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Class 28: Outline: Hour 1: Displacement Current Maxwell's Equations Hour 2: Electromagnetic Waves

The objectives of this course are to tease out the laws of electromagnetism from our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena manifest themselves. We want to be able: To describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism come into play in particular situations; To represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in those situations; And to predict outcomes in other similar situations. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively simple laws.

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90 views33 pages

Class 28: Outline: Hour 1: Displacement Current Maxwell's Equations Hour 2: Electromagnetic Waves

The objectives of this course are to tease out the laws of electromagnetism from our everyday experience by specific examples of how electromagnetic phenomena manifest themselves. We want to be able: To describe, in words, the ways in which various concepts in electromagnetism come into play in particular situations; To represent these electromagnetic phenomena and fields mathematically in those situations; And to predict outcomes in other similar situations. The overall goal is to use the scientific method to come to understand the enormous variety of electromagnetic phenomena in terms of a few relatively simple laws.

Uploaded by

akirank1
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class 28: Outline

Hour 1:
Displacement Current
Maxwell’s Equations

Hour 2:
Electromagnetic waves

P28- 1
Finally:
Bringing it All Together

P28- 2
Displacement Current

P28- 3
Ampere’s Law: Capacitor
Consider a charging capacitor:
I Use Ampere’s Law to calculate the
magnetic field just above the top plate

Ampere's law: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ 0 I enc

1) Red Amperian Area, Ienc= I


2) Green Amperian Area, I = 0

What’s Going On?


P28- 4
Displacement Current
We don’t have current between the capacitor
plates but we do have a changing E field. Can we
“make” a current out of that?
Q
E= ⇒ Q = ε 0 EA = ε 0 Φ E
ε0 A

dQ dΦE
= ε0 ≡ Id
dt dt

This is called (for historic reasons)


the Displacement Current
P28- 5
Maxwell-Ampere’s Law

∫
C
B ⋅ d s = µ 0 ( I encl + I d )

dΦE
= µ 0 I encl + µ 0ε 0
dt

P28- 6
PRS Questions:
Capacitor

P28- 7
Maxwell’s Equations

P28- 8
Electromagnetism Review

• E fields are created by:


(1) electric charges Gauss’s Law
(2) time changing B fields Faraday’s Law
• B fields are created by
(1) moving electric charges Ampere’s Law
(NOT magnetic charges)
(2) time changing E fields Maxwell’s Addition

• E (B) fields exert forces on (moving) electric charges


Lorentz Force
P28- 9
Maxwell’s Equations
Qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = ε
S 0
(Gauss's Law)

dΦB
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)

∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
S
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)

dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt (Ampere-Maxwell Law)

F = q(E + v × B) (Lorentz force Law)


P28- 10
Electromagnetic Radiation

P28- 11
A Question of Time…

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/
8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/
05-CreatingRadiation/05-
pith_f220_320.html

P28- 12
P28- 13
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Plane Waves

http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html
P28- 14
Traveling Waves
Consider f(x) =

x=0
What is g(x,t) = f(x-vt)?
t=0 t=t0 t=2t0

x=0 x=vt0 x=2vt0


f(x-vt) is traveling wave moving to the right!
P28- 15
Traveling Sine Wave
Now consider f(x) = y = y0sin(kx):
2π
Amplitude (y0)
Wavelength (λ ) =
wavenumber (k )

What is g(x,t) = f(x+vt)? Travels to left at velocity v


y = y0sin(k(x+vt)) = y0sin(kx+kvt)
P28- 16
Traveling Sine Wave
y = y0 sin ( kx + kvt )
At x=0, just a function of time: y = y0 sin( kvt ) ≡ y0 sin(ω t )

1
Period (T ) =
frequency (f )
Amplitude (y0) 2π
=
angular frequency (ω )

P28- 17
Traveling Sine Wave
i Wavelength: λ y = y0 sin(kx − ω t )
i Frequency : f
2π
i Wave Number: k =
λ
i Angular Frequency: ω = 2π f
1 2π
i Period: T = =
f ω
ω
i Speed of Propagation: v = =λf
k
i Direction of Propagation: + x
P28- 18
Electromagnetic Waves

Hz

Remember: λf =c P28- 19
Electromagnetic Radiation: Plane Waves
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html

Watch 2 Ways:
1) Sine wave
traveling to
right (+x)
2) Collection of
out of phase
oscillators
(watch one
position)

Don’t confuse vectors with heights – they


are magnitudes of E (gold) and B (blue) P28- 20
PRS Question:
Wave

P28- 21
Group Work:
Do Problem 1

P28- 22
Properties of EM Waves
Travel (through vacuum) with
speed of light
1 8m
v=c= = 3 ×10
µ 0ε 0 s
At every point in the wave and any instant of time,
E and B are in phase with one another, with
E E0
= =c
B B0
E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to
the direction of propagation (they are transverse):
Direction of propagation = Direction of E × B P28- 23
Direction of Propagation

ˆ E sin(k ( p̂ ⋅ r ) − ω t); B = Bˆ B sin(k ( p̂ ⋅ r ) − ω t)

E=E

0 0

ˆ × Bˆ = pˆ
E E ˆ Bˆ pˆ ( pˆ ⋅ r )
ˆi ˆj kˆ z
ˆj kˆ ˆi x
kˆ ˆi ˆj y
ˆj ˆi −kˆ −z
kˆ ˆj −ˆi −x
ˆi kˆ −ˆj −y P28-24
PRS Question:
Direction of Propagation

P28- 25
In Class Problem:
Plane EM Waves

P28- 26
Energy & the Poynting Vector

P28- 27
Energy in EM Waves
1 1
Energy densities: uE = ε 0 E , uB =
2
B 2

2 2µ0
Consider cylinder:
1⎛ B 2
⎞
dU = (u E + u B ) Adz = ⎜ ε 0 E +
2
⎟ Acdt
2⎝ µ0 ⎠
What is rate of energy flow per unit area?
1 dU c ⎛ B 2
⎞ c⎛ EB ⎞
S= = ⎜ ε0 E +
2
⎟= ⎜ ε 0 cEB + ⎟
A dt 2⎝ µ0 ⎠ 2⎝ cµ0 ⎠
EB EB
=
2µ0
( 2
)
ε 0 µ0c + 1 =
µ0
P28- 28
Poynting Vector and Intensity
Direction of energy flow = direction of wave propagation

E×B
S= : Poynting vector
µ0
units: Joules per square meter per sec

Intensity I: 2 2
E0 B0 E cB
I ≡<S >= = = 0 0

2µ0 2µ0c 2µ0


P28- 29
Energy Flow: Resistor
E×B
S= On surface of resistor is INWARD
µ0

P28- 30
PRS Questions:
Poynting Vector

P28- 31
Energy Flow: Inductor
E×B On surface of inductor with increasing
S=
µ0 current is INWARD

P28- 32
Energy Flow: Inductor
E×B On surface of inductor with decreasing
S=
µ0 current is OUTWARD

P28- 33

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