Class 10: Outline

Hour 1:
DC Circuits

Hour 2:
Kirchhoff’s Loop Rules

P10- 1
 Last Time:
Capacitors & Dielectrics

P10- 2
 Capacitors & Dielectrics
Capacitance To calculate:
Q 1) Put on arbitrary ±Q
C= 2) Calculate E
∆V 3) Calculate ∆V
Energy
Q2 1 1 ε E 2
U= = Q ∆V = C ∆V = ∫∫∫ uE d 3 r = ∫∫∫ o d 3 r
2

2C 2 2 2
Dielectrics
G G free
q inside
⇒ CFilled with Dielectric = κ C0
∫∫
wS
κ E ⋅ dA =
ε0
P10-
This Time:
DC Circuits

P10-
Examples of Circuits

P10- 5
 Current: Flow Of Charge
Average current Iav: Charge ∆Q ∆Q
flowing across area A in time ∆t
I av =
∆t

Instantaneous current:
differential limit of Iav

dQ
I=
dt
Units of Current: Coulombs/second = Ampere
P10- 6
 Direction of The Current
Direction of current is direction of flow of pos. charge

or, opposite direction of flow of negative charge

P10- 7
 Current Density J
J: current/unit area
G I
J ≡ Iˆ
A
Î points in direction of current

G G G
I = ∫ J ⋅ nˆ dA = ∫ J ⋅ d A
S S

P10- 8
 Why Does Current Flow?
If an electric field is set up in a conductor, charge
will move (making a current in direction of E)

Note that when current is flowing, the conductor is

not an equipotential surface (and Einside ≠ 0)!
P10- 9
 Microscopic Picture

Drift speed is velocity forced by applied electric field

in the presence of collisions.
It is typically 4x10-5 m/sec, or 0.04 mm/second!
To go one meter at this speed takes about 10 hours!
How Can This Be? P10-10
Conductivity and Resistivity
Ability of current to
flow depends on
density of charges &
rate of scattering

Two quantities summarize this:

σ: conductivity
ρ: resistivity
P10-11
 Microscopic Ohm’s Law
G G G G
E = ρJ or J =σE

1
ρ≡
σ
ρ and σ depend only on the microscopic properties
of the material, not on its shape

P10-12
 Demonstrations:
Temperature Effects on ρ

P10-13
PRS Questions:
Resistance?

P10-14
 Why Does Current Flow?
Instead of thinking of Electric Field, think of potential
difference across the conductor

P10-15
 Ohm’s Law
What is relationship between ∆V and current?
bG G
∆V = Vb − Va = − ∫ E ⋅ d s = EA
a

E∆V / A ⎫
J= =
ρ ρ ⎪⎪ ⎛ ρA ⎞
⎬ ⇒ ∆V = I ⎜ ⎟ ≡ IR
I ⎪ ⎝ A ⎠
J=
A ⎪⎭ P10-16
 Ohm’s Law

∆V = IR R=
ρA
A
R has units of Ohms (Ω) = Volts/Amp
P10-17
Examples of Circuits

P10-18
Symbols for Circuit Elements

Battery
Resistor
Capacitor
Switch

P10-19
 Sign Conventions - Battery
Moving from the negative to positive terminal of a
battery increases your potential

∆ V = Vb − Va

Think:
Ski Lift
P10-20
 Sign Conventions - Resistor
Moving across a resistor in the direction of current
decreases your potential

∆ V = Vb − Va

Think:
Ski Slope
P10-21
 Sign Conventions - Capacitor
Moving across a capacitor from the negatively to
positively charged plate increases your potential

∆ V = Vb − Va

Think:
Ski Lodge

P10-22
 Series vs. Parallel

Series Parallel
P10-23
 Resistors In Series
The same current I must flow through both resistors

∆V = I R1 + I R2 = I ( R1 + R2 ) = I Req

Req = R1 + R2
P10-24
 Resistors In Parallel
Voltage drop across the resistors must be the same

∆V = ∆V1 = ∆V2 = I1 R1 = I 2 R2 = IReq

∆V ∆ V ∆ V 1 1 1
I = I1 + I 2 =
R1
+
R2
=
Req
= +
Req R1 R2
P10-25
PRS Questions:
Light Bulbs

P10-26
Kirchhoff’s Loop Rules

P10-27
 Kirchhoff’s Rules
1. Sum of currents entering any junction in a circuit
must equal sum of currents leaving that junction.

I1 = I 2 + I 3
P10-28
 Kirchhoff’s Rules
2. Sum of potential differences across all elements
around any closed circuit loop must be zero.
G G
∆V = − ∫ E ⋅ d s = 0
Closed
Path

P10-29
 Internal Resistance
Real batteries have an internal resistance, r, which is
small but non-zero

Terminal voltage: ∆V = Vb − Va = ε −Ir

(Even if you short the leads you don’t get infinite current)
P10-
Steps of Solving Circuit Problem
1. Straighten out circuit (make squares)
2. Simplify resistors in series/parallel
3. Assign current loops (arbitrary)
4. Write loop equations (1 per loop)
5. Solve

P10-31
 Example: Simple Circuit
You can simplify
resistors in series
(but don’t need to)

What is current
through the bottom
battery?

P10-32
 Example: Simple Circuit
Start at a in both loops
Walk in direction of current
−2ε − I1 R − ( I1 − I 2 ) R = 0
− ( I 2 − I1 ) R + ε = 0
−ε
Add these: −2ε − I1 R + ε = 0 → I1 =
R
ε
We wanted I2: ( I 2 − I1 ) R = ε → I2 = + I1
R
I2 = 0 P10-33
 Group Problem: Circuit
Find meters’ values. All resistors are R, batteries are ε

HARDER EASIER P10-34

Power

P10-35
 Electrical Power
Power is change in energy per unit time
So power to move current through circuit elements:
d d dq
P = U = ( q∆V ) = ∆V
dt dt dt

P = I ∆V

P10-36
 Power - Battery
Moving from the negative to positive terminal of a
battery increases your potential. If current flows
in that direction the battery supplies power

Psupplied = I ∆V = I ε
P10-37
 Power - Resistor
Moving across a resistor in the direction of current
decreases your potential. Resistors always
dissipate power

∆V 2
Pdissipated = I ∆V = I R =
2

R
P10-38
 Power - Capacitor
Moving across a capacitor from the positive to
negative plate decreases your potential. If current
flows in that direction the capacitor absorbs power
(stores charge)

2
dQ Q d Q dU
Pabsorbed = I ∆V = = =
dt C dt 2C dt P10-39
 Energy Balance

ε Q
− − IR = 0
C

Multiplying by I:

ε ⎛ ⎞
2
Q dQ d 1 Q
I = I R+
2
= I R+ ⎜
2
⎟
C dt dt ⎝ 2 C ⎠
(power delivered by battery) = (power dissipated through resistor)
+ (power absorbed by the capacitor)
P10-40
PRS Questions:
More Light Bulbs

P10-41