Operating System Final
Operating System Final
Introduction:
Operating system is a type of system software without which your
computer can not work. Operating system is necessary for every
computer so that other program will run on it. It is a software
program which is interface between computer hardware and
software. Without operating system computer is useless. Operating
systems perform some important tasks like recognizing input from
the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of
files and directories on the disk. It also performs some advance
feature like multitasking, multiprogramming and provides various
securities features.
What is Operating System?
Operating System is software, which makes a computer to actually
work.
It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the
machine hardware. A program that acts as an intermediary between
a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
Examples: Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS, etc.
In others words, integrated set of
program that control the resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices)
of a computer system.
STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computer system can be divided into four components:
Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
Operating system
Controls and coordinates use of hardware among
various applications and users
Application programs – define the ways in which the
system resources are used to solve the computing
problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database
systems, video games
Users
People, machines, other computers
Logical Architecture of Computer
Four Components of COMPUTER System
What OS does?
An operating system performs basic tasks such as,
controlling and allocating memory,
prioritizing system requests,
controlling input and output devices,
facilitating networking and
Managing file systems.
Execute user programs and make solving user
problems easier.
Make the computer system convenient to use.
Structure of Operating System
The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:
1) Hardware:
Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc,
2) Software (Operating System):
Software includes process management routines, memory
management routines, I/O control routines, file management
routines.
3) System programs:
This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker etc.
4) Application programs:
This is dependent on users need. Ex. Railway reservation
system, Bank database management etc.
Operating Systems functions:
The main functions of operating systems are as follows:
1. Process Management: As a process manager, the
OS handles the creation and deletion of processes,
suspension and resumption of processes and
scheduling and synchronization of processes.
2. Memory Management: As a memory manager,
the OS handles allocation and reallocation of
memory space as required by various programs.
3. File Management: The OS is responsible for
creation and deletion of files and directories. It
also takes care of other file related activities such
as organizing, storing, retrieving, naming and
protecting the files.
4. Device Management: OS provides input/output
subsystem between process and device driver. It
handles the device cache, buffers and interrupts.
OS also detects device failure and notifies the
same to the user.
5. Security Management: The OS protects system
resources and information against destruction and
unauthorized use.
6. User Interface: OS provides the interface
between the user and the hardware. The user
interface is the layer that actually interacts with
the computer operator. The interface consists of a
set of commands or menus through which a user
communicates with a program.
Time Sharing Systems
Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of
multiprogramming.
Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU between
them.
In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is
called as “Time sharing Systems”.
Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time
between processes.
Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,
Types of Operating System
Operating System can also be classified as,
Single User Systems
Multi User Systems
Multiprocessing
Multitasking
Multithreading
Real time
Multiprogramming
Single User Systems
Provides a platform for only one user at a time.
They are popularly associated with Desk Top operating
system which runs on standalone systems where no user
accounts are required.
Example: DOS
MultiUser Systems
Provides regulated access for a number of users by
maintaining a database of known users.
Refers to computer systems that support two or more
simultaneous users.
Another term for multiuser is time sharing.
Example: Unix
Multitasking
Multitasking is the logical extension of multiprogramming .The
concept of multitasking is quite similar to multiprogramming
but difference is that the switching between jobs occurs so
frequently that the users can interact with each program while it
is running. This concept is also known as timesharing systems.
A timeshared operating system uses CPU scheduling and
multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of
timeshared system.
Multithreading
Multiprocessing
Multiprocessing System
Multiprogramming
A RTOS facilitates the creation of a realtime system, but does not
guarantee the final result will be realtime; this requires correct
development of the software. An RTOS does not necessarily have
high throughput; rather, an RTOS provides facilities which, if used
properly, guarantee deadlines can be met generally (soft realtime)
or deterministically (hard realtime). An RTOS will typically use
specialized scheduling algorithms in order to provide the realtime
developer with the tools necessary to produce deterministic
behavior in the final system. An RTOS is valued more for how
quickly and/or predictably it can respond to a particular event than
for the amount of work it can perform over a given period of time.
Key factors in an RTOS are therefore a minimal interrupt latency
and a minimal thread switching latency.
An early example of a largescale realtime operating system was
Transaction Processing Facility developed by American Airlines
and IBM for the Sabre Airline Reservations System.