FIDEC Training Center

Control Valves

Category of Valves
Valves Manual valves Automated valves
These valves are operated automatically.

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Modulating valves Self Operated valves On-Off valves

On-Off valves just put the flow on or off . On the other word, let the flow medium run or stop. There types of valves are mainly used for sequential control or rough control like air conditioning. Self-operated valves operate receiving energy from fluid pressure of fluid temperature. It has high responsibility but generally is not good at accuracy.

Modulating valves are moreover categorized into 2 types.

Control valves
Control valves operate receiving energy from compressed air, electric power, etc. used with controllers and sensors. Control valves and related equipment realizes most accurate control.

Control Valves

Introduction
What Is A Control Valve? The control valve manipulates a flowing fluid, such as gas, steam, water, or chemical compounds, to compensate for the load disturbance and keep the regulated process variable as close as possible to the desired set point. The control valve assembly typically consists of the: * Valve body * The internal trim parts * An actuator to provide the motive power to operate the valve * A variety of additional valve accessories, which can include positioners, transducers, supply pressure regulators, manual operators, snubbers, or limit switches.

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Roles of control valves

Process parameters Flow Pressure Level Temp. Sensor Orifice, Flow meter Press. Transmitter Level Transmitter Temperature Transmitter
Orifice

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valve

Controller

4-20mA 4-20mA D.P. Transmitter

Control Valves

Example of process control

Flow control FC PC Boiler Boiler feed pomp Minimum flow control valve Level control Reactor LC Heat exchanger T bi b Turbine bypass valve l Temperature control TC Pressure control Boiler

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Turbine

Control Valves

Introduction

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Typical Valve Assembly

Control Valves [email protected]

Component parts

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Actuator Positioner Convert electrical signal to pneumatic signal so that valve can operate using pneumatic energy. Control valve travel so that correct amount of fluid runs inside valve.
Yamatake Standard Single Seated Valve Control Valves

Body

Structure of actuator and valve body

Diaphragm Convert pneumatic energy to force Spring Convert force to displacement

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Valve Body

Gasket Seal the space between valve body and bonnet Valve Plug Seat Ring Trim modulates flow passage to control flow rate.

Control Valves

Introduction

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Major Component of Typical Control Valve Body

Control Valves [email protected]

Introduction

Rain cap Eye bolt Diaphragm Spring Actuator stem Diaphragm case Scale plate Stem connector Yoke Packing flange Packing g follower Yoke claming nut Gland packing Valve stem Bonnet Stud bolt and nut Gasket Guide ring Guide bushing Valve plug Seat ring Valve body

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Actuator

Body

Trim

Control Valves

[email protected]

Combination of body and actuator

Control valves Actuator

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Pneumatic

Motorized

Hydraulic

Body

Glove
Control Valves

Angle

Butterfly

Features of each actuator types

Pneumatic type Hydraulic type Motorized type Response time Dead time is rather long. Action speed is fast. Possible by using integrated spring or connecting volume tank easily and certainly. Middle for spring diaphragm type. Big for piston cylinder t type. Simple Dead time is short. Action speed is fast Difficult to maintain

FIDEC
(Training Center)

No dead time. Action speed is slow Can stop and maintain only the position at an emergency time. Bigger than pneumatic type and oil pressure type Complicated

Maintaining safety position at supply fail time Output power

Small for oil integrated type. Big for oil separated i t ll ti t installation type Complicated

Structure

Weather proof and Exprosion proof Air piping or electric wiring

Not necessary Simple

Should be considered Simple for oil integrated type. Complicated for oil separated installation Complicated Expensive

Should be considered Simple

Maintenance work Cost

Easy Reasonable

Complicated Expensive

Control Valves

Features of each body types

Linear motion Glove valve 3-1. Single seated valve 3-2. Top & Bottom guided valve 3-3. Cage valve 3-4. Angle valve Control Valves 3-5. Tree-way valve 3-6. Diaphragm valve Gate valve Rotary motion 3-7. Rotary valve 3-8. Butterfly valve Ball valve
Control Valves

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Cv calculation
When you decide port size of control valve, you need to calculate required Cv value with fluid condition given on control valve data sheet. Then, you can specify appropriate Rated Cv value and port size. At this chapter, most popular Cv calculation formula that is established by FCI (Fluid Controls Institute, Inc.) is introduced. What is Cv value ? One of the popular coefficients that express flow capacity. Cv value us defined as follows. Fl Flow rate of f 60 degF d F (15 (15.6 6 degC) d C) clean l water with i h the h unit i of f US gal/ l/ min at differential pressure of 1 psi and specific travel of valve. -Rated Cv value: Cv value at a valve is fully opened. -Required Cv value: Cv value calculated with fluid condition

FIDEC
(Training Center)

water 60degF

1 psi
Control Valves

US gal/min

Introduction

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Flow Control Characteristics As the actuator moves the valve plug through its travel range, the unobstructed flow area changes in size and shape depending on the contour of the valve plug. When a constant pressure differential is maintained across the valve, the changing relationship between percentage of maximum flow capacity and percentage of total travel range can be portrayed , and is designated as the inherent flow characteristic of f the th valve. l Commonly specified inherent flow characteristics include: * Linear Flow Characteristic * Equal-Percentage Flow Characteristics * Quick-Opening Flow Characteristic

Control Valves

[email protected]

Introduction
Linear Flow Characteristic Cv = K . L (K: Constant, L: Valve plug travel)

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Equal-Percentage Flow Characteristics

Inherent Flow Characteristics Curves

Control Valves

[email protected]

Introduction
Quick-Opening Flow Characteristic

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Typical Construction to Provide Quick-Opening Flow Characteristic

Control Valves

[email protected]

Introduction
Selection of Flow Characteristic

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Liquid Level Systems

Control Valves

[email protected]

Introduction
Rangeability

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Rangeability denotes the ratio between the maximum flow rate and the minimum flow rate which can be controlled by a control valve.

Inherent rangeability =

Cv  max imum Cv  min imum

Control Valves

[email protected]

Control Valves
Valve and Actuator Types Control Valves

FIDEC
(Training Center)

The control valve regulates the rate of fluid flow as the position of the valve plug or disk is changed by force from the actuator. To do this, the valve must: * Contain the fluid without external leakage; q capacity p y for the intended service; ; * Have adequate * Be capable of withstanding the erosive, corrosive, and temperature influences of the process; and * Incorporate appropriate end connections to mate with adjacent pipelines and actuator attachment means to permit transmission of actuator thrust to the valve plug stem or rotary shaft.

Control Valves

[email protected]

Valve Bodies
Globe Valves Single-Port Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Single-Ported Globe-Style Valve Body

Control Valves

[email protected]

Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Most Popular type Valve plug has only one seat to shut-of fluid Seat leakage is low even though it has metal seat Unbalancing fluid force is higher than pressure balancing p g type yp When required valve size is lower than 2 inch, This type is most advantageous because small sized actuator can be mounted. That means price is reasonable. When required size is larger than 2 inch, generally, price is not reasonable because the larger the valve size is, the bigger the actuators size is comparing single seated type to pressure balancing type.
Control Valves [email protected]

Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Gasket Valve Plug

Valve Body Seat Ring

Control Valves

[email protected]

Top and Bottom Guided valve

FIDEC
(Training Center)

The valve plug is guided at top and bottom. Pressure balanced type. This type is used mainly for oil refinery industry. Generally, seat leakage is larger than single seated valves.

Control Valves

[email protected]

Cage valve

FIDEC
(Training Center)

This type comes after single seated type in market. Valve plug is guided by cage (shaped like pipe and set in valve body. It has window that consists of flow characteristics.) Pressure balanced type is more popular than unbalanced type. For pressure balanced cage type, actuator size is smaller than single seated type when body size is same. Therefore price is more competitive than single seated type when valve size larger than 3 inch or used with highhigh pressure rating. This type can reduce cavitation erosion and aerodynamic noise that are typical control valve claim. Generally, seat leakage is larger than single seated valve.

Seat ring

Valve plug

Control Valves

[email protected]

Valve Bodies
High Capacity, Cage-Guided Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

High Capacity Valve Body with Cage-Style Noise Abatement Trim

Control Valves [email protected]

Angle valve

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Center of inlet and outlet of valves are right angle. This type is advantageous for erosive or abrasive fluid. Also used because of piping design advantage. Wetted parts design is simpler than general 2 way valves. So this type is also advantageous for viscous fluid fluid. Erosion: Destruction of valve bodies or trims due to high fluid velocity Abrasion: Erosion due to slurry that contains solids or particles.

Control Valves

[email protected]

Tree-way valve Three-Way Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Diverting type is used to separate flow to 2 way. Mixing type is used to mix 2 flow. Mainly used for temperature control.

Mixing type
Control Valves

Diverting type
[email protected]

Diaphragm Valve
Elastic diaphragm made with rubber and PTFE the flow passage. modulate Wetted parts can be lined with several materials (PTFE, Glass, and rubbers). So this type is advantageous for slurry or corrosive fluid. This type is cost effective.

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Full open

Control

Full close

Control Valves

Valve Bodies
Rotary Valves Butterfly Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

A disk that is almost same diameter as pipe size rotate so as to modulates flow. Valve capacity is highest for all types of valves. Generally this type is used at pressure Generally, rating 300# or lower. For higher-pressure rating, this type cannot be applied.

High-Performance Butterfly Control Valve

Control Valves [email protected]

Valve Bodies
V-Notch Ball Control Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Rotary-Shaft Control Valve with V-Notch Ball

Control Valves [email protected]

Eccentric-Disk Control Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Center of the plug rotating point is eccentric from the center of valve body. CV capacity is bigger than that of other globe valves. Fluid can be passed easily because of straight trough construction.

Eccentric-Disk Rotary-Shaft Control Valve

Control Valves [email protected]

PTFE Valve

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Plug: PTFE with 304ss core Bellows: PTFE Casing: SUS304 Body: PTFE

A branch of single seated control valve. Especially used for corrosive fluid. All wetted parts are made with PTFE, which resist most of acids and alkalis. Body has rigid stainless casing to avoid warp with piping stress. Applicable pressure and temperature is limited. Max Operating Temperature: 140 deg C

Control Valves

[email protected]

PVC / Polypropylene Valve

FIDEC
(Training Center)

A branch of single seated control valve. Especially used for corrosive fluid. All wetted parts are made with PVC or Polypropylene, which resist most of acids and alkalis Applicable pressure and temperature is limited. Cheaper than PTFE valve

Max Operating Temperature: PVC: 50 deg C, Polypropylene: 80 deg C Model VNP

Control Valves

Ceramic Valve
Wetted part materials are all ceramics All wetted parts are made with ceramics that resists most of acids and alkalis. 3.Highest abrasion resistance.

FIDEC
(Training Center)

4. There are application limitations for temperature, pressure and seat leakage class. Ceramic
99% aluminum ceramic or Silicon carbide ceramic

Model HMC CV < 4.0 Model HIC 13<CV<120

Control Valves
Aluminum ceramic: 70 deg C

Valve Plugs
Types of Valve Plugs
Cage

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Plug for cage valve

Contoured plug EQ%

Control Valves

Linear
[email protected]

Valve Plugs

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Cage-Guided
Characterization of Cage-Guided Valve Bodies

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Characterized Cages for Globe-Style Valve Bodies

Control Valves [email protected]

End Connections
Control Valve End Connections

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

End Connections

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Bonnets
Valve Body Bonnets
The bonnet of a control valve is that part of the body assembly through which the valve plug stem or rotary shaft moves.

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Typical Bonnet, Flange, and Stud Bolts

Control Valves [email protected]

Bonnets
Extension Bonnets

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Extension Bonnet
Control Valves

Valve Body with Fabricated Extension Bonnet

[email protected]

Packing
Control Valve Packing

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Single PTFE V-Ring Packing

Control Valves [email protected]

Packing

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Comprehensive Packing Material Arrangements for Globe-Style Valve Bodies

Control Valves [email protected]

Packing

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Typical Valve Stem Packing Assemblies

Control Valves [email protected]

Packing
PTFE V-Ring Laminated and Filament Graphite Single PTFE V-Ring Packing ENVIRO-SEAL_ PTFE Packing

FIDEC
(Training Center)

ENVIRO-SEAL PTFE Packing System

Control Valves [email protected]

Packing

FIDEC
(Training Center)

V-PTFE

V7132Y

#4519 y yarn

Graphite (T2200)
Control Valves

SM636

TK2006
[email protected]

Packing
Graphite Ribbon for Rotary Valves

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Packing

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Gaskets
Gaskets

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Gaskets

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Gaskets
Examples on Uses of Gaskets
Serrated metal gasket

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Spiral gasket

Model HTS

M d l ACP Model

V543

V543 PTFE coated

V8590 Spiral gasket

[email protected]

Serrated metal gasket

Control Valves

Gaskets

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Grease

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Lubricator

PS6
Control Valves

#800

#400

#650
[email protected]

Valve Plug Guiding

Valve Plug Guiding 1. Cage Guiding

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Valve Plug Guiding

2. Top Guiding

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Valve Plug Guiding

3. Stem Guiding

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Left view
Control Valves [email protected]

Valve Plug Guiding

4. Top-and-Bottom Guiding

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Valve Plug Guiding

5. Port Guiding

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Right view
Control Valves [email protected]

Valve Plug Guiding

Restricted-Capacity Control Valve Trim

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Adapter Method for Providing Reduced Flow Capacity

Control Valves

[email protected]

Actuators
Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Pneumatically operated control valve actuators are the most popular type in use, but electric, hydraulic, and manual actuators are also widely used. The spring-and-diaphragm pneumatic actuator is most commonly specified due to its dependability and simplicity of design. Pneumatically operated piston actuators provide high stem force output for demanding service conditions.

Control Valves

[email protected]

Actuators
1. Diaphragm Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Field-Reversible Multi-Spring Actuator

Control Valves [email protected]

Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Diaphragm Actuator for Rotary Shaft Valves

Control Valves [email protected]

Actuators
2. Piston Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valve with Double-Acting Piston Actuator

Control Valves [email protected]

Actuators
3. Electrohydraulic Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valve with Double-Acting Electrohydraulic Actuator and Handwheel

Control Valves [email protected]

Actuators
4. Manual Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Typical Manual Actuators

Control Valves [email protected]

Actuators
5. Rack and Pinion Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Typical Rack and Pinion Actuator

Control Valves [email protected]

Actuators
6. Electric Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Traditional electric actuator designs use an electric motor and some form of gear reduction to move the valve. Through adaptation, these mechanisms have been used for continuous control with varying degrees of success.

Control Valves

[email protected]

Actuators
7. Types (Directions) of Valve and Actuator Actions

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Types of valve and actuator actions should be correctly selected for fail-safe plant operation when the driving power (air supply) has failed. The type (direct and reverse) are defined as follows: (a) Direct action: Valve opens when driving power has failed. (b) Reverse action: Valve closes when driving power has failed.

Control Valves

[email protected]

Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Positioners
Control Valve Accessories Positioners

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Pneumatically operated valves depend on a positioner to take an input signal from a process controller and convert it to valve travel. These instruments are available in three configurations: 1. Pneumatic Positioners 2. Analog I/P Positioner 3. Digital Controller

Control Valves

[email protected]

Positioners

FIDEC
(Training Center)

1. Pneumatic Positioners: A pneumatic signal (usually 3-15 psig) is supplied to the

positioner.

Control Valves

[email protected]

Positioners
2. Analog I/P Positioner

FIDEC
(Training Center)

This positioner performs the same function as the one above, but uses electrical current(usually 4-20 mA) instead of air as the input signal. 3. Digital Controller Although this instrument functions very much as the Analog I/P described above, it differs in that the electronic signal conversion is digital rather than analog. The di it l products digital d t cover th three categories. t i * Digital Non-Communicating * HART * Fieldbus

Control Valves

[email protected]

Positioners

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Modern Control Valves Utilizing Digital Valve Controllers

Control Valves [email protected]

Positioners

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Positioner Schematic for Piston Actuator

Control Valves [email protected]

Volume Booster

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Volume Booster

Control Valves

[email protected]

Other Accessories
Other Control Valve Accessories

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Top-Mounted Handwheel for Direct-Acting Diaphragm Actuator

Control Valves

Top-Mounted Handwheel for Reverse-Acting Diaphragm Actuator

[email protected]

Other Accessories
Limit Switches

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Cam-Operated Limit Switches

Control Valves [email protected]

Other Accessories
Solenoid Valve Manifold

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Other Accessories
Supply Pressure Regulator

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Supply Pressure Regulator with Filter and Moisture Trap

Control Valves [email protected]

Other Accessories
Pneumatic Lock-Up Systems

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Other Accessories

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Other Accessories
Fail-Safe Systems for Piston Actuators

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Other Accessories
Electro-Pneumatic Transducers

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Electro-Pneumatic Transducer Mounted on a DiaphragmActuated Control Valve

Control Valves [email protected]

Other Accessories
Electro-Pneumatic Valve Positioners

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Other Accessories
Diagnostics

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Digital valve controllers incorporate predefined instrument and valve diagnostics within firmware to provide alerts if there are problems with instrument mounting, electronics, hardware or valve performance.

Control Valves

[email protected]

Seat Leakage Classifications

Standards and Approvals Control Valve Seat Leakage Classifications
(In accordance with ANSI/FCI 702 and IEC 60534-4)

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Seat Leakage Classifications

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Seat Leakage Classifications

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Control Valves

[email protected]

Cavitation and Flashing

Cavitation and Flashing Choked Flow Causes Flashing and Cavitation

FIDEC
(Training Center)

The IEC liquid sizing standard calculates an allowable sizing pressure drop, 3PD[ ,I WKH DFWXDO SUHVVXUH GURS DFURVV WKH YDOYH DV GHILQHG E\ WKH V\VWHP conditions of P1 and P2 LV JUHDWHU WKDQ 3PD[ WKHQ HLWKHU IODVKLQJ RU FDYLWDWLRQ may occur. The change is from the liquid state to the vapor state and results from the increase in fluid velocity at or just downstream of the greatest flow restriction, normally the valve port.

Vena Contracta Illustration

Control Valves [email protected]

Cavitation and Flashing

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Comparison of Pressure Profiles for High and Low Recovery Valves

Control Valves

[email protected]

Cavitation and Flashing

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Typical Appearance of Flashing Damage

Typical Appearance of Cavitation Damage

Control Valves

[email protected]

Noise Prediction
Noise Prediction 1. Aerodynamic The method defines five basic steps to a noise prediction: 1. Calculate the total stream power in the process at the vena contracta. 2. Determine the fraction of total power that is acoustic power 3. Convert acoustic power to sound pressure.

FIDEC
(Training Center)

4. Account for the transmission loss of the pipewall and restate the sound pressure at the outside surface of the pipe 5. Account for distance and calculate the sound pressure level at the observers location 2. Hydrodynamic
Control Valves [email protected]

Noise Prediction
Noise Control

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Valve Trim Design for Reducing Aerodynamic Noise

Control Valves

[email protected]

Noise Prediction

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Valve and Inline Diffuser Combination

Control Valves

[email protected]

Noise Prediction

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Valve and Vent Diffuser Combination

Control Valves [email protected]

Noise Prediction

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Special Valve Design to Eliminate Cavitation

Control Valves [email protected]

Noise Prediction

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Typical In-Line Silencer

Control Valves

[email protected]

Noise Prediction
Noise Summary

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Globe Style Valve with Noise Abatement Cage for Aerodynamic Flow
Control Valves [email protected]

Noise Prediction

FIDEC
(Training Center)

Ball Style Valve with Attenuator to Reduce Hydrodynamic Noise

Control Valves [email protected]