disposition of the Body, consisting of quantity in
the proportion and distance of parts, of quality in figure and colour: secondly, a certain quality which cannot be exprest by any term better than
Gracefulness, shining in
all

that

is

fair.

This

is

properly Venus, Beauty, which kindles the fire of Love in Mankinde: they who affirm it results

from the disposition of the Body, the sight, figure, and colour of features, are easily confuted by experience. We see many persons exacft, and
unaccusable
in every part, destitute of this grace, and comelinesse; others lesse perfect in those particular conditions, excellently graceful and comely; Thus Catullus,

"Many think Quintia beautious; And strait she is, a part grant
I

fair

and
all,

tall,

her

But altogether beautious I deny; For not one grace doth that large shape supply."
grants her Perfection of Quality, Figure, and Quantity, yet not allows her handsome, as want-

He

ing this Grace. This then must by consequence be ascribed to the Soul; which when perfect and lucid, transfuseth

of its

Body some Beams Splendour. When Moses came from the diinto the

even

vine Vision in the Mount, his face did shine so exceedingly, that the People could not behold it,
unlesse vail'd. Porphyrius relates, that
72

when Plo-

tinus his Soul plation,

was elevated by divine Contem- The

his looks; Plotinus

an extraordinary brightness appear'd in Third himself a verres, that there was Book
this

never any beautiful Person wicked, that

Gracefulnesse in the

Body

is

a certain signe of

dom

Perfection in the Soul. Proverbs xvii. 24. "Wisshineth in the countenance of the Wise."

ascend to the first Fountain by six Degrees: the Soul through the sight represents to her self the Beauty of some particular Person, inclines to it, is pleased with it, and while she rests here, is in the first, the most
Material Beauty

From

we

imperfect material degree. 2. She reforms by her imagination the Image she hath received, making
it

more

perfect as

more

spiritual;

and separating

fromMatter,brings it a little nearer Ideal Beauty. 3. By the light of the agent Intellect abstracting
it

this

Form from

all

singularity, she considers the

universal Nature of Corporeal Beauty by it self: this is the highest degree the Soul can reach

whilest she goes no further than Sense. 4. Reflecting upon her own Operation, the knowledge

of universal Beauty, and considering that every thing founded in Matter is particular, she concludes this universality proceeds not from the

outward Object, but her

reasons thus:
rial

If in

Power: and the dimme Glasse of MateIntrinsecal

Phantasmes

this

Beauty
it

is

represented

by
it

vertue of

my Light,

follows that, beholding

in the clear

Mirrour of

my

substance devested
73

of those Clouds, it will appear more perspicuous Third thus turning into her self, she findes the Image

The

Book O f

Beauty communicated to her by the Intellect, the Objedl of Celestiall Love. j. She ascends from this Idea in her self, to the place
Ideal
Celestial

where

Venus

is,

in

her proper form:

Who

in fullness

of her Beauty not being compre-

hensible, by any particular Intellect, she, as much as in her lies, endeavours to be united to the
first

Minde, the chiefest of Creatures, and general Habitation of Ideal Beauty. Obtaining this, she

terminates, and fixeth her journey; this is the sixth and last degree. They are all imply'd in

the 6th, /th, and 8th Stanzas

"

Form'd by

th' eternal

Look, &c."

Platonists affirm

some

Souls are of the nature of

Saturn, others of Jupiter or some other Planet; meaning, one Soul hath more conformity in its

Nature with the Soul of the Heaven of Saturn, than with that of Jupiter, and so on the contrary; of which there can be no internal Cause, assigned;
God, who (as Plato in his "Timaeus") "Soweth and scattereth Souls, some in the Moon, others in other Planets and Stars, the Instruments of Time."
the external
is

the Rational Soul descending from her Star, in her " Vehiculum Coeleste," of her self forms the Body, to which by that Me-

Many imagine

dium she

is

united.

Our Author upon

these

74

grounds supposeth, that into the "Vehiculum" The. of the Soul, by her endued with Power to form Third
the Body, is infused from her Star a particular Book formative vertue, distindl according to that Star;
thus the aspecfl of one jovial, &c. In their looks
their Souls.
is

Saturnine, of another

we

reade the nature of

is

But because inferiour Matter

not ever obedi-

ent to the Stamp, the vertue of the Soul is not alwayes equally exprest in the visible Effigies;

hence

it

happens that two of the same Nature

are unlike; the Matter whereof the one consists, being lesse disposed to receive that Figure than

the other; what in that is compleat is in this imperfedt; our Author infers, that the figures of two

Bodies being formed

this

by vertue

of the

same

Star,

Conformity begets Love.

"From the

Sun's

most sublime abode."

:

The Tropick of Cancer by which Souls according to Platonists descend, ascending by Capricorn.
Cancer is the House of the Moon, who predominates over the vital Parts, Capricorn of Saturn presiding over Contemplation.

"The Heart
Is

in

which Affection's bred

thus

by
if

Frequently,
that

pleasing Errour fed." not alwayes, the Lover believes

;

which he loves more beautious than it is he beholds it in the Image his Soul hath formed
75

The
Third

of

it,

so

much

fairer as

more separate from Mat-

ter,
is

Book

the Principle of Deformity; besides, the Soul more indulgent in her Affecflion to this Speconsidering
it is

cies,

her

own Childe

produced

in

her Imagination.
"

one Sun passes

Burning-glasses/'

Through three refulgent

One

Light flowing from God, beautifies the Angelick, the Rational Nature, and the Sensible

World.
"

the Soul's next

Handmaid"

The

Imaginative.

"-to the

Breast."
for the Soul be-

The Breast and Heart here taken

cause her nearest Lodging; the Fountain of Life and Heat.

reform'd, but not exprest." "Reform'd" by the Imagination from the de"

formity of Matter; yet not reduc'd to perfedl immateriality, without which true Beauty is not
"

Exprest."
Finis

NOTES TO INTRODUCTION

N. Mattioli, Studio critico sopra Egidio Ro- Notes to mano Colonna (Rome, 1896) pp. 195 et seq. and, IntroCf.
,

support of the traditional attribution to Egidio, G.Boffito, Saggio di Bibliografia Egidiana (Florin

dudlion

ence,
2

1911),
I

pp. 57, J8.

Liber

Metaphysicorum, V, xv.
4-7.
'

3 Inf. iv, 131.

4
5 6

Triumphus Famae,
Marsilii Ficini

iii,

Opera

(Basle, 1576),

P- ^49-

Prefatory letters to Bernardo del Nero & Antonio Manetti: Marsilio Ficino sopra I'Amore

overo Convito
7 8

di Platone.

Opera, ed.cit., I, p. 628. Cf.Caterina Re,GirolamoBenivieniFiorentino,

pp. 75-8o.

De
Cf.

veritate Fidei in Dominicae Crucis trium-

phum,
10
}.

IV,

iii.

M. Rigg, Pico della Mirandola, pp.

4
i,

xxiii,

xxiv.
11

Commento,
But
cf.

secfl. 4.

12

Mr. Rigg's interpretation of this passage, op. cit., pp. xxv, xxvi. 13 Cf. Amoris. especially his Fasciculus

14
15 16 17

Sopra 1'Amore,

p. 108.

Commento,

ii,

sedl. 20.
cit.,

Cf. Caterina Re, op.

pp. 208-211. Cf. E. Solmi, Benedetto Spinoza e Leone Ebreo.

Studio su una fonte italiana dimenticata dello

Spinozismo. Modena, 1903.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE
# * *
Marsilii Ficini Florentini

Opera. Basle,

1576.

Marsilio Ficino sopra 1' Amore overo Convito di Platone. Florence, 1^44.

Joannis

Mirandulae Concordiaeque comitis, Opera quae extant omnia. Basle, 1601.

Pici,

Girolamo Benivieni Florentine, con una Canzonadello Amore celeste et divino,col Commento dello III. S. Conte Giovanni Pico Miran-

Opere

di

dolano. Florence,

1.519;

Venice, 1522;

etc.
piii

Commento

di

Hieronymo Benivieni sopra a

sue canzone et sonetti dello

lezza divina. Florence, ijoo.
J.

Amore

e della Bel-

M. Rigg: Introduction to Giovanni Pico della Mirandola his Life by his nephew Giovanni Fran;

cesco Pico; etc. Translated from the Latin

by

Sir

Thomas More. London,

Vincenzo
di

1890.

Giovanni: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola nella storia del rinascimento e della filosofia in Italia.
F.

Palermo, 1894.

Calori Cesis: Giovanni Pico della Mirandola

detto

La Fenice
II

degli Ingegni, Mirandola, 1897.

Vittorio Rossi:

Quattrocento. Milan, 1900.

83

Biblio-

Adolfo Gaspary: Storia della Letteratura Italigraphi- ana, volume secondo parte prima, trad, da Vittorio Rossi.

cal

Turin, 1900.
:

Arnaldo della Torre Storia

dell'

Accademia

Pla-

tonica di Firenze. Florence, 1902.

Caterina Re: Girolamo

Citta di Castello, 1906.

Benivieni

Fiorentino.

Dialoghi di Amore composti per Venice, 1541.

Leone medico.

Platonick Discourse

upon Love, written

in

by John Picus Mirandula, in Explication by Hieronymo Benivieni. In Poems by Thomas Stanley, Esquire, London, 1651 (with
Italian

of a Sonnet

separate title-page, but continuous pagination,

pp. 213-260).

The

History of Philosophy, by Thomas Stanthe second volume. London, 1656. ley,

Walter Raleigh: Introduction to The Book of the Courtier from the Italian of Count Baldassare Castiglione:

done

into English
1900.

by

Sir

Thomas Hoby,

anno

1.761.

London,

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