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Operating System Final

Operating system is system software that acts as an interface between computer hardware and application software. It performs important tasks like allocating memory and disk space, managing files, and allowing multiple programs to run concurrently. The main functions of an operating system include process management, memory management, file management, device management, security management, and providing a user interface. There are several types of operating systems including single-user, multi-user, multiprocessing, multitasking, real-time, and multiprogramming systems.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
292 views

Operating System Final

Operating system is system software that acts as an interface between computer hardware and application software. It performs important tasks like allocating memory and disk space, managing files, and allowing multiple programs to run concurrently. The main functions of an operating system include process management, memory management, file management, device management, security management, and providing a user interface. There are several types of operating systems including single-user, multi-user, multiprocessing, multitasking, real-time, and multiprogramming systems.

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jaya
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction:

Operating system is a type of system software without which your 
computer can not work. Operating system is necessary for every 
computer   so  that   other   program   will   run   on   it.   It   is   a  software 
program   which   is   interface   between   computer   hardware   and 
software. Without operating system computer is useless. Operating 
systems perform some important tasks like recognizing input from 
the keyboard, sending output to the display screen, keeping track of 
files and directories on the disk. It also performs some advance 
feature like multitasking, multiprogramming and provides various 
securities features.

What is Operating System?

Operating System is software, which makes a computer to actually 
work.
It is the software the enables all the programs we use.
The OS organizes and controls the hardware.
OS acts as an interface between the application programs and the 
machine hardware. A program that acts as an intermediary between 
a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
Examples: Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS, etc.
                                              In others words, integrated set of 
program that control the resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices) 
of a computer system. 

STRUCTURE OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Computer system can be divided into four components:
 Hardware – provides basic computing resources
CPU, memory, I/O devices
 Operating system
Controls   and   coordinates   use   of   hardware   among 
various applications and users
 Application programs – define the ways in which the 
system   resources   are   used   to   solve   the   computing 
problems of the users
Word processors, compilers, web browsers, database 
systems, video games
 Users
People, machines, other computers

Logical Architecture of Computer
Four Components of COMPUTER System
What OS does?
  An operating system performs basic tasks such as, 
 controlling and allocating memory, 
 prioritizing system requests, 
 controlling input and output devices, 
 facilitating networking and 
 Managing file systems.
 Execute user programs and make solving user 
problems easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use. 

Structure of Operating System

The structure of OS consists of 4 layers:

1) Hardware:
     Hardware consists of CPU, Main memory, I/O Devices, etc,

2) Software (Operating System):
        Software   includes   process   management   routines,   memory 
management   routines,   I/O   control   routines,   file   management 
routines.
3) System programs:
    This layer consists of compilers, Assemblers, linker etc.

4) Application programs:
        This   is   dependent   on   users   need.   Ex.   Railway   reservation 
system, Bank database management etc.
Operating Systems functions:

The main functions of operating systems are as follows:

1. Process Management: As a process manager, the 
OS handles the creation and deletion of processes, 
suspension   and   resumption   of   processes   and 
scheduling and synchronization of processes.
2. Memory Management: As a memory manager, 
the   OS   handles   allocation   and   reallocation   of 
memory space as required by various programs.
3. File   Management:   The   OS   is   responsible   for 
creation   and   deletion   of   files   and   directories.   It 
also takes care of other file­ related activities such 
as   organizing,   storing,   retrieving,   naming   and 
protecting the files. 
4. Device   Management:   OS   provides   input/output 
subsystem between process and device driver. It 
handles the device cache, buffers and interrupts. 
OS   also   detects   device   failure   and   notifies   the 
same to the user.
5. Security Management: The OS protects system 
resources and information against destruction and 
unauthorized use.
6. User   Interface:  OS   provides   the   interface 
between   the   user   and   the   hardware.   The   user 
interface is  the layer  that actually interacts  with 
the computer operator. The interface consists of a 
set of commands or menus through which a user 
communicates with a program.

Time Sharing Systems

 Time sharing, or multitasking, is a logical extension of 
multiprogramming.
 Multiple jobs are executed by switching the CPU between 
them.
 In this, the CPU time is shared by different processes, so it is 
called as “Time sharing Systems”.
 Time slice is defined by the OS, for sharing CPU time 
between processes.
 Examples: Multics, Unix, etc.,

Types of Operating System

Operating System can also be classified as,­

 Single User Systems 

 Multi User Systems

 Multiprocessing 

 Multitasking 

 Multithreading 

 Real time

 Multiprogramming
Single User Systems

 Provides a platform for only one user at a time. 

 They are popularly associated with Desk Top operating 
system which runs on standalone systems where no user 
accounts are required. 
 Example: DOS

Multi­User Systems
 Provides regulated access for a number of users by 
maintaining a database of known users.

 Refers to computer systems that support two or more 
simultaneous users. 

 Another term for multi­user is time sharing.

 Example: Unix

                                          Multitasking

 Multitasking is the logical extension of multiprogramming .The 
concept of multitasking   is   quite   similar  to  multiprogramming 
but   difference   is   that   the   switching   between   jobs   occurs   so 
frequently that the users can interact with each program while it 
is running. This concept is also known as time­sharing systems. 
A   time­shared   operating   system   uses   CPU   scheduling   and 
multiprogramming to provide each user with a small portion of 
time­shared system.

                                     Multithreading
                           

  Multiprocessing

Multiprocessing System
Multiprogramming

 Multiprogramming   is   a   technique   to   execute   number   of 


programs simultaneously by a single processor.
 In Multiprogramming, number of processes resides in main 
memory at a time.
 The OS picks and begins to execute one of the jobs in the 
main memory.
 If any I/O wait happened in a process, then CPU switches 
from that job to another job.
 Hence CPU in not idle at any time.
Real­Time Operating System

A  Real­Time   Operating   System  (RTOS)   is   a  multitasking 


operating   system  intended   for  real­time  applications.   Such 
applications   include  embedded   systems  (programmable 
thermostats,   household   appliance   controllers),   industrial  robots, 
spacecraft, industrial control (see SCADA), and scientific research 
equipment.

A RTOS facilitates the creation of a real­time system, but does not 
guarantee the final result will  be real­time;  this requires correct 
development of the software. An RTOS does not necessarily have 
high throughput; rather, an RTOS provides facilities which, if used 
properly, guarantee deadlines can be met generally (soft real­time) 
or deterministically (hard real­time). An RTOS will typically use 
specialized scheduling algorithms in order to provide the real­time 
developer   with   the   tools   necessary   to   produce   deterministic 
behavior in the final system. An RTOS is valued more for how 
quickly and/or predictably it can respond to a particular event than 
for the amount of work it can perform over a given period of time. 
Key factors in an RTOS are therefore a minimal  interrupt latency 
and a minimal thread switching latency.

An early example of a large­scale real­time operating system was 
Transaction   Processing   Facility  developed   by  American   Airlines 
and IBM for the Sabre Airline Reservations System.

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