Grammar of Attic Greek

A GRAMMAR
OF
ATTIC AiND IONIC GREEK
BY
FRANK COLE BABBITT,
PH.D. (HARVARD)
PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN TRIXITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD
NEW YORK
CINCINNATI
CHICAGO
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY
FREDERICK DEFOREST ALLEN

ON August
4,
DEFOREST ALLEN, Ph.D., Professor

Harvard University.
Of the
loss
1897, occurred the sudden death of FREDERICK of Classical Philology in
which
classical scholarship
has suffered by his death I need not speak here. His thoroughness and accuracy, his intrepid regard for the truth, and his keen, unbiased judgment are well known both to his former pupils and to the larger world which has read his
me to join with him in compiling a small Greek Grammar. During the two weeks immediately preceding his death we had worked together as far
as the third declension, and had discussed somewhat the general plan of the book. After his death the publishers expressed a
published writings. Shortly before his death he invited
desire that I should complete the work which had been thus a desire with which I could not refuse to begun comply.
The task has been one of sadness and of joy of sadness, because at every turn I missed the strong counsel of a consummate scholar; of joy, at the thought that I might thus, even in some slight measure, help to perpetuate the memory of a man whose name will stand for what is highest always
:
and best
is
To the memory
in scholarship. of FREDERICK
DEFOREST ALLEN
this
book
affectionately inscribed.
COPYRIGHT,
1902,
BY
FEANK COLE BABBITT.

AT.
AND
ION. GREEK.
P. I
W.
PREFACE
THIS grammar has
for its purpose to state the essential
facts and principles of the Greek language in concise form, with only so much discussion as may reasonably be
demanded for a clear understanding of the subject. While in recent years the ability to read a language has rightly come to be regarded as the proper test of a
of it, this point of view, so far from bethe study of formal grammar, more than ever littling insists that a thorough knowledge of the essentials of the
real
knowledge
grammar is the most important part of him who would read a language with
tials is
the equipment of
ease.
By
essen-
meant no antiquated
lore about the vocative of
but the recurrent facts of inflection and syntax, nominative %fc>/>a, genitive ô>joa?, and so with such side lights as can be brought to bear forth,
#eo? or of aSeXô'?,
to
make
sion.
these facts easier of acquisition and comprehenconsiderable experience in elementary teaching
has convinced
me
even to very young pupils
that explanations are extremely useful, and I am persuaded that an

;
occasional appeal to the reason rather than to the sheer memory of the pupil will not always prove futile.
The work was begun
in collaboration with the late Pro-
fessor Frederick de Forest Allen, and, in justice to his memory, it is proper to state that pages 13-36 and 40-46
stand practically as they were composed by Professor Allen and myself working together. For the remainder
I
am
solely responsible,
3
4
It
PREFACE
was the intention at the beginning
for use in the secondary schools.
to prepare a
grammar
As
the
work
progressed, however, I found that, with but a slight increase of bulk, it would be possible to include also as
much grammatical
information as is usually required by With these additions, this work students in college. meets the needs of secondary schools, and at the same time is sufficient for all ordinary demands of the college
course.
The book
philological studies.
incorporates the results of the more recent The doctrine of the Ablaut is stated
untechnically, and it is given proper prominence in inflecDue regard is paid to the fact tion and word formation.
that analogy plays an important part in language, and that the context is not to be neglected in determining
the exact significance of mode and tense. Ionic forms are given in footnotes instead of being combined with Attic forms, and this arrangement is followed also in the Syntax and the verb list the reason for
;
so doing
is
apparent to anybody
who
has ever taught
Greek prose composition.

Contract forms are given in the contracted form followed by the uncontracted form (which is often purely theoretical) in parentheses, and it is hoped that pupils will realize that the Attic Greeks said TTOLCO, and not Trote'co. In the examples under Inflection and Word Formation the letter or syllable to which attention is directed is
made prominent by
same
result
is
full-faced type
in the
Syntax the
The
accomplished by spacing the word. paradigms have been written to conform to our
present knowledge, although some matter has been retained solely because it has become so engrafted in current texts that it could not be omitted.
PREFACE
So, also, in the matter of
Homeric forms, I have, I trust, due consideration to A few things I the vulgate. given others I have recorded for the have omitted entirely Yet I am reason given in the preceding paragraph. convinced that if our schools should adopt a fairly con;
servative text of the
Homeric poems
like that of Cauer,
from which assimilated verbs and forms like AtoXou, o-Triji, and the like, have been banished, it would lighten the task of instruction, and the time given to explaining unnecessary forms could be better devoted to other
purposes.
tax, I
In selecting examples to illustrate the chapter on Synhave given preference to those from authors and
at the earlier stages of the pupil's printing the examples in the same type as
works commonly read
By progress. the rest of the matter, the

011
number of pages in the chapter has been considerably increased, but the gain Syntax in clearness, and in the prominence of the examples, more
than offsets the apparent increase in bulk. In the treatment of Syntax I have been conservative, although I have allowed myself some license in changing
the conventional arrangement of the material. In addition to the books mentioned on pages 6 and
I
7,
have found helpful also the two well-known grammars of this country, as well as those of Sonnenschein, Kaegi, Lattmann-Muller, and Hahne's G-rieehische Syntax. 'Space does not permit me to enumerate all the friends who by advice or suggestion have given me help, but I
desire in particular to express my gratitude to Professor George Edwin Howes of the University of Vermont, who
To has read at least twice every portion of the proofs. his scholarship and sound common sense I am indebted
for
many
helpful suggestions and corrections.
Likewise
6
to
PREFACE
Professor Clifford H. Moore and Mr. William Fenwick Harris of Harvard University, who have also read the proofs, I am indebted for numerous corrections and Others whom I should like to menhelpful suggestions.
tion also
by name acknowledgment.
I shall
am
obliged to include in a general
be grateful for corrections and suggestions from
any source.
FRANK COLE BABBITT.

HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT,
March,
1901.
No
book
of the in
conscientious teacher will find answered in this

all
of the
arise in his
mind.
many perplexing The following
list
questions which will contains the titles
most important modern works on Greek Grammar, which such questions are fully discussed (and some-
times answered):
KUHNER,
R. Ausfiihrliche Grammatik der griechischen Sprache. 3te Auflage in neuer Bearbeitung besorgt von Friedrich Blass. Hannover, 1890-1898. 8vo.
Teil
652.
I. 1, 2.
Teil
II.
1.
Elementar- und Formenlehre. S. xxiii + 645, xi + Satzlehre. In neuer Bearbeitung besorgt von
S. ix
Bernhard Gerth.
666.
(The most comprehensive work on Greek grammar. A model of careful and accurate scholarship. Thoroughly conservative.)
MEYER, GUSTAV.
715.
Griechische Grammatik.
8vo.
3te Auflage.
S. xviii
Leipzig, 1896.
(Bibliothek indogermanischer Grain-
matiken.
Bd.
III.)
.of
(Deals with the sounds and inflections only, from the point of view Comparative Grammar. Full, accurate, and moderately conserva-
tive.)
PREFACE
BRUGMANN, KARL.
bildungs632.
Griechische Grammatik. (Lautlehre, Stammund Flexionslehre und Syntax.) 3te Auflage. S. xix + Miinchen, 1900. 8vo. (In Miiller, I. von. Handbuch der
Klassischen Altertums-Wissenschaft.
Bd.
II.
Abt.
1.)
(Written from the point of view of Comparative Grammar. Briefer than Meyer, and more radical.)
MEISTERHANS, K. Grammatik der attischen S. XIV. + 288. 8vo. Berlin, 1900.

(Deals with inscriptions only.
in Kiihner-Blass.)
Inschriften.
3te Auflage.
Most
of the results are
embodied
GILDERSLEEVE, B.
Demosthenes.
L.
I.
Pt.
Syntax of Classical Greek from Homer to N. Y., 1900. Svo.
(Clear and accurate in statement, and remarkable for the excellent

collection
and arrangement of examples.)

Syntax of the Moods and Tenses of the Rewritten and enlarged, pp. xxxii + 464 + 8.
Svo.
GOODWIN, WM. WATSON.

Greek Verb.
Boston, U.S.A., 1890.
(Deals fully and thoroughly with the syntax of the verb.)
BLASS, FRIEDRICH. Pronunciation of Ancient Greek. Tr. from the 3d German ed. by W. J. Purton. Cambridge, Eng., 1890. Svo.
(A
careful collection
and consideration of the evidence relating to
the pronunciation of ancient Greek.)
SMYTH, HERBERT WEIR.

Dialects.
Ionic,
The Sounds and
Inflections of the
Greek
pp. xxviii
668.
Oxford, 1894.
Contains a
full
Svo.
(Thoroughly accurate and

the dialect of Herodotus.)
reliable.
treatment of
VAN LEEUWEN,
Enchiridium Dictionis Epicae. pp. Ixxii + 606. J. Lugd. Batavorum, 1892-1894. Svo. (Entirely radical, but invaluable for the very full collection of material which it contains.)
MONRO, D.
xxiv
B.
A Grammar
Oxford, 1891.
of the
Homeric
Dialect.
2d
ed.
pp.
436.
Svo.
(Deals more particularly with Homeric syntax. but very conservative.)
Accurate, reliable,
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
PAGE PAGE
VERBS
Voice
The Greek Language
11
Mode
WRITING AND SOUND

Alphabet Vowels Diphthongs
Breathings
..... ..... ....

.... ....
. .
.
Tense Person and Number Personal Endings

Inflection
.
.
96 96 97 98 100
.101
-/xt
(-w
. . .
Form and
.
Form) Augment
.102
.
105
Consonants
Reduplication Accent of the Verb

.
.108 .110
.
Interchange of Vowels Contraction of Vowels Omission of Vowels
Consonant Changes Consonants with Vowels
Rejection or Transfer of Aspiration
Hiatus (Crasis and Elision)
.....
.
Formation of Tense Steins 110 The Present System .113 The First Aorist System 118 120 The Second Aorist System 123 The Future System 124 The First Perfect System The Second Perfect System 125
. .
. .
Movable Consonants Final Consonants Syllables and Quantity Accent Proclitics and Enclitics
Punctuation
.....
INFLECTION
126 The Pluperfects Active 127 The Perfect Middle System The Future Perfect 129 The First Aorist Passive Sys129 tem The Second Aorist Passive 130 The Futures Passive .131 The Verbal Adjectives .132
.
.
Synopsis of
-n-aidevw
133 145 151
NOUNS
Case Endings
Substantives
..... ....
. . .
....
....
. .
Paradigms of -w Verbs Paradigms of -/ Verbs Second Perfect without Suffix

. .
.135
. .
Irregular Verbs in
-/u
.152
First Declension
FORMATION OF WORDS
Derivative
Second Declension Attic Second Declension Third Declension Consonant Stems Vowel Stems
Words
.158
.161
.
Formation of Substantives Formation of Adjectives Formation of Adverbs Formation of Verbs

. .
.
166
.168 .169
.
Irregular Declension Adjectives First and Second Declensions
Compound Words Meaning of Compound Words

.
171 174
Third Declension First and Third Declensions Irregular Declension Declension of Participles
SYNTAX
The Sentence Agreement
Syntax
....
.
.175
178
Comparison Adverbs Pronouns Numerals
..... .....
of Adjectives
8
of Substantives
. .
The Cases The Nominative and Vocative 183 The Accusative .184 .184 Direct Object
.
.
.180 .182
CONTENTS
PAGE
The Cognate Accusative

cusative
Adverbial Uses of the Ac186
Two
Accusatives with One

. .
. .
....
.
.
184
Final Clauses
294
Purpose
.294
.
Verb
The Genitive The True Genitive The Partitive Genitive The Ablative Genitive The Dative The True Dative
.
.
.188 .190
.
191 193
.197 .202 The

.
296 Object Clauses Clauses of Fearing 297 Result .298 Causal Clauses 299 Conditions .300 Concessive Clauses .311 Relative and Temporal Clauses 311
. .
.
202
Dative of the Indirect Object

.
203 The Dative of Interest 204 The Locative Dative 206 The Instrumental Dative 323 Discourse . 207 Place and Time (Summary) 211 The Participle .324 212 The Attributive Participle 324 Prepositions with the Cases Use and Meanings of the The Circumstantial Participle 325 .213 Genitive and Accusative Prepositions 224 Absolute .330 Improper Prepositions The Supplementary Participle 332 225 Syntax of Adjectives 332 .229 not in Indirect Discourse Syntax of Adverbs The Adverbs ov and in Indirect Discourse 334 230 336 The Adverb &v 232 The Verbal Adjectives .338 234 Indirect Discourse Conjunctions The Definite Article, 6, 77, r6 235 APPENDICES Position of the Article 238 347 .241 A. Versification Syntax of Pronouns 352 Personal and Reflexive 243 Trochaic Rhythms 353 The Intensive Pronoun aur6s 245 Iambic Rhythms 355 Possessive Pronouns 247 Dactylic Rhythms 357 Demonstrative Pronouns 248 Anapaestic Rhythms 359 249 Relative Pronouns Lyric Rhythms in Time 360 252 Lyric Rhythms Interrogative Pronouns f Indefinite Pronouns 253 Dactylo - Epitritic .364 253 fiXXos and ^repos Rhythms 365 254 Other Lyric Rhythms Syntax of the Verb 255 Table of Vowel Contractions 367 Agreement of Verbs The Voices 257 The Pronunciation of Greek Use of the Tenses 263 Proper Names in English 368 The Tenses of the Indicative 264 Some Additional Grammati.369 Tenses of Other Modes 272 cal Terms and Uses of the Finite Modes .277 Measures, Weights, 372 Time Statements .281 377 2S<5 List of Verbs Questions Direct Questions 280 INDICES 290 Indirect Questions 422 Commands and Exhortations 291 English 437 .292 Greek Wishes
.
....
.
. .
.
Infinitive . . .315 315 Subject of the Infinitive Uses of the Infinitive 317 The Infinitive as a Substantive 318 The Infinitive in Indirect
.
.
....
.
.
....
.
....
. . .
....
. .
.
....
.
...
10
ABBREVIATIONS
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
= accusative, = active, actively, adj. = adjective, advb. = adverb, aor. = aorist. cf. = compare. D = dual, dat. = dative, decl. = declension, e.g. = for example. encl. = enclitic, etc. = and so forth, f ff = following, fern. = feminine, fut. = future, gen. = genitive.
ace.
act.
.
i.e.
=
.
that
is.
impf = imperfect, impv. = imperative,
= indicative, infin. = infinitive. KT\. = KO.I TO. XoiTTtt (aild

indie.
the rest).
lit.
= literal,
literally,
masc. = masculine, mid. = middle. Mss. = manuscripts,

neut.
= passive, = person, perf pf = perfect, plur., pi. = plural, plupf. = pluperfect, pres. = present, q.v. = which see. sc. = scilicet. S. sing. = singular, subj. = subjunctive, viz. = namely,
pass.
pers.
.
neuter.
voc.
vocative.
sec-
nom.'= nominative,
= optative. = plural, partic. = participle.

opt.
=
tions.
section,
P.
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN CITING EXAMPLES FROM
GREEK AUTHORS
Aesch.
Aeschylus.
E.
Euripides.
Ag.
= Agamemnon.
Pr. Prometheus. Aeschin. = Aeschines. Ar. = Aristophanes. Ach. = Acharnenses.
= Alcestis. And. = Andromache. El. = Electra. Hec. = Hecuba. Hel. = Helena.

Ale.
Eq.
Nub. San.
V.
= Nubes. = Sanae.
Equites.
H.F.=Hercules Furens.
Hipp.
I.
T.
= Hippolylus. = Iphigenia Tau= Medea. = Supplices. = Troades.

Isocrates.
= Menexenus. = Phaedo. Phaedr. = Phaedrus. Hep. = Republic. S. = Sophocles. Aj. = Ajax. Ant. = Antigone.
Menex. Phaed.
El.
Electra.
O.T.
Oedipus lyran-
= Vespae. Dem. = Demosthenes. Hm. = Homer; A, B, T,

etc.
rica.
nus.
Med.
Tro.
Isoc.
Supp.
are used in refer-
Th. = Thucydides. Xn. Xenophon. A. = Anabasis.

Ages.
ring to the books of the Iliad, and a, /3, 7, etc. in referring to the
= =
Agesilaus.
Lys.
PI.
Lysias.
books of the Odyssey. Ap.

Hdt. = Herodotus. Hes. = Hesiod. O.D. = Opera et Dies.
= Plato. = Apology. Grit. = Crito. Go. = Gorgias. Leg. = Leges.
Cy. = Cyropaedia. Hell. = Hellenica.
Hier.
Oec.
Hiero.
Mem. = Memorabilia.
Oeconomicus.
Symp.
Symposium.
GREEK GRAMMAR
INTRODUCTION
THE GREEK LANGUAGE
GREEK is the language of a people inhabiting not only the mainland of Greece, but also the islands of the Aegean Sea and the adjacent shores, together with a small The Greeks called themselves Hellenes part of Italy.
("EXXê?), but the Romans called them
the English
G-raeci,
and hence
word Greek.
to
The Greek language belongs

group
of languages,
the
Indo-European
Sanskrit, Latin,
and
is
related to
Hence comes Persian, Slavonic, Celtic, and Germanic. the relation which exists between many English and
A greater number of English words, Greek words. For however, are derived directly from Greek words.
example, English know is the same as Greek yi-yva)-crKa), but the English words gnomic and arithmetic are derived from the Greek yvco/jiitcos and apiO^TLKri. For over twenty-five hundred years Greek has been
spoken and written,

in the
with such changes as are inevitable
but growth and development of any language, the masterpieces of Greek literature were written some
centuries before the Christian era.
of
In the neighborhood
Greek may be said to have reached its highest development, and it is customary to take the language of
B.C.
400
that time as a sort of standard.
In ancient times the Greek people did not

11
all
speak
its
their language just alike, but each little country
had
12
INTRODUCTION
dialect,
own
which often differed considerably from the
dialect of a neighboring country only a few miles away. All the dialects may be roughly divided into three dif-
ferent groups To the namely, Aeolic, Doric, and Ionic. Ionic group belongs the Ionic dialect proper, together with
;
the dialect of Attica, which is known as Attic. In the Ionic dialect were written, among other things, the poems of Homer and Hesiod, and the history of He-
In the Attic dialect were written nearly all the rodotus. other great works of Greek literature which have come down to us, and which, either directly, or through the
medium
of their Latin imitations, have influenced to such a vast extent the literature of the world. The dramatic
poets Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, the historians Thucydides and Xenophon, the orators
Lysias and Demosthenes, and the philosopher, Plato, wrote in the Attic dialect.
Attic, the
all
most elegant and refined

it
of all
the Greek
dialects, finally
superseded the others in literary use.

to lose
At
the same time
and
of its earlier purity began refinements, and after about 330 B.C. it is known as
some
the HOMY) or Common Greek. From this Common Greek there was evolved in the long course of years, with a considerable admixture of foreign elements, the present language of the Greek people, Romaic or Modern Greek.
so considerably from Ancient Greek, that, although a knowledge of it is helpful, yet one can soonest learn to comprehend the great works of
differs
Modern Greek
Greek literature by studying directly the language Ancient Greece.
of
dialects of
This grammar deals only with the Attic and Ionic Ancient Greek.
WHITING AND SOUND

ALPHABET
14
2.
VOWELS
Sigma
at the
end of a word has the form
in
any
other place the form a.

2.
Thus
o-rda-is
faction.
The
letter
F,
to be used in Attic
p called van or digamma, early ceased and Ionic Greek. It had the sound of
,
English w, and stood in the alphabet between

other obsolete letters see
156.
and
For
VOWELS
The vowels e and o always long. The vowels
3.
are always short, 77 and a, t, u, are short in some
&>
are
words
and long
a,
Z,
L>,
in others.
In this grammar they are marked
The long. understood to be short. The mark

of length
is
when
unmarked
a,
i,
u,
are, therefore,
omitted over circumnexed vowels
(58).
4.
The Attic sounds
of the vowels, at about 400 B.C.,
are believed to have been nearly as follows:
LONG VOWELS a as a in par.

7]
SHORT VOWELS a as a in papa.

fete.
e as e
i
as as as
as
ti
in
i
French
in pet.
in machine.
in prone. in French s$r.
as i in pit. o as o in obey.
t>
as
in
French bwtte.
2 a. Vau, although not written in the received text of the Homeric poems, must, from evidence of the metre and of early inscriptions, have been a live sound when these poems were composed. Thus it appears to have been sounded at the beginning of about forty words, the most important of which are &<TTV town, &va.% lord, dvSavu please, eiKo<ri twenty (cf.
:
Lat. mginti), &>, epyov icork, root
of,
e<r-
himself, 2
clothe,
six,
root
tir-
(e?ros
word,
elirov
said),
clothing ; cf. Lat. vestis), eros year (cf. Lat. veins'}, ydus sweet (see 36 a), root Id- (Ideiv see, oUa know; cf. Lat. vid-ere), olxos house (cf. Lat. vicus), oivos wine (cf. Lat. vimim),
(Zvvvjjit
tvd-rjs
fa,
J),
6V his.
See also
36 a and
172, 2.
DIPHTHONGS
1.
15
The sounds
ee.
of v
and v are midway between English oo
and
They
are exemplified also in the
German
w, as in
Fwsse, Briicke.
DIPHTHONGS
5.
diphthong
is
a combination of
two vowels
i
in one
syllable.
The
latter
vowel
is
always
or
v.
The
diph-
thongs are
at, et, 01, vi,
af, eu, ou,

Tju.
a,
1.
77,
a>,
In the diphthongs a, 77, a>, the t is written below the When, however, vowel, and is called iota subscript. the first vowel is written as a capital letter, i stands on the 2 thus Ai^? Hades. The ancients always wrote i in line
first
:
these diphthongs on the line.

of the principal diphthongs, at about 400 B.C., were very nearly as follows:
6.
The sounds
ai like ai in aisle.
t
av like ou in our.
eu like eu in feud.
like ei in rein,
01 like oi
in
toil.
ov like ou in yew.
m' in quit.
vt like
1.
In
a,
77,
&),
the
was originally sounded.
But
later
(about 100 B.C.) it became silent, and these diphthongs have since been pronounced like simple a, 77, a>. 2. The sound of 771; cannot be exemplified from English,
but
3.
may
be represented as eh-oo, pronounced quickly to-
gether.
in
In the earliest times, the diphthongs et and ov had, some words at least, actual double sounds, such as their composition would indicate, and differed in pronunciation
5 a.
the same.
In Ionic (Herodotus) a diphthong wu occurs thus wirros for This diphthong uv is almost unknown in Attic Greek.
;
16
DIAERESIS
et
which arise from and 5) or from compensative lengthening (see 16). Thus, et in <yevei is made up of e + i (see 18, 1 and 106), but in #i? for In *9tvT<$ (see 16, 1) et is merely lengthened from e. ov the real et and were early inscriptions diphthongs written El and OT, while the apparent diphthongs were Later (soon after 400 B.C.) written with simple E and O. both kinds of diphthongs came to be pronounced and
from the apparent diphthongs
contraction of
e-e, o-o, o-e,
and
ou,
or e-o (see
18, 3
written alike.
DIAERESIS
7.
an
or
The mark of diaeresis (") is sometimes written over v, to show that it does not combine with the
:
preceding vowel to form a diphthong
thus
ySot,
pro-
nounced
in
two
syllables, bo-i.
BREATHINGS
vowel at the beginning of a word always has a breathing, either rough or smooth. The rough breathing (') shows that the vowel was pronounced with the sound of h preceding. Thus, ejrrd seven
8.
is
pronounced heptd.
The smooth breathing
(') shows that the vowel was

of h.
pronounced with no sound nounced ap6.

1.
Thus,
CLTTO
from
is
pro-
The mark
in front of
of breathing is written over small letters
and
capitals
thus
dX?7#f?? true,
'Ap/cds
Ar-
cadian.
2. In a diphthong, however, the breathing is written over the second vowel: thus AU'eia? Aeneas, a/uro'? self.
8 a.
rough
thus
Ionic sometimes has a smooth breathing where Attic has the T|^\IOS sun, Attic T]Xtos ; ov/oos boundary, Attic o/>os.
CONSONANTS
NOTE.
over the
w'Sij
i,
17
But in the diphthongs a, y, a>, the breathing never stands even when this is written on the line thus "AiSr/s Hades,
:
song.
p at the beginning of a word always thus ptfrcop orator (Lat. has the rough breathing (p)
9.
:
The consonant
rhetor).
10.
It
letter v
happens also that all words beginning with the have the rough breathing.
CONSONANTS
11.
/8
The consonants were thus pronounced:

in 5ad.
like
( see
like b
A in hoôuse, later
like th in
thin..
Z
7
S
TT
u
" "
"
"
g d
in go
in do. in pin.. in &eg. in top. in
like
>A
also
X
/LI
"
"
v
m
n
r
in Zip. in mix.
p
k
t
" "
in
wow.
(see also
K
T
<
p
later
in red
"
ph
a
f "
m see.
zd, later like
z.
"
in graphic. in inMorn, later
English
2;
English
f
-v/r
like cA in
German
" "
in mia;.
in
maeAen.
1.
j9s
gypsum.
Gamma
(7) before
is
/e,
7, %, f,
n in mk, and nounced ankdii)

of
called
gamma
represented the sound nasal : thus ayKwv (pro-
elbow, ayye\os
(pronounced dngelos) mesa
senger.
2.
Rho
(/?)
at the beginning of
word had
a sound
somewhat
NOTE.
like hr
(compare
9).
In Greek every consonant was sounded. Thus KTUTIS a founding, <$>0i<ns decay, i/^vSos falsehood, were pronounced respectively
ktisis, phthisis,
pseudos. BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
18
12.
INTERCHANGE OF VOWELS
The consonants may be divided
into three classes,
Semivowels, Mutes, and Double Consonants. 1. The semivowels are, X, p, v, p, cr, and 7-nasal
11, 1).
Of
these
cr
is
fji,
called a Sibilant,
v, and p are called Liquids, and 7-nasal ( 11, 1) are called Nasals.
\, p,
2.
v,
The mutes may be

LABIAL
classified as follows
SMOOTH
TT
MIDDLE
/3
ROUGH
cf)
LINGUAL
T
tc
PALATAL
%
Cog-
Those in the same horizontal
line are said to be
nate, because they are produced by the same organ of speech (lips, tongue, or palate). Those in the same per-
pendicular line are said to be Co-ordinate, because they
have the same degree of aspiration (or vocalization). 3. The double consonants are f, f, ^. Of these, f written for KCT, 7*7, or pêr, and ty for TTCT, flcr, or <j>cr.
is
INTEECHANGE OF VOWELS
13.
In the inflection and formation of

of similar
i-co-//-t
words,
:
short
and long vowels Si-So-fjiev we give,

harbor.
sound often interchange
thus
I give ;
\ipi\v harbor, Xt/ê^-o? of a
NOTE.
The long vowel corresponding
to a
is
often
77
(see
15).
13 a. In Homer a long vowel or a diphthong sometimes stands for a short vowel, especially in words which would otherwise be excluded from the verse thus i\yd6eos very holy for ayddeos, ov\6fj.evos accursed for 6X6:
JJ.CVOS.
INTERCHANGE OF VOWELS
1. The corresponding short and long forms seen from the following table
:
19
may
be
SHORT
e
rj
77
o
co
v
v
LONG
14.
a or
The same
we
short vowel,
\v-o-fjLev
root or suffix often appears with a different as, for example, \ty-co speak, \07-o? speech;
loose,
Xv--re you
loose.
of this appearance are recognized, but the

suffix does
Three different forms same root or
not always present all three forms. Tliese forms are, (i) with o, (2) with e, (3) with no vowel. Thus TTOr-aw? able to fly, Trir-oâi fly, I-TT T-O/JLTJV fleiv.
1.
But
in case
the third
form (without the vowel)
brings together a combination of consonants hard to pronounce, there is developed from the adjacent consonants in
pronunciation a vowel sound,
we have
becomes
Tp(j)-(0
a. Thus, instead of *e-r/o $-riv, was so that the series (of nourished, erpa^rjv 14)
(i)
o,
(2)
e,
(3) a: thus re-rpo^-a have nourished,
nourish,
e-rpaiffr-Tjv
sing, sang, sung,
was nourished. (Compare English and German sterben, starb, gestorben.*)

:
NOTE.
'thus 7rd#os
2.
An
a sometimes appears as the vowel-equivalent of v
(for *TrvOo<s) experience, suffering.

i
In combination with
or v the vowels
and
o,
of
the corresponding diphthongs, so that we course, seem to have, on the one hand, an interchange of (i) ot, (2) et, and (3) i, and on the other, an interchange of (i) ov
make
but it will be seen at once that (rare), (2) ev, and (3) v " this apparent " interchange is really the same phenome;
non which has been described above

Xe-Xoi7r-a have left
XeiTr-ft)
14)
thus
leave
e-\nr-ov left
haste
o-7r\iSa>
<f)t\)y-co
hasten
flee,
e-(f)vy-ov
fled
20
3.
COMPENSATIVE LENGTHENING
The following
table
:
and examples may serve

3.
to
make
this principle clearer

i.
2.
O
c
(a)
1 I
01
ov
<f>6p-o<s
tv
tribute
<f>tp-d>
bear
&i-<f>
p-os chariot
turning
-a
T^TT-M turn
Trei'0-w
e-r/aaTr-o/x^v
TT
turned
trust
persuade
(
L0-av6s persuasive
)->j (
21)
-^(v)-a
21)
e~x v-Oyv
was poured
a pouring
15.
by
e, i,
;
(pT\jjLT]
In Attic, original a becomes 77 unless it is preceded or p. Thus, original (Doric) <a/-td report becomes but yeveo. generation, CTO^LQ, wisdom, Tr/oa/y/ua deed
retain a.
1. But a arising from contraction ( 18) or tive lengthening ( 16) remains unchanged.
compensa-
COMPENSATIVE LENGTHENING
16.
short vowel
is
for the loss of a following consonant.
sometimes lengthened, to make up Thus, for

et
we have
1.
/-te'Xd-?
black.
of (not w).
In this process, e becomes Thus, *6tvT-s gives

Soij?
(not
77),
and
becomes
#i<?
having placed, *oovr-s
gives
having given.
17.
rja
to
INTERCHANGE OF QUANTITY The combinations do and 770 often change to ea>, and ea. Thus, mo? temple becomes zêco?, ySao-^Xfja king
y
becomes
15 a.
,
Ionic regularly has

Trpr\yâ.
77
<ro<^T],
Not
so,
for original a, even after e, i, however, in the cases covered
and
thus
1.
by
15,
CONTRACTION OF VOWELS
21
CONTRACTION OF VOWELS
18. Contraction unites into one long vowel or diphthong vowels which stand next each other in different syllables.
tion.
1.
The following are the most important (Many of them admit occasional
rules for contrac-
vowel v or
gives
715.) exceptions, unites with the preceding vowel to

yevt-i gives yevti, 7rei06-i gives
form a diphthong.
7ret#oi, 777x0-1
2.
Thus,
717x0.
Two
But
like
vowels unite in the
common
long.
Thus,
Thus, Thus,
yepa-a gives
3.
76^00,,
c^Xe-T^re gives cîX^re.

et,
e-e
gives
and
a,
o-o
gives ov (
6, 3).
</uX4.
gives <tX6i, TrXo-o? gives TrXov?.
An o
sound absorbs
e,
or
?;,
and becomes
<f>i\G>cn,
o>.
6pa.-OfjLev
gives
e-o
o/xo/nez', (/uXe-oxrt
gives
S^Xo-T^re gives
5.
But
and
o-e
both give ov
6, 3).
Thus,
first in
gives 7eVou?, S^Xo-c gives StjXov. 6. When a and e or 77 come together, the
order
absorbs the second, and becomes long.

7eVrj, 6pa.-T\Te
Thus, 7eW-a gives
give^ Spare.
19.
tracted with the
vowel standing before a diphthong is often conThe last first vowel of the diphthong.
vowel of the diphthong is regularly retained in the contracted form, but the apparent diphthongs ei and ov ( 6, 3)
are contracted^ like simple e
and
o.
Thus,
rZ//,a-i
gives
râ
(cf.
5,
1), </>tX-i gives
<tXL,
TtAta-oi/u gives
\vr\-ai gives
XT/TJ,
(since
18 a.
ei
and of here are not

is
but rlâ-îv gives rt/id^, Ti/za-ov gives see real diphthongs 6, 3).
;
In Ionic, contraction
much
less frequent
than in Attic.
Eo, ecu,
if
Thus,
we have
TrXoos for Attic vrXovs, y^vto. for Attic yevi\.

Trote'-o/xei',
contracted,
,
give ev (Troiev/iev we do for often remain uncontracted.
Troiewi i/iey
t?o
for
Trote'-owri)
*
but
22
1.
OMISSION OF VOWELS
But
or o
is
absorbed before
o-ei
01.
Thus, ^>t\-oi gives

0-97
<tXol,
2.
77X6-01
The
gives 77X01. contraction of both

77X6-1]
and
gives
:
ot.
Thus,
77X6-61^
77X6-61
and
gives 8r)\oHV)
both contract into SrjXol but since et here is not a real diphthong
6, 3).
NOTE
two are
vowel
is
first
When three successive vowels are contracted, the last contracted, and with the resulting diphthong the first then contracted. Thus, ert/Aaeo (for *ert/>uxe-o-o) you were
1.
being honored contracts into ert/xw.
first
into
eri/xciou,
and
this in turn contracts
NOTE 2. Synizesis. Sometimes in poetry two vowels, without being regularly contracted, were so far united in pronunciation as to form one syllable. Thus, TroAews might be pronounced as a word of two syllables, -eco- sounding somewhat like -yd-. This is called
synizesis {setting together}.
OMISSION OF VOWELS
20.
Between two consonants

is
a short vowel
is
sometimes
dropped.
for
crrat
called Syncope.) (This rf\.9ov came, for tfXvOov.
Thus
ea-rai shall be,
Between two vowels the vowels * and v are someThus, TrXei-oov more becomes TrXeW */3a<rt\\)-cov becomes (Baai\eo)v of kings.
21.
times dropped.
CONSONANT CHANGES
DOUBLED CONSONANTS
Attic regularly has TT in place of Ionic ao-. The Ionic form, however, is adopted by some of the Attic poets and earlier writers of prose.
22.
In Homer we frequently find 22 a. Doubled Consonants in Homer. a doubled consonant where Attic would have a single consonant thus
:
took (Attic e'\ae), aydvvHpos snowy, eSSeiae feared (Attic
CONSONANT CHANGES
23.
23
Whenever
initial p,
by
inflection or composition,
it,
:
has a single vowel brought before thus peo> flow, eppet was flowing.
flowing.
24.
the p is doubled diphthong, however, thus eu-poo? fairdoes not cause the p to be doubled
The pa
0ap(j-o<?
of
earlier
Attic later assimilates to pp.
Thus,
courage later
becomes #appo?.
MUTES BEFORE MUTES

25.
Before a lingual mute a labial or a palatal mute

r
becomes coordinate (see 12, 2). For example, *<ye Ypa$-rai becomes êypaTrrat has been written, *\e\ey-Tai becomes XeXeKrat has been said, *e\enr0r)v becomes eXefyBrjv was left, *$rpif-0i)V becomes erptyOvv was rubbed.
26.
lingual
mute before another lingual mute
is
changed to o-. Thus, */8-Te becomes tare you know, *eVet00fjv becomes eTrcfoQrjv was persuaded.
MUTES BEFORE LIQUIDS

27.
1.
Before
labial
mute becomes
have been
7.
left.
//..
Thus,
*7re7rXeK-
*\e\ei,Tr-fjiat,
2.
becomes
/-i
\e\ei\Lfjiai,
Before
a palatal
mute becomes
Thus, Thus,
/xat
3.
becomes
7r7r\eyfJLai have been twisted.

er.
Before p a lingual mute becomes

7re7reto>iai
*7re7ret9-
pai becomes
In
have been persuaded.

is
many
cases this doubling
to
be explained by the assimilation of

*dya-( <r)vi(pos and
<
another consonant.
*e5( /r)ere.
Thus,
dydvvi(f>os is for
e55etcre is for
In some words
and
6iri<ru
Homer has both the single and double forms backward, 'AxiXXetfs and 'A^tXf^s Achilles.
thus
24
CONSONANT CHANGES
MUTES BEFORE
28.
(cf.
cr
12, 3).
*c/>Xep-s
mute before cr unites with it to form i/r Thus, *Xenr-(T60 becomes XeA|/a> shall leave, becomes c/>Xe\|; vein, *ypa^-(Tco becomes <ypd\\rco shall
labial
write.
29.
(cf.
palatal
12, 3).
c/>Xo|
becomes
30.
crt
cr unites with it to form f becomes Thus, *tcopaK-s Kopa% raven, flame, */3?7X~ s becomes yS?j| cough.
mute before
A lingual mute before

crco/âcrt
cr
is
dropped.
*e'X7rt8-crt
becomes
bodies (dat.),
Thus, becomes
e\7rfoi
hopes (dat.), *bpvi-(n becomes
opvla-i birds (dat.).
N BEFORE OTHER CONSONANTS

31. When v comes before a labial mute it changes to p. Thus, *e'v-7m/>o9 becomes e|i7ret/30? experienced, *ev-c/>az'?7? becomes e'[juaz^? visible, *ev-î/ô? becomes e'jj^rtô? living.
32.
When
7-nasal.
Thus,
*crvv- ryevr]<;
comes before a palatal mute it changes to becomes a-vêv^ akin, *crvv-%e&>
becomes
33.
o-v^êo)
v
pour
together.
When
abide,
Thus,
*ev-\ei7Tco
eêvw
34.
,
comes before X, fi, or p it is assimilated. becomes eXXetTna leave in, êv-pevo) becomes *o-vv-peco becomes crvppew floiv together.
v
When
i/0;
and
30
see
comes before cr it is dropped (likewise vr, 30) and the preceding vowel is lengthened
the
More properly a lingual mute before a- is first assimilated to and the two sigmas later become one. In Homer we often find the older form with <r<r thus troa--a-t feet (dat.), Attic TTOO-I (from *7ro5-cri).
a.
a,
:
DISAPPEARANCE OF
<r
25
in compensation (see 16). Thus, VeXav-9 becomes Hack, *\vo-vcn becomes Xvovcri they loose ( 16, 1). Cf.
99.
DISAPPEARANCE OF
35.
<T
comes between two consonants, it is reguwhen two sigmas are brought together and larly dropped, of them is dropped. Thus, *ecrraA,-(r#e one inflection by have been sent, and *rei%e<r-o-t becomes earaXOe becomes you
or
When
rerêcn walls (dat.).

36.
When
it is
set,
a word,
stands before a vowel at the beginning of often changed to the rough breathing: thus
cr
for
*o~fc-<JT7?/u
(Latin
sisto).
it is
37.
When a
:
comes between two vowels,

761/01/9)
dropped
*7ez'ecr-o9
thus 7eWo? (contracted

(Latin generis).
regularly of a race for
CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS

METATHESIS
vowel and a liquid are sometimes transposed. and flpdcro? boldness. 1. Sometimes the vowel, standing after the liquid, has its long form ( 13) r^-vco cut, perfect Te-r\M\-fca have cut.
38.
Thus
0dp<ro9
CONSONANTS BEFOKE
39.
The vowel
(which may sometimes have the value

:
of a consonant), following certain consonants, gives rise to several changes. Thus

35 a.
e7re<r-<ri
In Homer the older form with words (dat.), Attic eTreo-i.
<ra-
is
frequently kept.
Thus
36
ff
as well as
(cf.
2 a, the beginning of several of the words enumerated in van has been lost: thus in ijSvs sweet, formerly *<rpadvs English sweet, Latin sua(d}vis} ; 6's his, formerly *<rp>s (cf. Latin situs).
a.
At
26
1.
CONSONANTS WITH VOWELS
With
:
K, %, r, or 9,
an
unites to form TT (Ionic

*</>fXaK-io)
;
crcr,
22)
for
thus (/>uXaTT6> guard, for

;
z/rjTTa
duck,
Odrrtov quicker, for *rax-ia)z; ( 41). 2. With 7 or 8 an t unites to form f neCtpv greater, for *fJLey-icov e\7ri J Aope, for *eX7rt8-u.
*^r-ia
forms XX /3aX-X&> throw, for */3aX-ia>. an i goes over to the preceding vowel />, and unites with it by contraction yuaivo/>tcu am mad, for
3.
i
:
4.
With X an With or
z^
REJECTION OR TRANSFER OF ASPIRATION

tried to avoid beginning two successive with a syllables rough mute (or a rough breathing). Thus, and e-re-Brjv e-Tv-Oyv (instead of *e-Qe-0r)v and *e-Qv-Orjv) are the aorists passive of riOr)^ put and 9vw sacrifice. For the imperative ending -6i (changed to -TI) see 233,
40.
The Greeks
for the
change of a rough mute to smooth in redupli178.
cation see
41.
For the same reason, a few roots beginning with 6, and ending in $ or ^, preserve the rough mute only at the
beginning or the end.
tion, the
mute
at
So, when, in the process of inflecrough mute at the end disappears, the smooth the beginning becomes rough. For example,
;
T/ot^-o? hair,
gen. sing., has for its nominative 9/oif Tpefyw nourish has for its future Qptyco the root racf)- becomes
;
0a7T- in OaTT-ra) bury.
HIATUS
42.
Hiatus occurs when a word ending in a vowel
is
followed by a word beginning with a vowel.

41
a.
In Ionic
we sometimes
find a transfer of aspiration
there, for Attic
CRASIS
27
Hiatus was usually avoided in Greek by means of

(1) Crasis, (2) Elision, or (3) the addition of a Movable Consonant.
CRASIS
Crasis (mingling') is the contraction of a vowel or diphthong at the end of a word with a vowel or diphthong
43.
at the
beginning of the next word. It is indicated by the coronis ( ) written over the contracted syllable.
'
Crasis
(
in general follows the rules for contraction 18 and 19): thus TOvvavTiov the contrary for TO tvavriov,
suppose for eyo)

44, 4).
ax>To.
otyu.at,
Ool/JidrLov the cloak for TO
(cf.
But some exceptions occur: thus
TaxTo for TO
NOTE 1. If the first word ends in a diphthong, its final vowel is dropped before contraction thus Kaya0o? for /cal dya#oV NOTE 2. Synizesis between Two Words. In poetry a crasis, not indicated in writing, sometimes occurs between two words, and is called synizesis (see 19, note 2).- This happens only when the first word ends in a long vowel or diphthong thus p.rj ov, pronounced as one syllable. NOTE 3. Apocope is the cutting off of a final short vowel before a
:
consonant.
sitions,
Thus
is
Trap, KOLT, for -rrapd,
Kara.
It affects chiefly prepo-
and
nearly confined to poetry.
ELISION
44.
Elision
is
of a
word when the next word begins with
the cutting off of a short vowel at the end a vowel. In

is
place of the missing vowel an apostrophe (') thus e?r* ejjioi in my power, for ewl e/W; TTT
seven, for eTTTCi
1.
written:
rjcrav.
(For the accent of
enV
fjaav were see 66.)
most frequent in prepositions, conjunctions, and familiar adverbs: for example, the final vowel in
Elision
is
76, oV, Trapd,
a\\d,
/jid\a,
rdâ,
is
frequently elided.
28
2.
MOVABLE CONSONANTS
The vowel
'
is
never elided, nor
is -i
in the dative of
the third declension, nor the vowels of ra, r(, TO. 3. In the formation of compound words, elision occurs, but without being indicated by the apostrophe thus
:
aTT-eô) keep away, from cnro and e^w; eTr-dvco on top, from eVi and avco aTT-eprjv went away, aorist of a7ro-j3aiva>. 4. Whenever by elision a smooth mute and a rough breathing are brought together, the smooth mute becomes the cognate rough mute ( 12, 2) thus a<|>' &v from which, for CLTTO &v\ KaQ-fyfju let down, from /card and ir
;
:
MOVABLE CONSONANTS
45.
v Movable.
All words ending in

in
-en, all
verbs of
the third person singular ending -e, and eo-ri is, when they stand before a word beginning with a vowel, or at
This v the end of a clause, regularly add a v at the end. thus ire/movcri rov dvSpa they send is called v movable
:
the
man, but TrejjLTrovcnv dvSpa they send a man; elSe Bd\arrav he saw the sea, but el&ev 6\jriv he saw a vision.
46.
TTJV
ov before a vowel with the smooth OVK thus OUK el&ov did not see. Before becomes breathing a vowel with the rough breathing it becomes ou% (cf. so ov\ elXo/jirjv did not choose. 44, 4)
:
:
The adverb
preposition ef out of appears as ef before words a vowel, and e'/e before words beginning with beginning thus e| acrreco? from toivn, but eK -n}? consonant with a
47.
:
The
from
44
a.
the city.
the verb endings
01
-i
-yiicu, -<rcu,
Final
cu in
;
-rat, -o-0cu,
are occasionally
elided in
Homer
;
so also final
in pot
and
vol.
44, 2 a.
Rarely Homer elides
in the dative singular of the third de-
clension
oftener in the dative plural. 44, 4 a. Herodotus retains the smooth
mute
air
oJj>,
/car-^/xt.
FINAL CONSONANTS
29
FINAL CONSONANTS
48.
a Greek
The only consonants allowed word are p, and 9.

i>,
to stand at the
end of
NOTE. Ôbserve that words ending

violate this rule.
in
if/
(=
TTS)
or
(=
do not
SYLLABLES
49. In Greek, as in Latin, each single vowel or diphthong makes a separate syllable. For example, vÛia, has
four syllables.
50.
or
is
In dividing a word into syllables a single consonant any combination of consonants that can begin a word thus customarily written with the following vowel
:
i~Ka-vd$ suitable, o-tyo-fjiai shall see,
pd-/3$os ivand,
/cd-^vco
labor.
Other combinations of consonants are divided

I'TT-TTO?
thus
horse, e\-7rt? hope.
51. The last syllable of a word is called the Ultima, the next to the last the Penult, and the one before the penult
the Antepenult.
QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES
52.
syllable
is
vowel or a diphthong.
are long.
53.
its
long by Nature when it has a long Thus, in Kpl-voi-^-qv all the syllables
syllable
is
vowel
is long by Position (or Convention) when followed by two consonants or a double con-
In Homer a diphthong or 52 a. Epic Shortening, or Half Elision. a long vowel at the end of a word is usually treated as a short syllable before a vowel at the beginning of the next word thus
:
scanned
\^
eyw
ou,
scanned
ww
30
sonant (
12, 3).
ACCENT
Thus, in
op-rvj; quail
both syllables are
long by position. Of the two consonants one or both
may be in the next Thus, in aAAos TO'TTO? another place and a'XXo <n6iJ,a another mouth the last syllable of the first word is long by
word.
position.
Observe, however, that the quantity of the vowel is not in A.&jxo is short, although the syllable in by position. The which it stands is long by " position."
affected
NOTE.
54.
When
mute and a liquid
a vowel naturally short is followed by ( 12) the length of the syllable

is,
a
is
Common,
that
the syllable
is
used in verse either as

yjpr)
long or short. Thus, in rewov child, TIK|>X.O? blind, ri ivhat is to be done ? the first syllable is common.
NOTE.
The mute and the

is
liquid
must be
in the
same word
otherwise the syllable
long by position.
ACCENT
55.
The Greek accent

of
pitch accent like that of English.

53 a.
In
the
accented syllable.
consisted in a raising of the It was not a stress
Homer even
before a single liquid at the beginning of some
words a
syllable with a short

&irb peydpoio (\^>
vowel
is
long.
ww
w ) from
to
the hall.
(dat.).
8pei
vi(f>6evTi.
(ww
ww
w) snowy mountain
be explained by the loss of good many another consonant. Thus vrfbevTi. stands for *(^<T')vi(f)oevTt (cf. 22 a). b. In Homer one of the consonants that make the preceding syllable
of these instances are
long
may be
a.
the unwritten vau (f ) (see
2 a).
So
Ka.nbv e?ros evil
word
KO.KOV p^TTOS ^\j
W w)a liquid almost always
54
In
Homer a mute and

:
make
the preceding
syllable long
thus
TO.
irpwra
w)
the first.
ACCENT
31
56. In Greek there are three kinds of accent, the Acute ('), the Grave ( N ), and the Circumflex (~); the last being made up of the acute and the grave. 1. Every syllable of a Greek word had an accent, but, as
is of such frequent occurrence (standing on every syllable which has not the acute or circumflex), it was not written except in the case mentioned under 67. 2. The marks of accent were not used in early times. They were invented about 200 B.C. for the help of foreigners and of others who were studying the Greek
the grave accent
language.
57.
The marks
of accent are written over the
vowel
of the accented syllable. 1. In case of a diphthong the accent stands over the
second vowel, unless the second vowel is i subscript thus aurofc, avrovs but avry (cf. 8, 2 and note). 2. When both breathing and accent belong to the same
:
vowel, the acute or the grave accent is written after the thus 0X05 whole, 09 ecrrat who shall be. But breathing the circumflex accent is written above the breathing
: :
thus
3.
rjye
was
leading.
breathing and accent belong to a capital letter they are placed before it: thus "EXX^ Greek,
When
*HXt? Elis,
-'A^T??
Hades
(cf.
8, 1).
RULES FOR ACCENT

58.
The circumflex accent can stand only on

52)
;
a syllable
long by nature (
a short syllable.
the acute
may
stand on a long or
59. The circumflex accent may stand only on one of the last two syllables of a word the acute may stand only on one of the last three syllables.
;
32
60.
RULES FOR ACCENT

Moreover,
if
the last syllable
is
long by nature
( 52), the circumflex may stand only on the last syllable, and the acute only on one of the last two syllables.
61.
must,
if it
long penult followed by a short final syllable has a written accent, have the circumflex.
NOTE.
Inflection,
Some further special rules of accent will be given under but the position of the accents on Greek words must, in
by observation.
of accented
general, be learned
62.
Examples
"
" "
words are
Acute on the ultima

"
(called oxytone) (called paroxytone)
o&o?.
penult
antepenult (called proparoxytone) a Circumflex on the ultima (called perispomenon)

" " "
"
"
penult (called properispomen on)

at
63.
The diphthongs
and
01
at the
end
:
of a
word have
the effect of short vowels on the accent, except in the in mood and the OIKOI adverb thus x&pai lands, optative
av6po)7roi
men
but
TratSeuot,
optative of 7rateua> educate.
64.
Recessive Accent.
word
is
commonly
said to
have Recessive Accent when the written accent stands as far from the end of the word as the laws of accent 58-61) will allow. Thus, eXvOrjv was loosed, e\vov was ( loosing, Oearpov theater, have recessive accent.
ACCENT OF CONTRACTED SYLLABLES

65. two syllables contract into one, in case either of the original syllables had a written accent (that is,
When
the acute or the circumflex), the syllable resulting from the contraction retains a written accent ; otherwise it
ACCENT OF ELIDED WORDS

has the unwritten grave (
rlfjia,
33
56, 1).
Thus, rlpd-ei gives
gives rtâ. 1. If the first of the two syllables originally had the acute, the acute combines with the unwritten grave
rffjia-e
but
56, 1) of the
second syllable to form the circumflex.

TI/JLCO.
Thus,
2.
rlpd-co (i.e. rifta-co) gives

if
the second of the two syllables had the acute, the syllable resulting from the contraction also has the
acute (since
it is
But
v ' will not combine into A plain that
).
Thus,
eo-ra-o)? (i.e.
<7Ta-<5) gives ecrra)?.
ACCENT OF ELIDED WORDS

66.
In elision (
44) oxytone
62) prepositions and
conjunctions lose their written accent : thus aXX' e^rj but he said, for aXXa efyrj ; other words retain it, but on the pre-
ceding syllable
NOTE.
accent.
thus
(
ITTT* rja-av
first
were seven, for evrra

two words
rjGav.
In crasis
43) the
of the
loses its written
CHANGE OF ACUTE TO GRAVE

67.
last
Wherever a word having the acute accent on the syllable is followed by another word in close conits
nection,
acute
;
beside, TOV the
thus Trapa changes to the grave but Trapa TOV jSacriKea to the side of the
:
king.
(For
rt? see
148, 1.)
68. Anastrophe. preposition of the acute accent on the last syllable,
two
syllables
having
substantive with which
it
is
used,
when it or when
follows the
it
does the
last
duty of a verb,
shifts its written accent
"from the
68 a. In Homer (and lyric poetry) ev, e/s, #, and is, if they follow the words they modify, take an acute accent : thus /ca/ccDi/ e from the base, 0e6s us as a god.
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
34
:
PROCLITICS
thus TOVTWV jrepi about this ; Trdpa, syllable to the first for Trdpecm, it is allowed.
PROCLITICS
syllable attach themselves so that they lose their own word to the following closely Proclitics (from TT/?Oare called written accent. They
69.
few words of one
K,\ivo)
lean forward)
rj,
The} are
r
The forms o, ol, al, of the article the; The conjunctions el if, o>9 as; The prepositions ev in, et? (e?) into, ef (e/c, The adverb ou (OVK, ov%, 46) not.
1.
47) out
of, a>9 to;
When, however,
tence, or is
a proclitic stands at the end of a senfollowed by an enclitic ( 70, 8), it receives
a written accent. ov
(f)r)fjLL
Thus
</>#9, f)
ov; do you say yes or
no?
I say
no.
ENCLITICS
70. Some words of one or two syllables attach themselves so closely to the preceding word that they give up their own written accent. These words are called Enclitics
(from
ey/c\fvci)
lean upon).
/LtoO, JJLOI,
They
;
are
The pronouns
The
indefinite
pe
croO, crot, <je;
ou, ol,
e,
and aîcn.
in;
See however
139, 2;
rt?, rl
pronoun
in all its forms,
and the
definite adverbs
Trot), irrj, irol,
iroOev, Trore, TTW, TTW?
The present
indicative of elpt
am and
el,
second persons singular,
eW see
The
<?7/u say, except the $779. (For the accent of
262, 1)
particles 76, re, rot,
1. If the word preceding an enclitic has the acute accent on either of the last two syllables, or the circumflex
ENCLITICS
35
:
remains unchanged thus man, \6ycov TLV&V ( 71,4) of some words, %c0pwv rivtov of some lands. 2. If the word preceding an enclitic has the acute accent on the antepenult, or the circumflex on the penult, thus avOpcoit adds an acute accent on the last syllable TTOL -nz/'e? some men, <y\a>TTd TLS a tongue. 3. A proclitic ( 69) before an enclitic takes an acute
last syllable, its accent
avrjp rt? a
:
on the
accent
thus
et
rt? if
anybody, ov
fyadt,
they deny (see
69, 1). 4. If several enclitics follow each other, the last alone
remains without written accent ; each of the others rethus ceives an acute accent from the following enclitic
:
ei
TTOV Ti5 riva [I'Sot] if
anybody [should
see~\
anybody any-
where.
71.
Accent of Enclitics Retained.

accent
:
Enclitics retain their
own
1.
When When
When
they begin a sentence, as
elcr\v
avSpes there are
men;
2.
they are emphatic, as aXXa ae \eja) but you I

;
mean
3.
the
enclitic
vowel which would be affected by the has been elided ( 44), as ravr earl, for
this is
;
ravra
4.
e'crrt,
When
an enclitic of two sjdlables follows a word which has the acute accent on the penult, as av0p(t)7rov TWOS of a man.
NOTE. Some words are so frequently combined with an enclitic that the combination comes to be regarded as one word. Thus, wore so
that
(ok
re), KCUTOI although (/cat
TIVOS), are
+ rot), ovrtvos of ivhomsoever (ov + 59 and 61. not exceptions to the rule of accent given in
36
PUNCTUATION
PUNCTUATION
72.
The Greek marks
of punctuation are the period ( . ),
(,), and mark of interrogation (;). point above the line, and it takes the place of the English colon and semicolon.
colon (), comma The colon is a
NOTE.
tion,
but wrote their
The ancient Greeks seldom used any marks of punctuawords continuously. Thus EAOSENTHI
28oev
rrj
BOYAHIKAITOIAHMm =
voted by the Senate
/3ov\rj
/ecu
TO>
%ia>
It
was
and
the People.
ANCIENT GREEK WRITING ON STONE

(Of the Fifth Century B.C.)
FYNAIKOS
AFAGHSMN
HMATOAE
yvvaitcbs ayaOrjs a good wife 's monument (is)
INFLECTION
73.
Inflection
is
a change in the form of a
word
to indi-
cate its relation to other words.
In inflection a part of the word remains the same, called the Stem. Thus, the stem of avdpwiros man is av0po)7ro-, and -? is the ending of the nominative case; in
1.
and
is
e-\ve he
was
loosing, \ve- is a
stem of the present system,
and
e- is
Some
2.
a prefix denoting past time. 163.) (See also in their show more than one form words, inflection,
inflection of
of stem.
The
Nouns (Substantives and Adjec;
tives) and Pronouns is called Declension of Verbs is called Conjugation.
the inflection
NOUNS
(SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES)
74.
Gender, Number, and Case.

:
There are
in
Greek
Three GENDERS Three NUMBERS

Five CASES
:
Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter;

Singular, Dual, and Plural;
Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative,

two
has but two
and Vocative.
NOTE
1.
The dual number
refers to
objects.
It
forms, one for the nominative, accusative, and vocative, the other for the genitive and dative.
NOTE
2.
The
in the singular
it is
vocative in the plural often so.
is
always like the nominative
NOTE
3.
like the accusative; in the plural these cases
Neuter words always have the nominative and vocative always end in -a (at
37
least before contraction).
38
75.
NOUNS
Declensions.
There are in Greek three declensions
of nouns, classed according to the endings of the stems. The First Declension has steins ending in -a, the Second
are sometimes called the
These two together The Third Declension has mostly stems ending in a consonant (see 93) and is called the Consonant Declension.
Declension has stems ending in
-o.
Vowel Declension.
76. Case Endings. The case endings of the vowel and the consonant declension have many points in common, as
may
be seen from the following table
VOWEL DECLENSION
MASC.
Sing-
CONSONANT DECLENSION
MASC. FEM.
FEM.
NEUT.
NEUT.
SUBSTANTIVES
NOTE.
Locative Case.
39
relics
There are in Greek some
of a
of
at
Locative Case, confined mostly to names of places. the locative in the singular is -t and in the plural -<n
The ending
:
thus YLvOol
Pytho (Delphi), OIKOI
at
home,"Apyei
at
Aryos, 'AOrjvrjvL at Athens.
The written accent of a on the same sylremains declension, noun, throughout lable as in the nominative singular, or as near that syllable
77.
Accent in Declension.
its
1.
as the general laws of accent will allow thus avQpcoTros man, ace. sing. avOpwirov, nom. plur. avOpcoTroi, but gen. sing. av0pa)7rov ( 60), dat. plur. av6p(i)7roi<s\ ovo/jia name,
:
gen. sing, bvoparos ( 59), gen. plur. wopa-rav ( 60). 2. In the genitive and dative of all numbers a long
final syllable, if it
has written accent, has the circumflex:

dat.
thus TTOTa/409
plur. TTO&COV.
river,
sing,
irora^w
TTOU? foot,
gen.
SUBSTANTIVES
GENERAL RULES FOR GENDER
78.
1.
MASCULINE
are
are
names
of Males, of
Winds,
of
Rivers, and of Months.

2.
FEMININE
names
of Females,
and most names
of
Lands, Islands, Towns, Trees, and Abstract Ideas. 3. NEUTER are most Diminutives ( 283) and most
names
of Fruits.
NOTE.
child
Common
Gender.
Some names
either as masculine or feminine, as
of beings occasion requires.
may
be used
Trats
Thus,
girl.
may
be masculine or feminine, and
may mean
boy or
79.
It is
customary to indicate the gender of Greek

144):
6
words by means of the article ( for feminine, and TO for neuter. 77
for masculine,
40
FIRST DECLENSION
FIRST DECLENSION
(THE
80.
-a
DECLENSION)
are feminine or masa.
Words of the first declension culine. They have stems ending in

forms this a
is
In many of the
shortened or disguised.
A.
FEMININES
classes
:
81.
The feminines form two

-77,
(1) those ending

-a.
in -a or
and (2) those ending in short

:
They
ij
are declined as follows
FIRST CLASS
X"P*
land.
-q Tifxrfj
SECOND CLASS
honor.
TJ
ye'cjjxipa
bridge,
ij
-yXwTTa tongue.
(stem X W P*-)
(stem rind-)
(stem -ye^vpd-)
(stem -yXwrrd-)
SINGULAR
SINGULAR
1
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
X"P a
^H- ^
x^P*"v
TIJX^-V
yfyvpa-v
yX.wrra-v
Voc.
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
Tijjiatv
DUAL
ye<)>vpd
-y<j>iupaiv
-yXwrTaiv
PLURAL
N.V.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
PLURAL
Ti|ia
-y({>vpai
x^P aL
x w P" v
x^P aL 5 x^P as
TIJIWV
Tijxais
Tipids
ytfyvp&v
-yXwrrais
-ye^vpas
Other examples of the first class are: rjêpd day (gen. sing, fjnepas, nom. plur. ^/xe/jat), GKICL shadow (gen. sing. cr/cta9, nom. plur. o-/aou), TTV\TJ gate (gen. sing. nom. plur. TruXat), yvcofjLT] judgment (gen. sing. nom. plur.
FIRST DECLENSION
:
41
Other examples of the second class are paipa fate nom. $da plur. /notpat), (gen. sing, poppas, opinion (gen. sing. Sdj-rj?, nom. plur. Sofat), rpdireâ table (gen. sing. nom. plur.
,
82.
Observe that the second
class has short -a in the
final syllable of three cases of
the singular
first
77)
accusative,
and vocative.
The
class,
nominative, on the other

final
hand, has a long vowel (a or throughout the singular.

83.
in the
syllable
first class originally ended in -a. immediately preceded by e, t, or p Otherwise it is 15); thus 7ewa, cro^t'd, %ft>/>a. (cf. to the thus tj throughout singular: TI/JLT\ changed (formerly Ttjua). 1. In the genitive and dative singular of words of the second class, the use of a or 77 is determined by the same rule thus yetyvpa.? (because p precedes the a), but 7\o)TTT|9.
All words of the

is
This a
retained
if
84.
The Genitive Plural
of the first declension always
has the circumflex accent on the last syllable, because -&v is contracted from -d-wv (originally *-d-cra)v cf 37, and
;
.
the Latin ending -arum in stellarum):
thus
^pav
for
NOTE.
In the accusative plural -as
is
for -avg (
34).
83 a.
In Ionic long a of the singular of the

77
:
first
declension
is
always
changed to
fwlpa.^ (see
e.g.,
x^Pî
7^^ <n>0rj,
/ji,oipi\s,
for Attic x^/ad, 7ered,
15 a).
In the genitive plural Homer has the older form -duv and rarely the Ionic -twv (irv\uv). Cf. 17.
84
a.
b.
In the dative plural Ionic has

rarely,
-T?S
(71-^77)77$
-|7<n
(yXAa-ff-gai)
Homer
uses also,
though
to rocks).
42
FIRST DECLENSION
B.
85.
MASCULINES
the case ending
-9
The masculines have
in
:
the
nominative singular.
o vedvias
They
young man.
d iroXiTTjs citizen.
d 'ArptiStjs son of Atreus.

'
(stem vcdvid-)
(stem iroXird-)
(stem
FIRST DECLENSION
43
-a in the vocao-troTroiXa, voc.
and names
tive
of
:
of nationality in
seller
-77?
have short
;
thus TroXmi, voc. of

grain
;
TroXtrr;? citizen
oiroTretfA,???
ITepcra, voc. of Tlepcrr)?

is
Persian.
The ending -ov of the genitive singular NOTE. from the second declension (cf. 87 a).
88.
borrowed bodily
In some words -ea (or -aa)

:
is
contracted to -a or
65, 1).
-77.
All cases then have the circumflex

T)
Such words
jiva
mina.
for (ivad-) (stem
TJ
yfj
land.
6 'Ep|rfjs
Hermes.
(stem
(Jtva-
yi\-
for yea. or -yaa)
(stem 'Epjit]- for 'Epjua-)
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
jJLva
-yf^
fivds
-y*is
nv
Ace.
W
yT\-v
'Epp-fj-v
jiva-v
Voc.
xva
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
jtva
fjivaiv
â y a^ v
'Epjia
'Epjxaiv
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
jtvat
ya.1
y<
'Epjiat
(xvwv
p-vais
(JLvols
'Epjxwv
*Epp.ais
"yais
>s
So also
is
,
declined Bo/>pa? (for Bo/aea? with irregular in the singular only.
-/o/>-)
87 a. In the genitive singular masculine, Homer has the earlier (and proper) form -do ('ArpetSdo), and sometimes the Ionic form 'Arpe/ocw, the accent remaining as in the original form (see 17). 88 a. The Ionic generally has the uncontracted forms ; thus
for Attic Boppas,
'
44
SECOND DECLENSION
SECOND DECLENSION
89.
Words
of
masculine or neuter.
like the masculines.
the Second Declension are nearly all The few feminines are declined
The stems end
in
o.
ends in
The nominative singular of masculines and feminines The nominative, vocative, and accusative of -09.
-ov,
neuters are alike, and they end in the singular in in the plural in -a.
90.
and
Words
:
of the second declension are inflected as
follows
6 Xoôs word.
6 (or
fj)
avOpwiros man.
f]
686s road.
TO Swpov
gift.
(stem
Xo-yo-)
(stem dvOpwiro-)
(stem 680-)
(stem 8wpo-)
SINGULAR
Nom.
SECOND DECLENSION
45
plur.
So also are declined vopos law (gen. sing, vopov, nom. bull (nom. plur. -ravpoi), vofjioi), KLV&VVOS danger, ravpos
river, o-rpaTô? general, measure, 'i^dnov cloak.
Trora/io?
z^cro?
(fern.)
island,
CONTRACT SUBSTANTIVES OF THE SECOND DECLENSION

91.
Words which have stems ending

:
in -oo
and
-eo
un-
dergo contraction in accordance with the rules given in 18 and 19. They are thus declined
6 vovs mind. 6 ircpiirXovs voyage around,
circ umnavigation.
TO OO-TOVV bone.
(stem voo-)
(stem
00-T60-)
(stem
irepiirXoo-)
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
vov-s (vdo-s)
OCTTOV-V (o<TTO-v)
irepiirXov
irepiirXo)
vov
(i/oov)
OO"TOV
(OO"TOV)
(oCTTCO))
vw
(voo>)
OCTTW
Ace.
Voc.
vov-v (i/do-v) vov (voe)
-ircpiirXou-v
oo-Tov-v (ooreo-v)
OO-TOV-V (ocrreo-v)
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
vc&
(vo'w)
(i/ootv)
irpirXa>
irepiirXoiv
CKTTCO
(oO"TO))
(ocrre'otv)
votv
CKTTOIV
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
VOt
(V006)
irepfirXoi
(TreptTrAooi)
oo-Ta
(oorea)
(ocrrewv)
(oo-reots)
vwv
vots
(vowv)
(voots)
irepCirXois
OO-TWV
OO-TOIS
Ace.
vovs
(vdovs)
irepiirXous
oo-Ta
(oo-rea)
So also are declined

(xdveov,
1.
poO?
(poo?)
stream, TO
/cavovv
cf.
118, 3) basket.
ocrra is contrary to
Observe that the contraction of

18, 6.
the rule of
2.
Observe that the nominative dual,

:
if it
has written
accent on the last syllable, has the acute (contrary to thus vcb (irregularly from vdo>). 65, 1)
46
3.
SECOND DECLENSION
Observe that contracted compounds have recessive
64) in spite of the contraction
evvoi
:
accent (
thus TrepiirXw
But (for evvooi) kindly disposed. (for 7re/>t7rXoo>), the written accent almost never goes back of the syllable on which it stood in the nominative singular ( 77):
thus
Tre/KTrXot
(not
STEMS IN
92.
-co-
ATTic SECOND DECLENSION
To
whose stems end

SINGULAR
the second declension belong also a few words in co. They are thus declined
:
vs temple,
N.A.V.
G.D.
(stem vw-)
DUAL
ve<&
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. ACC.
vew-s
PLURAL Nom. v
Gen.
Dat.
vtwv
vt&$
vcw
ve4
vv
V6W-V
ACC.
Voc.
V6S
vew
Voc.
vews
So also Xeo>? people, tfa'Xw? cable. Observe that the genitive and dative, when they have written accent on the last syllable, take the acute, con1.
trary to
2.
77, 2.
Many
of
change from Xao'?.
of quantity (
these words were produced by an interthus Xea>? 17), do becoming ea>

:
In such words the long vowel at the end does not affect the position of the accent (cf 60) thus Mei>eXe&)5 Menelaus (from MezêXao?). 3. Some words have no v in the accusative singular.
.
Thus Xa7Q>? hare has dawn has only eco.

92
a.
ace.
sing.
\a<ya>
and Xaycov
ew?
This form of declension
is
confined almost wholly to Attic.
In
Ionic most of these words follow the ordinary second declension. So, for Attic Xet6s, pecs, KiiXws, Xa7cis, Ionic has Adds, vrjbs, /c<f Aos, \ayu6s or \ay6s.
THIRD DECLENSION
47
THIRD DECLENSION
the Third (or Consonant) Declension have stems ending in a consonant, or in a vowel (i or u) few which may sometimes be sounded as a consonant.
93.
Words
of
stems appear to end in o (but see 112, 113). 1. The stem of words of this declension may usually be
found by dropping the ending

94.
-o? of
the genitive singular.
sion
The gender of words of the third declenGender. must usually be learned by observation, but a few
general rules
1.
may
be given.
labial or a palatal
Stems ending in a
mute
are never
neuter.
2.
MASCULINE
-TTJT-),
those in
3.
are stems ending in et>, VT, rjr (except COT, and p (except those in -a/o-).
are
FEMININE
in -t?),
stems ending in
in
-i>?).
rijr,
0,
(with
(with
nom.
4.
and v (with nom.
NEUTER
nom.
are stems ending in ap, in -09), and v (with nom. in -u).
acr,
ar,
e<r
FORMATION OF CASES
Neuter words of the third declension have the nominative, accusative, and vocative regularly like the A final T is dropped singular simple stem. thus aco/jia (stem o^âr) body. ( 48)
95.
Neuters.
96.
Masculine and Feminine Nominative
Singular.
Most masculine and feminine words of the third declension form the nominative by adding -9 to the stem. For the euphonic change which may follow, see 2830, 34
:
thus
1.
K\l/JLa% (for */cXâK:-9) ladder (cf. Latin dux, ducis). But stems in -v-, -p-, -<r-, and -ovr- regularly have in
the nominative only the simple stem with a long vowel
48
(
THIRD DECLENSION.
13)
:
FORMATION OF CASES
harbor, ptjrcop (/^ro/?-) orator,
thus
\ifJLijv (\ifjiev-)
l^wKpdr^
NOTE.
vos, etc.
(J2a)fcpaTe<r-~)
Socrates,
XeW
(\eovr-) lion (
48).
Some
of these
words retain the long vowel of the nomi:
native throughout their declension

;
thus "EAAryi/ Greek, gen.

etc.
xa/xwv winter, gen.
êt/xwi/os,
97.
Accusative Singular.
The
accusative singular of
masculine and feminine words adds -a to consonant stems
and
vowel stems thus TTOV? foot (stem TroS-), accus. but Tro'Xt? city (stem TroXi-), accus. sing. sing. 7ro'S-a
-v to
:
TToXiv.
1.
(Cf.
14, 2 note.)
of more than one syllable ending in tr or without written accent on the last syllable, almost always drop the final mute and take the ending v thus
But stems
i&,
epis strife
(stem
e/?tS-),
accus. sing. epiv.
98.
larly the mere stem
The vocative singular is reguVocative Singular. thus Safawv divinity, voc.

:
(stem
see
SaifJLoit-')',
yepcov old
man, voc.
<yepov
(stem
48).
1. But masculine and feminine words which form their nominative singular without 9 ( 96, 1), when they have written accent on the last syllable, and all other mute
stems (except those in -*S-), use the nominative singular as vocative thus TTOL^V (stem 7rot/-tei>-) shepherd, voc.
:
TTOI/JLIJV
<f>v\aj;
(stem
</>i>Xa/c-)
watchman,
voc.
(but
\7rt9
(stem eXvrtS-), voc.
99. Dative Plural. When v alone is dropped before the ending -at of the dative plural ( 34), the preceding
99
-cro-i
a.
In the dative plural
Homer has
TTOO-O-/
-<ri(j')
and
:
-eo-o-i^),
sometimes
with
0)
after vowels.
Thus he has
(*7ro-o-t),
iroffl,
and
7r65e<ro-i
feet, v^Kv-(T<TL to corpses.
b.
In the genitive
Very rarely we find -e<ri xetp-eo-t with hands. and dative dual Homer has -ouv for Attic -oiv.
Thus
Trodouv of or with two feet.
CONSONANT STEMS
vowel remains unchanged, contrary to
shepherds, for
1.
49
34
:
thus
Trot/zeo-t to
*7roifjLev-crL
Bai/jLOai to divinities,
for *&aifjiov-cn.
is
But when
:
lengthened
all,
dropped, the preceding vowel thus Xeoucn to lions, for *\eovT-<n 7rd<rt
is
;
vr
to
for *7ravT-ai.
100.
Special Rule of Accent.
Words with stems
syllable in the third declension regularly accent on the last syllable of the genitive
of one have the written and dative of all
numbers.
flex (
If the last syllable is long, it receives the circum-
77, 2): thus TTOVS foot, gen. sing. TTOÔ?, gen. plur. dat. TToSwv, plur. TTOCTI.
NOTE.
(
For exceptions
TTCUS (
see 8as (
iras (
115, 5), 8/xws (
115, 7), ov?
115, 18),
3).
115, 19),
125, 2),
Tpws
115, 23),
and
<w(129,
CONSONANT STEMS
101.
Labial and
Palatal
Stems.
Stems ending in a
:
labial or palatal
64>u\ag
mute
are thus declined

J|e P
(
f|<f>d\<r/i
6 K \cty
thief.
4>Xe'4/
watchman.
phalanx.
hair.
vein.
(stem
<j>v\aK-)
(stem <j>a\ayy-) (stem rpix~) (stem K\WIT-) (stem
SINGULAR
4>\P-)
K\WX|/
<}>Xe'v|/
Xom.
Gen.
Dat.
<J>v\a
<j>d\a^
(jxxXa-yy-os
0pC
4>vi\aK-os
4>v\aK-L
<J>v\aK-a
4>x\a-yy- 1
<j>d\a-yy-a
rpix-os T P 1 X~'
K\ir-6s
K\fl>ir-i
<j>\ep-6s
$\t$-L
Ace.
Voc.
<>vXa
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
<}>iiXaK-e
<t>dXa-Y^<j>aXd-yy- lv
4>vXaK-oiv
PLURAL
N.V.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
4>vXa.K-S
4>vXa.K-wv
<f>dXa^-s
âXd-y-y-wv
cj>dXa-yî
rpix-wv
0piî
KXwir-aiv
<J>X|3-(ov
<|>X\(/
<J)vXa^
<|)vXaK-as
KXwxjn
<|>dXa^-as 4 BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
rpix-as
KXwir-as
<j)Xp-as
50
THIRD DECLENSION
6 6
AWioty (stem A0to7r-) AethioxaKvty (stem âXf/3-) steel, fj /eXt/>iaf (stem K\lpian, 6 6vv (stem -*) ladder, rj IICLGTI^ (stem /jLaarly-^) whip,
1. For the f and ^r in the nominative singular and For the vocative singu28 and 29. dative plural see lar see For the change of to T in 0/n'f see 41. 98, 1.
102.
Lingual Stems.
:
Stems ending in a lingual mute
are thus declined
MASCULINE AND FEMININE
CONSONANT STEMS
51
favor, o 7</ya<? (stem yiyavr-) giant, 6 XeW (stem \eovr-*) lion, 6 oSou? (stem O&OVT-, gen. sing. oSoWo?) tooth (the nominative singular is formed contrary to 96, 1).
1.
For" the
dropping of T (and
vr), S, or
before a in
30. the nominative singular and dative plural see For the dative plural of stems in -vr- (like yepovo-i*) see 99, 1. For the vocative singular see 98, 1. For the accusative
singular of stems in
103.
TO
-IT-
and
-tS-
(^dpiv, epuv) see
97, 1.
NEUTER
<ra>|ia
body (stem
arwjjiaT-)
SINGULAR
Nora.
<rwp.a
<rco[iaT-os
DUAL
N.A.V. G.D.
o-wnar-e
<rw|xaT-oiv
PLURAL
Norn.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
<rwjxaT-a
o-wp-ar-i
o~w|jLa
Voc.
o-w|ia
Voc.
(rrofia

(stem
1.
ovoiAaT-}
name,
/-teXt
(stem aroâr-) mouth, OVO/JLCI (stem />teXtr-) honey, ydXa (stem

in
yaXaKT-*) milk (
48).
few words form their nominative from a stem

:
-p- (
73, 1)
thus
rjTrap
(gen. sing, ^vrar-o?)

ewe?;
liver, fj/JLap
(gen. sing. ^/lar-o?) c?a# (poetic).

2.
Four words,
;
Trepas,
Tre/oaro?,
repas,
re/jaro?,
(contracted from nominatives form their $a'o?), </)ft)To'?, /Â^, singular from a stem ending in a ( 73, 1). (For the full declension
prodigy
/cepas,
fceparos,
horn
^>w?
of icepas see
103, 2 a.
115, 10.)
/cfyas
and r<?/>as have no forms with T. Thus, nom. plur. /cfya, gen. plur. Kepdwv, dat. plur. Herodotus changes a to e before a vowel (cf. 106 c), Kâo-i and Kepdefffft. but does not contract thus rfyeos, Kêi", /cfyea, Keptuv. Of 0tDs ZtgrA* Homer uses only the uncontracted form <f>dos (sometimes wrongly written 06ws),
In Ionic
Homer has
dat. sing,
/cfyat,
dat.
</>det,
plur.
52
104.
THIRD DECLENSION
Stems ending in a liquid are thus
Liquid Stems. declined

:
CONSONANT STEMS
between the v and p whenever they come together. words are thus declined
:
53
These
man.
6 irar^p father.
f|
mother.
TJ
OirydTtjp daughter.
6 dv^jp
(stein irarep- or
iraTp-)
(stem
(MfjTp-)
or
(stem Ovyarep- or
Ov-yarp-)
(stem dvepor dv(6)p-)
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
ira-nrjp
irarp-os
irarp-C
p.TlTp-6s
|lT,T P
-
Ov-yarp-os
Ou-yarp-f
dv8p-6s
dvSp-C
Ace.
irarep-a
irdrep
0vyaTp-a
Ov-yarep
avSp-a
Voc.
DUAL
N.A.V. G.D.
irem'p-e
avSp-e
Ov-yarcp-oiv
irarep-oiv
dvSp-oiv
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
iraiVcs
irarcp-wv
iraTpd-o-t
ira,T'p-as |JtTJTp-WV
(i-qxpa-o-i
av8p-s
dvSp-cov
dvSpd-(ri
Ace.
avSp-as
Like iraTrjp is declined jacrr^p belli/. (See also 115, 2.) 1. Observe that in the genitive and dative the shorter
forms take their written accent on the
the analogy of stems of one syllable
(
last syllable, after
100): thus
Trar/oo?,
avSpwv (but
2.
Trareptov, avSpdai).
Observe that the vocative singular of these words

(cf.
has recessive accent

3.
104, note).
14, 1.
For the a
in the dative plural see
a-
Stems ending in cr 106. Stems in -a-. whenever it comes between two vowels
lose their final

(
37) and the
vowels thus brought together usually contract.

105 a. In Homer the form of the stem with e is more frequently used than in Attic thus iraripos^ Trartpi avepa, avipes, etc. (Attic 7rar/j6s, etc.). In dvyaT-rjp, however, we sometimes find dtiyarpa, dvyarpes, and always From av/ip he has in the dative plural both avdpavi and &i>8pe<r<ri.
:
54
THIKD DECLENSION
Such stems are thus
TO
-yevos race.
-yevoo--, -yeveo--)
inflected
NEUTER
TO
-ye'pas
prize.
(stem
(stem
-yepacr-)
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
-y^vos
-yevovs (*yeveo--os,
-yevci
yeVe-o?)
yeve-'t)
(*yepa(T-os, ycpa-os)
(*yepao--t,
-yepas
(*yeve(T-i,
yepa-t)
Ace.
-ycvos
-yevos
Voc.
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
-yc'vei
(*yeveo--e,
(*yei/(T-oti/,
yeVe-e)
-yevoiv
PLURAL
N.V.
Y* vtl
( -yeve'wv
(
(*yeve<r-a,
(*yei/eo-a>v)
yeVe-a)
(*yepa<r-a,
yepa-a)
ycpwv
(*yepa<r-a>v, yepa-wv)
-yevwv
-yeveon
-yevrj
Dat.
( yeVecr-ori)
ye'paon ( ye'pao--(7t)
Ace.
(*yei/(r-a,
yeVe-a)
(*yepacr-a,
yepa-a)
TO ap0o9 flower, TO So also are declined TO Tet%o? eVo5 ?/ear, TO yfjpas old age, TO icepas horn, wing (with other forms from a stem tcepar-', see 115, 10).
Observe that neuters ending in -05 form their nominative, accusative, and vocative singular from the stem in -oo--. 14 and 73, 1.) (See
1.
106 a.
Homer and Herodotus
regularly have the uncontracted forms.
Thus,
K\<fa,
of courage, dapve'i with courage. The accusative plural which sometimes occurs in Homer, is probably for K\te.
8dp<reos
b.
<T<TI
(for
In the dative plural Homer has three different forms thus fie\t76 b), |8<?Xe<r-<rt, and /SAeeri ( 35) from /SAos */3e\e(T-e<7<ri,
:
missile.
in -a<r- are usually few words have e instead of a of old age. in the stem, except in the nominative: thus o55a5 ground, gen. sing. otfSeos /ccDas fleece, dat. plur. /cce<n. In the nominative and accusative
c.
In
Homer and Herodotus words with stems

777/3005
uncontracted: thus
plural Homer has -a short: thus 5<?7ra cups. In the dative plural he has three forms, 5e7rd-e<r<ri (for *5e7ra<r-e0-0-j, 37), 5ewa<r-<ri, and dtiravi ( 35).
CONSONANT STEMS
2.
55
In the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural
of neuters in -09, -ea after e contracts into a. for xpee-a (*^/oeecr-a)

107.
Thus
%/oea
from
%/3eo? debt,
stem
MASCULINE AND FEMININE

2a>Kpa.TT]s Socrates.
(stem 2a>KpaT<r-)
NOR!.
ZcOKp<XTr|S
Gen.
Dat.
2wKpa,Tous
DcoKparei
(*2<oKpaT<r-os,
(*2(OKparecr-t,
Ace.
SwKpaTt]
(*2o>Kparecr-a,
Voc.
So
1.
also are declined
Ay poo-Bevy? Demosthenes,
Diogenes.
Observe that the vocative singular of names like

has recessive accent.
Proper names in -K\er)$, of which the last part is the stem /cXeecr- (/cXeo? fame), are doubly contracted in
108.
the dative.
HepifcXfjs
(
-j
(
(stem
Ile/^/eXeeo--)
Pericles
is
thus
declined
_T
Norn,
Gen.
Dat.
IIcpiK\Eovs
(*nptKXeecr-os,
(*IIeptKXeeo--t,
(*Ilept/<Xee(r-a,
(
rhpiKXti
IlepiKXee-t,
Ace.
IlpiK\cd
Il6p(K\is
IlepiKXee-a)
Voc.
109.
IleptKXee?)
Stems
in
-oo--.
There
dat.
is
one stem in
:
-ocr-
(^
alBws shame) which

alSov?
(*cu'Soa--o?,
is
thus inflected
voc.
nom.
at'Sa)?,
gen.
at'So-o?),
alSol
(*al$oa--i,
at'So-i),
ace. alSa)
(*at'Socr-a,
at'So-a),
at'Sco?.
The dual and
plural are not found.

108
a.
In
Homer proper names

Thus
in -K\er)s
should probably have the

'HpaK\rjos, 'HpaK\7ja.
uncontracted forms.
109
a.
'HpaicXêos gen. sing. 'H/aa/cXêa ace. sing, of
'HpaKX^s Heracles, but these are usually written with T;,

In Ionic yds
dawn
is
declined like
56
THIRD DECLENSION
VOWEL STEMS
110.
Stems in
:
-i-
and
-D-.
Stems ending in
TO d'cm) town.
or v are
thus declined
f)
iroXis city.
iroXi-)
6 irf\\vs forearm.
6 i\Qv<$ fish.
(stem
(stem
TTTIXV-)
(stem do--)
(stem
l\Qv-}
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
ir6Xi-s
iroXe-cos
ao-Tv
d'o-T-ws
(ao-re-t)
l\Qv-'i
iroXci (TrdAe-t)
Ace.
ir6Xt-v
iroXi
Voc.
ao-Tv
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
iroXei (TTo'Ae-e)
a<TTl
do-T6-OlV
IXOV-C
I
-iroXeotv
x 0v-oiv
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
ir6Xs
(7roAe-e?) iroXe-wv
(aore-a) ao-T-wv
ao-TT]
lx0v-S
l\Qv-otv
iroXs-o-i
d'o-T-<ri
Ace.
iroXeis
dVrr] (aorc-a)
110
gen.
a.
In
Homer
;
steins in
-i-
are thus declined
sing.
nom.
7r6Xts,
TroXios, dat. 7r6Xt,
?r6Xtv,
voc. TrdXt
rarely TroXet (which doubtless stands for 7r6Xu), ace. plur. nom. ?r6Xtes, gen. iro\lwv, dat. TroXi'ecnri ( 76 b) or
(rarely) TroXecrt (which perhaps stands for 7r6Xt<rt), ace. 7r6Xts and ?r6Xias. b. From TrdXis Homer has also four forms with 77: sing. gen. 7r6X?7os,
dat.
7r6X?7i
;
plur.
nom.
TrdXT/es,
ace. 7rdX7?as.
-t;
c.
TTO'XI
In Herodotus stems in
(rarely ?r6Xei), TroXir,
.
are thus inflected

plur.
sing. 7r6Xis,
TTO'XIOS,
TTO'XI
Tro'Xies, iro\i<av, TroXtat,
WXis
(rarely
Tro'Xtas)
In Ionic, words with stems in -v- regularly have the uncontracted forms thus #<rrei', #<rrea, Traces, except that Homer sometimes conthus Tr\T]dvT to a multitude. In the genitive tracts the dative singular
d.
:
:
singular Ionic has always

tive plural
e.
(not -ws) thus Tnfoe-os, fore-os. The geniregular accent (cf. 110, 2): thus TTT^WP aarûv. In the accusative plural Homer has -us or -uas, as the meter may
-os
:
has
its
demand: thus
tx&vs or t-^dvas.
VOWEL STEMS
So
also are declined
77
57
o /na'zm? seer, o Tre-
Svvafiis
77
power,
0-1)5
\ercvs axe (like TTT/Û?), o or
^0*7
(like
%#u<?,
gen.
sing,
short
oW?), /3oVjOU5 cluster of grapes (like fc%0i$5, but with f) Most of these words are masculine or feminine
.
the only neuter in frequent use

NOTE.
It is probable that in
is
darv town.
words like TroAis and Trfjxys we two forms of the same stem Thus 14, 2 and 73, 1). existing side by side, TroAi- and TroAa- (see the nominative is formed from the shorter stem (TTO'AI-S, TH^-?)* but the genitive was originally from the longer stem (*7roAet-o?, *7rr)xtv-os) These latter forms, however, are not found, for the t or v at once went over into the corresponding consonant form (/ or ^ ), and disappeared In compensation the preceding vowel was sometimes length( 21). ened ( 16), and thus we have TrdAry-os (in Homer) and *7rryx^-?Then, by an interchange of quantity ( 17), we get the usual Attic forms TroAeo)? and TT^CWS. Observe that the interchange of quantity
have, as
we have
seen elsewhere
105, 1),
does not affect the position of the accent
60).
1.
Most
steins in -v-
keep the v throughout and are
declined like l^dfe. Stems of one syllable have the circumflex accent in the nominative, accusative, and
vocative.
Proper names in -t? usually retain the i of the stem thus SveWeo-w Syennesis, throughout their inflection So also is declined /a? weevil, gen. gen. 2fezWcrt-o5, etc.
2.
:
/ao?, etc.
3.
Observe that the accent of the genitive plural
is
irregularly 4. The accusatives plural, Tro'Xet? and Trêt?, are irregumade like the nominatives larly plural.
made
like that of the genitive singular.
111.
of the
(
Stems ending in a diphthong lose the final vowel stem before all endings beginning with a vowel
21).
They
are thus declined
58
6 paonXevs
THIRD DECLENSION
6,
f,
povs
old
f]
vavs
king.
ox, cow.
woman.
ship.
(stem paoaXcv-)
(stem POV-)
(stem
(stem vav-)
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
pao-iXev-s
pao-iXc-cos
Ace.
pao-iXe-d
Voc.
pao-iXev
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
pcuriXc'-oiv
PO-OIV
ypd-oiv
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat. Ace.
pao-iXc-ds
pao-iXtis later -eis
pao-iXe-wv
po-wv
POV-O-C
-ypd-wv
ypav-a-i
POVS
VOWEL STEMS
59
(in Homer), and this, in turn, is for *(3a<n\r)f:-o<> ( 21). So also the accusatives singular and plural have -e'-d and -e-d?, for earlier -77-01
and
1.
-fj-a<s.
Observe that the nominative, accusative, and vocative (ySacrtX?)), and the older form of the nominative plural (/SacrtXi}?), are contracted from fiacriXfj-e and
dual
fiacnXri-es.
2.
When
(See note.) the final -ev- of the stem follows a vowel or
diphthong, contraction usually takes place in the genitive and accusative. Thus, Heipcuevs Peiraeus usually has for
its
genitive Tletpatw? (for

.
Ileijocuea)?),
and for
its
accusative
Heipaia (for Heipaiea)

112.
Stems
in -01-.
Stems ending in
i
01
(found in the
:
singular only) lose their final vocative (

21).
in all cases except the
They
TJ
are thus declined

persuasion.
-rreiGw
(stem
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
ACC.
imOoi
1Tl6<&
ireiOoi
Voc.
So also are declined 77 77^0) echo, r) A^rw Leto. All words which follow this declension have their written accent on the last syllable.
113.
Stems
in
-co-
(or cop).
few words of the third
declension appear to have stems ending in o>, but this could not have been the original ending. Possibly
112
a.
Herodotus often has the accusative singular of

i
ot-
steins in
ow: thus
lovv ace. of ~I6 lo.
60
IRREGULAR DECLENSION
-o>/r-.
such stems ended originally in

declined
:
They
are
thus
6 Tipws hero.
(stem
Tjpft)+?)
SINGULAR
DUAL Nom.
N.A.V.
G.D.
-npw-e
PLURAL
-npw-es,
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
tjpws
Tjpws
T]p-os
-fipo)
Gen.
Dat.
fjpw-wv
t]p&>-<ri
(77/00)-';)
rjpw-oiv
Ace.
4jpco-a,
TJpw
Ace.
-qpw-as, fjpws
Voc.
4ips
o /A^T/OW?
Voc.

father's brother.
mother's brother, 6
SUBSTANTIVES OF PECULIAR DECLENSION

114.
1.
OR,
IRREGULAR
in different ways, especially
The Greeks sometimes declined the same word when two different stems
would give the same nominative singular. Thus, the stems CTKOTO- and a/corecr- both give a nominative singular er/coTO? darkness, genitive singular O-/COTOV (2d decl.) So also stems of proper names in or O-KOTOVS (3d decl.).
like ^coKparea- (nom. sing. ^wKpdrrjs, gen. sing. 2to/cpdrovs, ace. sing. ^(DKpdrrf), have sometimes an accusative
-779,
singular in
-771;
(^wKpar-qv), as
:
if
of the first declension.
2. Again, certain cases may have been formed from stems thus o oveipos dream (2d decl. of wholly different words
113
(7//3w'),
a.
Homer has only

recocts.
the uncontracted forms
thus
77/>ci>es,
6 5e<7/i6s bond, plur. ol de<r/j.oi and ra 2d decl.) has also forms from a stem thus gen. narpo/cXeeos (Ilar/ao/cXôs ?), etc. (See 108 a.) From T)VIOXO-S charioteer, declined regularly, Homer has also
114, 2 a.
So Homer has
n.a.TpoK\os (gen. -ou,
TivLoxyes
Al8io\f/.
(stem
yvioxev-,
111);
cf.
At'0io7ras
and
AtîoTrâs,
ace. plur. of
IRREGULAR DECLENSION
regular), but gen. sing, also ovetparo?, dat. oveipari,
plur. oveipara, gen. oveipdrcov, dat. bveipaai.
61
nom.
103,
See also
and
3.
2.
the different numbers.

its
Again, words sometimes have different genders in Thus, airo? grain (masc.) has for alra plural (neuter) TO o-rdSiov stade has for its plural
;
usually ol araBiai.
115.
The peculiarities of substantives irregularly declined

:
can best be learned from a lexicon, but some of the more important of these will be found in the following list
v
6 "Apt|s (stem 'A/oecr-) Ares, "A/Deo?), dat. "A/oei, voc. "A/oe?.

1.
gen.
A/>ea>5
(poetic
2. [o, 97 apjv] (stem kind of declension as
apev-, apv-, apva-) lamb, of the

Trarrjp (
same
105)
thus apv-6s, apv-i,

singular
is
dpv-a, apv-es, apvd-a-i.
The nominative
supplied
All
:
by
a/wo?,
2d
decl., regular.
3. TO "yovu knee (Lat. genu), nom. ace. voc. sing. other cases are formed from stem <yovar- ( 73, 1)
70-
mr-o?,
4.
T]
rydvar-i,
-yuvTi
etc.
woman.
:
All other forms come from a stem
yvvaiK-: the genitives and datives have their written accent on the last syllable gen. sing. yvvaiKos, dat. yvvaiKi, ace.
ryvvai/ca, voc. yvvai
;
dual yvvalKe, yvvaiKoiv

(Cf.
73, 1.)
plur.
<yvvalices,
<yvva,LKwv, ytoveu^t, ryvvaitcas.

5.
T|
8as (SaS-) ôrÂ, 3d decl., regular, but the genitive plural Sa&cov is an exception to the rule of accent for stems
of one syllable (
6.
100).
TO
86p\j spear,
nom.
ace. voc. sing.
All other cases
115, 1 a. "ApTjs:
ace. "Aprja
;
Homer has
Ionic
gen/ApT/os and'Apeos, dat.
"Ap-rji
and'Apei',
Herodotus,
"yovv
:
"A/oeos, "A/set, "Apect.
115, 3 a.
and poetic
yotivaros, yotivaTi, yotivara,
Epic also
*yovy6s, 'youv/, *youâ, yotivuv, yotivecro'i (
76 b)
62
SUBSTANTIVES OF PECULIAR
115, 3) Sdpar-os, Sdpar-i, etc. (cf. ydvv, Poetic gen. 80/005, dat. Soptaiid So'/oet. 73, 1). 6 Sfjuos (SyLto)-) stoe (poetic); 3d decl., regular, but
:
from stem Sopar(cf.

7.
the genitive plural (Sfjubav) is an exception to the rule of accent for stems of one syllable ( 100). 8. ace. Ata, Zexis (cf. 39, 2) Zeus, gen. Ato?, dat.
A;
voc. ZeO.
9.
TO Kapd
(/ca/oar-, /cpdr-,
73, 1)
Kpdr-os, dat. /cpdr-i or /capa, ace. /ca/?a (or voc. Kapd; ace. plur. (rare) rou? Kparas.
Aead (poetic), gen. even fcpara),
10. TO Kpas Aor?i, wing, has forms from two different stems, /cepao-- and tcepar-. See 103, 2, and a. Sing. nom. ace. voc. /cepa<?, gen. /ce/jar-o? or /cqoa)? (for *A:6jOa(cr)-o?), dual nom. ace. voc. tcepdre or #e/)a, dat. icepdr-i or /ce/?a
;
gen. dat. Kepdroiv or /cepwv, plur. nom. ace. voc. tcepdra or /ceâ, gen. Kepcurwv, dat. icepdcri. In the meaning wing,
forms from the stem

12.
6, T| K-UCOV c?o^,
;uz>:
are usually employed. voc. sing. #tW. All other cases

tcepacr;
from a
stem
#1^05,
86pv:
/cvi/t, /cuz/a
plur. /ewe?, KVV&V, KVCTL, /cvvas.

Sotfpan,
115, 6 a.
Ionic
Sotfparos,
Sahara,
(
Epic also
8ovp6s, Soup/, 5oG/>e, SoGpa, So^pwv,
5otf/>e(r<ri
SovpdTwv, 76 b).
dotipacri.
115, 8 a.
Zevs
poetic also
Z-rjvfc, Zrjvt,
Zijva.
115, 9 a.
Kaprjr-,
Kdpot:
Homer
has forms from four different stems,
and
/cpaar-, K par.
SINGULAR
/c</)77
N.A.
Gen.
Dat.
KapâTos
Ka.pria.TL
also Kdp
tcpdaros
KdpijTos
KdprjTi
Kpdari
KpaTi
PLURAL
N.A.
Gen.
Dat.
Ka.p~fja.TO.
Kapd
fcpdara
KpaTa
KpaTuv
For the plural Homer usually has

115, 11 a.
Kdprjva, Kap-f/vuv,
from another word,

has an accusative
In K6/w (Kopvd-} helmet
Homer sometimes
(cf.
115, 17).
OR IRREGULAR DECLENSION
13.
63
Xds stone (poetic), contracted from Xaa-?, gen.

dat.
Xa-t,
Xa-o?,
Xa-ecrcrt
14.
ace.
\aa-v,
Xa-z^
plur.
Xa-e?,
\d-cov,
or Xa-ecrt. r
fidpTus (papTvp-) witness, gen. yua^rf/o-o?, etc., regular, except dat. plur. fjidprvcri. 15. OlSnrous Oedipus, gen. OlSiTroSos or OlSiTrov ( 114, 1),
6,
dat. OlSiTroSi, ace. OlSiTrovv, voc. OtSwrov? or OlBiTrov.

16.
T|
ots sheep
ot-if',
(stem
;
ot-
for
o/rt-,
cf.
Lat. ovis), sing.
oZ-9, ot-o?,
17.
6,
fj
oZ-z;
plur. ol-e?, ol-cov, ol-ai, ot?.
opvls (opvlO-) bird, declined regularly (
102),
but ace. sing, both opvWa and o/3i/Z^ ( 97, 1). 18. TO oils ear, sing. nom. ace. voc. o?, all other forms from a stem ear- (contracted from ovar- (*o(/r)ar-), see
115, 18 a):
thus
OJT-O'?,
twr-t;
plur.
w-ra, w-rw^,
oW.
The
19.
genitive plural
TTCIIS
is
an exception to the rule of accent

100).
for stems of one syllable (

6,
T|
(TratS-) child, gen. TratSo?, etc., regular,
but voc. sing.
genitive and dative dual (jrai&oiv~) and the genitive plural (TraiScov) are exceptions to the rule of accent for stems of one syllable ( 100).
iral.
20.
TI
The
IIv\>!
Pnyx
(ttvv/c-, Uvtcv-,
38), Hv/cvos, UVKVI,
Tlvtcva.
6 irpeorpcuTqs (7r/oeo-/3efra-) embassador, rare in the plural. Instead, the plural of the poetic 7r/>ecr/3u9
21.
old
man
is
commonly used
Homer
:
thus
7rpe'cr{3ecn,
115, 14 a.
fidprvs:
has always sing,
/j-dprvpos
(2d decl.), plur.
115, 15 a.
Oi'3i7r65ea>.
Homer has a genitive Ot'5t7r65ao Herodotus, OlSiirous Doric forms found in the lyrics of tragedy are gen. 05t7r65a,
;
ace. Oldnr65dv, VOC. Qldtirbda.
115, 16 a.
6ibs, etc.
ols
Ionic usually leaves the stem uncontracted
thus
8is,
115, 18 a.
ovs
Homer has
gen. sing, ouaros, plur. ouara, dat.
ouao-i.
64
ADJECTIVES
22. TO iT-up (stem TTU/O-) fire, gen. Trvpos, etc., 3d decl.; but plural ra Trvpd watch-fires, dat. Trvpols, 2d decl. the genitive plural 23. 6 Tp<os (stem T/3o>-) Trojan; of accent for stems an to the rule is exception (Tpcbcov')
of one syllable (
24.
100).
(Sar-) water, gen. vSaro?, etc. 25. 6 vlos (wo- and sometimes vo-, 21) soft, 2d decl., a stem vlv- or from regular also many 3d decl. forms vv Q, being usually dropped between the two vowels, 21). dual f(t)e, These are: sing. gen. v(/)eo9, dat. u(t)e
o58o)p
;
TO
v(l)4owi plur. f(t)et?, f(t)eW, u(t)eVt, u(t)et9. 26. T x*ip (% et/~) ^wd, 3d decl., regular, but dat. plur. and sometimes dat. dual %e/?oti>.
ADJECTIVES
116.
The
of substantives,
declension of adjectives in Greek is like that and the general statements given under
the three declensions of substantives will apply also to the declension of adjectives.
FIKST
AND SECOND DECLENSIONS

(VOWEL DECLENSION)
117. Most adjectives of the first and second declensions masc. -o?, fern, -a or -77 ( 15), neut. have three endings, -ov (cf. 81 and 90). The masculine and neuter follow
and vlv- (3d decl.), which gives the following forms sing. gen. ufos, Heroddat. uft, ace. via; dual vie; plur. nom. vtes, dat. uicio-i, ace. vlas. otus has only the forms from ui6s (2d decl.). Homer has dat. plur. x e P"^ X et 115, 26 a. xip poetic x e/^ s X eP^> i, and (once)
115, 25 a.
vlos: besides the stems vlo- (2d decl.)

vi-
Homer has
also a stem
'
>
FIRST

;
65
the
first
the second declension

declension.
the
feminine
follows
:
They
are inflected as follows
d-yaOos good.
4>X.ios friendly.
66
118.
ADJECTIVES
They
Many adjectives in are thus declined

:
-eo<?
and
-009 are contracted.
Xpvo-ovs (xpvcreos) golden.
SINGULAR
MASC.
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
XP^"<?
FEM.
NEUT.
(XP 1 "^)
'
XP^"Q
(XP^"*)
Ace.
DUAL
N.A.V. xpv<rw G.D.
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
XP^"^
XP'"^'"'^'
(XP^"
XP^
01 ^
(XP^" ecu )
(vpvcrfwi')
XP^"*
%fv<r&v
(\pvcr0)v)
xp^^'**'
Ace.
xP v<r fe (xpw<rois) XP^ ^5 (xp^cr 'o^s)

"
xP V(ra ^ (xpi'O'tais) XP^ "*? (xpuo"ds)
xP uoro ^s XP^"*
dp-yvpovs (dpyvpeos) silver.
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
dp-yvpd
NEUT.
dp-yvpovv (dpyvpeov)
dp-yvpov (dpyupeov)
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
dp-yvpovs (dpyvpco?)
(dpyvpsd)
dp-yvpov
(dpyvpeov)
dp^vpas (dpyvpeds)
dp-yvpqi
dp-yvpw
(dpyvpew)
(dpyvped)
dp-yvpw
(dpyvpew)
Acc.
dp-yvpovv (dpyvpeov)
dp^vpav (dpyvpedv)
dpyvpovv (dpyvpeov)
DUAL
N.A.V. dpYvpw
G.D.
(dpyupew)
dpyvpa
(dpyuped)
dp-yvpw
(dpyvpe'w)
dp-yvpoiv (dpyvpeotv)
dpyvpaiv (dpyvpeatv) dp-yvpoiv (dpyvpe'oiv)
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat. Acc.
dp-yvpoi
(dpyvpeoi)
dp-yvpat
(dpyvpeai)
dp-yvpa
(dpy^pea)
dp-yvpuv (dpyvpewv)
dp-yupois (dpyupeots)
dp-yvpwv (dpyupecov)
dp-yupais (dpyvpeais)
dp-yupwv (dpyvpecuv)
dpYupois (dpyvpeot?)
dp-yvpd
dp-yvpovs (dpyupeov?) dp-yvpds
(dpyvped?)
(dpyvpea)
FIRST

dirXovs (ciTrXdos) simple.
67
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
dirXij
NEUT.
dirAovv (ctTrAoov) dirXov (ciTrAoov)
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
dirXovs
(ciTrXed)
dirXov
(ciTrXdov)
(ctTrXdo))
dirXfjs
dirXrj
(ciTrAed?)
(ciTrAea)
dirXw
dirXw
(a7rAda))
Acc.
dirXovv (ciTrXdoi/)
airXovv (oiTrAdoi/)
DUAL
N.A.V. dirXw G.D. dirXolv
(otTrXdo))
dirXd
dirXatv
(ciTrAed)
dirXw
(aTrAdw)
(dirXooiv)
dirXotv (a7rAdoii>)
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
dirXoi
dirXaiv
(aVXo'oi)
clirXai
(ciTrAeai)
dirXd
(aVAcwx)
((XTrAdwv)
(ctTrAdots)
(aTrXdwv)
(ciTrXdois)
dirXuv
dirXais
dirXwv
dirXois
dirXois
Acc.
dirXovs (ciTrXdous)
dirXds
dirXd
(aVAda)
1.
is
absorbed.
Observe that in contraction a short vowel before a Thus, %pvaecus becomes xpva-ais and a?rAoa
In the feminine singular, however, this takes place apyvped, apyvpa, but aTrXea, a?rAr} (cf. 83).
:
a-TrAa.
only after p
2.
Observe that adjectives in feminine from a stem in -ea-.
-005
form their contracted
3. Adjectives of material in -eo? irregularly have their written accent on their contract syllables. Thus, ^puo-eo?,
when
contracted, becomes xpvaovs.

(^/oucrco) cf.
For the accent
of the
nominative dual
91, 2.
ADJECTIVES OF TWO ENDINGS IN THE VOWEL DECLENSION

119.
By an
adjective of
two endings we mean one that

Thus,
:
uses the masculine form also for the feminine.
masc. and
fern. 1701^09,
Compound
neut. rja-v%ov quiet. adjectives, as a rule, have only
two endings
so a-Xo70?, a-\oyov irrational, eiôu?, ev-vovv well-disposed. They are thus declined :
68
ADJECTIVES
quiet.
I'Xews propitious.
MASC. & FEM.
SINGULAR NEUT.
TJO-VXOV
Tj<rvx ov
<
MASC. & FEM. NEUT.

t'Xews
tXeco
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
tjo-vxos
tfXewv
t'Xcco
TJO'VXOV
TJOTVXW
T]<rux ov
T]<rx>x
H"*'X < )
{
tXecp
iXeu>
r\<rv\ov
ti<rvxov
ifXcwv
t'Xews
iXeoov
fc'Xewv
Voc.
DUAL
N.A.V. G.D.
XT TT
jN
.
TJ<TVX<>
TI<TVX W T)<rvx lv
tXew
tXeco
i\a"v\oiv
tXewv
tXewv
PLURAL
V.
"
*'
i\
tA.fa>
1^\
t|<rvxoi
Tj(riix
Ti<rvxa-
tAca
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
wv
Tj(rvx<>v
fi<rvx oi s
Ti(rvxci
tXewv
tXcws
iiXews
tXewv
t'Xews
T)rtxo i s
TICTVYOVS
iXea
So
also
are
declined
77^-0^0^09,
7TL-<l>0ovov
/3ap/3apo9, fidpftapov barbarian, envious, a-T6/czô9, a-reicvov childless :
so also with contraction (see

ev-vovv well-disposed.
1.
91, 3),
eu-z'ou?
(eu-z'oo?),
For the accent
of TXew? see
92, 2.
2.
One
adjective, 7rXeo>9/WZ, has a feminine 7r\ed.
THIED DECLENSION
(CONSONANT DECLENSION)
Adjectives belonging wholly to the consonant declension have only two endings, the masculine being the same as the feminine.
120.
Most
of these have stems ending in

:
eo-
or ov.
They
are thus declined

119
a.
120 a.
Homer has tXaos and TrXeios for Attic I'Xews and TrX^ws (see Homer rarely, if ever, contracts adjectives in -rjs. Thus,
dv<r/j.ev^s
92, a).
nom.
plur. of
hostile.
THIRD DECLENSION
true.
cv8aifjt(Dv
69
happy
SINGULAR
MASC. & FEM.
NEUT.
dXT]0 S
MASC. & FEM.
NEUT.
ev'8aifj.ov
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
dXrôvs (d\iy0-<
dXT)0l
vSai|iovos
v8aCfiovi
etiSaijiovos
vSaip.ovi
Ace.
ev5ai(xova
v'8ai|j.ov
vSai(iov
v'Saip.ov
Voc.
DUAL
N.A.V. G.D.
V)8ai(JLOV
dXT,00lV (dXiy0-
dXr)0oiv
vSaip.6voiv
v8aip.6voiv
PLURAL
N.V.
Gen.
Dat.
dXt]0is
fivSaijjiovwv
v8ai|j.ova
v8ai|iova>v
v8ai(ioo-i
tvSaifioo-L
Ace.
dXTj0is
cv8ai|iovas
v8ap.ova

needy (see
male.
120, 3);
fuller
O-CK^TJ?,
craê? clear ; e
aa)(j)p(i)v,
o-wcfrpov
For
information about stems in
discreet; apprjv, appev -e<r- see
106-107.
1.
Observe that the accent of the neuter
evSaifjiov
is
recessive.
2.
Compound
:
on the
last syllable,
adjectives in -77?, without written accent have recessive accent even in con-
tracted forms
thus, masc. and fern. avrdpKTj<; self-sufficient, neut. avrap/ces, gen. plur. avrdp/ccov (instead of avrapicwv
from avTapKe(a}-G)v.
3.
The
an
or v) gives a (cf.
ev&eijs
contraction of ea following an e (and sometimes 118, 1): thus evSea for e

needy.
from
121.
Declension of Comparatives in
-<ov.
To
this
form
of declension
some
belong also comparatives in -cov, which in cases are often formed on a stem in -oa- ( 73, 1)
70
ADJECTIVES
and so suffer contraction.
(cf. Lat. mel-ior-is for *mel-ios-is),
They
are thus declined
pgXrtwv
better.
SINGULAR
MASC. & FEM.
NEUT.
pc'Xriov
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
peXrtwv
peXrfov-os
pcXrfov-1
pcXrtov-os
p\rfov-t
or *
/
Ace
'{
pcXria) (for
8eATlo((r)-a)
Voc.
P\TIOV
P\TIOV
DUAL
N.A.V. P\TTOVG.D.
pe\Ti6v-oiv
P\TIOVP\TIOV-OIV
PLURAL
^
*
p\rtov-S, or
P\TIOV-CDV
peXTtoo-i
}
"1
peXrtov-a, or
| p \Tfovs (for */3eATlo((r)-s)
peXrtw (for */2eATZo((r)-a)
Gen.
Dat.
\
'
p\Tl6v-wv
p\Tto<ri
(
(
peXrfov-as, or
pcXrfov-a, or
peXrtovs
peXriw (for */?e\TZo(o-)-a)
So
1.
also
are
declined
pei^tov
greater
(neut.
rcaXXtcov
2.
more beautiful, Odrrcov swifter. Observe that the neuter (J3^\rlov) is recessive in accent. The accusative fieXrtovs (which should properly be for /SeXrZo(o-)-a?) is imitated from the nominative.
OTHER ADJECTIVES OF TWO ENDINGS IN THE CONSONANT DECLENSION

other adjectives of two endings are made by compounding substantives with a prefix. Such, for example, are
:
Some
eu-eXTU?, ev-\7TL of
good hope, gen. sing.

eveKinv
(
ei)eX7rtS-o9, ace.
sing. masc.
and
fern.
97, 1), a-Trdrcop, a-irarop
fatherless, gen. sing, airdrop-os, etc.
THREE ENDINGS OF FIRST AND THIRD DECLENSIONS
71
ADJECTIVES OF THREE ENDINGS OF THE FIRST AND THIRD DECLENSIONS

Adjectives of the consonant declension which have a separate form for the feminine always inflect the femi122.
nine like the second class of substantives of the
first
declension ( 81, 82). 1. The feminine is formed from the stem of the masculine
by adding
-ta,
but the
regularly combines with
the preceding letter (see

2.
The
and 39). of the feminine always has the genitive plural

18, 1,
circumflex accent on the last syllable (

123.
84).
Stems
in -v-.
:
Adjectives with stems ending in

swift.
v are thus declined
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Ace.
Voc.
DUAL
N.A.V. G.D.
PLURAL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
Tdxis
Tdxid9
Tdxe'd
etc.,
a. For the feminine -e?a, -e/as, etc., Herodotus has -&t, -^s, ^, -âv, and Homer sometimes has them thus fiadta, ^Sa^s, etc. (Attic In the accusative singular Homer sometimes has -fa for Attic /3a0eia).
123
-6v
thus
efy>ea irbvTov
broad sea.
72
ADJECTIVES
y\vicv<i
sweet,
ffpaBvs sloiv, evpvs
wide.
Observe that the genitive singular masculine and -09, and that the neuter plural is uncontracted. Compare the declension of Trfjxvs and CLCTTV
1.
neuter ends in
no).
NOTE.
21).
The feminine
raêta
is
for *rax^v-ia (cf.
14, 2
and
124.
Stems in
-av-.
:
Adjectives with steins ending in

black.
av are thus declined
SINGULAR
MASC. FEM.
NEUT.
p-e'Xav
Nom.
fieXavos
[xeXavi
(xcXav
p.e'Xav
lie'Xave
peXdvoiv
pe'Xava
p.eXdvcov
p.e'Xaa-1
p.eXava
Like /êXa?
NOTE.
1.
is
declined only raXa? wretched.

/xeAatva is for */x,eA.av-ia (see
39, 4)
.
The feminine
The nominative
96, 1. contrary to masculine (/tteXa?) has long a according to 34, while the short a of the dative plural (/-te'Xao-t) is in accordance
singular masculine is formed with 5, Observe that the nominative singular
with
99.
THREE ENDINGS OF FIRST AND THIRD DECLENSIONS

125.
73
:
Stems
in
-in--.
Stems in
-IT- are
thus declined
irds all.
pleasing.
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
\aplev
MASC.
irds
FEM.
irdo-a
NEUT.
irdv
No in.
Gen.
Dat.
iravri
irdvTct
-rrcwrT)
iravri
irdv irdv
Ace.
irdcrav
ird<ra
Yoc.
irav
DUAL
N.A.V. G.D.
Xapievroiv
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat. Acc.
irdo-ai
iravra
iravTcov
irdcrt
xa P
l*
VTa)V
x a P * VTWV
l
-irdo-wv
\api6crt
trcri
irdo-ais
iravras
irdo-ds
iravra
Like %apieis are inflected
Trre/ooet?
winged,
(
voiced.
34), while
NOTE
1.
The feminine
-rraa-a is
for *7ravr-/a, *7ravr-o-a

39, 1),
âpt'co-i
see 125, 1) Xapt'eo-o-a (-erra, form of the stem (papier-).
for *x<xpieT-ia ( The dative plural

is
from a shorter
(for *xapieT-<n,
7ras are
30) also comes from this stem.
NOTE
2.
The nominatives
*7rai/T-?.
for *xa P tJ/T"? an d

1.
singular masculine xapUis and See 34.
The feminine
of adjectives like %a/nei? occurs only in
poetic diction, of TT ( 22).

.
and so the feminine âpieo-cra has o-a instead The Attic prose form of this word would be
Trdvrwv, Trdcn
%ap terra 2. Observe that the genitives and datives
100. are accented contrary to 3. Observe that the neuter singular irav irregularly has
a,
imitated from the masculine.
74
ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVES OF ONE ENDING

126.
neuter,
alike
:
few adjectives from their meaning have no and the masculine and feminine are inflected
;
so a-7rais childless, gen. sing. a7raiS-o$, etc.

TrevrjT-os, etc.
poor, gen. sing.
ADJECTIVES OF IRREGULAR DECLENSION

127.
The
irregular adjectives
73, 1)
/-teâ?
great (stems
TTO\V
and and
fjieyaXo-,
and
TroXu? much,
many (stems
:
TroXXo-,
73, 1) are thus declined

great.
iroXvs much,
many.
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MASC.
iroXvs
p.*ydXr|s
|A-y<*Ml
fxe*ya.\o
FEM.
iroXX^j
NEUT.
iro\v
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
pfyas
(Jic'ydXou
iroXXov
iroXXtis
iroXXfj
iroXXov
(le-ydXco
iroXX^
iroXtiv
iroXXw
iroXv
|xyav
[ic-yas
iroXXv
Voc.
jie-ydXT]
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
fie-ydXoiv
PLURAL
N.V.
Gen.
Dat.
(xe-yaXoi
fi-ydXai
p,-ydX<ov
iroXXoi
iroXXai
iroXXd
jx-ydXwv
p.-ydXois
iroXXwv
iroXXois
iroXXwv
iroXXais
iroXXwv
iroXXois
Acc.
iroXXovs
iroXXas
iroXXd
In TroAv? two stems are to be seen ( 73, 1), one with NOTE. and one without o: thus (1) TTO\V- and (2) TroAvo-, i.e. TTOA/TO, and
by assimilation
127
a.
TroAAo.
Homer
Herodotus has 7ro\X6s, TroXX?^, Tro\\6v, declined like &ya66s. also frequently uses this form, as well as other 3d declension
TTO\V:
forms (not Attic), from the stem

gen. TroX&oj', dat.
thus gen. sing.

7roX6r(ri,
7roX6>s,
TroXô-i,
nom.
ace.
plur.
7roXêo-<rt (
76 b),
and
DECLENSION OF PARTICIPLES
128.
75
Declension of irpaos.
its
Tr/oao?
mild (stem Trpao-)

its
feminine and usually most of stem Trpdv- ( 73, 1). Thus, nom. sing.
forms
plural from a
fern. Trpdela (for
*7rpdev-ia
cf.
ra%eta,
or
Tr/oaefc,
gen. plur. masc.
123, note), nom. plur. masc. irpaoi Trpacov or (usually) Trpde&v, etc.
129.
All participles of the middle voice, together with

passive, are
inflected
like
the participle of the future
ay a06<; (
117). All other participles, namely, the participles of the active voice, together with the participle of the aorist
passive, belong to the first and third declensions ( 122). The stems of all of these, with the exception of the perfect Such participles are thus active participle, end in in.
declined
povXeuwv planning,
(stem povXevovr-)
oiv
being,
(stem OVT-)
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
povXevovo-a
pov\evov<rT]s
povXevovo-r)
NEUT.
pouXcvov
MASC.
wv
OVTOS
ovrt
6'vra
FEM.
ov<ra
ow<rr]s
NEUT.
6'v
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
povXevwv
POV\OVTOS
POV\VOVTI
povXevovra pouXevwv
POU\VOVTOS
POU\VOVTI
OVTOS
O'VTI
6'v
ouVr)
Acc.
povXevovcrav
povXvov
povXevov
ovo-av
Voc.
povXevouo-a
wv
ovcra
6'v
DUAL
N.A.V. povXevovre ovrt ov<rd OVT povXcvovo-d povXevovrc G.D. povXcv6vTOiv povXtvoxio-aiv povXevovroiv O'VTOIV ovcraiv O'VTOIV
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
povXcvovrcs
povXevovo-at
pouXevovra
povXevovrwv
pouXevovo-i
O'VTCS
ovo-at
6'vra
pouXtuovTwv
pouXcvovo-i
povXevovo-wv
pouXevovo-ais
O'VTWV
ovo-i
ov<rwv
OVTWV
overt
ovVais
Acc.
pouXevovras
povXwov<rds
povXevovra
6'vras
ovVds
6 vra
76
SiSovs giving (SiSovr-)
SCIKVVS showing
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
SiSovcra
8i8ovo-T]s
8i8ovo-T|
NEUT.
SiSov
MASC.
SCIKV^S
FEM.
SciKvvcra
8eiKvvcri]s
SeiKvxJCTT]
NEUT.
SCIKVVV
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
SiSovs
8l86 VTOS
8i86vTos
8i86vri
SIKVVVTO<
Seucvvvros
SEIKVVVTI
Seiicvvv
8iS6vri
8186 vra
SIKVVVTI
8eiKvvvra
SCIKVVS
8i8ovo-av
8i8ovo-a
8i86v 8iS6v
SeiKvvcrav
Voc.
SiSovs
SeiKvvv
DUAL
N.A.V. G.D.
8186 VT6
SiSovcra
SiSovrc
SCIKVVVTC
SeiKwcra
SCIKVVVTC
SiSovroiv
SiSovcraiv SiSovroiv
SCIKVVVTOIV SciKVvcraiv SCIKVVVTOIV
PLURAL
8i86vTs
SiSovcrai
SiSovcriov
SiSovra
SCIKVVVTCS
SeiKVvcrai
Scivvvra
Gen.
Dat.
SiSovrwv
SiSovcri
SiSovTwv
SCIKVVVTWV SCIKVVCTWV SIKVVVTWV

SCIKVVO-I
SiSovcrais SiSovcri
SiKvv<rais SCIKVVCTI
Ace.
SiSovras
SiSovcrds
SiSovra
SciKvvvras SeiKvvcrds
SeiKvvvra
Xvcrds having loosed (Xvcravr-)
Xv0is loosed (Xv9vr-)
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
XvVacra
XvcrdcrTjs
XvcrdcrTj
NEUT.
Xvcrav
MASC.
XvGeis
FEM.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
Acc.
Xvcrds
NEUT. XV0V
Xv0VTOS Xv0VTl
Xvcravros
Xvcravri
Xvcravros
Xv0vros
Xv0c-vTi
XvOeio-T)
Xvoravn
Xvcrav Xvcrav
Xvcravra
Xvcras
Xvcrdcrav
Xvcracra
Xv0evra
Xv0icrav
Xv0eicra
Xv0V
XV0'V
Voc.
DUAL
N.A.V. Xijtravre G.D. Xv<rdvToiv
Xvcrdo-d
Xv<ravr
XvOc'vre
Xv0icrd
Xv0icraiv
Xvcracraiv XVO-OLVTOIV
Xv0VTOlV
PLURAL
N.V.
Gen.
Dat.
Xvo-avTS
Xvo-do-t
Xv<rd(rai
Xvcravra
XvOevres
XvOt'vTwv
XvOeicrai
XvOcvra
Xvo-avrcov Xvo-do-wv XVO-OLVTWV

Xiio-aorais Xvo-d<ri
Xv0io-<Sv
XvOeVrwv
Xv0io-i
XvOe'vra
Xv0icrt
XvOe'vras
Xv0io-ais
Acc.
XiJo-avras
Xv<rd(ras
Xvcravra
Xu0i(rds
So also are declined TraiSevcov educating (like \nrd)v (2d aor.) having left (like wi^), kic&v willing (like wz^), having educated (like Xwcrd?), tVra? erecting (like
,
77
TraiSevOek educated (like \u#etV), TiOek putting (like
Observe that all stems in -OVT-, except those of -\ii verbs ( 170), form their nominative singular masculine All other stems in -vrwithout -9, according to 96, 1. form their nominative by adding -9. 2. Observe that the accent of the neuter singular folIOAVS that of the masculine (/SouXeOo^, unlike evSaifjiov,
1.
120, 1).
3.
written accent on the

dative, contrary to
4.
Observe that participles of one syllable keep their first syllable in the genitive and
100.
is like
Observe that the vocative singular

98, 1).
the nomi-
native (cf.
130.
-GO))
The present
and the future
participle of verbs in (-ao>, -e'&>, and of verbs participle liquid ( 213) are
:
contracted.
They
honoring (contracted from
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
Tifiwcra
TIJJK&O-TIS
TIJJLWCTTI
XEUT.
TIJJLWV
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
TIJIWV
TIJJLWVTOS
(-awv)
(-aovros)
(-aoj/rt)
(-aoiKra)
(-aoixrr/s)
(-
Ttp.covTos
TIJJLWVTI
Ti(j.c5v Ti|j.(5v
(-aovros)
(-aoi'Tt)
TIJXWVTI
(-OOWTJ)
(-aovcrai/)
Acc.
rinwvra
TIJJIWV
(-aoi/ra)
Tifj.t3<rav
(-aov) (-aov)
Voc.
(-awv)
Tijjiwcra
(-aou(ra)
DUAL
N.A.Y.
G.D.
TiftwvT
(-aorre)
Tifxc6(raiv (-aoixrcuv)
TtjjLwvTC
(-aoi/re)
TIJJIWVTOIV (-adi/TOtv)
TIJIWVTOIV (-advrotv)
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat.
TinvTs
TipnovTcav
TIJJLWO-I
(-aovres)
Tijiwo-at
Tificao-wv
(-aovcrai)
(-aovfraiv)
TijAtovra
(-aovra)
(-aovrwv)
(-aovcri)
TIJXWVTWV
Tijiwiri
(-advrwv)
(-aovcrt)
rijicoo-ais (-aouo-at?)
Acc.
TifJiwvTas
(-aovras)
Tino-as
(-aovcras)
TifiwvTct
(-aovra)
78
<j>iXv loving (contracted
from
</>iA.eW)
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
<|uXov<ra
NEUT.
4>l\OVV
<j)l\OVVTOS
((-
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
(JuXtov
(
(
cjuXovvros
<}>I\OVVTI
(-eoi/Ti)
4>lXoV(TT)
<J>i\ovvTi
<j>l\OVV
(-e'oi/ri)
Ace.
<|uXovvTa
4>iXwv
(-eoi/ra)
<f>iXov<rav (-<
<}>iXov(ra
(-OV)
Voc.
(-<ov)
4>l\OVV
(-OV)
DUAL
N.A.V.
G.D.
<|>iXovvT
(-t'ovre)
4>LXovcrd
(-eov(ra)
<|)lXoi)VT
<|>i\ovvToiv (-eoi/Toiv)
<j>iXovo-aLv (-coverall/)
4>iXovvroiv (-eoVroiv)
PLURAL
N.V. Gen.
Dat. Ace.
1.
<|>lXovVTS
(-OVTS)
4>iXovarcu
(-eovcrai)
4>iXovvTa
<|)lXovivTft)V
(-eovra)
<j>iXovo-wv (-covo-wv)
<|>i\ov<ri
4>iXovcrais (-eovaats)
<|>iXovo-i
<j>i\oiivTas
(-eWras)
<|)iXovo-as
(-covcrds)
ijuXovvra
The present
,
is
forms do
131.
participle of STJ\W (-o'&)), ^Xwz/ (for ?;The uncontracted inflected exactly like fyik&v. not occur.
Perfect Active Participles.

o<r
(
The stem
73, 1).
of the perfect
active participle ends in or or sion is as follows

:
The
declen-
X\VKCO$ having loosed (stem XeXvKor-jXtXvKoo--)
SINGULAR
FEM.
XeXvKuia
NEUT.
XeXvKOs
XeXvKoros
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
So also are inflected
educated;
(eo-raxr-),
ecrrco?,
79
-/co?
TreTrai&ev/ccos,
ea-ro'?
-/cvia,
having
eo-Twr-
eo-Tcocra,
standing
(stem
contracted from eo-raor-).
XOTE.
distinguish
The neuter
it
of eorws
is
from the masculine,
usually written CCTTOS, probably to since otherwise both would be
132. Comparison by -Tpos, -TCITOS. Most adjectives form the comparative degree by adding -re/ao?, -re/oa, -repov (declined like /-ta/e/xfc, 117) to the masculine stem of the The superlative is formed by adding -raro?, positive. -rax?;, -Ta-Tov (declined like ayaOos, 117) to the same
stem.
Thus
POSITIVE
/cov(f)o<>
COMPARATIVE
/covcfro-Tepos
SUPERLATIVE
light
bitter
Trucpo-repos
sharp
black
(Ta(f>r)$
o%v-repos
/-leXa^-re/oo?
ofu-raro?
clear
a-afyea-Tepos
â/)iet9
pleasing
âpiecr-repo^ (for *%a26 piT-Tepo<; see
and
1.
125, note 1)
Stems in
-o-
the preceding syllable

tion,
lengthen the final o of the stem unless is long (either by nature or posi-
52, 53).
Thus:
COMPARATIVE
<ro^)(o-Te/309
POSITIVE
cro(/>o?
SUPERLATIVE
o-oc/xo-raro?
ivise
afio?
2.
worthy
afico-repo?
aôa-raro?
final o of the
x
;
few words usually drop the

old,
stem
thus 7epai09
0t Xo9 friendly, / Xraro9. superlative 0t comparative <^tXrepo9,
comparative
7e/oatrepo9
80
133.
Adjectives in -wv and -ou? (-009) are compared as if ended in ecr thus aaxfrpcov discreet, compara:
their stems
tive awcfrpovecr-Tepos, etc.
evvovs well disposed, comparative
etc. (for *evvoecr-Tpos~).
A few adjectives Comparison by -LOV, -UTTOS. compared by adding to the root of the positive the endings -Icov, -lov to form the comparative, and -tcrro?, The superlative is -UTT7), -UTTOV to form the superlative.
134.
are
declined like ayaOos (
117)
for the declension of the
comparative see
POSITIVE
jyS-v-s
121.
Thus
COMPARATIVE
178-0/10.1
SUPERLATIVE
^S-tcrro?
pleasant (cf.
^S-tcov
am
pleased)
OOLTTIOV (for *Ta^-tcov,
ra^-v-s swift (cf. ra^-os

swiftness)
jU.ey-o.-s
ra^-icrro?
39, 1
ju,eia>v
and 41)
great (cf. /u.y-$os
(for
greatness)
o-s liostile(c,L
39, 2)
^-05
(cf.
>9 shameful
ato^-os
135. Comparison by (idXXov, [iaXurra. Adjectives are sometimes compared by means of the adverbs iia\\ov more and fjid\ia-Ta most. Thus, cûXo? friendly, â\\ov (^tXo? more friendly, fidXiara ^t'Xo? most friendly.
a. In Epic poetry the comparative ending -uav has short t. In poetry the forms in -uav, -IO-TOS occur much more frequently than Homer has several comparatives and superlatives that are not in prose. thus icvdurros most glorious, (fttprepos more excellent, usual in Attic OTT \6repos younger; all these will be found in the lexicon.
134
b.
ADVERBS
136.
81
list
Irregular Comparison.
The following
contains
:
the most
important adjectives of irregular comparison

COMPARATIVE
d/xetVcov
POSITIVE
SUPERLATIVE
dya0os good
aptoTos
(cf. dp-err; virtue)
Kparicrros (cf. Kpdr-os strength)
Awcrro?
bad
KOLKltoV
KaKKTTOS
(deterior) (inferior)
r)Ki(TTa adv. /eas^
q/*a^
small
/ztKprepos
/xiKporaros
eAdrra>i/ (for *eAa^tcuv,
39,1)
TrAeccrros
v? much,
TrAeuov, TrAeojv (see
many
KaAos beautiful
paSios easy
21)
KaAAtwv
KaAAtcrro; (cf. /cdAA-os beauty)
pacrros
dAyetvos painful
dAytwv
dAyioro? (cf aAy-os pain)

.
ADVERBS
137.
Form
of
Adverbs.
Most Adverbs end
in
-a)<?,
and
Their form is in are regularly derived from adjectives. all respects like the genitive plural, except that the last
letter is ? instead of
v.
Their form can always be determined by substituting

for the final v of the genitive plural. Thus, o-o(w? wisely (cro^d? wise,
vra^Tft)?
gen. plur.
aofywv),
wholly
(TTO,?
whole,
gen.
plur. Trdwrwv),
raêw?
quickly (raû? quick, gen. plur. raêW), crac/xw? clearly (e7a(?j? clear, gen. plur. contracted ( 120) o-a^wz^).
NOTE.
The adverb corresponding

BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
6
to dya#o? good
is
ev
zêZZ.
82
ADVERBS
1. Besides the regularly formed adverbs many nouns (some of them obsolete) and some pronominal stems are used in certain cases adverbially.
olicoL
Thus, TTO\V much at home (see

battle,
Trot
336), O-TTOU&J earnestly ( 358),
389),
76, note), Trpw early, whither, TTOV where (cf.
aâêi without
ov&a/jiov
nowhere
2.
(cf.
358).
Certain local endings of the nature of case-endings 76) are used to form adverbs of place. These are -61,
:
Place Where, as in d\\o-6i elsewhere

as in olico-Oev
; -Oev,
Place Whence,
all sides ;
-Se,
from home,
Trdvro-Oev
from
Place
Whither, as in oiica-Be homeward, 'AOrjvdê (for ?-8e toward Athens.

Comparison
of
138.
Adverbs.
Adverbs
in
-o>?
employ
for their comparative the neuter singular of the comparative of their adjective ; for their superlative they employ
the neuter plural of the superlative.
Thus, cro(a>? wisely, ao^corepov more wisely, o-o^corara most wisely paSio)<? easily, paov more easily, paara most
;
easily.
1.
Adverbs
-co.
in
ending in
highest.
2.
have the comparative and superlative Thus, ava> above, avcorepco higher, avcordra)
-co
The adverb
fjLa\-iov,
/LtaXa
very has for
its
comparative /jia\\ov
(for
39, 3),
and
for its superlative
137, 2 a.
The
local endings
are naturally
much more
frequent in
Homer
thus
ofrcofli
at home, ovpavbdev
from heaven,
T)fj.eTp6vde to
our
(house), irbXivde to the city, etc.
PRONOUNS
83
PRONOUNS
139.
first,
The Personal Pronouns.

FIRST PERSON
The pronouns
:
of
the
second, and third person are thus declined

SECOND PERSON
THIRD PERSON
SINGULAR
Nona.
i^yw
orv
you
;
Gen.
Dat.
(iov; p,ov (enclitic)

jio
fie'
;
;
<rov
<rou (enclitic)
o-oi
him, her, it ov; ov (enclitic)

ol; ol (enclitic)
4';
JJ.QI
|i
(enclitic)
<ro;
<r
;
(enclitic)
Ace.
(enclitic)
o-
(enclitic)
(enclitic)
Voc.
o-v
DUAL
N.A.(V.) G.D.
vi&
we two
o-<j>
you two
vv
o-<bwv
PLURAL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
TJH.WV
TJJJ.IV
VJJL61S
yOU
<r<j>is
VfJLWV
VJXIV
o-cjncri
<r<j>as
Voc.
P:.
The stems
;
of the
pronoun of the
first
person are
(e)/xe-
(the nominative eyw being of different formation), vco-, and ly/w-e(from <l/>t)U,e-) of the second person <rv- (for TV-), ere (for *r/re-) cr^xo-, and v/xe- (from v/x/xe-) of the third person e- (originally *cr/re-, 36 a),
;
ce-
(for
*cre/re-),
and
cr<^>e-.
From
the shorter stem TV- of the second
From 127, note). person comes only the nominative crv (cf. TroXvs, the longer form of the stem of the third person ee- (*oref e-) conies the
Homeric form
1.
ee,
ace.
enclitic ( 70) forms are used when there is no on the pronoun. Thus, Sofcel /-tot it seems (t,o me). emphasis But when the pronoun is emphatic the forms with written accent (and in the first person the longer forms e/toi), etc.) This is are employed thus etVe Kal e'/W tell even me. regularly the case when prepositions are used with
The
8-4
PRONOUNS
:
the pronouns about you.

2.
thus irap
e/Jiov
from
beside me, Trepl crov
The pronoun
of the third person
o,
ot, e,
when used
as a direct reflexive (
470),
is
never
enclitic.
139
a.
Homer has
the following forms of the personal pronouns
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
-J
e*7<6,
eytbv
e"/xeO,
vv, rvvrj
o-eto,
crô, <reO,
( l/xe?o, e/iô,
fj,
eto,
ei',
0,
eo (end.),
ev (encl.), e/j.edev
(rev (encl.),
aedev
eu (encl.),
Wev, Mtv (encl.)
Dat.
tfjiot,
pot (encl.)
fjif
croi,
0-e",
TOI (encl.), retv

<re
eo?, of, oi
(encl.) (encl.)
Ace.
^,
j/wi,
(encl.)
(encl.)
e^, ^,
fj.iv
DUAL
N.A. G.D.
i/c6
0-0(31',
o-0c6
o-0o>^ (encl.)
v&'iv
o-0 wiV, o-04)j' (5
62)
<r<j>uitv
(encl.)
PLURAL
Nom.
PP
Dat
'
^/>te?s,
&fA/j.es
6/ie?s,
vfj.fj.es
^ TjfJ.eiwv,
tfneuv
vfj.elwv,
vpttav
(rcftetuv,
(rêwv^
(encl.),
(T(p(tJv
<7(f>euv
|
i
^"' ^^C")
'
^'"' ^/"C")
<r<t>lffi(v\ (?(f>L<ri(v)
o-0ti'
(encl.),
(encl.)
as Ace " / ^^^
^/*Me
u/xâs,
u/uê
o-0ôs, o-0e<is (encl.),

o-0<f
(encl.)
The forms
b.
of the plural in dû-
and vpn- are Aeolic
in origin.
:
In Herodotus the personal pronouns have the following inflection
SINGULAR
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
f^(S)
<rv
e(j.ev,
jju-v
ô,
e>?,
(encl.)
o-fo, o-eu, o-eu

o-o/,
<re,
(encl.)
ev (encl.)
ot
efwi, /ML (encl.)

/j.e
TOI (encl.)
(encl.)
Ace.
(encl.)
ae (encl.)
e (encl.), /UP (encl.)
PLURAL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
ijfj.eis
ifj.e?s
<r(f>eis
iineuv
v/jiewv
vfj.iv
vtyewv,
(rfylffi,
<T(f>ewv
o-0t(j-i
(encl.)
Ace {
Tjfjuv
(encl.)
as
Was
o-0âs, o-0eas (encl.),
neut. <r0ea (encl.)
PRONOUNS
NOTE
1.
85
pronoun use and plural.
VLV (encl.)
The Tragedians for the accusative of the third personal and oxe (encl.) for all genders both singular
NOTE 2. The genitive, dative, and accusative plural of the first and second persons sometimes throw their written accent to the first thus syllable (often shortening at the same time the final syllable)
:
140.
self,
The Intensive Pronoun

is
a/Ore's.
The pronoun
same
thus inflected
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
avro
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
avros
avrov
avrov
avrw
avrov
avrw
avro
Ace.
avrci
avroiv
avrdl
avruv
avrois
avrd
Like auro? is inflected also a'XXo?, a\\rj, a\\o other. 1. In Attic the oblique cases of ai/nfc are usually employed
instead of the pronoun of the third person
oft, ot, e,
etc.
141. Reflexive Pronouns. The reflexive pronouns are formed from the stems of the personal pronouns compounded with auro?. From their meaning they can have no nominative case. The third person has also a neuter. In the plural both stems are declined together, yet the
86
PRONOUNS
compound form.
third person plural has also the are thus declined SINGULAR
:
They
myself.
thyself.
himself, herself,
lav-rov, -tis, -ov
itself.
Gen.
Dat.
IfJiavTov, -ijs
creavrov, -TJS
efxauTo),
-fj
creauTw,
-fj
lavr,
lavrov,
-fj,
-w
Acc.
ejiavrdv, -^jv
creavrov, -i\v
-^jv, -6
PLURAL
ourselves.
yourselves.
themselves.
Gen. Tfiwv avrwv

Dat. Acc.
avroiS) -ais
avrwv
vfxtv avrots, -ats
lavrwv
or
<r<j>tov
avTwv
T)|iiv
lavrois, -ais, -ols
or
T)nds avrovs, -as
VJJL&S
<r<{>i(riv
avTois, -ais
-a.
avrovs, -as
lavrovs, -as,
or
1.
<r<j>as
avroiis, -as
:
creavrov
;
and eavrov are often contracted
aavrov,
auroO, aur^?, etc.
Reciprocal Pronoun. meaning one another, from its

142.
The
reciprocal
pronoun,
It is
meaning has no singular

thus
number, and no nominative or vocative case

declined
:
Stem
d\\T!\o- (for *d\\-aX\o-)
DUAL
PRONOUNS
143.
87
are
The possessive pronouns Possessive Pronouns. formed from the stems of the personal pronouns.
are
fj.ij
:
They
e/xd?
(TO?
fj.6v
my, mine.
thy, thine.
^/xeVepos
v/tere/oo?
-d
-ov
our, ours.
atj
17
(TOV
-d -d
-ov
-ov
your, yours.
their
os
1.
ov
his (Jier, its)
own.
o-êVepos
own.
its
The
is
place
possessive o? is not used in Attic prose, but taken by the genitive of auro? ( 4778).
144.
o,
77,
Demonstrative
is
Pronouns.
:
The
36)
definite
article
TO,
thus inflected
Stems
TO-
and
6 (for <ro-,
SINGULAR
88
145.
PRONOUNS
The demonstrative pronouns

rovro
oSe,
%$,
ro'Se this,
:
and
euro?, avrrj,
this, that, are thus declined
SINGULAR
MASC.
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
6'Se
Tov8
Tw8
TTJ86
N.A.
G.D.
TotvSe
Nom.
Gen.
Dat.
ol'8c
a'iSe
TwvSe
Toto-Se
o-Se
TwvSc
Taio-8 Tao-Se
Ace.
PRONOUNS
such case a preceding short vowel
Tavrt.
148.
is
89
dropped
thus
6Bf,
Interrogative and Indefinite Pronouns.

is
The
inter-
rogative pronoun
rt?,
TL
who? what?
The
indefinite
pronoun
is
ri?,
:
rl,
enclitic (
70), some, any.
They
are
thus declined
INTERROGATIVE
90
149.
PRONOUNS
Relative Pronouns.
is
The
:
relative
pronoun
o?,
ij,
who, which,
thus inflected
SINGULAR
MASC.
FEM.
ti
NEUT.
o
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
os
ov
tjs
fj
ov
a)
ov
ijv
DUAL
N.A. G.D.
<3
<3
c3
otv
olv
otv
PLURAL
Nom.
Gen.
Dat. Ace.
oi
iSv
at
*5v
a
cSv
ots
ats
ols
ovs
as
indefinite relative pronoun, o<rm, written o, rt) whoever, whichever, is (sometimes and both o? -m, joining parts being declined.
150.
The
#m,
o Ti
made by
masc. and neut.

In
149 a. Beside the forms given above ( 149) Homer has also gen. sing. 6'o 90 a), often wrongly written 6W, and fern, trjs (!). (
Homer
the demonstrative pronoun,
6, ^,
r6
144 a),
is
often used
as a relative referring to a definite antecedent (cf. English that). When so used the forms with r- (rot, TCU, 144 a) are employed in the nominative plural.
b.
all
Herodotus has from the relative the forms
6's,
r),
oi',
and
at.
For
other forms he employs the demonstrative [6, ^] r6, roO, rrjs, etc. (cf. 149 a), except after certain prepositions (mostly prepositions of two thus yuer' 775 with syllables, of which the last syllable may suffer elision)
:
whom,
air
wv from which
:
44, 4 a).
150 a. Homer has several forms of the indefinite relative in which the stem 6- is not declined thus sing. nom. &Yts, neut. 6Vn, gen. 6'rreo, and dVeu, dat. oYey, ace. 6'rtva, neut. O'TTI plur. gen. Sreuv, dat. 6 For the neuter plural he uses a<r<ra, nom. and ace. ace. Snvas. b. Herodotus has gen. sing. oVev, dat. sing. 6'rey, gen. plur. dat. plur. oT&>i<n, neut. plur. nom. and ace.
;
92
INTERROGATIVE
INDEFINITE
(enclitic)
PRONOUNS
DEMONSTRATIVE
RELATIVE
ADJECTIVES
TTOO-OS
how
Troops of some
size.
(roVos)
Too-dcr8e
ocros
as great
as.
great.
oTToVos
TOO-OVTOS
TTOIOS
of what
TTOtds
of some
T0to
otos
|
J
kind.
kind.
TOtOVTOS
Trif)\LKO<S
kind.
OTTOIOS
of such kind as.
Of what age.
TT/XlKOVTOS
age.
such fj\iKos | of oTnyAiKos J age as.
ADVERBS
TTOv where.
TTOV somewhere.
ov, OTTOV where.
7rd0ev whence.
iroOev from
[roOev (poetic)
oQev, OTTO^CV
some place.
Trol whither.
TTOI to
whence.
ot, oTTOt
some
whither.
place.
7TOT
sometime.
TOTC
ore,
jyvtKa, OTrrjviKa, at
what
time.
T^viKaSe
TrjviKavTa
)
which time.
Try
which ivay.
how.
TTTJ
someway.
somehow.
rrj-St this ivay.
^, OTTT;
which way.
TTCOS
TTCOS
[TWS (poetic) thus.]
ws, OTTWS as.
Observe that some correlative forms are lacking, having been supplanted by other words. Thus, evQdSe or evravda is the usual word for here; o>Se and oimw? thus have crowded out the earlier (Epic and poetic) TO>?.
1.
The indefinite relative pronouns, adjectives, and adverbs be made more indefinite by adding ow, 817, or SYJ TTOTC- thus GKTTIS ow (or OOTIO-OW), 6oTto--8r;-7roTe, or even cxTTLa-Brj-TTOT-ovv whoNOTE.
may
so-ever.
NUMERALS
NUMERALS
152.
SIGN
The Greek numerals
are as follows
94
SIGN
NUMERALS
CARDINAL
cu,
ORDINAL
a a a
OKTdKOO-lOO-TOS
vaKO(rio<TT6s
ADVERB
600
700
800
farrcucdotoi, at,
OKTdKoo-ioi, ai,
vai<6<rioi, at,
900
1000
a a a
xtXioi, ai,
XiXiaKis
etc.
2000 3000 10000 20000 100000
SiorxtXioi, ai,
/y
rpio-xtXioi, ai,
p.upioi, ai,
fiVplOO-TOS
(xvpiaKis
etc.
Si<r|xvpioi
,P
153.
For
21, 22, etc., 31, 32, etc.,
we have
et? teal
teal el?
or
elicocriv et?, etc.
In the ordinals
we have
for 22d, etc., 32d, etc., Seure/oo? KOI eltcoo-rds and el/coo-rbs KOI Sevre/x)?, etc., but for 21st, 31st, etc., always el? /cal
et/cocrro?, el? /cal TpidicocrTos, etc.
154.
The numbers
18, 19, 28, 29, 38, 39, etc., are
com-
(or Svolv) SeWre? (ivanting) el'/coert, monly expressed by vavvl etc.: thus ftta? Seoixrais TrevTrjfcovra with 49 ships.
ez>o?
155.
Declension of Numerals.
The
cardinal
numbers
from 5 to 100 inclusive are indeclinable. The cardinals from 200 upwards and all the ordinals are declined regu152
b. (80),
a.
Homer has
for four
22)
and
(Aeolic),
and
for nine times etvaKis.
Herodotus has
5i77-6(Tioi
rfoo-epes (4), dvtideKO. (12), Tpi^Kovra (30),

rpi77/c6(Ttoi
(200),
(300),
and
efvaros, e/vd/cts (Attic ci/aros,
155
a.
Beside the feminine pia
Homer
has also
fa, i'^s,
t'f/,
Tav,
and once
the dat. sing. neut. 1$. He uses 5tfo, or 5tfo>, indeclinably, and he has also a longer adjective form, dual 5oiw, plur. 5oto/, -a/, -a, declined like the plural of dya66s ( 117).
b.
Herodotus often uses
dto indeclinably.
If declined,
he has gen.
Suwv, dat.
NUMERALS
The cardinal larly like adjectives in -09 ( 117). bers from 1 to 4 are declined as follows
:
95
num-
96
VERBS
VERBS
157.
The verb
distinguishes in
its
inflection
Voice,
Mode, Person, Number, and Tense. 1. By its Voice it indicates whether the subject acts (active), acts for himself (middle), or is acted upon
(passive).
2.
By
is
its
Mode
it
indicates the
:
manner
in
which the
action
thought of
for
example, as a fact or as a
possibility.
Person it indicates whether its subject is the or some second person spoken to, or some third speaker, or person thing spoken of.
3.
By
its
4.
By
its
Number
it
indicates
how many
persons or
things are concerned in its action. 5. By its Tense it indicates the time of the action.
VOICE
158. The Greek verb has three and Passive (see 236).
1.
voices, Active, Middle,
The
passive voice has a separate form of inflection
only in the aorist and future ; elsewhere the middle is used both for the middle and passive.
2.
form
in
Many
verbs,
from their meaning, are used only
the active.
3. Deponent Verbs. Likewise many verbs have only a middle (or passive) form. Such verbs are called Deponent. Those which have the middle form throughout are called Middle Deponents those which have the passive form for the aorist (and future) are called Passive
;
Deponents.
MODE
97
MODE
Greek has four modes the Indicative (the mode the Subjunctive and Optative (the modes of possibility), and the Imperative (the mode of command). These modes are called the Finite Modes. 1. Beside the four finite modes are the Infinitive and Participle, which are properly verbal nouns (although some159.
:
of
fact),
The infinitive represents the action times called modes). thus elvai to 50, the act of of the verb as a substantive
:
participle represents the action of the verb thus o Trapwv /caipos the present occasion. as an adjective
being.
:
The
must be added the Verbal Adjectives in -TO? and -reo9, of which the former denotes what has been or may be done (thus Xvro? loosed or loosable), and the latter, what needs doing (thus Xfre'o? needing to be loosed).
2.
To
these
160.
Mode
Suffix.
have a special vowel -co- or -771.
The subjunctive and the optative mode suffix. The subjunctive has a long
;
The
use of
o>
the optative has -i- or -in-. or 77 is determined by the same rules

169).
as that of o
and
e (
The mode
sign
-in- is
regularly
;
used in the singular active of -pi verbs and contract verbs In the third plural of the optative elsewhere -L- is used.
appears as the mode sign. In the singular active of contract verbs -t- very rarely is NOTE. found as mode sign, while in classical Greek -try- was probably never
-te-
used in the optative dual or plural of any verbs.

note,
2.
(See also
199,
and
233, note.)
the
Verbs whose stem ends in a vowel usually contract suffix with the final vowel of the stem ( 170, 2-3 200, 1 211, 1-2 233, 1-2).
mode
160
a.
Homer
especially in the aorist
often forms the subjunctive with a short vo-wel (o or e), never, however, in the present of -o> verbs ( 169).
;
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
98
VERBS
TENSE
161.
Greek has seven tenses

Present, Imperfect,
Future, Aorist,
Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect.
NOTE.
tense
:
The Greek
thus
ciroirpra did.
aorist corresponds closely to the English past The other tenses correspond to the same
tenses in English or Latin.

1.
The
tenses of the indicative are divided into
(1)
Primary (or Principal)

:
or future time
perfect.
tenses, expressing present the present, future, perfect, and future
(2) Secondary (or Past) tenses, expressing past time the imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect.
TENSE SYSTEMS
162.
The
various forms of the Greek verb group them-
Tense Systems, each of which is formed on a common Tense Stem. The tense systems of the Greek
selves into certain
verb are as follows

the Present system the Future system
the
the
the the the
including the Present and Imperfect, " Future Active and Middle, " 1st Aorist Active and First Aorist system Middle, " 2d Aorist Active and Second Aorist system Middle, " 1st Perf. and 1st First Perfect system Plup. Act., Second Perfect system " 2d Perf. and 2d Plup. Act., " Perfect Middle and Fut. Perf.
system
Perf., Plup.,
Mid:,
the First Passive system the Second Passive system

1.
and 1st Fut. Pass., " 2d Aor. and 2d Fut. Pass.

1st Aor.
"
The
first
tenses called second differ from the correspond-
ing
tenses in form, but they usually have like meaning,
TENSE
99
unless, as rarely happens, the same verb has both first and second forms of the same tense in use at the same time.
(See
2.
207, note 3.)

"
The " principal parts of a verb Principal Parts. are the first person singular indicative of every system used in it. Thus,
TraiSevco
educate,
TraiSeva-a),
e7rai$evo-a,
TreTraiSevtca,
vre-
eTraiSevOrjv.
See
236.
\e\eijJLfjiai,
leave, A,en/r&),
eXmov, \e\oL7ra,
ItefyOijv.
{3ov\o/jLai wish, f3ov\r)<ro[jLai, /3e/3ouA,?7/<teu, eôv\rjOr]v
(pas-
sive deponent,
158, 3).
yfrfVOfjuu become, yevqa-ofjiai, eyevdfjirjv, yejevrjfjiaL
(middle
deponent,
163.
158, 3).
Theme.
That part
is
of the
common
the
to all its forms
called the
Greek verb which is Theme (or by some
Verb Stem).
:
From
this
are formed
thus
ice\evu> order,
/ceXei/crg:,
theme the various tense-stems theme /ce\ev-, present stem

aorist
K\ev%:, future stem
stem
/ee\eu<ra-, etc.
For the formation

186-234.
1.
of
the
various tense-systems see

in a vowel, a mute,
According
as the verb
theme ends
or a liquid ( 12), verbs are classed as Verbs, or Liquid Verbs.
Vowel Verbs, Mute
164. Irregular Verbs. Sometimes, when two or more verbs happen to coincide in meaning, each is used only in certain tenses, usually in such a way as to supplement
each other.
Thus, Tpe%(D run is used only in the present system ; in the other tenses another verb from the theme Bpa/jLso Bpafjiovfiai, shall run, corresponds in meaning to rpe^co In the same way, corresponding in ran, etc.
;
100
VERBS
meaning to o/xw see (theme o/aa-), we have otyofiai shall see (theme OTT-), and el&ov saw (theme -). Such verbs are
often called Irregular Verbs.
165.
Primitive and Denominative Verbs.

its
Primitive
verb forms
tense stems from a root
a Denominative
verb from a longer theme, originally a noun stem ( 269). Thus, rto) (root rt-) give what is due is a primitive verb, while TL/jLa> (-ao>) honor is a denominative verb, derived
from a noun,
XOTE.
270, note.)
rlpr) honor.
of one syllable.
Most primitive verbs have themes
(See
PERSON AND NUMBER

166.
There
are
three
persons
First,
Second,
and
Third.
Greek noun, has three numSingular, Dual, and Plural. 74) In the inflection of the verb, the person and number are shown by certain endings, attached to the tense stem, which are called Personal Endings. 1. The active and the middle voice have each a different
The Greek
:
verb, like the
bers (
set of personal endings.
The
aorist it
passive voice has no endings of its own, but in the employs the ending of the active, and in the
future those of the middle.

indicative mood has two sets of endings in each for primary tenses and the other for secondary one voice,
2.
The
tenses (
3.
161, 1).
The subjunctive mood employs
the same endings as
the primary tenses of the indicative. 4. The optative mood has the same endings as the secondary tenses of the indicative.
PERSON AND NUMBER
101
167. The forms of the personal endings may be seen from the following table
:
Active
Middle
INDICATIVE
(primary tenses)
INDICATIVE
INDICATIVE
INDICATIVE
(secondary tenses)
(primary tenses) (secondary tenses)
AND
SUBJUNCTIVE
Sing.
1.
AND
OPTATIVE
-v
AND
SUBJUNCTIVE
-|j.ai
AND
OPTATIVE
-jiT)v
-|u
-<ri),
2. -s (for
-<r0a,
-0a
-s,
-<r8a
-<rai
-<ro
3. -<ri (for -TI)
-rat
-TO
-<r0ov
-OT0T]V
Dual
.
2.
3.
1.
-TOV
-TOV
-|16V (for -/ue)
-TOV
-TTJV
-J16V
-<r0ov
-0-00V
-H.600,
-)160a
-0-06
2.
-T6
-T6
-V, -Q-ttV
-0-06
3. -VO-l (for -vri)
-VTttl
-VTO
Active
Middle
IMPERATIVE
Sing. 2.
-<ro
-0-00)
-0-00V
-0-0WV
-(T06
102
VERBS
3.
NOTE
ending
The present
thus
third plural active of
-/xt
verbs has the

they erect
-avert:
riOe-acri they
put (for *n-0e-av<n),
tcrracrt
(for *i-oTa-avcri).
NOTE
is
4.
An
-Toxrav (middle -o-0to<rav) this ending often occurs.
ending of the third plural imperative rarely found thus i-Taxrav let them go. In later Greek
:
INFLECTION
There are in Greek two slightly different ways of inflecting verbs, called respectively (from the ending of the first person singular active) the -co form and the -jit form.
168.
In the -co form of Form of Inflection. stem ends in the variable vowel ( 14). Before p or v, and in the optative mode, o is employed, elsewhere e thus \vQpev we loose, Xure you loose, Xvoi/jiev
169.
The
-co
inflection the
optative
1.
To
so also \VOVCTL, for *\vovcn, they loose. the -co form of inflection belong all futures
;
and
with
the present, the imperfect, and the second variable vowel ( 210).
167 a.
aorist
In
Homer
-<r0a
is
more frequent than
in Attic
thus
from
tive:
b.
Tl0T)/j.i
from <f>rjnl say ; so sometimes in the subjunceet\r)-<rda (Attic etfAfls), from <?0e?Xw wish. Homer sometimes has -rov for -Tt]v and -<r6ov for -ad-rjv in the third
put;
0?7-<r0a,
person dual of secondary tenses. c. Homer often has -v for

active, before
-<rav as an ending of the third plural which the preceding vowel is always short: thus epa-v
they went,
%<f)a-v
they said,
erpafa-v they were reared
(Attic
e/3r)-<ra.i',
d. Ionic often has the endings -arat, -aro, for -VTCU, -VTO (cf. 14, 2, note). In the optative these endings are always found often in the perfect and pluperfect indicative, and sometimes in the present and imperfect of -/
;
verbs
(
thus ôv\ol-aro (Attic /SouXot-iro), from /SotfXo/xcu wish ; rerpd0-arai 226 a), from r/>^0w nourish ; rifle-area (Attic n'tfe-vrcu), from r/077/u put. e. For an ending of the infinitive Homer has also -pevai or (usually
:
before vowels) -fj.ev (for the accent see as well as irtfjiTreiv to send. ',
185, 1 a): thus
7re/x7re'-yue/>cu
or
FORMS OF INFLECTION (GENERAL)

170.
103
The
-|u
Form
is
of Inflection.
-co
(which added directly to the stem without the variable The endings retain more nearly their original vowel in the -co form of inflection. than form 1. A final vowel of the stem usually has its long form
are
.
inflection
older than the
In the -/u form of form) the endings
in the singular of the indicative active
elsewhere the
tVrr|-/LU
short form: thus Ti0i\-fu I put, riOe-pep we put; I cause to stand, torfe-fte? we cause to stand.
2. In the subjunctive a final contracted with the mode suffix
a,
:
e,
or o of the stem
Ti08>,
ri0r\s,
is
thus
etc.,
for T4#io, n#'Q9.

(
In contraction,
18, 6
arj (a?;)
077
gives
3.
ft>
(contrary to
and
gives rj (77) and 19, 2): thus larrâi

suffix contracts
:
for laTO,T\Tai
St&o? for StSor)?. In the optative the i of the
and
mode
with
4.
the final
vowel of the stem
160, 2)
thus TiO^v,
TiOtlpev,
from TiQj]î put. In a few forms -pi verbs have the

-eco
inflection of conact. eS&ovv,

eriOei,
tract verbs in
e&ibovs, eoYSou,
TiQripi
or
-oco
thus regularly impf.

give,
from
BiSco/jLi
and
ertfets,
put
so also impv. SiBov, ridei.
from Sometimes also 2d
sing. nOels,
and
opt. TiQolro, nOolvro, Oolro.
NOTES ox THE PERSONAL ENDINGS
NOTE
first
(for -rt) are
The endings -/xt and -at Primary Endings of the Active. found only in -fja verbs. In tenses of the -w inflection the person singular active of primary tenses ends in -co (Avoo loose).
1.
170 a. Homer often retains the endings -/ (1st per.) and -o-t (3d per.) in the subjunctive thus ^0Ao>/u, edeXyri (Attic ^0Aw, &?Arj), from e0Aw wish. b. In the third plural Homer often has -v for -aav ( 167 c); the
:
preceding vowel
is
always short
e^Tj-o-ai').
thus &v-ie-v they gave heed, eQa-v they

of inflection in
said (Attic ^vv-ie-aav^ 170, 4 a. In Ionic,
-m verbs follow the contract system

:
a few more forms than iu Attic
thus
5i5o?s, 5t5o?, rêt,
ret.
104
The second person
became *Auet
(
VERBS
singular
was probably
originally *Ave-o-i,
which
making
In
37), and later -s was added from the secondary tenses, Avets, to distinguish this form from the third singular Avet,
for Ave-o-t (originally *Aue-ri,

-van,
37).
the primary ending of the third person plural active, v is regularly dropped before <r ( 34), and the preceding vowel is lengthened thus Avov<rt they loose is for *Xvo-vcn (-VTI), AeAvKdor they have
:
is for *Ae-AvKa-ixn, Ti0e'd(ri they put is for *Ti0e-av(n ( 167, note 3). In the second singular of the imperative an ending -s is sometimes found thus o^t's from ef^w have, 8o's from 8i'8w/u.i, give.
loosed
NOTE
endings,
2.
-v
and
-o-av
Of the secondary Secondary Endings of the Active. (3d plural) belongs regularly to the -co form of inflection, The first person singular active of the to the -fu form.
uses the primary ending -pi
Avcrat/xt.
optative
(
mode
:
when
the
mode
sign
is -i-
160, 1)
thus Xvoifu,
NOTE
3.
The Endings
of the Middle.
In the endings
-<rai
and
-cro
of the second person singular middle the a- is regularly dropped ( 37), and the vowels contracted. Thus, from Avco loose we have pres. indie.
AUT; or Auet (for *Ave-<Ttu), pres. subj.
Xvy (for *Ai5?;-o-at), imperf. indie. eAuov (for *eAi)e-(ro), aor. indie. eXvcra) (for *eAvo-a-o-o). In the optative the a- is dropped, but the vowels do not contract thus XVOL-O for *Auoi-<ro. In the present and imperfect of the -JJ.L verbs,
the
<T
of these endings
4.
is
usually retained
thus
riOe-o-ai,
ert'ê-cro,
from TiOqfU put.
NOTE
see
Greek (Doric)
how
side the presents indicative of early <d-/ju (Attic <>T-/X,I ) say and Latin inquam, we shall closely the present endings of Greek and Latin agree.
If
we
place side
by
SINGULAR
1.
PLURAL
<d-/u
inqua-m
AUGMENT
105
AUGMENT
171. The augment is the sign of past time. It belongs therefore only to the past or secondary tenses of the indicative namely, imperfect, aorist, and pluperfect.
;
The augment has two forms,

172.
Syllabic
and Temporal.
Verbs beginning with a consonant augment by prefixing e-. Such augment is called
Syllabic Augment.
syllabic, since it increases
the
number
.
of syllables in the
was loosing; ypd^co write, aor. t-ypatya wrote ; pluperf i-ye-ypd(f>ri had written. 1. Words beginning with p double it after the augment
\vco loose, imperf. '<i-\vov
word: thus
23)
2.
thus e-pprTTToy, imperfect of
pLTrra)
throw.
few verbs which originally began with a consonant, but which now begin with a vowel, still have The most common of these are syllabic augment.
:
break, aor. eaa avSdv(0 please, aor. e-aSov

av-oiya) open, impf. av-epyov
ea> (-aoj)
(for *e-/raa).
(for *e-o-/ra8oi/).
(for
*di/-e-/:oiyoi>)
permit, impf. etcov accustom, impf. eWiôv

roll,
(for *e-o-e/raov?).
(for
aor. et'Atfa
(for
(for *e-o-eAKoi/).
(f or *c-o-7ro/xr;i/)
.
\KCO draw, impf. el\/cov
follow, impf. elTro^v

L
tvork,
impf.
elpya^d/jLTjv
(for *e-/re/3yaô/xr;
(for *e-o-ep7roi/)
.
creep, impf. elp^rov
171 a.
thus
b.
(Bijv
In Homer and in lyric poetry the augment is often omitted went, eXacre drove, e%e held (Attic e/^j/, ^Xatre, e!%e). In Herodotus the temporal augment is often omitted the syllabic
:
augment only
172, 1 a.
in the pluperfect
and
in iteratives
191 b).
In
Homer
syllabic
augment: thus
e\\aj3e took,
other liquids besides p may be doubled after the f 22 a). \i\ia0e learned (cf.
106
VERBS
(-ao>), entertain,
impf. e/ariW
(for *e-/re<rriaov).
have, hold, impf. elôi/ let go, aor. (dual) elroz/
(for *-o-exoi/). (for *e-o--rov).

(for
"
(-a<)
(-eo))
impf. ecopwv push, impf. e&dovv

see,
(for
-eoyu.6u) 5l^, impf. (eX-) to&e, aor. etXoz; (18-) sea, aor. etcra ( 30)
(t'S-) see,
eayvov/JLrjv (for
(for *-yrcAoj/?).
(for *e-o-S-o-a). (for
aor. el&ov
syllabic
1. Observe that 6pw (-aw) and avofyw, in addition to the augment, lengthen the first vowel of the stem. NOTE 2. The consonants at the beginning of most of these words may still be seen in other languages. For example, with e&^w, eAKw, CTTO/XCU, e8-, IB-, may be compared Latin suesco, sulcus, sequor, sedeo,
NOTE
video.
173. Temporal Augment. Verbs beginning with a Such vowel augment by lengthening the first vowel.
augment
is
called temporal, since
it
usually increases the

:
time occupied in pronouncing the syllable thus r\\avvov, from t\avvw drive from aor. ; Ofjivv/ju swear; oS/ôo-a, imperf. from i/cereva) a and d The vowels i/cerevov, impf. supplicate.
become rj thus ^70^, impf. from ajco lead; r\0\ovv, impf. from d#Xft) (-eco) contend. The other long vowels remain thus from i\joii/jLac (-e'o//.eu) T\yov/jirjv, impf. unchanged
: :
lead.
Diphthongs lengthen the first vowel thus rô-6avoimpf. from diaOdvoâL perceive ; TJtfabz>, impf. from guess; a/crlpov, impf. from ol/crfpco pity ; T\\>pio-/cov, But ov-, and a- when it is an impf. from typicr/co) find. thus 6, apparent diphthong ( 3), remain unchanged
1.
:
ovra&v,
yield.
impf.
of
ovrd^co
wound,
AKOV,
impf.
of
uca>
AUGMENT
174.
107
Augment
of
Compound Verbs.
Verbs compounded
with a preposition take their augment after the preposition: thus elcr-tfapov impf. of ela-êpco brine/ in; Trpoa-rôv
impf. of Trpoa-dya) lead
1.
to.
is
as
But sometimes compounds, of which the simple verb not commonly used, are augmented at the beginning, thus ij^tWa, aor. of if they were not compounds at all
:
clothe
so often
i/caOrjfjirjv,
impf. of
/cdO-rj/jiaL sit.
Denominative verbs formed from nouns already compounded take their augment at the beginning. Thus,
175.
the imperfect of ol/coSopco (-eo>) build (from ot'/co-So'yuo? housebuilder) is toKobofjiovv the imperfect of evavnovfjiaL (-doyiiat)
;
oppose (from eWzmo? opposite) is i\vaimov^r]v. 1. But since there are so many verbs compounded with prepositions, some confusion arises in the case of verbs derived from compound nouns whose first part is a preposition.
Thus, the imperfect of eTnararw
(-eo>) oversee
is
is
eTreo-Tdrovv,
and
of /cartjjopa)
(-e<a>)
accuse
/carT]y6povv,
although both of these are denominative verbs, derived respectively from eTna-raV??? overseer and Karrjyopos accuser.
NOTE.
few verbs even have two augments, one before and one
:
after the preposition
thus
cu>-e'xo/Aai
endure, imperfect
I^-CIÔ'/AT/I/.
176.
Augment
of the Pluperfect.
:
The
thus
pluperfect takes
.
no augment except the syllabic

Xe'Xu/ca), pluperfect of \va) loose.
i-\e\v/cr) (perf the perfect stem begins with a vowel, the pluperfect has no augment thus
When
eardX/crj
el\tj<j)r)
(perf.
ecrraX/ca),
pluperfect
of
;
crre\\ay
send;
(perf. et'Xâ),
from
Xa/u/SaVa) take
wêXrj/c^ (perf.
&(f)e\r]Ka),
from &><eXw (-e<)

:
help.
( 179) regularly plup. of aKrJKoa have heard.
NOTE.
But verbs with "Attic Reduplication"

thus
TI/O^KO^,
take augment in the pluperfect

176
a.
In Herodotus the Attic reduplication
is
never augmented.
108
VERBS
REDUPLICATION
177. Reduplication belongs regularly to the perfect system (including the pluperfect and future perfect), where it denotes completed action. It is sometimes found in the present and the second aorist systems. It consists
in doubling the
sound
at the
beginning of the word.
In the perfect, verbs 178. Reduplication of the Perfect. beginning with a consonant repeat that consonant with e A rough mute in reduplithus \v-co loose, perf. Ae-Aiâ.
:
cation
is
changed to the corresponding smooth
40):
thus
1.
Ovco sacrifice, perf. fi-Ovica.
mute and a
In verbs beginning with two consonants (except a liquid), a double consonant, or p, the reduplie-
thus e-êva/jLai, perf. of of o-reAAo) send; <i-ppi<f>a ( 23), tyevSofjLai, lie; e-crraXica, perf. perf. of piTTTQ) tlirow ; but "yi-ypafya, perf. of ypd^w write.
cation consists of
merely
NOTE.
of
e
:
But
yv- is usually reduplicated in the perfect
by means
thus
e-yi/ooKa, perf.
of yi-yi/wo-Kw know.
2.
Five verbs reduplicate with

\afjL/3dvco take,
et-.
These are
et-
perf.
lot,
\ayxdvo) get by
\eyco
(/*/>-)
(<?/>-,
"
"
(only in composition) collect,
"
prj-)
e't-fJLaprai it is
et-prjica.
fated.
say
"
of this reduplication is very uncertain. in the Verb List, 729.
NOTE.
The explanation
See, however, et/aw

3.
and /mpojuat
Verbs beginning with a short vowel reduplicate by lengthening the vowel a diphthong lengthens the first vowel a long vowel remains unchanged thus ^%a, perf.
; ;
:
REDUPLICATION
of
o/yo)
109
take;
oxêX^/ca,
lead;
r\prj/ca,
of
aipa>
(-eeo)
of
179.
with
a,
6,
Attic Reduplication.* few verbs beginning or o, followed by a single consonant, reduplicate
by repeating the first vowel and consonant, and lengthening the first vowel of the theme thus aX-rjXupa, aX:
eX-^Xa/ca, e\-rf\.aâL^ perf. aXe^xu of eXavvco drive; op-a)pv%a, op-copvy/jLai, of opvrra) dig.
ri\ifjLfiaL^
of
anoint;
The apparReduplication with e- before a Vowel. mentioned in which vowel verbs, 172, 2, ently originally began with a consonant reduplicate regularly, but the disappearance of the consonant leaves only e- (which is often contracted with the following vowel) thus edya
180.
:
*0-e-ere/<;a),
ayvv/ju (originally *pe-pd/a), perf. perf. of ny/u send, etc.

181.
of
break;
elfca
(for
verbs,
and
In compound Reduplication of Compound Verbs. in verbs derived from compound nouns, the
174reduplication has the same place as the augment ( of thus ctTro-Kt-Kpi/ca, perf. a7ro-/cpfvco separate; 175):
a, perf. of %eipo-Tov(o (-eo>) elect.
182.
Reduplication of the Present.

193, 3
;
few verbs redu-
plicate in the present (

first
197, 1)
by repeating the
ri-OijfjiL
consonant with
thus
yi-yvcoa-KO) knoiv,
put.
183.
in Attic (often in
Reduplication of the Second Aorist. Homer) the second aorist
is
Sometimes formed by
reduplication.
See
208, 1
and
a.
179 a. In Homer the "Attic" reduplication is found in more verbs than in Attic, sometimes without lengthening the first vowel of the theme thus ep-tpnrro, from tpelirw overthrow ( 219, note 2). Cf. in Attic (infin. dy-ayeiv'), 2d aor. of #70? lead.
:
110
VERBS
ACCENT OF THE VERB

184.
is
The
in
accent of verbs (both simple and compound)

64).
regularly recessive (
1.
compound verbs the written accent cannot recede beyond the augment thus irdpeLî be present, Traprj
:
But
was present.
185. Infinitives, participles,
and verbal
adjectives, since
they are in reality nouns ( 159, 1 and 2), do not under the rule of accent for verbs.
1.
come
of the infinitive and participle in each must usually be learned by observation but present and future infinitives and participles of the -co
The accent
tense and voice
form
2.
169, 1) are recessive in accent,
in -vai take their written accent
and all on the penult.
infinitives
verbal adjective in -TO? takes its written accent thus Xfro?, \vrrj, \vrov loosed, gen. on The verbal adjective in -reo? always has the \vrov, etc. thus Xureo?, \vred, \vreov acute accent on the penult
the final syllable
: :
The
needing
NOTE.
to be loosed,
gen. \vreov, etc.

(
Contract verbs
199) are not an exception to the rule of
184, since their accent in the uncontracted form was recessive. Some other apparent exceptions in accent are to be explained by contraction.
See
200,1; 210, 1-2; 233, 1-2.
FORMATION OF TENSE STEMS

186.
The
various tense stems are formed from the theme
by means
of a tense suffix (or prefix, sometimes both). In primitive verbs ( 165) we usually find also a variation
185, 1 a.
The
epic infinitive in
-/wri/cu
or
-/j.ev
written accent on the syllable preceding the ending

to lead.
167 e) always has its thus 56/ievcu to give,
FORMATION OF TENSE STEMS

in the
111
vowel of the theme ( 13-14): thus pres. TT\K-CO aor. melt, Trcr-oîat fly, 2d aor. e ITT-O^V ; pass. e-raK-rjv Xi7r-&> leave, perf. Xe-Xoi7r-a, 2d aor. e-XiTT-oz'.
;
Verbs which show a variation between long and (13) usually have the short vowel in the second aorist elsewhere the long form thus TTJ/C-O), TTJ<W, etc. melt, but 2d aor. pass. e-roiK-ijv. 2. Verbs which show the vowel variation o, e, (a) ( 14) regularly have in the second aorist, and often in the 224, note), the form with no vowel perfect middle (cf. or with a ( 14, 1), in the second perfect the form with o, and elsewhere the form with e. Examples are
1.
short vowels
PRESENT
/eX7T-T<
FUTURE
2D PERFECT
K-ic\0(f>-a
2o AORIST
steal
kill
K\tyco
tcTtv-a)
e-KTOv-a
(Epic)
e-i
(for *KTCV-IO>,
39, 4)
leave
(
Xcn/ro)
Xe-Xot?r-a
e-Xnr-ov
14, 2)
Qtipa)
(for
destroy
39, 4)
fyOtp-G)
e-<f)0op-a
.*V.
PERFECT MJDDLE
in a vowel,
In most verbs whose theme ends Vowel Verbs. this vowel is long outside of the present system. After e, i, or p, an a becomes a, otherwise rj (15):
187.
Tl/JLw
,
thus
(-act))
;
honor,
rlâw,
ert/zT|o"a,
re-Tiîca, reetc.;
eTl/JLr\07]v
<tX<w (-<u) love,
<^tXT|cra), e(>i\i\a-a,
;
(-dfo) show, S^Xaxro), eSrfXwcra, etc.

edcro), etc.
;
e'w
(-aw) permit,
Spw
(-da)) do, Spaao), etc.
188. But some apparently vowel verbs had originally themes ending in a consonant. Such verbs naturally pre-
112
VERBS
serve the short vowel throughout all their tenses, and, by analogy, some real vowel verbs do the same thus reXw
:
(-,
for *Te\o--tft), cf. re'Xo? end) finish, fut. reXo), aor. eYe:
Xcra, perf. re-reXc/ea, etc. 7eX&> (-cuw), 7eXdo-o/>tat, eê'Xacra. 1. few verbs have the short vowel only in certain
tenses
189.
thus alpco (-&>),
alpi\crco, etc.,
but aor. pass.
Most verbs which keep the short vowel in all their 188), and, by analogy, some others, have in the middle and aorist passive (and verbals, perfect 235) a a at the end of the theme thus reXw (-<w) finish,
tenses (
:
perf.
a/covco
mid.
rereXecr-yLtat,
r)fcov<y/jLai,
aor.
pass.
ereXccr-^T;^
;
so
also
hear has
and
r}tcova-0r)v
/eeXeuo)
order has
and
e/ce\eva'0r)v.
o-
NOTE. As most of these verbs originally had themes ending in 26 27, 3), there is nothing strange about the or a lingual mute ( in the perfect middle and aorist passive.
;
190. Some verbs vary between in Tense Formation. themes with e (77) and themes without e (77). Usually both themes are not found together in the same tense, but even this sometimes happens thus /3ouXo/*at (/3ot>X-) ivish,
:
fut.
{3ov\r\(TOfjLai
(ySofXc-),
aor.
;
e/3ov\r\6ijv
/JLCVCO
(/-te^-)
remain, perf.
ceive,
So/ceo
yue/-teVr|/ea
(/-tez'C-)
aladdvqjjiai (euV0-) per-
fut.
(-eo))
al<jQi\cropai
(So/cc-),
(alcrdt-),
Sofft)
fut.
matter can be laid down, but verbs may be learned from the Verb List,
191 a. 9 in Tense Formation.
aor. yaOdfJuiv (atV0-) ; No rules in this (So/o). the eccentricities of such
729.
In Homer, and sometimes in the Attic
poets (very rarely in prose), a few verbs have forms from a present (or aorist) stem made with the suffix -6- (-e0g: or -a0i:): thus <?-5iwK-a6o-i>
(5tw/coj
(e X a>
pursue),
/xe-r-e-/cf-a0o-j'
(xiw 0o), 0Xe7-'6w
(0X^yw burn), e-crx-0o-f

iterative
hold). 191 b. Iterative Forms.
In
Homer and Herodotus
forms
THE PRESENT SYSTEM
113
THE PRESENT SYSTEM

(PRESENT AND IMPERFECT)
192.
to the
classes
way
i
Verbs may be divided into five classes, according in which they form their present stem. These
are
:
(1)
(3) the
class,
simple class, (2) the r class, v the O-K class. the class, (4) (5)
the
The simple class employs for 193. The Simple Class. the present stem the simple theme, with or without the variable vowel ( 169). Verbs with the variable vowel show -ft> in the first person singular of the present indica(theme Xey-, present stem Xe7;). Verbs without the variable vowel are -pi verbs ( 170): thus (?7/u say (theme $77-, </>a-, present stem $77-, ca-). 1. Primitive verbs whose themes show the interchange of long and short vowels ( 13) usually have in the present the form with the long vowel ( 186, 1): thus rr[/ca) melt (theme rrj/c- and ra/c-), Xu&> loose (theme Xi>, Xu-). The -pi verbs, however, have the long vowel only in the singular
tive active: thus Xeyo>
of the indicative active (see

2.
170, 1).
Primitive verbs whose themes show the vowel variao, e(a)
tion
(
et
with
(or
14), usually have in the present the form or eu, 14, 2) thus TT^TTCO send (theme 7re//,7r-,
:
-, present stem 7reyii7r:), Xe/7r&> leave (theme -, Xi?r-, present stem Xet7r:), favyco flee (theme See -, present stem 0euy;). 186, 2.
and aorist are found, to denote a repeated past action. are formed by adding the iterative suffix -aKe- to the tense stem of the imperfect or aorist: thus ^ve-a-Ko-v kept remaining (/JL^VU remain),
of the imperfect
They
-v
kept doing
.
(71-010)
(-^w)
w flee) These forms are have an augment ( 171 a-b}. BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
do), <j>vye-<rKo-v used to flee, inflected like the imperfect, and

8
aorist
seldom
114
NOTE.
i/co
VERBS
Here belong
See
21).
-/-u
:
also the verbs TrXew
sail, êco
pour, Oea) run,

(for *7rXev-o>,
swim, TTVCW breathe, pcwjlow, whose themes end in

etc.
-ev-
3.
few verbs, mostly

(70^-, yev-, 7^-)
verbs,
have reduplication in
Ti-drjfii
the present system (
182)
thus
(0e-,
#??-)
put,
become.
(CL
Latin
gi-gno.')
194.
<,
Some verbs, with stems in TT, /3, or The T Class. form the present tense stem by adding -T: to the theme
.
(cf
Latin flee-to)
thus
TVTT-TO) strike
(theme
TUTT-,
present
stem Tf7TT:), /ca\v7r-rct) cover (theme dig (theme 0-/ca<-, 25).

195.
/eaXu/3-,
25),
The
Class.
their present stem

(cf.
Many mute and liquid verbs form by adding the suffix -t: to the theme
in
cf.
some way with the preceding

292.
1.
Latin fac-io), but this suffix almost always combines letters. See 39, and
With
:
K, %, T,
6,
the
unites to form TT (Ionic

fcqpvtc-,
1
crcr,
22)
thus
/crjpvTTO)
proclaim (theme
:
present stem
tf7?puTT?:)
for */cr)pvK-io)
rapdrrw disturb (theme rapa ^) for
*Tapa X
2.
-iu.
(See
39, 1.)
With 7 and
<r(f)d(i)
i unites to form f 39, 2): thus ( * slay (theme o-<f)ay-) for aây-io) Trai^co play (theme for *7rat-ft>.
B the
NOTE
1.
Themes
In a
in -yy- lose the first y:

of verbs y-t
thus /cAaco (theme

:
/cAayy-) for */cAayy-i<o.
NOTE
2.
number
seems to combine into TT
thus TaTTo) arrange (theme Tay-, cf. Tay-os commander), but a good many of these words can be shown to have had parallel themes in -K-,
and these probably influenced the
rest.
195, 2 a. This form of the present in -f- sometimes gives rise to In Homer verbs in -w not uncertainty about the aorist and future. in the aorist and future: thus TroXe/ufaJ (7roXe/5-), infrequently have
THE PRESENT SYSTEM

3.
115
(
With X
the
assimilates to form
\\
39, 3):
thus
ayye\\a) (theme
4. With v and vowel and unites with it by contraction ( 39, 4) thus fyaivw show (theme (f>av-) for *(f)av-io) /cpfvco distinguish (theme for *Kpiv-ia) aTreipo) sow (theme <TTT/O-) for *o"7re/3-t&>.
:
:
a<yje\-^) for *ayyeX-ico. p the i goes over to the preceding
NOTE.
this suffix: thus K<UO> (for *Ka/r-t-w,

*/cAa/r-i-<o,
few apparently vowel verbs form their present with theme /cav-, 21) burn, KAauo (for theme K\av, 21) weep.
The v Class. present stem by adding

196.
(cf.
1.
number
of
verbs form their

suffix
to the
theme a
containing
Latin
Suffix
cer-n-o^).
-i.
re/>t-).
Some verbs add
alone
thus re^-vco
cut
2.
(theme
thus good many verbs add -ai>TalaO-dvofjiai perceive (theme alo-0-). If the last syllable of the theme is short, a sympathetic with a labial, 7 with a palatal) nasal (y with a lingual, in the theme thus âvO-dvw learn (theme fta#-), appears take (theme Xa/3-), \ay%-dva) get by lot (theme
Suffix -aê-:
JJL
3.
Suffix -ra-,
-VT}-
170, 1).
-z>a-, -vrj.
poetic, take a suffix
A very few verbs, mostly thus irep-vri-î sell (irep-vasuffix -vet (
pev we
4.
sell,
theme
7re/>)
Suffix -i*.
few verbs take a
190)
thus
5.
itc-vov-pai (-^6o-/>tat) arrive (theme IK-). Suffix -w-. Several verbs have a suffix -w-:
thus
SeiK-vv-/j,L
shoiv
(theme
Seitc-*).
NOTE.
sonant in
these cases the extra v comes
suffix appears as -wv-, but in most of from the assimilation of another conwhich the theme originally ended thus Zwv/u clothe (theme
After a vowel this
originally f
(7-,
cf.
Latin
vestis) for *ecr-vv/xt.
116
VERBS
Several verbs form their present 197. The O-K Class. stem by adding to the theme -ovce- or -KTK~ (cf. Latin gno-sco) (regularly, vowel themes take -cncll, and consonant themes -uric ^): thus ape-a-Kco please (theme ape-), evp-Lcr/ca)
;
find (theme eu/o-). 1. Some of these verbs have also reduplication in the
present system
182)
thus yi-yvw-a-KQ) know (theme
7^0)-).
INFLECTION OP THE PBESENT AND IMPERFECT

198. The -co Form. For the paradigm see 237 for an explanation of some of the forms see 170, notes 13.
;
199.
Contract Verbs.
the final
for the
1.
-IT?-
Verbs in <w (-aa>, -ea>, -oew) contract vowel of the stem with the variable vowel
;
paradigms see
248-250.
for the
plural.
In the optative, contract verbs almost always have mode sign in the singular and -i- in the dual
Rarely -t- is found as mode sign in the singular, while 160, note) appears in the dual and plural (cf
.
and
NOTE.
seldom,
-irf
if ever,
199 a. Contract Verbs in Homer. In Homer verbs in -tu and -dw are sometimes contracted as in Attic, but often remain uncontracted thus reXêi and reXetrai, from reXw (-^w) finish, vaterdw dwell, pevoivq,?, from fjivoivu> (-du) be eager. Rarely verbs in -du have the inflection of verbs
:
thus /j-evoiveov (from nevoivu (-dw) be eager}. Cf. 199 e. "ASSIMILATION." Verbs in -dw, when uncontracted, not infre199 a, but quently have the regular uncontracted form, as stated in more often they show in the manuscripts a peculiar assimilation, an o sound prevailing over an adjacent a sound, and an a sound over an e sound
in -tu
:
b.
thus
O/DOW for opdw, opdas for opdeis (opa) (-dw) see).
long syllable in
the original form is represented by a long vowel (or improper diphthong) in the assimilated form thus opootvres for opdoires, 6pdo>/u for opdoi/u, Two long vowels in succession are regularly avoided, 6/>6a><ra for opdovcra.
:
unless they are necessary to preserve the meter:

i]P<!o)i>Tes')
thus iip&ovTes (not
for TrâovTes, ^/Swoi/u (not ^^Swwîi) for
INFLECTION OF THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT

2.
117
of two syllables in -eo> (originally -et/&>, 193, contract only when the contraction will give et note) thus TrXeiw sail, otherwise they remain uncontracted
Verbs
vrXet?,
TrXet,
7r\eiTOV, 7r\elrov, TrXeo/Lte^, TrXetre, irXeovcn.
But 8o> (for 8ew, *Se-io>) bind is contracted throughout, NOTE. and eo> (for *<ro)) scrape is usually contracted throughout.
3.
A
77
have
thus
few verbs seem to have stems in -77-, and so wherever the ordinary contract verbs have a:
live,
;
fo>
779,
?ij
$}TOI/,
o>7?9,
Joyie^,
;
V?Te,
??,
fwo-i
subj. Jw,
infin.
g?,
live
etc.
opt.
?<piyy,
etc.
impv.
etc.
?>
partc.
a>v.
The most common
of these verbs are
f<w
and ^puâi wse; for the others see the Verb
List,
729.
for
(jLcvoivcuta,
rjpuxaaa for ôoixra, since otherwise the original quantities
would not be preserved. 199 c. Verbs in -6w hardly ever remain uncontracted, but if uncontracted they show an "assimilation" precisely as if they were verbs in
-da
:
thus
apbuKii.
for apoov<ri (ap& (-dw) plow}.
There can be little doubt that these "assimilated" forms are spurious forms dating from Alexandrine times, produced from the contracted forms 6/><2, op^s, etc., which were the only forms of such verbs in Observe that the "assimilated" form has exactly the use at the time. NOTE.
same quantities as the uncontracted form, and the latter can be everywhere restored to the text. d. AEOLIC FORMS. Homer sometimes treats contract verbs in -ew
as
if
they were
-pi
verbs like rtfq/u
thus
ôpTj-vai,
<j>opri-/jLevai
(cf
200
a),
200 a), imperfect dual (-60) bear, aireiK-fi-T-riv (cf. from diri\u> (-&>) threaten. e. Contract Verbs in Herodotus. Verbs in -do> in Herodotus are
infinitive
<f>opC)
from
often contracted as in Attic, but sometimes when the a comes before an o sound it is changed to e, and the form then remains uncontracted:
thus
6/)o>,
6/)Wi, 6/)oi'Ts, Attic
opcD (-aw), etc. see.
Verbs in -&j are usually uncontracted except when the e is preceded by a vowel then eo and eou usually contract into eu ( 18 a): thus eirolfvv (for Attic TrotoOo-t, eirolovv), from TTOIW (-&;) do. Verbs in -6w are regularly contracted as in Attic.
;
118
200.
VERBS
For the paradigms see The -[XL Form. Observe that the end vowel of the stem
251is
;
254.
long
else-
in the singular of the indicative active ( where short.

1.
170, 1)
In the subjunctive and optative the mode sign is regularly contracted with the final vowel of the theme
( 170, 2-3); thus -ndfe (subj.) for for TiOe-fyv, from TiQj]î put.
rttfe-fl?,
nOeirfv (opt.)
NOTE.
Three deponent verbs,

:
Kpe/xa/xat hang,
Bvvafjuu. can, eirt'orafiai understand, are accented in the subjunctive and optative as if
utiGOntracted
Swoo/xcu,
CTrtVrw/xat,
Kpe/xto/xcu
opt.
3d
sing. Svvairo,
/cpe/xairo.
THE FIRST AORIST SYSTEM

(ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)
201.
The
:
first aorist
stem
is
formed by adding
.
-era-
to
the theme
thus
TrcuSeva)
educate (theme 7rat8ef-), aor.
v-aa (aorist stem TraiBevaa-)

200
a.
Homer sometimes has
the end vowel of
-/At
other than those of the singular of the indicative active

infinitive active of rt'^/xt put.
verbs long in forms thus ri6-f)-ijjeva.i,

:
b. Homer and Herodotus have in the third plural rt0e?<rt, 5i5oC<ri. etc., for * nde-vai, * 5ido-v<ri, etc. (the accent is irregular) ; but regular forms tdffi, from eljui go ( 261), and ed<ri, from dpi be ( 262 a).
thus 8iSudi c. Homer sometimes has -61 in the imperative Herodotus in the third plural of the middle has forms with -OTCU,
:
:
give.
-a.ro
167 d) Tidtarai eridtaro. (Attic -VTO.I, -VTO, 201 a. In Homer the first aorist (and future, 212) of a good many verbs has era-, but in nearly all such cases the theme of the verb originally
ended in
Jininh
<r or a 80 a): thus <?-TAe<r-<ra, from reXw (ew) lingual mute (cf. (theme reXeo--, cf. rt\os end) e-Ko/uo'-cra (for *e-Ko,cu5-<ra) from KOfjiifa carry (theme /co.utS-). b. Homer has forms of the first aorist with a variable vowel f: instead of a thus e/3?J0-6To went, from jSaiVa; lov came, from i/cw lead (impv.), from ayu.
;
,
THE FIRST AORIST SYSTEM

1.
119
The theme
aorist
of primitive verbs usually appears in the

e
first
with
thus
erpâ
turned,
or with the long vowel (see eri\t;a melted.
186, 1-2):
202. Vowel Verbs. vowel before the aorist

aor.
eta-era
Most vowel verbs show a long

suffix (
Tt/i<w
187): thus
honor,
(-a'o))
allow,
15)
15)
7TOLO)
(-e'&>)
do,
(-a<w) aor. e-TroiTj-cra
aor.
;
l-rt^-aa
(-oa>)
S??A,c5
show, aor. e'-S^Xto-cra. 188.

203.
For some apparent exceptions see
Mute Verbs.
labial
or palatal
mute
at the
end
stem combines with the a- of the suffix, and 28 and 29): thus e-icotya, from KOTTTCO forms i/r or (see cut (/C07T-) e-c/>uXa|a, e-ypatya, from rypdâ) write (jypa(f)~) from (puXarTO) guard ($fXa/e-) e-cr(/>a|a, from cnaa> slay
of the
; ; ;
A
(
lingual
:
mute
is
30)
thus
e-7reicra,
dropped before the cr of the suffix from TreiOw persuade (7re#-) e-GTreiva
;
(see
204.
34), from
<77reVS<
jt?owr (o-Tre^S-).
Liquid Verbs.
Liquid verbs lose the

<paivo)
cr
of the
and vowel preceding

aorist suffix,
e(f)T\va
;
in compensation (
:
16) lengthen the
thus
shoiv
(theme
0ai>-),
;
aor.
tcptvo)
crreXXcw send
(theme
crreX-), aor.
ecrrciXa
distinguish
(theme
Kpuv-), aor. eKplva.
NOTE
and
later,
1.
The <r of the suffix was first assimilated to the liquid, when the two liquids became one, the preceding vowel was
ef/xcvra
lengthened in compensation ( 16). Thus, *e-/xev-cra became (which is the Aeolic form), and finally l/xciva. After i or p the lengthened form of a is always a NOTE 2.
other letters
r)
after
sometimes appears, contrary to

aor.
15, 1
thus TrepcuW
gain,
(ircpav-) finish,
7repdva
so
also
KepSatVoo (/cepSav-)
aor.
but
204
-<ra,
<cuW
(<av-) show, aor. I^Tjra.

o-
a.
Homer sometimes keeps

dpaptVfcw (dp-)
fit ;
in the
aorist after a liquid

(/cep-)
thus
from
e-/cep-<ra,
from ndpw
shear.
120
205.
VERBS
Three verbs
riOrj/jii
StS&fAi (80-,
See-')
give,
'(rjfjn,
(!-, 17-)
send,
(#e-, Or)-)
put
form the singular of their

-/ca
:
aorists
edrfKa.
active
with the
211, 3.
suffix
thus
eBco/ca,
rjica,
See
:
Very
rarely this
elsewhere
they gave.
thus sometimes
eSco/cav
(=
form intrudes e-So-crav, 3d plur.)
INFLECTION OP THE FIRST AORIST

206.
The
first aorist
middle
:
in the personal endings
differs from the active only thus active e-Tra&ev-cra, middle
For the paradigms see

NOTE.
-c
:
240.
-a
In the third singular of the indicative active
changes to
infinitive
CTratSevcre.
The imperatives
Trcu'Sevtroi/, Trcu'Sevcrai,
and the
are irregular,
and cannot be
satisfactorily explained.
THE SECOND AORIST SYSTEM

(ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)
their
form and suffix, employ only the These aorists fall into two simple theme of the verb. those with, and those without the variable classes,
207.
considerable
number
of primitive verbs
aorists
without any
vowel.
1.
vowels
the
Consonant themes are inflected with the variable vowel themes follow the -pi form of inflection.
;
NOTE
1.
A
:
very few second aorists go over to the inflection of
first aorist
2.
NOTE
so c-ê-a (têva) poured (for *l%ev-v, 14, 1, note). The stem of the second aorist always differs from the
its
present stem, since otherwise of the imperfect.
forms would be confused with those
207 a. In Homer the second aorist is found much more frequently than in Attic, and consonant themes are often inflected in the middle without the variable vowel thus t-dty-wv, from S^X-O/ACU receive ; -/UK-TO, from neiy-vv-fjii mix. Liquid themes sometimes undergo metathesis ( 38)
: :
thus p\i)-To was
hit,
from /3dXXw (theme
/3a\-).
THE SECOND AORIST SYSTEM

NOTE
at the
differ in
3.
121
aorist in use
Few
verbs have both a
first
and a second
same time.
:
In such
first
meaning, the
thus
however, the two aorists always aorist being transitive, and the second
case,
to
intransitive
eorryo-e
caused
stand, erected, IOTT/I/ stood.
The second aorist of the -co Form. form has regularly that form of the stem with no vowel or with a (see 14; 186, 2): thus e-7rr-6pr)v, from Trer-opcu fly ; e-rpa/rr-ofiriv, from Tpew-co turn; so also 14, 2) e-\i7r-ov, from XeiV-ft) leave ( e-(f)vy-ov, from (pevy-w
208.
Second Aorist
of the
-ft>
flee (
14, 2).
1. The verb dyco lead has a reduplicated ( 183) second aorist tfyayov (infin. ay-ay-elv, 179); so also elirov said, r root jr-ov for *e-pe-pe f7r-). (from probably
209.
aorist of the -pi
verb
In the second Second Aorist of the -ju Form. form the stem is the simple theme of the thus e-crrrj-v (era-, err?;-) stood, e-So-fjiev (So-, &>-)
gave (1st person plural).
INFLECTION OF THE SECOND AORIST

210.
is
The
-co
Form.
The second
vowel
aorist of the
~.
inflected with the variable
-co form For the paradigm
see
241.
NOTE.
The following imperatives

:
:
active of
the second aorist

;
have irregular accent eiTre but not when compounded

211.
say, eA0e come, tvpifind, iSe see, \a(3e take thus aTr-eAfle be off!
The
-\LI
Form.
In the
-pi
form the endings are
attached directly to the stem, the final vowel of which is long in the indicative, infinitive, and imperative (except
208, 1 a.
In
Homer
reduplicated second aorists are rather frequent

declare,
ire-ind-ov,
thus
t-Trt-<()pa5~ov,
from 0pdfw
from
ireidw
persuade,
ire-(f>v-ov
slew
(cf. 06^-os
210
a.
In
Homer the same

:
murder}, etc. verb sometimes has forms with and without
the variable vowel
thus e/cXvo-v heard, imperative K\v-6i.
122
the impv. 3d plur.):
ftfyai,
1.
VERBS
thus e<m\v stood,
contracts a final
77
e/3T\v
went, infin.
but opt.
ftafyv,
3d plur. impv. fiavrwv.

a,
e,
The subjunctive
a>
or o of the
:
theme with the

2.
or
of the
mode
sign (
170, 2)
thus
0TJ5 for #-T|S (ri6r]î put),
&o for
of the
Sd-a>
In the optative the

put).
mode
170, 3)
(Sta>/u give). sign contracts with

:
the final vowel of the theme (
thus Otiyv,
NOTE.
But two deponent
verbs, eTrpia/Ariv bought (

if
257) and
200, note).
received profit, are accented as

3.
uncontracted
(cf.
Three verbs, SiScofju give, LTJ/JLL send, TiQj]^L put, keep the vowel of their stems short throughout the second aorist in the singular of the indicative active they have forms with -/ca ( 205); and in the infinitive and imperative they are 255, 256, 260. slightly peculiar. For their conjugation see
;
211 a. Properly, in the second aorist, as in the present, of -fj.i verbs, the long form should be found only in the singular of the indicative active
(see
plur.
200).
ej3a.fj.ev,
So we should have
etc.
sing,
ejS-rjv,
e/Sr/s,
fprj,
dual e/Sarov,
etc.,
into
But in Attic the long vowel of the singular has crowded the dual and plural, except in 5i'5w/, fy/xi, Tld-rjî. In Homer, as
:
might be expected, we sometimes find forms with the short vowel thus Parriv they (two} went, e-%v-ro was poured (exva). 211, 1 a. In Homer the subjunctive of the second aorist of -/j.i form is thus dt-wpev, d0-^-7?. But in such case the root usually uncontracted vowel usually appears in its long form: thus di\--g (Attic #775, for 0^-7?s),
:
d(St-r]-(Ti
or
6(0-77
(Attic
in
6(p,
for 56-rj).
Before the endings
-TOV,
-/j.ei>,
-re
of the active,
and
most forms
of the middle, the
mode vowel
is
then
short
<t>6i-6-/jLeo-8a
160 a): thus ar-h-t-Tov, 5(b-o-/j.ev, /SX^-e-rat (from /SdXXw throw}, (from <t>Qivw waste away}.
b.
211,
In Herodotus -aw and
-eo>
remain uncontracted
(
in the sub-
junctive,
(TTa-w-/ti',
-aw as elsewhere becoming -ew Attic ffT&ij.ev}.
199 e): thus
(rri-w-iJiev
(for
211, 2 a.
happens
Sfoj
to occur.
*5i>iT/),
In Attic no second aorist optative of themes in -u- or -tIn Homer such an optative is sometimes found thus
:
(for
dvfj.ev
(for
*8vi(ji.ev},
from dvw
enter,
<{>di
wv
(for
*<j)OuiJ.i]v},
(for *00uro)
from
<t>9ivu
waste away, perish.
THE FUTURE SYSTEM
123
THE FUTURE SYSTEM

(ACTIVE AND MIDDLE)
212.
The stem
el
of the future
is,
in general, the
same
as
that of the
vowel
( 201), except that the variable in the suffix instead of a thus Trai&ev-w appears
first aorist
:
.
educate, aor. e-Trat'Seu-cra, fut. TratSev-ao) (stem 7rai$evar) 1. Some few verbs in -<w (-e&>) and -aa> drop the a- of
the future and contract.

<j
This happens only when the of the tense sign is preceded by a short vowel (a or e) which in turn is preceded by a short syllable thus reXw
:
(-eo>) finish, fut. reX<w (for reXe-ao), reXeo));
/3t/3ao)
make
go, fut.
fiiftto
for
(/3t/3a-o-o>,
/3/3aa))
These oned among the Attic futures of

future of eXavvco drive.
213.
so also e'Xw (for eXa-crco), futures are usually reck;
215.
Liquid Verbs.
suffix
-ea>
with the
Liquid verbs form their futures (for -ecro>, 37); the e is contracted
with the following vowel, as in the present of <tX<w (-eV), thus fyaivw show (theme $az>-), fut. (f>avco, 199, 249
:
for
</>az>ea>.
The e here is probably a mere help vowel, generated in the pronunciation of a liquid before o- thus *<av-o-ou (regularly formed like Xv-cra>) soon became *<cu/o-o>, then <ai/e'co, and finally <avo>.
XOTE.
:
a suffix
A few verbs form their future with which -o-e~, undergoes the regular contraction. This is found only in verbs which employ the future middle in an active meaning such verbs have also the regular
214.
Doric Future.
future in -voâi
Trvevcro/jiai
;
thus
Trveco
breathe, fut. Trveuo-cv/jiai or
<eiryo) flee, fut.
cj)evôv pai
or 0eufo/uat.
This
213
a.
few liquid verbs

204 a)
:
in
Homer and
the Attic poets have a future
in -aw (cf.
thus opvvtu rouse,
fut. 6p<ru.
124
is
VERBS
the regular form of the future in the Doric dialect, and so it is usually called the Doric Future.
215.
suffix
Attic Future.
-<7e?I,
Verbs
:
in -%co also take the future
but drop the <r between the two vowels ( 37), which then contract thus VOJJL^CO think, fut. vopiti (for This is usually called the Attic Future. *vojMcrec!), %o//.ea>)
.
216.
Four or
five
verbs have no future
suffix, so
:
that
their future tense has the
form
of a present
thus eBoâi
shall eat, Trtb/zat shall drink.
NOTE.
sign
(
These forms are really old subjunctives with a short mode 160 a), which have come to be used as futures (cf. 555, note).
INFLECTION OF THE FUTURE

217.
The future belongs

paradigms see
to the
-co
form of inflection
for the
238-239.
THE FIRST PERFECT SYSTEM

218.
(ACTIVE)
(PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT)

formed by reduplicating ( 178) the theme and adding the suffix -/ca thus \e-\v-fca, from \vco loose.
of the first perfect
is
:
The stem
1.
from
A lingual mute is dropped before -tea thus ire-irei-ica, 7ret6-ft) persuade. A v either disappears or is changed
:
:
to 7-nasal
(fray-ica,
2.
thus
Ke-/cpL-/ca,
from
iepiva>
distinguish, but
Tre-
from
(frawco show.
Vowel verbs
7re-7roLi\-/ca,
usually have
-/ca
:
before the suffix
a long vowel ( 187) thus re-ri^-Ka, from rlfjia) (-ao>)
from TTOLCO (-ea>) do. themes liquid undergo metathesis ( 38), and so are treated as vowel themes ( 163, 1) thus {3e-@\r]-Ka,
honor ;
3.
Some
218
a.
In
Homer
the
first
perfect
is
found only in vowel verbs.
THE SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM (ACTIVE)

from {3d\\co (/3a\-) throw;
labor.
4.
ted- tc pi) -tea*,
125
from
/cdjAvco
Stems of one syllable with the vowel variation o, e, (a) 14, 1) have in the first perfect the form with a, ( borrowed, probably, from the perfect middle ( 224, 1, thus eVraX/ca, from o-reXXa) (<rreX-, crraX-) send ; note) e(f)@aip/ca, from <f)0eipct> ($0o/3-, <j>6ep-, fydap-) destroy.
:
THE SECOND PERFECT SYSTEM

219.
(ACTIVE)
(PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT)
The stem
to
of the second perfect (confined almost
primitive verbs) is formed by reduplicating wholly thus 76the theme, and adding the suffix -a 178) ( <ypa(f>-a, from ypd(f)a) (7/oa0-) write. 1. Most stems ending in TT, /3, AC, or 7 change the last
:
letter into the

/3e-/3Xa<|>-a,
corresponding rough mute

/SXaTrra) (/3Xap-) injure ;
12, 2): thus

'
from
^X" a
rom ^7^
(a-y-) lead.
Verbs whose themes show the variation of long and 13) have in the second perfect the long vowel ( 186, 1): thus re'-rîc-a, from TT^KW (TTJK-, ra/c-)
2.
short vowels (
melt.
219 a. Properly in the perfect system (which really belongs to the -/it form of inflection) we should have in the singular of the indicative active the* form of the theme with o, and elsewhere the form with no vowel or
with a
eoiKa
(
14).
(Compare the
are
inflection of o?5a,
259.)
Many
peculiar
forms in
Homer
like;
made
clear
by
this simple fact: thus ^KTIJI/,
from
am
^7r^7ri0/iej>,
from
W-Troitf-a trust;
yeydr^v (for
*ye-yv-T-r)i>,
14, 1, note),
from
ciple
etc.
(
from 7^-70^-0 have become; 7r<?-7rcur0e (for *7re-7ra0-re, 26), have suffered. So also 7re-0u7-/icôs, perfect middle partiof fatiyw flee. So also in Attic T^-rpa/x-/xat, r^-0/>a/*-/xcu, e-<7rpa^-/xat,
-n-t-TTovd-a
224,
1 a.
1,
note).
labial or palatal
219,
Homer never makes rough a
mute
in the
perfect active.
126
3.
VERBS
Verbs whose themes show the vowel variation o, e, 14) have in the second perfect the form with o ( (or ot) ( 186, 2): thus Te-rpocfr-a, from Tpecfxo (r/3o<-, nourish ; Xe-XotTT-a, from XetVa) (XotTr-, rpe(f>-, r/>a(/>-)
(a)
Xetvr-,
XTT-) leave.
1.
NOTE
have
lar
Themes with the
variation ov,
ev,
14, 2)
should also
(o) ov in the
is
form
second perfect, but the only example of this reguAll others have cv, as the Epic l\r)\ovOa have come.
from <evya> (<evy-, <vy-) flee. Verbs with Attic reduplication ( 179) regularly have the short form of the root: thus aX-^\\.<f>-a, from dAeC^xu anoint.
7T-^)vy-a,
NOTE
2.
few second perfects are formed without any the suffix, endings being added directly to the reduplicated theme thus e-ara-fjiev we stand, re-Ovd-vai, to be
220.
:
dead.
the indicative (cf.
Such forms are never found 219 a and 258).
in the singular of
INFLECTION OF THE PERFECTS ACTIVE

(FIRST AND SECOND)
221.
The
first
their inflection.
and second perfect systems are alike 242-243. For the paradigms see
-a
in
NOTE.
to
-e
:
In the third singular of the indicative active

(cf.
changes
7T7rai8evK
206, note).
1.
ciple
For the subjunctive and optative the perfect partiwith the corresponding form of elfit am is very often
:
used
2.
thus
TreTratSeu/co)?
is
a>,
TreTratSef/cco? eirjv (cf.
227)..
hardly ever found except in perfects with present meaning thus eo-raOi, stand.
:
The imperative
THE PLUPERFECTS ACTIVE

(FIRST
222.
AND SECOND PLUPERFECTS)

of
The stem
as that of the perfect active,
the pluperfect active is the same with the substitution of e or
THE PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM

77
127
a of the suffix thus 1st perf. \\v/ca, 1st plup. 2d perf. yeypacJMi, 2d plup. ee-\e-\v-tcrj
for the
:
INFLECTION OF THE PLUPERFECTS ACTIVE

(FIRST AND SECOND)
For the inflection of the pluperfects active, see the 242-243. For the augment see 176. paradigms
223.
THE PERFECT MIDDLE SYSTEM

PERFECT, PLUPERFECT,
AND FUTURE PERFECT

:
224. The stem of the perfect middle is the reduplicated theme, to which the endings are attached directly thus
Xe-Xf-fiat,
1.
from
\vco loose.
perfect middle in general agrees with the first in vowel changes of the theme and the active perfect retention or rejection of v. Examples are
:
The
from TL^W (-ao>) honor. 7re-7rotT|-yLtat, from TTOLCO (-ea>), do. 27, 3), from ireiO-a) persuade. 7re-7ricr-/Licu ( from (rre'XXa) (o-reX-, <rraX-) send. e-crraX-yiiat, from /cptva) (^ptv-) distinguish. t 38, 1), from /3aXX&> (/3aX-) throw. (
T-Tf/jLj\-fJLai,
NOTE. Properly the perfect middle of primitive verbs with the vowel variation o, e, (a) ( 14, 1 and 186, 2), should have the form of the theme with no vowel or a: thus re'-0pa/x-/u.at (rpe^w nourish), TCTpa/x-/Aou (rpeVa) turn), t-crrpa/x-jaai
(crTrep-)
(crrpe^w (urn),
(
|-cr7rap-yaat
((77rtpw
sow), T-ra-/xat
(for
*T-Tv-/xat
14,
1,
note),
from recVw
;
(rev-)
stretch), 7re-7rvcr-pxxi
e
(TTW&IVO/JUH (wevO-, TTV@-) learn)
but the
form of the theme with

send),
7re-7ricr-/xat (7reiQ-<o
a-
has often intruded
thus
Tre-rre/x-puxi (Tre/xTr-oo
For
see
persuade). at the end of the stem in the perfect middle of
some verbs
189.
-ee
222 a. Ionic usually has the uncontracted forms -ea, -ea-s, singular of the pluperfect thus ireiroldea trusted, Tjdee(v) knew.
:
in the
128
VERBS
INFLECTION OF THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT MIDDLE

225.
1.
The
vowel verbs
may
inflection of the perfect middle system of 244. In mute or liquid be seen in
verbs the final consonant of the theme before the personal endings- is subject to the euphonic changes mentioned in
25-31 and 35.

247.
These may be seen from the paradigms

at the
end of the perfect middle stem of some verbs ( 189) comes before cr in a personal ending, the two sigmas are reduced to one ( 35) thus re-reXed-fiai, re-reXecrat (for *re-reXecr-crafc), from reXa> (-e'a>)
2.
When
the
cr
finish; see
247.
In the third person plural of the indicative middle consonant stems employ the perfect participle with el<ri they are for the perfect, and with rjo-av they were for the
226.
pluperfect, since the endings -vrai, -vro are regularly used only after a vowel thus ^pevoi elai, they have been led.
:
227. The perfect middle subjunctive and optative (like the third plural of the indicative) are periphrastic. They are made by combining the perfect participle with the
subjunctive and optative of et/u am (cf. Latin amatus sim, amatus essem)', thus TreTraiBevfjievos o>, TreTraibev/jLevos eirjv.
226
a.
In Ionic the endings
-arcu, -a.ro (Attic -PTCU, -VTO,
167 d), are
employed in the third plural with consonant themes, and sometimes even with vowel themes before these endings TT, 0, /c, 7, are usually changed to the corresponding rough mutes thus re-rdx-arat, e-re-rdx-aro, from rdTTb) (T<ry-) arrange (Attic Teray^voi eiV, reray^voi ?j<rav'). So also Herodotus is very fond of these /3e-/S\T7-aTo, from /SdXXw (/3aX-) throw. endings, and uses them often with vowel verbs (the vowel before them being always made short): thus ot'/c^-arai (Attic ^/CTJ-J/TCU), from
;
:
-<?w
inhabit.
THE FIRST AOKIST PASSIVE SYSTEM

NOTE.
129
their subjunctive
few perfects middle that have a present meaning form and optative directly from the stem so /xe/avry/xat remember, from /xt/xv>/crK(o remind; subj. /xe/xvio/ixu, opt. /xc/uv>/ pyv or 2d pers. /xe/xi/jj-o, for */xe-/w,vr;-i-((7)o, etc.
:
THE FUTURE PERFECT

of the future perfect is formed by adding A vowel before of the perfect middle. stem -criin the is -cr~_ perfect middle it may always long, although have been short thus \e-\v-cr o-pai (perf. mid. Xe-Xu-yucu) from \vw loose; Se-frrj-cro-ftat (perf. mid. Se-&-/-tcu) from
228.
The stem
to the
So)
(Sew) bind.
INFLECTION OF THE FUTURE PERFECT

perfect is inflected with the middle from the future middle only in having endings. Its meaning is almost always passive. reduplication. For the paradigm see 244.
229.
It differs
The future
230.
Future Perfect Active.
Most verbs form
their
future perfects active periphrastically by combining the perfect participle with ecrofjiai shall be : thus 76-7 pantos
ecro/nai
shall have written (cf. in Latin the corresponding
passive form scriptus ero).
But two
perfects with present
meaning, in frequent use, have developed a special future These are redvrîca am dead {(a7ro)6vr)(ric(D perfect active.
die), fut. perf. TeOvijgco shall be
dead; and earrjKa stand

shall stand.
(fomjfu
set
up), fut. perf.
earâ)
THE FIRST AORIST PASSIVE SYSTEM

231. The stem of the first aorist passive is formed by adding to the theme of the verb the suffix -6e-, the e of which appears as 77 in the indicative, infinitive, and imperBABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
9
130
VERBS
211): thus
e-\v-0r)-v,
ative (except the 3d plur. impv., cf.
from
1.
\v(o loose.
(TT,
Before the 6 of the suffix a labial or palatal mute a lingual mute ft K, 7) becomes coordinate ( 25)
;
becomes a
do
26): thus
e-Trpd^-Oij-v (Trpcry-),
from
Trpdrrco
; e-\efy-07)-v
(Xenr-), from XetVo)
leave
; eTrefo-Orj-v (7ret6-),
from
2.
TreiBo)
persuade.
a vowel of the
e-rl/JL^-Orj-v
Vowel verbs show

:
same length
mid.
as in
the perfect middle
thus
(perf. mid.
Te-Ti'/-n]-//,at),
from from
tcptvco
3.
rZ/zw (-a&>)
SiSwfjLi
honor;
e-S6-0r)-v
(perf.
8e-o-/-iat),
give;
cr
-/cpi-0r)-v,
perf.
mid.
ice-tcpi-paL,
from
distinguish.
For the
before the suffix of some verbs (ereX&lipK,

189.
r)/cov<T07)v,
4.
etc.) see
Primitive verbs whose themes show the vowel variao, e, (a)
tion
the form with

rpeTT-, T/>a7r-)
14) usually have in the first aorist passive e thus e-Tptcfr-Orj-v, from r/oeVo) (T/OOTT-,
:
turn;
e-Xct^)-^?;^,
from
\ei7rco
(\oi7r-, Xe^TT-,
Xt?r-) leave.
SECOND AORIST PASSIVE

232.
The stem
by adding
of the second aorist passive is the suffix -e- to the theme of the verb.
formed This e
appears as 77 in the indicative, infinitive, and imperative 211) thus e-cfrdv-rj-v, from (except the 3d plur. impv., cf
. :
(f)aLV(0
(<ai>-) shoiv.
1. Primitive verbs whose themes show the variation between a short and a long vowel ( 13) have in the second aorist passive the form with the short vowel thus e-TCiK-rj-v, from Trj/c-a (T^/C-, ra/c-') 186, 1) (
:
melt.
2.
Primitive verbs whose themes show the vowel variao,

e, (a)
tion
14)
have
in
the
second aorist passive
THE FUTURES PASSIVE

the form with a (
(crreX-, <rra\-) send.
131
186, 2)
thus
-crTa.\-rj-v,
from
crriXXco
INFLECTION OF THE AORISTS PASSIVE

(FIRST AXD SECOND)
aorists passive are alike in the active endings ( 166, 1), and closely resemble the second aorist of the -fit form. For the paradigms see 245-246.
233.
The
first
and second
their inflection.
They take
1.
The subjunctive
co
with the
2.
or
rj
of the
contracts the e of the passive suffix mode sign ( 160, 2): thus \vO&
for \u-0-o> (\vco loose).
The
i
optative has for
mode
sign
-irji
in the singular
and
is
160, 1). contracted with the e of the suffix (
in the plural (
The
of the
mode
160, 2):
sign thus
\v0tirjv, \v6tifjLev (\vco loose).
In the dual and plural -nq- sometimes is found as the sign, but there is little doubt that this is due to errors of copyists, who were influenced by the analogy of the singular.
NOTE.
mode
3. The imperative ending -0i in the first aorist passive becomes -n to avoid rough mutes at the beginning of two
successive syllables (
40): thus \v0rj-ri (for *\v6j]-6C).
THE FUTURES PASSIVE

(FIRST
234.
AND SECOND FUTURES PASSIVE)

of
The stem
-<rjl
adding
233
for
a.
the future passive is formed by to the stem of the aorist passive (cf. 212;
In the third plural indicative
Homer
(
-<rai',
always with a short vowel preceding
often has the ending -v thus e-rpaQ-e-v 167 c)

:
were reared, Attic ^-Tpd^-tj-ffav. 233, 1 a. In Homer the subjunctive of the second aorist passive has the same peculiar form as the second aorist active of the -/M form (see
211, 1 a): thus
(
001/77-77
160 a) from
dd/j.vrnju
(Attic <t>avri, for â^-rj) from subdue.
<f>a.Lvu
shoiv,
132
228):
loose;
1.
VERBS
thus XvOrf-ao- pai (aor. pass.
<j)avij-cro-/jLai,
e-\v0rj-v~),
from
\vco
The
future passive
<f>aiva) (aor. pass. e-(f)dvrj-v^, is inflected like the future middle.
from
show.
For the paradigms see
245; 246,
1.
VERBAL ADJECTIVES
235.
The stems
-TO-
of the verbal adjectives are
formed by
adding same form as in the
and
-reo- to the
first
theme, which usually has the aorist passive, except that a rough
before the r of the suffix (
mute
thus,
is
made coordinate
25)
AORIST PASSIVE
Xuo> loose
(-a&))
)
VERBALS
e-\v-6rjv
honor
e-rlfjLrj-Qrjv
persuade
distinguish
e-Treia-Orjv
7raa--ro'?,
Ac/34-rd?, tcpi-reos
e-Kpi-Orjv
rp(f>co
arrange (ray-) e rd^-Orjv nourish e-dpe^-Orjv
ra/c-ro?, ra/c-reo?
verbal adjectives belong to the declensions of adjectives (XuroV, -r), -6v

1.
The
first
and second
Xureo?, -a, -ov).
See
2.
117.
For the accent
see
185, 2.
The
may
be done
verbal in -TO? expresses what has been done or that in -Teo? what needs doing thus XUTO?
;
loosed or loosable
Xtn-eo?
needing
to be loosed.
236.
The meanings
of the different persons, numbers,
may be seen from the following paradigm and synopsis of TratSevco educate. The meanings of the subjunctive and optative have no brief equivalent in English, and they must be learned from the chapter on
Syntax.
modes, tenses, and voices,
SYNOPSIS OF
7raL&ev(0
133
PRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE OF

SINGULAR
1.
ircuSevw educate
PLURAL
iraiSvo|tv
t
ircuSevb)
/ educate
you (two)
educate
ice
educate educate
2.
irai8uis you educate

iraiSeuei he
3.
educates
educate
irai$tvov<rithey educate
SYNOPSIS OF THE VERB
iraiSevw educate
THE PRESENT AND IMPERFECT

Active
iraiScvco
Middle
Passive
cate
Indie.
I edu- itai8vio|iai I educate for The present middle is used also as passive (or am myself, get educated
(or
educating)
ciraiScvov
am
getting edu-
158, 1)
cated}
I was
TTcuSev6p.r|v
I was
get-
educating
Subj.
iraiSevco iraiScvoifii
ting educated
TTCuScVWfJLCU
Opt.
luipv.
Infin.
iraCSeue
educate
iraiStvov get educated
iraiScvciv to edu-
iraiS6Va-6ai to get edu-
cate
Partic. irai8vwv
cated
edu-
ircuScuoficvos
getting
cating
educated
THE FUTURE
Indie.
iraiScv<ro>
I shall
educated
/ shall get
educate
Opt.
Infin.
iraiSevcroifju.
cuSv0r|cro|iai be educated
/ shall
iraiSevo-civ to be
irai8evo-<r0ai to be about
to get
about
cate
to
edu-
educated
be to irai8u0T|(rtr0ai about to be educated
Partic. ircuSevcroov about

to educate
iraiSvo-6(ivos about to
get educated
ircu8u0T]or6[ivos to be educated
about
134
VERBS
SYNOPSIS OF
Active
ircuSevw educate (continued}
THE AORISTS
Middle
Passive
C7rcu5eu0r|v
Indie.
liraiScvo-a
I edu-
iirai8euo-d(j.T]v
/ got edu-
icas
edu-
cated
Subj.
iraiSgvo-tt
cated
cated
Opt.
TTCuSeucraifu
-iraCScuo-ov
irat8ev0iT|v
Impv.
Infin.
edu-
ircuSevcrcu get
educated
be educated
cate
iraiSeva*ai
to
irai8v<ra<r0ai to get edu-
irat8v0T]vcu to be edu-
educate
Partic. ircuSevo-ds
cated
cated
hav-
iraiScvo-djAcvos
having
iraiSevdei's
having been
ing educated
got educated
educated
THE PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT

irirai8Ufj.ai
have educated
Indie.
reirouScvKT]
(or am,
I have got 534) educated
The
(
perfect middle
is
'used also as passive

158, 1)
iireirai8cv}j.T]v
had educated
Subj.
(ortcas,
/ had got 534) educated w
ireirai8ev|ivos
Opt.
Impv.
Infin.
irirai8V(ivos el'tjv irirai8V(ro be educated

ireircuSevo-Ocu to
have got
have educated
Partic.
(ortobe,53)educated
ireiraiSevpe'vos
having
534)
having
cated
edu-
got educated, or simply
educated
THE FUTURE PERFECT

Active.
Indie.
See
230.
irircuSeuKb>s eVojicu
/ shall
(Middle and) Passive. See 229. jTTrai8v<ro|Aai I shall have (got or)
been educated, or shall be educated (cf. 538)
7reirai8eu<roifXT|v
have educated
Opt.
Infin.
e'cr<r9ai
to
be
irTrai8v<reo-0ai to be about to have
about
Partic.
to
have educated etc.

<
(got or) been educated

ir
<
irai8ixr6|ivos about to have (got or) been educated
VERBAL ADJECTIVES
educated or capable of being educated needing to be educated
PARADIGMS OF
237.
-&)
VERBS
135
Present System
136
PARADIGMS OF
-ft)
VERBS
Future System.
238.
Vowel Verbs.
239.
(f>aiv(i)
Liquid Verbs.
((av-) show.
7raiSev-a> educate.
ACTIVE.
s.
MIDDLE.
ACTIVE.
MIDDLE.
Future.
iraiSevcro-|iai
Future (contracted).
4>aveis (-&is"
3 ircuScvo-ci
<f>av6i
(-&i)
4>av T1 or >avetTCU
~ ^ ( -
D. 2 irai8vo--Tov
3
P. 1
<{>avei-Tov (-<
irai8vo--o-0ov
<|>avi-TOv
(-t
<f>avi(T0ov (-ê-
<f>avov-fjkcv (-
4>avot'fi0a
<|)avior0
irai8euo--<r0
<}>avi-T (-&-)
<(>avov(ri
(--]
<j>avovvrai (-
No
Subjunctive
No
Subjunctive
S. 1 ircuSevo-oi-fu
irai8v<roi-}XT]v
<j>avoiT]-v (<j>avoii]-s (-601775) <})avoi-o (ôto)

<f>avoiT] (-foirj}
2 irai8v<roi-s
iraiStvo-oi-o
3 irai8ev<roi
iraiScvo-oi-ro
4>avoi-ro (-eoi-)
<|>avoi-(r0ov (-^01-)
D. 2 irai8vo-oi-TOv iratSevo-oi-o-Oov
<|>avoi-Tov (Woi-)
^ c
3 irai8ev(roi-TT]v irai8U(roi-<r0T]v 4>avoi-Tt]v

P.
1
(-co/-) <j>avoi-<r0T]v (-eo/-)
irai,8V(roi-(JL6v
<j>avoi-[JLv (-eoi-)
<j>avoi-|i0a (-eo/-)
<J>avoi-cr0
2 ircuSevcroi-TC
<j>avoi-T
(-ôt-)
(-^01-)
3 iraiSevtroie-v
irai8V(roi-vTO
<j>avoi-v (-ôt-)
<j>avoi-vTO (-ôt-)
No
Imperative
No
Imperative
Infin.
iraiScvo-civ
irai86t<r-(T0ai
irai8v<r6-|JLvos,
-T],
<J>aviv
(-êiz/)
4>avei-cr0ai (-ê-)
<j>avov-(Jivos(-e(S-),
-TJ,
Part.
iraiScvo-wv,
-oxxra, -ov
<|>avwv (-^wi/),
-oii<ra,
-ov
-ovv
-ov
NOTE.
For an explanation
of
some
of the
forms see
170, notes 1-3,
PARADIGMS OF
240. First Aorist System.
-a)
VERBS
137
241. Second Aorist System.
138
PARADIGMS OF
242. First Perfect System.
TrcuSev-to educate.
-a)
VERBS
243. Second Perfect System.
AdVa)
(AoiTr-, ACITT-, AITT-,
14, 2)
leave.
ACTIVE.
1st Perfect.
1
ACTIVE.
2d Perfect.
XcXoiira
XcXoiira-s
Xc'Xoiire
1st Pluperfect.
l-irt-iraiSewKt]
2d Pluperfect,
c-XcXoiirrj
jre-iraiSevKO,
2 ire-iraiSevica-s
-ir-irai8VKTj-s
e-XeXoiirt]-s
3 ire-iraiSeuKe
-'ir-irai8VKi(v)
4-XXoiim(v)
D. 2 ir-irai8evKa-TOv l-ire-iraiSevKe-TOv
3 ire-iraiSevKa-TOv P.
1
l-i
-;
XeXoiira-rov 4-XeXoiire TOV

XeXotira-rov 6-XeXoiirc-riiv
irc-iraiSevKa-fjtev
2 ir-irai8VKa-T
-1
-ir-Trai8cvK-(rav
S. 1 ire-iraiSevKw
XcXoiircuri
XeXoiirti)
-XcXoire-(rav
(See also
221, 1.)
(See also
221, 1.)
2 1T-ir(uSVKT|S 3
-,
XeXoCiqis
D.2
P.
1
XeXoiir-q-Tov
Tr-irai&VKci>-(Xv
2 ire-iraiSevKTi-Te 3 ire-iraiSevKcixri
S. 1 ire-iraiSevKoi-ixt
XeXoiirq-re XcXoiirbxri
or
'*
-oii\-v
-O(TJ-S
-OITJ
(See also
221, 1.)
XeXoiiroi-p.1
or
-oli\-v
-oit]-s
(See
also
2 ire-iraiSevKoi-s
XeXotiroi-s
"
'
3 ire-iratStvKOi
XtXoiiroi
-oCr,
221
I-)
D. 2 ire-iraiSevKoi-TOv
3 ire-iraiStvKoi-Tqv
P. 1 ir-'irai8TJKOi-fi.v
XeXoCiroi-rov
XXoi1TOl-T
XeXoiiroie-v
3
f
S.
2 [ire-iraC8VK 3 ire-ircuSevKe'-Tco
3 7T-ir<u8VK-Ta>V
(See also
221,2.)
[Xe'Xoiirc
(See also
221, 2.)
XeXonre'-Tw
XeXoiire-TOV
V
Infin.
XcXonre-Twv
P. 2 1T-irai5VK-T
3 ire-iraiSevKo-vTtov]
ire-iraiSeuKe'-vai
XXoiir6-vTwv]
Part.
ire-iraiSevKws, -Kvia, -KOS
XeXoiirws, -via, -6s
NOTE.
The
infinitive
For an explanation of some of the forms see and participle active are irregular in accent
170. notes 1-3.

(
185).
PARADIGMS OF
-&>
VERBS
139
244. Perfect Middle System

7raiSev-<D
educate
140
245.
PARADIGMS OF
First Passive
TTcuSev-o)
1st Aorist
S. 1 e-ir<u8v0T]-v
-o>
VERBS
Second Passive System
<f>aiva} (<^>av-)
System
1st
246.
educate
appear
Future
or
2d Aorist
-<j>dvT]-v
ircuSu0ifjaro-|Aai
2 i-irai8v0T)-s
D. 2
P.
-irai8cv0ii-TOv
irai,8u0^(r6-<r0ov
4-<j>dvTj-TOv
3 4-irai8v0T|-TT]v
1
-1T<u8V0Tl-|WV
6-1 4-i
-<|>dvT]-flCV
4-<|)dvT]-T
-<|>dvTj
3
f
<rav
S. 1 iraiSev0a>
<|>ava>
2 irai8ev0fjs 3 ircu8v9fj
<j>avfjs
D. 2
ircuSevOi]
TOV
No
Subjunctive
<|>avfi-TOv <f>avfi-TOv
3 irai8ev0T]-Tov
P. 1 ircu8v9a>-|iv
2 3
S. 1 irai8v0iTi-v
2 3
<
<j>aviT)-s
irai8v9if|(roi-TO
4>aviT]
D.2
3 ircuSevOci-TTiv
[-CITJTTJV]
<|>aVl-TOV [-IT]TOV]
<J>aVl-TT]V [-l^)T^v]
P. 1 irai8U0l-|JLV [-lT]p,v]
4>aVCl-|lV [-lT]fJlvJ
4>avei-T
2 irai8V0l-T [-ll]T] 3 irai8u0i-v [-tT]<rav]

S.
[-IT]T]
4>av6i-v [-eiTjcrav]
<j>dvTj-0i
2 iraiSev'Ori-Ti
4>avr|-Ta)
D. 2 irai8u0T]-TOv 3 irai8v0T|-Ta)v
P. 2 rrai8v0t]-T 3 irai8v0-vTwv
Infin.
irai8eu0fi-vai
iraiSevOeis,
No
Imperative
CJ>dvt]-TOV
<}>dvT]-T
<j>av-VTWV
4>avf]-vai
Trai8\)0T)o-6-fUvos. -OV -T],
<f)aivw
Part.
-i<ra,
1.
-etcra.
-ei
The
future passive of
ai)
is
inflected exactly like
For an explanation of some of the forms see XOTE. 170, notes 1-3. For the accent of the aorist subjunctive and optative see 233, 1-2. The of the aorist are in accent and infinitive participle irregular ( 185).
PARADIGMS OF
-ft)
VERBS
141
247. In the perfect and pluperfect middle of stems ending in a consonant various euphonic changes occur ( 225).
AetTTOJ (AeiTT-,
14, 2)
ayoo (ay-)
lead.
7ret$(u (jruO-,
14, 2)
<ati/a>
(<av)
leave.
persuade. PERFECT INDICATIVE.

q-y-p.cu
<
show.
S. 1 Xe'-Xein-ficu
ire'-imcr-p.cu
ire'-4>acr-|iai
2 Xe-Xeitj/ai 3 Xe-Xeiir-T<H D. 2 \-\ei<j>-0ov
ni aL
ire-irewrai
ire-ireio'-Tai
ire'-ireio-0ov
[ire-<J>av-o-ai]
-rjK-Tai
-rjx"
ire-<|>av-Tai
ire'-<f>av-0ov
ov
3 \-Xet4>-0ov
P. 1 \-Xei|i-[Jt0a 2 \e'-\i<|>-0
^x~^ ov
rf-y-H-eOa
ire-ireio-0ov
ire-ire io--|i6a
ir-<})av-0ov
-^ ir-<j>do--(ie0a
ire'-(j)av-0
Tre-câcr-fj-e'voi elo*C
^X~
T]-y-[j.e'voL
ire-ireio-06
etcri
Xe-XeifJi-fie'voi etcri
ire-ire io*-p.voi ettri
PLUPERFECT INDICATIVE.
S. 1 l-Xe-Xe((JL-}JLT|v
TJ'Y-IXTIV
-rjô
e-ire-ireio'-ji'rjv
e-ire-<f>do--|iT|v
i-Xe'-XeixJ/o
-ire'-ireio-o
[e-ire'-<})av-o-o]
D. 2
3
P. 1
e-Xe-Xei<|)-0ov
^-Xe-Xe(<j)-0T|v
-qx~
ov
e-ir-ireio-0ov
-ire-ireio"0T|v
e-ire-<})av-0ov
-ire-<p(xv-0T]v
'HX~" TI^'
TJf-|ie0a
'HX' 6
rcy-jJievoi
-Xe-Xeip.-|ie0a
-Xe'-Xei<j)-0e
e-ire-ireio--p,e0a
e-ire'-ireio-Oe
e-ire-4>do--|i0a
-ire-j>av-0
3 Xe-Xei(i-fievoi rjo-av
rjaav ire-ireia-jxe'voi rjaav ire-âa-fjte'vot -qorav
Xe-Xeip.-|ievos
PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE AND OPTATIVE. w TJ-yF vos * ire-ireio--(Ji'vos w ire-<j>ao--|jL'vos w

' t
PERFECT IMPERATIVE.
S. 2 Xe'-Xei\(;o
ô
-rjx'Ow
ire'
ireio-o
[ire-<J>av-o-o]
Xe-Xei<|>-0a)
ire-ire(o-0a>
ir-<f>dv-0o
ire'-<j>av-0ov
D. 2
Xe-Xei<|>-0ov
TJX~^ OV
TJx-0<>v
'HX"
6
ire-ireio-0ov
ire-ire io-0a>v
3 Xe-Xei<f>-0a>v
P. 2 Xe-Xei<)>-0e 3 Xe-Xei4>-0o)v
ire-<|>dv-0a)v
ire-<|)av-0e
ire-ireio-0e
ire-ire io-0o>v
j\\-Qo)v
ire-<j>dv-0wv
PERFECT INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE.

Xe-Xei<j>-0ai
Xe-Xeiji-jjie'vos
1.
^X~^ at
TJY"rl * vos
ire-ireto--0ai
ire-irio--(JLe'vos
ire-(j>dv-0ai
Like
in a labial
ning with
(TTC/XTT-)
\e\ifjifj.ai are inflected all stems of the perfect middle ending mute. But stems in -/J.TT- lose the TT before all endings beginthus 7r^7re,u//,cu (for *7re-7re/Liir-/iai), TrtTrefjiâi, etc., from TTÛTTCJ /JL:
send.
Like %y/j.a.i are inflected all stems of the perfect middle ending in a But stems in -77- or -7%- lose a final mute before all endpalatal mute. thus tX-fiXey-fj-ai (for *e\r)\ey)(r fj.ai^ from tXeyx ** ings beginning with ^
2.
:
(Ae?*-) convict ( 179). 3. Like 7r^7rei<r/icu are inflected in a- or a lingual mute.
all
stems of the perfect middle ending
142
PARADIGMS OF
-a)
VERBS
248.
Present System of Contract Verbs in -aw

,
TLfJi.il)
ônor
ACTIVE
Present
S.
1
MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
Present
11 (-do-)
Imperfect
crfjiw-v (-aov)
Irtjid-s (-aes)
Imperfect
Ti|xw-nt]v (-a6-)
TI|JLCO
Tip,w (-do>)
2 Tinas (-dets) 3 Tlp4(-dei)
rijia (-drj or -det)
(-dot;)
6Ttp.d(-ae)
Tip,a-Tai (-de-)
Tip.d-<r0ov (-de-)
6Ti(jia-TO (-de-)
D. 2 Tip,d-Tov
P.
1
(-de-) Irip-d-Tov (-de-)

Ti|xd-Tt]v (-ae"-)
Tl|JLW-|lV (-do-)
Tiptd-o-0ov (-de-)
3 Tip,d-Tov (-de-)
Tlp.W-|iV (-do-)
Tip.d-or0ov (-de-) 6Tip.d-o-0T]v (-a^-)
2 rlfid-re (-de-) 3 Tijjtw<ri (-dof-)

S. 1 Tip.a (-da>)
Tip,d-T (-de-)
Tl|id-(T0
(-ae-)
lTtp.d-o-0
(-de-)
crtp-wv (-aov)
Tlp,(b-VTai (-do-)
(-dwyicai)
Tlp.(0-VTO (-do-)
ri|ia (-dy)
D. 2 Tijid-Tov 3 Tl|ld-TOV
Tip.d-o-0ov
P. 1 Tlfl-}JlV ( ~~r 2 Tip,d-T (-dTjre)
3 Tip,w<ri (-dwo"tj
S. 1 Tip,wT]-v(-ao{-)
(-dcovrat)
2 Tip,wr]-s (-aof-) [TIJJLWS (-dots) ]
(-doto)
TlfJLW-TO (-doiT
3
I).
Ttp,wT| (-aot-)
[Tip,w (-dot)]
2 TIJJ.W-TOV (-dOLTOv) 3 Tl|A-TT]V (-OO^Tiyi')

Tl(JLW-|X6V (-dot/*ei')
TijJtw-<r0T]v
P. 1
rip.w-p.e0a (-a.oLfj.eda)
2 Tip,-T6 (-dotre) 3 Ti|A-v (-doiei')

S. 2 rffia (-ae)
Tip,d-(T0(o (-aecrdwi)
D. 2 Ti(id-Tov
(-
Tip.d-cr0ov (-dea-ôj'
Tip,d-<r0a)v (-aea-0ui>
Tip.a-<r0
(-decree)
3 Tifid-Tcov ( P. 2 rind-re (-dere)
3 TIJJUO-VTWV
Infin.
rijjtd
(-
Tip,d-<r0fa)v (-
Tifid-<r0ai (-
Part.
-<ra, -wv
Tl(lW-p,VOS (~a6),
-TJ,
-OV
PARADIGMS OF
249.
-a)
VERBS
-
143
Present System of Contract Verbs in

)
love
ACTIVE
Present
f
MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
Present
Imperfect
Imperfect
S.
<|>iXov-n-) 6<t>iXov-(iT]v (-
2 (fnXeis (-^
etfnXei-s (-ees)
cjnXei (-^77 or -eVt) e<j>i\ov (-e'en)
3 <juXt (-& D. 2 <|>i\i-TOv 3

P.
1
iffta
(-ee)
<|>iXei-Ti\6i-<r0ov (
<i)i\6t-TOv (-ê
cjuXet-o-Oov (-^6-)
<j>i\t-<r0ov (-ê-
2 <>i\i-T 3
(-
(-ee-)
I<|>i\t-<r06 (-^
<|>i\ov<ri (-
4<)i\o
<|>i\ov-vTai (-eo-)
<JI\OV-VTO (-
S. 1 <fu\a> (-^w)
<J>iXTJs
(-^s)
<}>iXT]-Tai (<}>iXti-o-0ov {-
<j>iXfj (-^T?)
D. 2
<|>iXfi-TOv (-^77x01')
{-
3 4>tXf]-Tov
P. 1 (fuXw2 <j>iXri-T
4>iXfj-(r6ov (<{>iX(6-p.eOa
(-ew
(-
<j)iXwcri (-
4>iX<o-VTai
[<(>iXoi-(jii (
(-eWrat)
S. 1 4>iXo(T)-v (-eo/-)
<f>iXoi-fit]v (-
<j>iXotT]-s (-eo/-)
[4>tXot-s
<|>iXot-o (-eoio)
<|>iXoi-TO (-eoiro)
D. 2 <JnXoi-TOv
3 <j>iXo-TT]v
((-
<|)iXot-<r6ov (<{>iXoi-(rOr|v
P. 1 <jnXoi-[J.v (2 <|>iXoi-T (-^

[
cf>iXoi-(i0a (<|>iXot-<r0
3 <}>iXoi-v
S. 2 4>CXi (-ee)
4>iXoi-vro (-eW-ro)
<JnXov (-ôu)
<|>iXi-<r0a> (-
3 4>lXl-TO) (D. 2 <JnXei-TOv ( 3

cjuXei-TttJ' (-eeYwj')
<j>iXi-<r0ov (-
P. 2 <juXi-T
(-êre)
<>iXi-cr0
(-
3
Infin.
<|>iXov-vT<tfv(-e6i>Ta>i')
<j>iXei-o-0a>v (-
<f>iXciv (-êii')
4>iXi-<r0at
(-
Part.
4>iXwv (-^wi'), -overa, -ovv
<|>iXov-(Jivos (-e6-),
-t],
-ov
144
PARADIGMS OF
-co
VERBS
-o
250.
Present System of Contract Verbs in

o\?Aa>
(877X0-0)) manifest
ACTIVE
Present
S. 1 8r]Xa> (-6w)
MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
Present
8T)XoV-|iai (-OO-)
Imperfect
48^|XOV-V (-OOP)
Imperfect
8T]XoV-fl.T]V (-06-)
8^X01 (-677 or -6ei) 48ii\ov (-6ov) cSrjXov-s (-oes) 3 8ti\oi (-6ei) StjXov-Tai (-6e-) eStiXov-ro (-6e-) iS^Xov (-oe) D. 2 8r]Xov-TOv(-6e-) 8T]Xov-TOv (-6e-) 8t|Xov-<r0ov (-6e-) eSiiXov-o-Oov (-oe-)
3 8T]Xov-TOv(-6e-) 8T]Xov-TT]v(-o^-) 8rjXov-o-0ov (-oeP. 1 8rjXov-|Xv (-60-) l8T]Xov-p,6v(-6o-) 8t]Xov-|X60a(-o6-) l8TjXov-|Jt60a(-o6-)
2 6ri\ots (-6eis)
2 STjXoO-T (-6e-) 48T)Xov-T6 (-6e3 StjXovo-i (-6ou-) eSrjXovv (-ooi')

S.
8t]Xov-vTai (-60-) ISTjXov-vro (-60-)
2 SrjXois
(-6rjs)
8t]XoE (-677)
StjXoi (-677)
(-677x0?')
(-677x01')
SrjXw-Tai (-677x04)
8T)Xa>-o"0ov (-6Tj<rdov^)
D. 2 SrjXw-TOv
3 SijXw-Tov
P.
8t]X-o*9ov
(-6770"0oi')
2 8TjXw-T 3 8r]Xwcri
(-677Tc)
8riXw-<r0
(-6770-06)
(-6wo-i)
8-qXw-vrai (-6wi'rat)
S. 1 8T]Xoiti-v (-00^-) [8TiXoi-fu(-6oi-)] 8tiXoi-|XT]v (-
2 8r]XoiTi-s (-oof-) [SrjXoi-s (-6ois)] 3 8r]Xoiri (-oof-) [8^X01 (-6ot)] D. 2 SrjXoi-TOv (-6oiro')
8^X01-0 (-6oto)
8r]Xoi-TO (-6oiro)
8T)Xoi-<r0ov (-6oto"0o')
8T]Xoi-o-0T]v (-ooladriv)
3 StiXoi-TTjv
P. 1
(-001x771')
8r]Xoi-(Jiev (-boifj.ev')
8r]Xoi-}JL0a (-ool/meda)
87]Xoi-<r0
(-6oio-0e)
2 8tjXot-T (-6oire) 3 S-qXoie-v (-6otei/)

S.
SriXoi-vro (-6otj^ro)
2 SrjXov (-oe) 3 8i]Xov-Ta> (-o^xw)
8-qXov (-6ou)
8i]Xov-or0w
((-
D. 2 8i]XoO-TOv (-6exo^)
3 SrjXov-Twv (-o^xw^) P. 2 8t]XoO-T (-6exe)
8r]Xov-<r0ov
8r]Xov-or0fc)v (-
8r]Xov-or0
8t]Xov-o-0a)v (-
3 8t]Xov-vTtov
Infin.
(-o6i'xwj')
SrjXovv
(-6eti')
8t]Xov-o-0ai (-oiio-a,
Part.
SijXwv (-6wi/),
-ovv
SriXov'-^vos (-06-),
-TJ,
-ov
PARADIGMS OF
251.
-yu
VERBS
145
Present System.
TL@r][j.i (0e-, 6rj)
put.
ACTIVE.
MIDDLE (PASSIVE).
146
252.
PARADIGMS OF
-/u
VERBS
Present System.
PARADIGMS OF
253.
-/xt
VERBS
147
Present System.
148
PARADIGMS OF
-fjii
VERBS
PARADIGMS OF
255.
-p,i
VERBS
256.
149
Second Aorist System
150
257.
PARADIGMS OF -u VERBS
Second Aorist System
set
loriy/xi (ora-, crrry-)
PARADIGMS OF
258.
fJii
VERBS
(
151
220)
Second Perfect System without Suffix

IOT77/AI (ora-, orr^) set
SECOND PERFECT ACTIVE

Indicative
S. 1 (2o-TT]Ka)
SECOND PLUPERFECT ACTIVE

Indicative
Subjunctive
stand
TT,
etc.
(Slo-TTjicas)
(like <TTW,
257)
(l<TTi]Kl)
3 (&TTT|ICC)
Optative
4-<rTaiT]-v, etc.
D. 2
3
P. 1
~
2-crra-TOv 2-o-ra-Tov
(like <TTaCt]v,
257)
2-arTa-fwv
(l-<TTa-T6
-o-ra-nv
~<TTCl~T
I-O-TOIO-I
Imperative
O
3
~(TTCl-wL
e-o-rd-Ttt, etc.
<t-<TTa-a
av
Infinitive
Participle
eo-rd-vcu
eo-Ts,
c-a-Two-a, I-CTTOS
131, note)
Ot8a (for */roâ ( 2 a), stem oi*-, e*8-, t^-, 14, 2), a perfect with present meaning, is formed without redupli259.
cation.
Its inflection
(somewhat irregular)
Imperative
is
as follows
SECOND PERFECT
Indicative
1
SECOND PLUPERFECT
Indicative
TJ'STJ
Subjunctive
ciSw
elSfjs
clSfj
Optative
o!Sa
oicrSa
otSe
[fj'Seiv]
f|8(v)
to-rov
ct8eirT]v
D.2 tTTOV
3
P. 1
tCTTOV
6l8f|TOV
TJ<TTOV
l8f\TOV
UT|UV
t<TT6
etSei|iv
ctSeire [-ir]T] ctScicv [-iT](rav]
t(rr
I'o-rwv
brcurt
^<rav,
Infinitive
Participle
is, etSxria,
etScvai
tS6s
gen. etSoros, etc.
131)
259
olda:
a.
Ionic occasionally has other (regular) forms from the stem

otSas, o?5a/uej>, orSacrt.
;
thus
has perf. 1st plur. td/j.ev pluperf. rfSea, fj8r)<rda (ê/5?;s), or y5ei (êtSet). 3d plur. foav: subj. 1st sing. ei'S^w, et'Su), t'Sew plur. fern, infin. W/iewt, f5/tej/ ( 167 e) efSoAtey ( 160 a), eftere ( 160 a), ei5<ri
b.
7?5ee
;
Homer
participle idv?a.
c.
Future efcro/xat and fl5ri<ro/j.a.i.. Herodotus has 1st plur. ?5/aej/: pluperf. 1st sing. g5eo, 3d
;
sing. ySee,
2d
plur. ^Sâre
future
e/57?<7w.
152
260.
Tidrj/jLi (
IRREGULAR VERBS
~!T\\LI
IN is
(theme
e-, 77-)
send
251, 255).
The present and second

:
inflected nearly like aorist sys-
tems are inflected as follows

ACTIVE
PRESENT
Indicative
MIDDLE (PASSIVE)
IMPERFECT
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
Subjunctive Indicative
Indicative Subjunctive Indicative
T||U
IRREGULAR VERBS
IN
-p.L
olro) are
153
some-
In the optative, forms of the -w inflection

times found
aorists
(
(i'orre,
totey,
170, 4).
; ;
The future of irjfju is rjo-w perfect e?/ca, efytcu and the perfect hardly ever occur except
aorist passive eWrjv. in
The
compounds.
261.
Etju (theme
Z-, el-
Latin
eo, z're)
#0 has only the

IMPERFECT
Indicative.
present system.
Indicative
PRESENT.
154
262.
IRREGULAR VERBS
IN
-/xt
Elju (theme ea- ; Latin present and future systems.

PRESENT.
Indicative
S. 1
ftjJLl
es-se)
be
has only the

IMPERFECT
Subjunctive
CO
Optative
IT]V
Imperative
tcrOi
Indicative
TJ,
TJV
el
TJS
V[
C^TJS
eft]
rjcrGa
-qv
lorrC
eo-rw
<TTOV
rTa>v
D. 2
3
P.
1
CTT6v
TJTOV
ctrOV, ei'fJTOV
etrTjv, elTJTTjv
etfiev, dr\\itv
TJCTTOV
<TTOV
<T(Jtv
T|TOV
aifjiev
2
3
Infin.
<TT6
T|T
cocri
tire,
tt]T
<TT
tcrrtov.
^T,
eVrcocrav
o\5<rt]s,
-qO-TC
cUrt
elvai
eiev, eiTjcrav
rjcrav
Partic. wv, ovcra, 6v, gen. OVTOS,
etc. (
129)
FUTURE
etc.
;
indicative eVo/zcu, etc. (3d sing. eVrcu

;
(20));
optative
foolfiriv,
infinitive eVeo-flcu
participle
ô-6/xej/os, -?;, -oi/.
NOTE.
The present indicative

)
;
(originally ecr-cn junctive (5 is for

infinitive
eli/at is
eV-rt retains the
<o,
from
*eo--o>;
;
for *e<r-/>ii ( 16) et is for *eVt The suboriginal ending rt. the optative efyv is for *eV-t>;-v. The
et'/u is
;
for *eo--vat
the participle
on/ is
for ewy,
from
*ecr-coi'.
1.
All forms of the present indicative, except the second

el,
person singular
262
a.
are enclitic
70).
But the third person
Homer
has
e!s
;
Present indicative 2d sing. *Wi',
1st plur. d/j^v
3d
plur. etV/, edVi.

ê^,
Imperfect 1st sing, â, ea, eoi/ (?); 2d sing, eô-â, ââ; 3d sing, 3d plur. ^<rai', eaai'. Iterative e<TKoi> ( 191 b). eT/i/, ^T;I/, Ijv;
Subjunctive 1st sing, ew,
ewcrt. -et'w;
3d
sing.
eTjo-i,
^<rt, CT/,
efy^); 3d plur.
,
Optative also
Infinitive also
eots, eot.
f/j./j.evat
Imperative
(for *eV-/*ei'cu)
eoi',
,
e<ro-o
e/ieôt,
e/x/xej',
e/xe^ (
(middle). 167 e).

35), etrrai (
Participle ewp, ôOo-a,
etc.
Future also
eV-o-o/wu, etc.;
3d
sing. eV-o-ercu, eo-erat
20),
and (Doric
b.
future,
214)
<?<r<mrcu.
Herodotus has
els;
Present indicative 2d sing,
1st pi.
efyceV.
Imperfect ea; 2d sing, eas; 2d plur. eare.

Subjunctive ew,
ecu<rt.
Iterative
<TKOI>
(191 b).
&v.
Optative (once) eWoi.
Participle
IRREGULAR VERBS
singular eVrt takes
its
IN
-/xt
155
first syllable
written accent on the
When
When
eanv
it
stands at the beginning of a sentence
as
Be TI? ouro? / but

it
who
is this
f
;
expresses existence or possibility
as aol pev
IBelv it is possible
it
for you
to see ;
/cat,
follows the conjunctions et, the adverbs ou/e, /-IT;, or o>? as ou/c eanv
;
When
or aXXa, or
is not.
verb
In composition the participle is accented as in the simple thus 7rap-wv present. In the subjunctive and optative, Tra/o-oi See 170, 2), Trap-ei/xei/, etc., the accent is not irregular. (for -co, 170, 2-3 and 185, note.
:
NOTE.
Latin fa-ri) say (<a-, <f)ijas follows present system PRESENT

263.
$T|[ii
;
:
is
inflected in the
IMPERFECT
Indicative
.
Indicative
S. 1
Subjunctive
{>, <j>fj s
,
tout
<}>TIS
<|>fj,
etc.
Hv
eô-ea or e^s
fyr\
(like <TTW,
257)
<}>T]<rC
D. 2
3
P. 1 2
Optative
<f>arov
c|>a(T,v,
?4>aTov
cfHxrov
4>a.[iv
<j>aT
(JXXCTL
j,a^s, etc.
.^
c4>a(Jicv
(like o-rairjv,
257)
Imperative.
<j>d6i
gârt
etc.
<(>a(rav
or 4>a0i,
<}>a.T(o,
Infinitive
<j>dvai
Participle
4>ds, 4>a<ra, <f>dv,
Verbal Adjectives
<j>ar6s, <f>ar'os
<j>do-Kwv is
but in Attic used instead.
The future
1.
is
0^0-w, etc.
aorist e^Tjo-a, etc.
All forms of the present indicative, except the second

$77'?,
person singular
are enclitic
70).
263 a. Homer has subj. 3d sing. 07777 ( 211, 1 a). For f<t>av (imperfect 3d plural) see 167 c. He often uses the middle forms of <t>-r)/j.l, which are seldom or never found in Attic thus imperf. e0ci u77J>, e0aro ; impv. 0do,
:
/
a7,
etc.
infin. (frdcrdai
participle 0ciêvos.
<f>d[j.ei>os.
b. Herodotus often uses the middle participle
156
IRREGULAR VERBS
IX
-JJLL
264. Kcijicu (/cet-) lie, am laid (regularly used as the perfect passive of TiOrjî pu). PRESENT IMPERFECT
Indicative
S. 1
K61JJ.CU
Subjunctive
K(0|iai,
Kt'fl,
Indicative
KlfJLT]V
Kei<rai
KClTttl
Kt]Tcu, etc.
CKCKTO
KLTO,
Optative.
D.2
3
mfarOov
K t<reov
MOIRV,
KIOIO,
v
Kifj.e0a
KCOITO, etc.
P.
KfCpda
K6 io-0e
Imperative.
KCIO-O, Kl<r0CO, 6tC.
eKcio-Oe
KtLVTUL
Infinitive
CKCIVTO
Participle
:
KetcrOat (so also in

Ka.Ta.Kl<r6a,
composition contrary to 184)
Ki|ievos
The
future
is Kel<ro/j.ai, etc.,
regular.
265.
HjjLat (*}<r-) sit retains

-rat,
the
the endings
and
-TO.
It is
cr of its stem only before found only in the present
system
PRESENT
Indicative
if-fiou. i]<r<u, ij<r-TCU
fj
;
IMPERFECT
Indicative
TJ'-(JIT]V,
rjcrOov, TJ<r0ov
if(ro,
iftr-ro
(i0a, T](r0, T]-VTCH

Infinitive
i]o-0ai
rf<r0ov, Tf<r0T]v
Imperative
,
Participle
T]-^0a, i|o-0, rf-vro
etc.
The subjunctive and optative of the simple verb are not found.
264 a.
;
Homer has
pres. indie.
3d plur.
(
KetVrcu, Ktarai (
/ceiaro
;
167 d), KeLarai.
impf. 3d plur. e/cetj/ro, KO.TO iterative 3d sing. ( 191 b) ^^-(r/cero.

b.
167 d),
in the
subj.
3d sing,
/c^rat,
Herodotus usually has

See
-ee-
for
ei-
3d
sing. (K&TCU)
sometimes
perhaps in
e/ceiro, Kei<r6ai (^/c&ro, /cê<râi).
He always
has Kârai (= KeivTai)
and
âro (=
and
eKetj/ro).
167 d.
265 a. For the 3d plur.

&ZTCU,
T?OTO
(ei'aro in
Homer
some
has rfarcu (elarat in some editions), Heeditions), ^'aro (Attic ^rat, Î/TO).
See
167 d.
rodotus always has
arcu, âro.
IRREGULAR VERBS
For
rjfiai
rjfjLai,
IN
157
Attic almost always uses the compound (properly sit down), which loses the <r of its stem
/caOfjvTo of the imperfect.
:
everywhere except in the form

It is inflected as follows
PRESENT
IMPERFECT
Indicative
Ka0TJ|n]v
CK(X01]0-0
or
6Kd0T)TO
Ka0T|(r0ov
K<X0T|<r0T]V
KO,0T]CrTO
Ka0f|cr0ov
K0.0T|0-0T]V
CKa0T)(r0
o
Ka0f|cr0e
Ka0f|vTO
FORMATION OF WORDS
268. Words are formed in two ways (1) by Derivation and (2) by Composition. 1. Derived words are formed by means of suffixes (which are not themselves separate words) either from roots or from the stems of other words. Thus, BLK-TJ right (from the root &#-), St/ca-to? just (from the stem &/ea-) are
:
derived words.
2. Compound words are formed by combining two or more words or stems of words into one. Thus, tVTro'-Sa/uo?
compound words. Of course derived words may be formed from stems of compound words. Thus, ol/coSopw (-eo>) build a house,
horse-tamer, neyd-Ov/ios great-hearted, are
from
ot'/co-So'/io?
house-builder, is a derived word.
DERIVATIVE WORDS
269.
Primitive and Denominative Words.

is
Primitive
formed directly from a root by means of a suffix; a Denominative Word is formed from the stem of a noun. Thus, &y-o-v yoke is a primitive word, being formed from the root &y- by means of the suffix -o-. From the stem
158
Word
DERIVATIVE WORDS
of
159
^vyco
&<ydv (fiô-)
is
formed the denominative verb
(-oft))
yoke, join together.

Less correctly the terra Primitive Word is sometimes word formed by means of a suffix from the theme of
NOTE,
applied to a a verb.
270.
Roots.
The
root of a word, like the perfume of
It merely a flower, has no separate, tangible existence. suggests the meaning of a word or group of words. Only when united with inflectional endings (and usually a
suffix as well)
does
it
receive definite form
and meaning,
From
and become a full-blown word.

NOTE.
steins are
Roots consist usually of only one syllable.
roots
formed by means of suffixes, and from stems words are formed by means of inflectional endings. (Very few words are formed Thus directly from roots without any suffix.)
:
Stems
Aoy(
Words
Aoyo(
sfea
Aoyos speech
271.
many
ways.
root often appears in different words which are formed from it in various
Word-Groups.
The same
Such words are commonly said

<ypa<f)-
to
form a Word-
Group. Thus, from the root

indirectly)
ypd(f)-ci)
are
derived (directly or
mark, write,
writing,
?
^pap-fAr) (f or *ypa(f)-/jiv,
line,
7/oa/-i-/-ia letter,
27, 1)
painter,
pencil, suited for writing
-t? style,
7/5a/-t-/uareu? clerk, secretary,

<ypafjL-fjiarei>cD
fypa<f)-itc6s
be secretary,
or painting,
^pa^-âriKri grammar,
writing tablet.
160
DERIVATIVE WORDS
the root
oltc-
From
oZtf-o?
are derived (directly or indirectly)

ol/c-eiorrj^
dwelling,
house,
olic-iaKOS,
ol/c-iSiov
relationship, friend-
olfc-id
ship,
olfc-eia)
olic-iov,
(-00))
make
one's oivn,
(diminutives,
tie
283)
lit-
olic-eiooa'is
making ones own,
house,
appropriation,
ol/c-a>
house-slave (masc.), olie-ens house-slave (fern.),

oltc-eTrjs
(-e<w) dwell,
ol/c-rjTos
OIK-TJO-IS
OLK-rjfjua
inhabited,
habitation,
olic-eTiic6^
pertaining
to
house-slaves,
olic-elos
dwelling place,
belonging
to the
olfc-ijrwp inhabitant,
oltc-ifa colonize,
ol/c-iartfs colonist.
household,
These examples are enough to show the importance, for

a ready understanding of Greek, of a thorough knowledge of derivation.
In the formation Changes of Roots in Derivation. words from roots, Greek has a very clear method of differentiation by means of the vowel variation (o, e, (a)),
272.
of
spoken of in
Xt7r-fi> leave,
14:
277, 1-3
of
thus
Aey-&>
speak,
Xo7-o?
speech;
XotTr-o? left;
o-TrevB-co hasten, 1.
crTrovB-tj haste.
See below,
273.
and 280,
Changes
Stems in Derivation.
When
suffixes
are added to stems the usual euphonic changes take place ; that is, vowels thus brought together usually contract,
and consonants, and consonants and vowels, undergo the 25-39. Examples are: changes described in old (for *a/)â-io-?), /SacrtXeia kingdom (for a/oâlo?
*/3acrtXD-ia,
ojJL/â
21), a\r)0tia truth (for *a\7)0e<r-ia,
37),
eye (for *oir-fta,

Sifcaa-Trjs
27, 1), o\|? look, vision (for *oir-crt9,

*&A;a8-T??9,
28),
judge (for
39, 2).
26),
\7rta> hope
(for *\7rt8-ifi),
FORMATION OF SUBSTANTIVES
274.
161
noun stem may vary

.
its final
vowel before the
suffix, or, before a suffix beginning with a vowel, may thus ol/ct-Trjs house-slave, 44, 3) drop it altogether (cf
:
from
ottfo?
(stem
otVo-)
house
ovpdv-ios
heavenly,
from
ovpavd? (stein oupavo-) heaven.
of a
NOTE. stem
Before a
suffix
usually, but not always, has its long
beginning with a consonant the end vowel form ( 13): thus
7rotT]-cris
a making, TTOIW (-o) make.
In Greek, as in other Formation by Analogy. words were formed languages, many by analogy. Thus, iTTTrev-co be a horseman is formed from iV-Treu-s horseman; but since ITTTT- is common to more words (tTTTT-o?, mir-i/cos, etc.) than is iTnrev-, the letters -eva came to be felt as a sort
275.
of suffix,
which formed
iTTTrevco
from
ITTTT-,
and so could be
:
used to form other denominative verbs from various stems

thus
SouX-eu&> be
a slave (SoOXo-9 slave), /3ov\-evco plan (/3oLX?7 plan*), Trai^-evco educate (?rat?, TratS-o? child). In the formation of verbs analogy plays a great part,
of this sort are given
and the important verb endings

in
292.
such as -ato? and
sometimes in the formation of nouns, endings -etc?, for -a-to-<? and -e-io-9, formed by -tothe suffix to a stem ending in a- or e- (eu-, e<7-) adding 287, 5, 'A^mto?, ot'/ceto?, /3a<nXeo?), are used in (see
also
So
similar
fashion
thus oveoT-ato?
(cr/co'ro?)
dark, avSp-elos
(avrip, cbSp-o?) brave (for
examples of such formations see 283,1; 284,1; 287,5).
276. very few substantives are formed from roots without any suffix thus <Xo' (<Xo7-) flame
:
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
11
162
DERIVATIVE WORDS
277. The following are the most important suffixes in the formation of substantives
:
1.
-o-.
Masculine in
-05
(agent) and
o, e, (a) (
-09,
neuter in
-ov.
o.)
es-
(Roots with the vowel variation

rpo<-o-s nurse (rpe<-w nourish)
\6y-o-<s speech (A.ey-oo
14), usually
show
TTO/XTT-O-S escort (Tre/MTT-o) send,
speak)
*PV~>
cort)
po-o-s stream
Ipy-o-v
work (pca> (p e y~>
(pz-wflow)
38) do}
2.
vy~6-v yoke
(cvy-vv[U yoke)
-a-.
Nominative in -a or
-77
all
feminine.
14), regularly

Tpo(j>-irj
o, e, (a) (
show
o.)
nurture (rpe^-w nourish)
<f>op-a
bearing (<e'p-to bear)

haste
(oTrev'S-w
\oifi-ripouring (XetyS-w pour)
aTrovB-trj
hasten)
3.
-co--.
Nominative in
-o? (
106, 1): neuter.

o, e, (a) (

ye'v-os race (ytyvo/xat (yov-, yev-,
14), regularly
show
e.)
evy-o?
pair (evy-i/u/u
ôA:e,
yv-) &e born)

ct8-os
V 7~)
cvp-o
ôm)
form
(018-, eiS-, 18- see)
M;i6?^ (cvpv? w;t
278.
1.
AGENT
Nominative in
-eu?
:
-u-.
masculine.
ITTTT-CV-S
ypa<f>-ev-s painter
(ypa<-o> write,
horseman
(tTTTros
horse)
paint)
2.
tep-ev-s priest (tepds sacred)
-Tip-.
o-tD-T-qp
Nominative in
savior (<r<ou> saye)
-r^/o
masculine.
8o-rrjp
giver (StSco/xi
(So-,
8o>-)
3.
-Top-.
Nominative in
orator (ep-, pe-,
p?y-
-TO)/?
masculine.
oiKy-Ttop dweller (OIKOJ
(-eco)
speak-)
dwell)
Nominative in -T?;? masculine. Nominative native in -rt? > feminine. ,. XT in -rpx Nominative
:
163
-Ti8-. (-rd-.
c
-Tpio-.
OlK-TT/-5 (6), OIK-TIS (^) hoUSClave (OIKO-S house')

(6), 7roA?-Tis (17) citizen
OLV\r]-Tr]-<;
(6),
ttvA-ty-T/MS (17)
flute-player (auAw (-e<o)

the flute)
279.
1.
ACTION
Nominative in
ret^w
-TI-.
-rt?
feminine.
persuade,
(7T010-, irei^-, TTt^-)
26)
2.
-0*1-
(weakened from -rt-). Nominative

judgment (KpfvwjufJge)
28)
in
-crt?:
feminine.
Kpi-(n-s
7rpai-s action (Trparrw

c^,
3.
-aid-.
Nominative
ise
in -<na: feminine.
SoKi/xa-cri'a
(yv/xva<o (yv/u-
examination
am,
30)
(8oKi/xa8-) examine,
30)
280.
1.
RESULT OF ACTION
Nominative in
this suffix.
-p-aT-.
neuter. -/ia great many substantives are formed from verb stems by
:

TTpay-fML deed (Trpdrro) (Trpay-)
(/o)
o, e, (a) (
14), regularly
have
e.)
pev-/xa stream
(po
(pov-,
pev-,
pv-) flow)
2.
-[io-.
Nominative
o-s wailing
in -^09
masculine.
Aoyr-/xo-5
/xcu
(oSup-o/xai
calculation
(Aoytiô-
(AoyiS-) calculate)
164
3.
DERIVATIVE WORDS
Nominative
opinion
-[id-.
yvw-fjLr)
in
-fJLrj
feminine.
ypa/n.-/ji,rj
(yi-yi/<o-o"Kto
know)
line
(ypa<^>-(o
mark,
27, 1)
281.
1.
MEANS OK INSTRUMENT
Nominative in -rpov
tru-m).
:
-Tpo-.
neuter (cf
Latin claus-
apo-Tpov plow (dpu) (-do)) plow)
<epc-rpoi/ bier (<ep<D carry)
282.
1.
QUALITY (ABSTRACT SUBSTANTIVES)

Nominative in -id feminine (cf. Latin memor-ia). This suffix (cf. 287, 5) is the one most frequently employed to form abstract sub:
-id-.
stantives.
cro<t>-La
wisdom (<ro<o-s wise)

happiness (ev8at/xcov
TrcuSeta (for *7rai8ev-td,
21) ed-
evSat/aov-i'a
ucation (7rai8ev-a> educate)
happy)
2.
-ia-.
Nominative
tives in
(*a\.r)0e(T-La,
in -ia
-779).
feminine (mostly from adjec-
37) truth
evi/oia(cf.
133) good will (cwovs
Xryêo--) frwe)
well-disposed)
This
suffix
forms also a few concrete feminines corre:
sponding to masculines
thus
upeia (f or *tepev-ia,
(tep-ev-s priest,
39, 4) oxoretpa (for *<ra)Tep-ia, savior (fern.) (o-to-r^p savior,
21) priestess
278, 1)
278, 2)
3.
-TT|T-.
Nominative
-tdt-is).
in -TT??
feminine (cf Latin veritds,

.
swiftness (raû-s swift)
veo-rrys ?/ow/A (veo-s
young)
4.
165
-auvd-.
Nominative
in
-crvvrj
feminine.
discretion (creo<pu>v,
8iK(Uo-(Tvvr) justice
(Si'/oxio-s
<T(D<j>po-crvvr)
just)
discreet,
34)
283.
DIMINUTIVES
(Often used as pet names.)
1.
-LO (-tS-to-, -ap-io-,

TrcuS-ib-v
(TTCUS
275).
little
Nominative in
oiK-tSio-v
little
-tov
neuter.
7rcuS-apio-v
(;rai8-)
child
house (OIKO-S
child)
house)
2.
-KTKO-, -lo-Kd-.
Nominative
in -tcr/eo?
(masc.) or
(fern.).
OIK-ICTKO-S little house
(OIKO-?
TraiS-ia-KO-s little
TraiS-t'cTKr;
/i'W/e
boy} (wais
child)
house)
</&W /
284.
1.
PLACE (OR MEANS)
-io-.
From
substantives in
-TT;^ (
278,
2,
mostly obso-
Nominative in 278, 1). lete) and -eu? ( and -eoz> *-ef-ioz>, 21): neuter. -Trjpiov (for
SiKao-rr^p-io-v courthouse
Ti^p
(Si/ccur-
Kov/oetov
barber shop
(Kovp-ev-s
(=
St/cao-TTJ?)
judge)
barber}
r;o-etov
BtajjiwTTfjp-io-v prison (*8ecr/x(jo-r^p
temple of Theseus (77-
=
So,
SeoyxwT^s prisoner)
<rv-s Theseus)
by analogy (see
275),
s?'(/w)
arj/Ji-eLov
signal (cf. cn}/xa
ju,ov<r-aov sea< q/"

fjiovara
^/ie
muses (cf
muse)
2.
-cov-.
Nominative
in
-o>z>:
masculine (place only).

ITTTT-WV stable (?7nro-s horse)
dv8p-wv men's room (dvr/p (dvSp-)
man)
166
285.
J-i8d-.
1 -18-.
DERIVATIVE WORDS
PATRONYMICS (descendant of)

Nominative in -tSrjs masculine. Nominative in -19 feminine.
: :
'
MASCULINE
y-s
FEMININE
TavraA-is
Aava-ts
son of Tantalus
from
Tai/raAo-s
son of Danaus
(
21) son of Peleus

:
from Aavao-s from Ilr/Aev-s
2.
-a8-.
Nominative in -a8?99 masculine. Nominative in -ok feminine.

:
MASCULINE
Bope-aSrj-s son of Boreas efrrt-aSr/s son of Thestius
FEMININE
Bope-a?
ecrri-as
from
Bope'a-s
e'cmo-s
from
286.
GENTILE OR PLACE NAMES

Nominative in Nominative in
MASCULINE
-et? (cf.
-/9 (cf.
-18-. !-v-.
278, 1): masculine. 285, 1): feminine.
FEMININE
Meyap-t?
Meyap-ev-s a Megarian
(Meyapa Megara)
Nominative in -r?;<? (cf. "1-T18-. Nominative in -rt? (cf

>
I-ri-
278, 4): masculine.

.
278, 4)
feminine.
MASCULINE
Teycd-Tij-s a Tegean
FEMININE
Teyea-ns
(Teyc'a Tegea)
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES
287.
The following
:
are
the most important suffixes
forming adjectives
1.
-\)-.
Nominative
in
-u?, -eta, -v (
123) (from roots only).

s?0{/j!
178-^-5
sweet (cf. ^8-o/xat
am
ra^-v-s
ness)
(cf.
ra^-o? swift-
pleased)
FORMATION OF ADJECTIVES
2.
167
-0--.
rys
Nominative
clear (<ra<-)
in
-779,
-e? (
120) (mostly compounds).

i/êvS-rys
false (cf. iêvS-o/xat h'e)
3.
-jiov-.
Nominative in -pav, -pav

mindful
(cf. /xi-tti/j/o-Ka)
120).
remind)
-oi>
4.
-o-.
Nominative
remaining
in -09, -a (-77),
AetV-w
117).
AOITT-O-S
(cf.
(XoiTr-, ACITT-, AITT-) leave)
5.
-io-.
Nominative in -to?, -to, -tov (sometimes -to?, -tov, This is the most common adjective119).
suffix.
ovpav-io-5
heavenly
(ovpai/o-s
OIKCIOS (for *oiKC-to-s,
274) do-
heaven)
TrAow-io-s
(for
*7rAovr-to-s)
mestic (OLKO-S house)

/Sacrt'Aetos (f or *^8a(nXev-io-s,
21)
wealthy (TrXovro-s wealth)

'AOrjvaios
kingly (âo-iAev-s
o-wr^p-io-s (cf.
tn^r (crooTTyp
fa'n^r)
(for
*'A^r;va-io-s)
283, 1) preservsavior)
Athenian (*A^vat ^4êns)
So,
by analogy
tn
(see
275),
(O-KOTO?
(TKOT-CUOS
darkness
dvSp-eio?
manly
(dn;p,
darkness)
man)
6.
-iKO- (-/co-).
this is the
/xovcr-iKO-5
Nominative in -o?, -/CTJ, -/coV. Next to most frequent adjective-suffix.

(fj.ov<Ta
-io-,
musical
muse)
O"/CCTTT-IKO-S
reflective
(O-KCTTTO-?,
<^v(r-tKO-s natural
iroXe/x-tKO-s
(<f>v(Tt-<s
nature)
verbal of (TKeV-ro/xat investi-
warlike (TroAe/xo-s war)
7.
-vo-.
Nominative
in
-i>o9,
-^,
-vdv.
7<aêrf
$tL-v6-s terrible (ci. -BeL-(ra feared)
orvy-vo-s
hate)
(cf crrvy-S) (-o>)
oAyeii/o-s (for *dAye<r-vo-s)
pain-
ful (aXyos pain)
168
8.
DERIVATIVE WORDS
Nominative in
-/oo?, -/>a,
-po- (-e/jo-, -u/30-).

.
-pov.
eX$-po-s hateful (cf l^0-o<shatred)

Aa/xTT-po-s
(3Xaj3-ep6-<s injurious (cf.
bright
(cf.
Aa/X7r-a)
injury)
e;(-vpo-s secure
shine)
9.
(f
*X~
-Xo- (-eXo-, -aXeo-).
Nominative
in -Xo?,
-X?;, -Xoi/ (-aXeo?,
-aXe'a, -a\eov).
oei-Xo-s timid (cf.
-8ei-cra
feared)
et/c-eAo-s //A'e (cf. eiK-ws Z/ê)
cnwTny-Ao-s stYen^ (o-iwTny silence)
Kep8-aAeo-s shrewd (cf.

jjratn)
KepS-os
288.
1.
MATERIAL OR SOURCE
(for
-to-,
-o-
the. same as -to- in
287, 5).
Xpvcrov? golden, for ^pvc-c-o?,

2.
XP^"
"
IO" S
(Homer), from
(cf.
xpvcro-s
#0W.
-LVO-.
Nominative in
-tz>o?, -ti/iy, -ti/oi/
287, 7).
(av0po>7ro-s
Ai'0-ivo-s o/ sfone (Atô-s stone)
avOpwtr-ivo-s
human
289.
1.
FULLNESS OR ABUNDANCE
-et?,
-VT- (for earlier -pevr-}. Nominative in (mostly poetic).

graceful (âpi-s grace)
-ecrcra, -e
dve/xo-s windy (ave/xo-s wind)
FORMATION OF ADVERBS
290.
(
Beside the adverbs regularly formed from adjectives 137) and from pronominal stems ( 137, 1), and the
nouns used adverbially ( 137, 1), adverbs are formed also by means of certain endings approaching the nature of Of these the more important are: suffixes (cf. 137, 2).
1.
-86v.
o-^-8ov nearly
o-
(cf.
e^w
(*(re^-,
ofJio6vfj.-a.-S6v
with one accord
e-,
38) hold)
FORMATION OF VERBS
2.
169
-S-qv.
/SoL-Syv
on foot
(cf. flaivd) (/?a-)
Kpv/S-fyv
secretly
(cf.
Kpv7rra>
go)
3.
(Kpvfi-) hide)
-T.
aAAo-T
other)
aZ another time
(aAAo-s
TTOLVTO-TC. at all
times (?ras all)
4.
-dias.
Terp-a/as
ybwr
ft'mes
(re'i-rapes
TroAA-a/a?
many
times
(?roAAot
NOTE.
Some adverbs end
also in -a: thus yuaXa very,
raâ
quickly.
FORMATION OF VERBS
291.
Primitive verbs (such as
(^rj-î
or \ey-a) say) are
formed directly from roots ( 165), while denominative verbs are formed from the stems of nouns.
292.
The
Suffix
-i?_~-
The
suffix
by which nearly
~
all
denominative verbs were originally formed is -i (or more properly -/I), but between vowels the i disappeared ( 21), and with consonants it combined to form other letters
Thus arose several classes of denominative verbs, ( 39). their form depending on the form of the noun from which
they were derived, then by analogy ( 275) the endings of these verbs were used to form other similar verbs from
various noun stems.
The most important
of these classes
(as seen in the present indicative) are given

1.
below
275)
(-O-OD).
From stems in
-o-
By analogy
penalty)
-oco.
(mostly causative).
(4?7/Ai-o<jo)
punish
877X0) (S^Xo-co)
make plain, from
ain
dvSpw (dvSp-oo>) make a man

of
(di/ryp,
dySp-os
man)
170
2.
DERIVATIVE WORDS
(--(o).
From stems
274) and
e/weW,
in -o-
By
analogy
TnX f.ipS>
275)
-ea>.
(see
OIKW
-eo--.
(otfce-(i>)
from
OIKO-?
(e7rixp-eV) (x etP nan d)
attempt
house
TeAu>(TeAe'-a>,for*TeAe<r-ia>,37)
Jinish, from TAos(TeAe<r-)ene?
3.
oAyoi (dAy-ew) be pained (aAyos
pam),
fut. dAyTJo-w, cf.
188.
(-a-io).
From stems in -a(a becomes a from analogy with -eft) and -oft>).
from
ri/xiy
By
analogy ( yo^ ( yo -aco)

m^)
avriw
275)
-a&>.
lament (yoos
meet
Tt/xw (rl/xa-w) ônor,

(rt/xd-) Aonor
4.
(dvri-aco)
opposite)
(-cxi-co).
From stems
from
in
By
analogy
275)
-<
ySao-iAev-w be king,
/3acri-
(TOOV bow)
Aev-s
5.
(-TT-O)).
-*->
From stems
-T-,
in
-%>
-^-
(see
195, 1).
Kr)pvTT-(o proclaim,
-
from
herald
6.
(-^-o)) (-<&>, -afo)).
From By analogy
-afco.
275)
-ift>
and
steins in -8- or -7- (see
iy5, 2).
eATTt'^-o)
Tei^-i'^w fortify (retôs ?ra/Z)
ôpe,
from from
eATrt's
/xr/S-i^w/ai'or
Me Medes
(M>}8os
stone,
Atâ?
8iKa-â)
judge
($iKr) right)
eady
(eroi/xo?
292, 2 a.
From stems
:
in
-e<r-
Homer
often has the older form of the
verb in -ew
292. 3 a.
thus reXe/w (for *TeXecr-tw) finish. Homer has d in some verbs in -dw
thus nevoivdw be eager,
rjpdw be in one's
prime
(see
199 b).
COMPOUND WORDS
7.
171
(-XX-co). -X- (see

dyye'AA-o)
From stems
in
195, 3). announce, from ayye-
Aos messenger
-IV-CD
J
(for
(for
-v-ioi)
|P_
195,
By analogy
275) -atvw.
'1-lp-O)
-p-ui)j
-z^-
KepSWvco gain (KepSo? gain)
Stems in
-az^-)
(especially
XaAe7r-cuW am angry (xoAcTrds

hard)
and
-p- (see
4>
/u-eAcuV-to
blacken,
from
/ue'Ads
(/xeAav-) WacA:
TK/xatp-o/xat
signs,
determine
from
from
re/c/xap s?^?i
NOTE.
Many
verbs in
-/xaiixo
(gen. -/WIT-OS) which originally
are formed from substantives in -/>ux had stems in -/xav- (compare Latin
no-men with
Greek
wo-/xa,
ovo-^txar-os,
name)
thus
o-rj/Miiva)
(for
*crrjfJiav-Lw) indicate,
from
a^/xa, <r>y/>iar-os s/^n.
9.
(-ijv-o);
(suffix
-We-?
cf.
By analogy
/xeyaA-wco
275)
From ad196, 1). jective Stems in -V-.

ijSu-v-o)
dtAy-vvw ;>am
sweeten,
from
i}Sv-s
293.
Desideratives.
Verbs expressing a
desire to
-creteo
:
do
something are usually formed by tbe ending 7eXa-o"eift) desire to laugh (7eA<w (-aa>) laugh*).
thus
COMPOUND WORDS
FORMATION OF COMPOUND WORDS
294.
or
Compound words are formed by combining two more separate words, or stems of words, into one word.
is
Their accent
usually recessive (
64)
thus
172
COMPOUND WORDS
) long-lived, 7rpo-ôv\rj
(jrp6
+ ftov\rf)
fore-
thought.
1.
The compound word thus formed
often follows the
inflection of its last part, as in the examples above, or it may go over into a different form of inflection thus
:
c/>iXo-rZ/i09
0eo-cf)i\r}S
(TI/JLTJ)
honor-loving, eu-yevrjs (761/05) well-born,

to the
(pr)v)
glad-hearted.
295.
When
the
first
part of a
compound word
used
:
is
an
to
inflected word, only its
stem
is
thus \oyo-y pdfos

obedient
(Xo70-5)
speech-writer,
Treid-apôs
(jreid-di)
command.
1.
final short
vowel (a or o)
(but
-o-
is
elided
if
the second
part began with a vowel (but see

(^0/30-5)
2 a)
thus
xP~ l i^
2)
1 r
chorus-leader
Oeo-ei&rjs
(0eo5
+ /reZo?,
to
god -like. 2. Stems other than

first
stems,
when used
form the
part of a compound word, have a strong tendency to take the form of -o- stems thus Atyx>-7roo? (\vpa) lyremaker, Trarpo-tcrovos (Trarrjp, 7rar/?-o?) father-slayer, parricide, (f)V(no-\6yos (<u<7-5) natural philosopher, l%dvo-Tra)\r)<;
:
(t'^#i>5) fish-seller.
NOTE.
Sometimes other
letters (usually
:
the parts of a
compound word
e, t, or <n) appear between thus 8aK^-û/xos soul-consuming, aly-L-
This seldom happens /?OTOS grazed by goats, Sa-o-i-Sat'/xcoi/ god-fearing. except when the first part of the compound is a verb stem, and such compounds are usually to be explained as formations from earlier
also probably played
(mostly verbal) noun stems which ended in this way. some part in such formations.
Analogy
275)
296.
In compound nouns
a,
e,
or
o,
at the
beginning of
:
the last part often becomes long (TI or CD), unless the syllable in which it stands is already long by position ( 53)
FORMATION OF COMPOUND WORDS

thus
<TT/oaT-T]7o?
(a/ya>)
173
av-^vvô^
army -leader,
132, 1).
general,
(oVo/-ia)
nameless (cf.
297. Apparent Compounds. Sometimes words often used together come to be written as one word (cf. 71, note): thus Aiocr-xopoi sons of Zeus (i.e. the Dioscuri,
Castor
and Pollux),
a7ro-7re)ii7r&>
send away.
Such words,
although they are usually classed among compound words, are not real compounds, but only apparent.
298.
Compound Verbs.
:
Verbs can be compounded (see
297) only with prepositions (which were originally adverbs modifying the verb) thus eVt-/3a\Xo> throw on.
It must be noticed that in denominative verbs formed NOTE. from compound nouns the verb is not compounded. Thus, 7ret#o/xcu means obey, but disobey is not *d-7rei0o/Mat but aTreiftu (-e'eo), a denominative verb formed from a-TrtiOrjs disobedient.
299.
Inseparable Prefixes.
Certain words used to form

separate existare
the
first
part of
compound words have no

:
ence.
1.
The most important

(before a consonant
not,
civ-
a-,
tive)
like Latin
in-,
English un-
usually called alpha privathus av-aiSrjs

:
shameless, a-#eo? godless.

2.
3.
d- conjunctive
8t)<r-
thus a-Xoô? bed-fellow.

ill,
(the opposite of eu well),
difficult:
thus
Bvcr-
4.
TTOT/AO? ill-starred, Sva-êp^ hard to handle. T|ju- half- : thus r)pi-6eos demigod.
298
a.
In Homer, and often in other writers, this adverbial use of the
prepositions can be clearly seen, for the preposition is often separated by one or more words from the verb which it modifies: thus KO.I eirl nvtyas
^\0e and darkness came on (A

and
lordly
a.
Agamemnon
475), ava 5t Kpelwv 'Aya/j.t/j.i>wv CO-TV stood up (B 100). This is often improperly called
\
Tmesis (cutting}.
299
The poets have

unpunished,
also
vrj-
not and
apt-, fyi-, fa-
intensive
thus
tpi-Ki>5i?is
very famous.
174
MEANING OF COMPOUND WORDS
MEANING OF COMPOUND WORDS

most compound words is at once evident from the meaning of their parts. In nearly all of them the first part limits or determines
300.
of
The meaning
the meaning of the second part
thus ^rev^
prophet, o>o-Sou\o9 fellow-slave, a-ypa(f>os unwritten, a
Oearpov round theater,

silver-bowed
1.
êt/oo-TroirjTO? hand-made, apyvpo-Tot;os a silver bow, fyXavK-wTris bright-eyed. Observe that compound nouns may be either sub-
= having
stantives or adjectives, and that often a verbal element in a compound word may have either an active or a
passive
meaning
thus compare \oyo-y p a $ 09 speech-writer
with a-ypa<f)0<; unwritten.

In compound words whose last part is a verbal formed NOTE. by the suffix -o- the written accent regularly stands on that part of the word which indicates the agent (or instrument) thus /^T/OO-KTWOS
:
mother-slayer, matricide, /A^T/OO-KTOVOS mother-slain,

Ai0o-/:?oA.os stone-throwing, \L66-j3o\os struck
accent
is
is
on the
last part of the
word,
it
slain by a mother ; by stones. When the written stands on the penult if that
i.e.
short, otherwise "on the ultima: thus \oyo-ypd<j>os speech-writer,
but
Xoyo-TTOios speech-maker, orpaT-r/yos army-leader, general.
SYNTAX
301.
lations of
Syntax (o-iWaft? arrangement) treats of the words to one another.
re-
An attributive word, Attributive and Predicate. taken for granted, modifies another word a predicate word is stated to modify another word. Thus, in o dyaObs dvrjp the good man, dyaObs is an Attributive
302.
is
it
;
is
in o dvrjp dyaOos lariv the man is good, ayaOos adjective a Predicate adjective. In Greek, attributive and predicate words are usually distinguished by their position with reference to the
;
article (see
1.
An
attributive
(
451 and 453). may be
an
adjective,
a limiting
genitive
(
348-355), an adverb with adjective force
429, 1), or a prepositional phrase.
THE SENTENCE
303. sentence expresses a thought, and contains a Subject and a Predicate.
304.
or
The Subject. The subject must be a substantive, some word or words having the value of a substantive
:
thus
TTOU? ypdfai the child is writing, eyco ypd<p(t> I am writing, ol TO re dvSpeioi rjcrav the men of that time were brave, efyvyov Trepl 6/cTafcocriovs about eight huno
. . .
dredfledX.il. Hell. 6,5, 10.

175
176
305.
SYNTAX
The subject is not usually Subject not Expressed. it is indicated when expressed clearly by the verb ending or
by the context
:
thus
a/covco
I hear, a/covaare
hear ye, eVaX-
trumpeter) sounded the trumpet Xn. A. vei it (i.e. Zeu? or 6 #eo?) rains, fydai they (i.e. 1, 2, 17. people) say, TOV XayUTrr/Jpa 6771)9 ^poo-evey/cara) let him
Triyge he (i.e. the
(i.e.
the servant) bring the light close
Xn. Symp.
5, 2.
The origin of the so-called impersonal use of the verb comparatively rare in Greek) is probably to be explained in this way ( 305): thus Set /xax^s (the condition of affairs) needs a battle, Trapta-nevao-rac JJLOI (things) have been made ready by me.
NOTE.
(which
is
The predicate is a verb or some The Predicate. words equivalent to a verb thus kdpelos râdevei Darius was ill, KO/oo? ftacn\ev<s TJV Cyrus was king, KO/oo? r^v Cyrus was brave.
306.
word
or
307. Copula. When a verb like et/u am, become, fyaivopai appear, etc., is used merely to connect a predicate noun with the subject, it is called a Copula (cf.
rjv
in the last
two examples above).
308. Omission of the Verb. The verb is sometimes omitted when it can be easily understood especially the copula of the third person eari is or elcrL are : as eÔpwv abwpa Swpa foes' gifts no gifts S. Aj. 665. wpa \eyeiv (it's)
;
speak, rc5 VO^JLW Treiareov obedience (is) to be rendered law. rt a\\o ovroi T) eTreftovKevaav ; what else (did) these men than plot against us ? Th. 3, 39.
time
to
to the
NOTE. Omission of the copula of the first or second person is found eyo> av amos erot/xos / (am) ready Dem. 4, 29. you (are) to blame Xn. Symp. 6, 7.
rarely
: .
THE SENTENCE
177
THE SIMPLE SENTENCE

309. A simple sentence contains but one subject and one predicate, as Ar/peto? r)<r6evei Darius was ill.
310.
Enlargement
of a sentence
may
appositive ( Menon'' s army arrived, Aa/aeto? o /3a<rtXeu<? ycrdevei Darius

the king
or
of the Simple Sentence. The subject be enlarged by an attributive ( 302, 1) 317) TO Mevcovos crrpdrev/jLa a^tfcero
was
ill.
311. The predicate of a sentence may be enlarged by 329 and 375) or cognate an object (direct or indirect,
accusative (
331), or
by adverbial words or phrases

KOpo? fjaadov Cyrus paid
fjid^rjif
thus
rrf
(TTparia
aTreSajfce
the
army wages,
evftcrja-e
rrjv
he
won
the
battle,
ev
Xeyet? Trepl rovrcov you speak well about
this matter.
THE COMPOUND SENTENCE

312.
compound sentence
:
consists of
two or more
. .
coordinate simple sentences

crv 8e
thus rovSe
Tre/jL-^roêv
Oavy him
we'll send,
and you
shall die E. /. T. 614.
1. The subject or predicate of a compound sentence is not needlessly repeated thus o Se TreiOerai /cal o-v\\a/j,/3 ci:
was persuaded ( 525), and (he) arrested Kvpov Xn. A. 1, 1, 3. Cyrus el%e TO fiev Seîov MeWz/ /cal ol (rvv avru) Menon occupied the right wing, and those with him (occupied it) Xn. A. 1, 2, 15. av re yap E\\7jv el /cat for you are a G-reek, and (so are) we Xn. A. 2, 1, 16.
vet
he
f/
NOTE. Here belongs the phrase KOL ovros and he, and tins, commonly found in the neuter plural /ecu TO.VTO. and that too thus Mei/on/a Se OVK e^T6, Kat ravra Trap' 'Apiaiot; wi/ rov MeVwvo? e'vov he did not ask for Menon, and that too (he didn't do) although he was from Ariaeus, Menon's guest-friend Xn. A. 2, 4, 15.
:
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
12
178
SYNTAX
THE COMPLEX SENTENCE

313.
complex sentence consists of a main and a sub/3ao-t,\ev<; /jiev Brj,
ordinate sentence: thus KOI
eTrel rj/cova-e
TiacrcKfrepvovs TOV Kvpou aro\ov, CLVTI Trapecrfcevdêro and

the
Cyrus
e
I
King, of course, when he had heard from Tissaphernes of move, made counter-preparations Xn. A. 1, 2, 5. êv Srj Si tea i a TTOirfaw OVK olSa whether I shall do
right
know not Xn. A. 1, 3, 5. eTropevofjLrjv iva a)<t>6\oi7]v avrov I marched to help him Xn. A. 1,
NOTE.
3, 4.
complex sentence
may
include more than one subordi-
nate sentence, and a subordinate sentence may in turn have other subordinate sentences dependent on it thus 6 8' MS aTrfjXOe ., (3ovAeverai OTTW? /xr/Trore T6 carat CTTI T<3 d8eA<a>, aAAa, yjv Suv^rat, /3(i(nhe planned to be no longer in \tvcru avr eKctVoi) wlien he came back .,
: . . .
.
power of his brother, but, if possible, to be king in his stead. Subordinated to the main sentence, fiovXevtrai, are the sentences o>s
the
aTT^Xê, OTTCOS
ecrrai,
it
and
/JamAeixrei, while
/JacnAewrei
has dependent on
1, 1, 4.
another subordinate sentence,
rjv
SWITCH Xn. A.
AGREEMENT
314.
General Principles of Agreement.
The
inflected
parts of speech, in general, indicate their relations with other words by agreeing, so far as possible, in gender,
number, case, and person, with the words they modify. So a word in apposition with another word stands in the same case ( 317), an adjective agrees with its substantive in gender, number, and case ( 420), a pronoun takes the number and gender (and sometimes the person) of its antecedent ( 462), and a finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person ( 495).
NOTE.
and may
substantives (and some pronouns,
Observe that as verbs have no distinction of gender, so 462) have no distinction of person, be used with any person (although most frequently with the
AGREEMENT
third), as: Th. 1, 137.
179
e/uoTOKA.^? rJKWTrapa <re(I), Themistocles, have come to you ei /?ovAe<r0e /xoc ot re orpaTT/yot Kat ot Xoâyot eA.$eiv if (you) generals and captains are willing to come and see me Xn. A. 2, os ye KeAevas (you) w#o bid Xn. J/em. 2, 3, 15. 5, 25.
. .
315. Construction according to Sense. word not infrequently violates the formal rules of grammar by agreeing with the real gender or number of the word it
modifies.
in the plural ( tions (like J3ij]
So a collective substantive often has a verb or participle neuter words or circumlocu321, 500)
; (
HpaK\r)Lr] mighty Heracles, lit. the might of Heracles') denoting persons often have participles or relative pronouns agreeing with their real gender ( 422,
464).
316.
.
Attraction.
Sometimes a word, owing
to the in-
fluence of other neighboring or preceding words, takes different number, gender, case, or mode, from that ex-
pected, or even demanded, by the construction of clause in which it stands this is called Attraction.
;
the
So an adjective standing with an infinitive may be attracted into the accusative, although the word it really modifies is in the genitive or dative ( 681, 1) a pronoun may be attracted to the case of its antecedent ( 484) or to the gender of its predicate substantive ( 465) a
;
verb
may
be attracted to the number of

it
its
predicate sub-
stantive (
501) or to the mode or tense of another verb
on which
depends
590, notes 1
and
4).
SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES
AGREEMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES
APPOSITION
317.
A
if it
substantive used to describe another substantive
word,
denotes the same thing, agrees with

;
it
in case
possible, (Apposition) gender, but this cannot always be: thus KOpo?
if
it
agrees also in
number and
*6
Xev? Cyrus,
Cyrus and
the king, KOpo? KOI Croesus, the kings (cf.
Kpotcro? ol
421), o
Trora/io? the river Euphrates,
but IleXrat Tro'Xt?
Peltae an inhabited
city.
A substantive (in the 318. Apposition to a Sentence. nominative or accusative case) may stand in apposition to the thought expressed by a sentence. KOL, TO neyicrrov, and most important of on efyofSelro oÔJcrecrOai, e/êXXe
all
he
was afraid because he was

evSai/jLovolrjs,
likely to be
seen
Xn.
Cy.
3, 1, 1.
ness be yours
fjucrOov ifiicrTwv Xoywv happireward for sweetest words E. El. 231.

in apposition
XOTE.
word
with a sentence
may
acquire an
adverbial force: thus
Sevrepov av 2oAv/xoun /xaxeWaro and secondly

o (5e) at
317
tence
rotcrt
a.
In
Homer
the demonstrative
the beginning of a sen:
often explained by an appositive further on thus ywij Kiev and she unwilling with them icent, the
is
77
5'
MKOVV aâ
348.
woman A
TO
5'
vTrepTTTOLTo
xaXfeov
eyx
but
it
flew over (him), the brazen spear
X275.
180
AGREEMENT OF SUBSTANTIVES
(lit.
181
(For x^P lv
the
second thing) he battled
ivith the
Solymi
184.
for
the sake
of see
336.)
word in apposition may 319. Partitive Apposition. describe only in part the word to which it refers thus
:
oltciai
fJLV
7ro\\al
had
. .
eTreTTTCotcea'av,
the houses mostly
fallen, but a
o\lyat few were still
Be Trepirjaaif
left
Th.
1,
89.
OVTOL
a XX 09 d\\a \eyei these say one one thing,

2, 1,
another another
Xn. A.
15.
PREDICATE SUBSTANTIVE
320. substantive used as a predicate (cf. 326, 341) 317) agrees in case (often also in number and gender, cf. with the word it describes thus avepes ecrre, (f>i\oi be men,
:
my friends
77
O
. .
734.
TToXt?
Aa/oeto? (3acri\v<s rjv Darius was king. <f>povpiov /carearrj the city turned itself into
7,
a fortress Th.
28.
avrov o-aTpaTrrjv
1,
eTrotrjae he
made
TOVTOIS xptovrat, Bopvtydpois 1, these they use as body-guards Xn. Hier. 5, 3.
him satrap Xn. A.

NOTE.
2.
Observe the difference between the construction of the

(
predicate substantive and that of the direct object

become, appear, choose, regard, name, have a predicate substantive.
be,
329).
Words
like,
meaning
and the
can
PECULIARITIES IN THE MEANING OF SUBSTANTIVES

321.
Collectives.
collective substantive, while sin-
gular in form, may really have a plural meaning (cf. so (77) ITTTTO? cavalry, 8^05 people, TrXr/ô? mul315) etc. titude, Tpoidv \6vT<s 'Apyeiwv crroXo? the Arrives
:
army (which had} taken Troy Aesch. Ag. 577.

322.
is
Abstract for Concrete.
An
abstract substantive
:
often used with concrete

hateful
meaning (Antonomasia)
hate),
o\e6po<s
thus
/ucro?
thing
(lit.
baneful
person
182
(lit.
SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES
destruction), rcrj&evpa relative (lit. relationship) ; so, process, ra oir\a (lit. arms) camp, l%6ves
by a similar
= fish (lit. fish)
market, etc.
THE CASES
In earlier times Greek (or, at any rate, its parent language) possessed three other cases besides those in regu323.
lar classical use.
These were
(1) Ablative (separation),
(2) Instrumental (including accompaniment), and (3) Locative (place where). The ablative has become one with the genitive, and the instrumental has been absorbed by the dative. Of the locative some traces still remain (see
76, note),
but most of
its
forms and functions have been
absorbed by the dative.

324.
The Greeks had

to
a keen sense of the finer shades
of
meaning conveyed by the

use different
atcoveiv
to
hesitate
and did not constructions with the same

different cases,
\oyov to hear a speech ( 356), 356 hear (the whole of) a speech ( note 1), aKoveiv \6yw to hearken (i.e. be obedient) to a
a/covens
word: thus
\6yov
speech (
1.
376).
Often a combination of words may demand the use of a certain case which no one of them alone could
command:
ekfyOijv)
I have
as e/jLavrfj Bia \6yayv a^HKo/JLrjv (= e/âvrf} Biheld converse with myself (lit. come through
words with myself) E. Med. 872. 2. So verbs compounded with a preposition are thereby (either with the help of the preposition alone, or from the
general meaning of the compound) enabled to take a case which the simple verb could not command. (See 345,
370,
and 394.)
THE NOMINATIVE CASE

3.
183
For practical purposes it becomes necessary to clasvarious usages, and in the following pages the these sify various uses of the cases are given in detail, but in the use of the cases, as elsewhere, analogy is at work, and it
must be remembered that not every use
of a case can be put into the grammatical pigeon holes here provided. (As a rule, only the general principles are here stated,
and the exact usage with any particular word be learned from the lexicons.)
is
always to
THE NOMINATIVE
325.
The
thus
subject of a finite verb

r)<rdevei
is
in the nominative
ill,
case
Adpeios Darius was

vo/jLicrdra) let
ocrrt?
a<f)i-
KVOLTO whosoever came, fj,r)$els
nobody think.
326.
noun
subject of
in the predicate ( 320) agreeing with the a finite verb is also in the nominative case
:
thus Kvpo? /Sao-tXeu?
rjv
Cyrus was
king.
The nominative is not infrequently used in address and NOTE. exclamations where we might expect the vocative thus Zev Trdrep 'HeAios B\ os TTCXVT' e<opa9 Father Zeus and the Sun who lookest on
:
all
things
F
16,
277,
KAeapxe
"EAA^ve?
A.
1,
Clearchus, Proxenus,
*at Ilpoêve KO! ol aAAoi ot Tra/ooi/res and you other Greeks here present Xn.
5,
OVTOS,
TL Trai<T\u<*
Here you,
ivhat's the
matter? Ar. V.
1,
hard of heart!
403.
THE VOCATIVE
327. The person (or thing) addressed stands in the vocative case, often preceded by w thus av Op wire, ri Xn. what are &> man, you doing? Cy. 2, 2, 7.
:
Adrjvaloi
men
of Athens.
(Cf.
326, note.)
184
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
THE ACCUSATIVE
328.
The function
of the Accusative is to
of the verb.
modify closely
and directly the meaning
DIRECT OBJECT
329. The direct object of a transitive verb stands in the accusative case: thus rbv av&pa 6pw I see the man
Xn. A.
1.
1, 8, 26.
Many
verbs which are transitive in Greek have no
transitive equivalent in English.
The following
are note-
worthy: bfivvvai TOU? #cou? to swear by the gods, \avOdveiv Tivd to escape the notice of anybody, alSelo-dat or ai<T"vve<jQai riva to feel ashamed before anybody. 2. On the other hand, many Greek intransitive verbs which are followed by a genitive or dative can be rendered See 356 and 376. into English by transitive verbs.
330. Circumlocutions equivalent to a transitive verb 324, may, of course, take an object in the accusative (cf
.
1)
thus eVto-r^/xoê? râav ra 7rpocri]Kovra they under. . .
duties Xn. Cy. 3, 3, 9. o-vvOrjfcas eâpvos the he denies Dem. 171. ecrri ra 23, agreement jijverat he is a co student above PI. e of things per pa (frpovricrrris Ap. stood their
So the verbs \eyo) say and TTOLCO (-ew) do, with the of an adverb or cognate accusative ( 331), are enabled help to take a direct object of the person as v or fcafccos \eyeiv
18
b.
:
Tiva
to
speak good or
ill
of anybody (cf
340)
THE COGNATE ACCUSATIVE

331.
tive,
In Greek, almost any verb, intransitive or transimay be followed by an accusative of kindred meaning
it
with the verb, to define
more
closely:
thus

to
185
run a
race, apta-Trjv ftov\7]v /3ov\eveiv to
plan
the best plan, I 74, tjvrv^rjo-av rovro TO e u r v ^77 yu- a they had this good luck Xn. A. 6, 3, 6, owtyvye rrjv (frvyrjv
ravrrjv he
had
his share in this
banishment PI. Ap. 21
a.
Circumlocutions equivalent to a verb may, of course, take a cognate accusative (cf. 330) thus crocô?
332.
:
wv rrjv e/cLV(0v aofyiav being wise in Ap. 22 e.

333.
their
wisdom
PI.
The Greeks were very fond
of the construction of
the cognate accusative, and used it with astonishing freedom. Often the kindred meaning of the accusative is
The following examples will only implied in the verb. serve better than explanation to make the matter clear I live a grievous life S. El. 599. CLTTOVw jBiov /jio^drjpov
:
\o)\
/ca/cov
.
popov
. .
he has perished (by}
an
evil fate,
a 166.
A.
rjycovl&vTo 4, 8, 27.
o-rdSiov they competed in foot-racing Xn.

eOvcre he celebrated
ra Av/caia
by
sacrifice the
Lycaean (festival) Xn. A. 1, 2, 10. to make a wound, 6$bv TropeveaOcu

7T\elv
So eX/co? ovrdaai,
to
make a journey,
. . .
o-raO /AOVS eê\avvei he marches to breathe three Trvelv r/oet? days'" journey, jrvp 446. r (forth) fire, TTV/O 7; /3ov\rj BeSoprca)? looking fire
to sail the sea,
.
Od\arrav
e/3\ei/re
el/Jii
vanrv the Senate looked mustard Ar. Eq. 631.
Seizô?
ravrrjv rrjv
re^v^v I am
clever at this business
(cf.
330) Xn. Cy.
8, 4, 18.
334.
neuter adjective or pronoun
is
often used as a
cognate accusative, since the substantive with which it would agree is already implied in the verb: thus ovSev
tyevberai
lie's
telling
no
lie
(i.e.
ovSev
-v/reOSo? i/reuSercu)
Ar. Ach. 561.
rovro
rjpcord he asked this question (i.e.

to
TOVTO TO eptoTrjjAa), fj,eyd\a a)<j)6\iv
help greatly, rl
186
CLVTU)
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE

what use
will he make of him Ar. Ach. 935. why am I lying down? Xn. A. 3, 1, 13.
TL KaraKetfjiai
335. Accusative of the Part Affected. Closely allied with the cognate accusative is the accusative of the Part Affected, found mostly with passive and intransitive verbs
(see
belly
335 a)
thus
ftdfiXijcu
tcevecova you are hit in the
284.
ra?
<f>peva<$ vyiatveiv to be
sound in mind
a\yelv rou? Tro'Sa? to have gout Xn. Mem. ri TO Sep//,' ewaOes what's the matter with your 1, 6, 6. hide ? (lit. what have you experienced in your skin f*) Ar.
Hdt.
3, 33.
Pax
746.
336. Adverbial Uses of the Accusative. From the free use in Greek of the cognate accusative ( 333), there have arisen several adverbial uses of the accusative thus
:
rrjv Ta%icmjv (sc. 68ov) the shortest ivay (originally with a verb of motion), rovrov rov rpoirov in this manner,
%dpiv for the sake of (originally an accusative in apposition with a sentence, 318; e.g. efirjv %dpiv for my sake), Sitcrjv in the fashion of, like (e.g. TrwXov Si/crjv like a colt*), ov dpxtfv n t &t att 0- e n t (to make) even the begin.
ning),
fjieya
^jd\a)
greatly, TO TTO\V (ra 7ro\\a) for the
most part, Trpwrov at first, Trporepov formerly, TO XOLTTOV for

the future, reXo? finally,
335
a.
and a good many others whose

" CONSTRUCTIOX.
In
"
WHOLE AND PART
Homer (and some-
times also in other poets), an accusative of the part affected often follows an accusative of the direct object as rbv 5' &opi ir\rj!-' av^^va him, with
:
his sword, he smote (in) the neck A 240. y 0-e 7r65as vtyei she shall wash This construction is often explained as (for) you your feet r 356.
"partitive apposition," but, since the
word denoting the part appears

511),
it
in the corresponding passive construction in the accusative case (while
the other accusative becomes a nominative,

appositive (see
512).
can hardly be an
187
also the
(
meanings will readily suggest themselves. Here belong comparative and superlative of adverbs in -&>?
138).
337.
Accusative of Specification.
The
accusative case
of certain
much used words
like ovoâ name, t/^ro? height,
evpo? width, /êtfo? size (perhaps originally cognate), very early came to be felt as adverbial, and soon other accusatives
came
to be used in the
same way
thus
Trora/jLos
KuSyo?
ovo/j,a,
eSpo?
Svo ir\e9pwv a river,

1, 2, 23.
name, two plethra in width Xn. A.
Cydnus by TroSa? aircvs
'AÂAeu? Achilles swift of foot, Hm. rf^Xo? rd r ayra rov re vovv rd r op par* el blind in ears, and mind, and
eyes, art thou, S.
0. T. 371.
338.
Accusative of Extent.
The
accusative (modifying
:
a verb) is used to denote the extent of time or space thus e/jieivev r;//,e/99 irevre he remained five days Xn. A. 1,
2, 11.
aTreêt
77
TlXdraia rwv
seventy stades
r)/3a)v
o-rabiovs
eftBofjLt'j-
Kovra Plataea
NOTE.
is
from
Thebes Th.
2, 5.
accusatives denoting extent can readily be seen to be cognate: thus eeAawa o-TaOfJiovs rpets he marches (a march
Many
of) three days' journey
Xn. A.
1, 2, 5.
e/?ia>
Irt]
Kat
ei/ei/TJ/covra
lie
lived (a life of) ninety-six years, Isaeus 6, 18.
From such verbs
as these
the usage
came
to be
extended to other verbs.
339.
Accusative of Limit of Motion.
The
:
limit of
mo-
tion in
expressed by the accusative (in prose with the regularly help of a preposition) thus e%e\avvei e/? KoXo<rcra? he marched to Oolossae Xn. A. 1, 2, 6.
is
. . .
Greek
339
sition)
a.
is
In Homer and other poets the accusative alone (without a prepothus Kvia-r) 5' ovpavbv often used to denote the limit of motion
:
we and the fragrance came to she came to the suitors a 332.

to
the heavens
Tr^/'ei
317.
/j.vr)ffTripas d^f/cero
it
yap "Apyos for he will take
Argos E.
/.
T. 604.
188
THE ACCUSATIVE CASE
TWO ACCUSATIVES WITH ONE VEKB

340.
transitive verbs (
Since the cognate accusative may be used with 331), it follows that some verbs may
:
take two accusatives, one of the object and the other cognate thus TOCTOVTOV e^ô? %0aipa) ere with such hatred
do
hate thee
S. El.
1034.
MeX^ro?
/jue
eypd-^raro rrjv
ypa(f)r)v ravTrjv Meletus brought this indictment against me PI. Ap. 19 b. KOjOo? TO (TTpdrev/jLa Kareveipe ScoBe/ca pepr) Cyrus divided his army into twelve divisions Xn.
Cy.
7,
5,
13.
ravra TOVTOV
TOL"?
eTrolrjaa this
did
Kal
to
him
Hdt.
1,
115.
1&Oplv9iOV<S TToXXa T
K CL K CL
e\j he said many bad things of the Corinthians Hdt. 8, 61. Kvpov alrelv 7r\ola to demand vessels of Cyrus Xn. A.
1, 3,
14.
teaches
Tot/?
.
6 TroXu? /3/oro? long life TroXXa bidder/eel, me many lessons E. Hipp. 252. avafjivâw uyu-a? Kal KivSvvovs I will remind you also of the dangers
/JL
.
<yr)v to
Ei\\r)va<> TTI]V deprive the Greeks of their land Xn. A. 1, 3, 4. rrjv /jiev Ovyarepa eicpwirre rov ddvarov TOV dv&pos from his daughter he concealed her husband's death Lys. 32, 7.
3,
2,
Xn. A.
11.
f/
atyaipeicrOai,
rou?
Among
clothe,
these verbs are those
meaning
to ask, teach,
remind, conceal, deprive, say (anything) of or do
to (a person), and many others. these verbs are used in the passive, the cognate thus accusative is retained in the same case ( 512)
(anything)
1.
When
TvirrecrOai
TrevTiJKovra vrX^^ya?
to be
.
Aeschin.
in music
this they
1,
139.
ÔVO-LK^V
a.
struck fifty blows TraiSevOeis instructed

e^revaOr](Tav in
PL Menex. 236
rovro OVK
2, 2,
were not deceived Xn. A.
13.
341.
Predicate Accusative.
Verbs meaning to make,

like,
name, appoint, regard, and the
may have
a predicate
PARTICULAR USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE

accusative agreeing with the object (
189
320): thus arparrj-
him general Xn. A. 1, 1, 2. we riOrjaOa you make us wakeful i 404. vo/juê /Jiev Trarpiba ol/cov regard your native land as your house Xn. Hier. 11, 14. 1. This construction is exactly parallel with o KOpo? o-Tparrjyos a7re&ei%@r) Cyrus was appointed general, and in the passive construction both accusatives become nomina-
ybv avrov
aTreoeige he appointed
tives (
511).
PARTICULAR USES OF THE ACCUSATIVE

342.
Subject of the Infinitive.
The
subject
of
the
infinitive stands in the accusative case (see
629).
NOTE. Originally the accusative in this construction was probably a direct object, while the infinitive (a verbal substantive, 628) was used to define the verb still further, but as the infinitive partook more
and more of the functions of the verb, the origin of the construction was forgotten, and the accusative came to be used with great freedom
as the subject of
any
infinitive.
343.
Accusative Absolute.
The
participle of
an im-
personal verb ( 305, note), having no grammatical connection with the rest of the sentence, stands in the
Accusative Absolute
NOTE.
658).
the accusative absolute, like the genitive absolute ( 369), owes its origin to a loosening of its grammatical So in a sentence like connection with the rest of the sentence.
Xo doubt
p\0tv
P
32, or
S='
SeSoyîevov
re V^TTIO? eyvco eren a fool can see a thing that's been done Se aurois evOvs fj.v aSvvara yv iTn\f.ip^tv it was
impossible to take up arms at once
a thing which had been voted by
318) Th. 1, 125, the participle came to be thought of as having little or no connection with the rest of the sentence (" when a " it even a fool can see it" and having been voted thing has been done
them
(cf.
by them" etc.), and so such participles independent construction.
came
to be freely used as
an
190
344.
THE GENITIVE CASE

Accusative of Swearing.
The
accusative
:
is
used
in oaths, regularly preceded by vtj or pd vtj or val yu-a is always affirmative ; ov //.a or pd alone is negative thus vrj Ai'a by Zeus, val pd Aia yes, by Zeus, ov fjud A/a or
:
fjud
A/a
345.
no,
by Zeus.
Accusative with Compound Verbs.
Some verbs by
being compounded with a preposition, which can be used with the accusative ( 346), are thus enabled to take an accusative which they could not otherwise command ( 324,
2):
. .
thus eo-TrXe'ozm rbv \6viov tc6\7rov

.
(=
7r\eovTi e? rov
/c6\7rov,
1, 24.
398, note 1)
Gulf, Th.
one sailing into the Ionian rov rov $t,a/3afi having crossed this [river]
to
Xn. A.
1, 2, 6.
VTreppri \aivov ov&dv he stepped over the
threshold -of stone, 6 80.

346. Prepositions with the Accusative. The use of the Accusative to express Extent ( 338) or Limit of Motion
(
339)
is
often
of prepositions.
made more clear and The preposition efc

to),
definite
by the help
into (as well as the
improper preposition 009 only with the accusative
from
its
meaning, can be used
Other so also in prose ova up. ; are used sometimes with the accusative prepositions about, Sid through, eVt towards, Kara down, //.era after, irapd
to
dî
the side of, Trepi
VTTO
under.
round about, TT/OO? towards, vTrep above, 400417. For the details of their use see
THE GENITIVE
* uses of the genitive in Greek can be grouped under two heads the true genitive and the ablative geni347.
The
tive (
361), but in
many
instances the two have become
fused together, and not every use of the genitive can be
THE TRUE GENITIVE (POSSESSIVE)
191
in fact, many uses of surely referred to one or the other the genitive are very hard to classify: thus Sen-a? olvov
cup of wine may appear to some a partitive genitive ( 355), to others a descriptive genitive (of material, 352, and lam this race of note) ; raim?? TJ?? yeveas elfu may appear
to
some a descriptive genitive
352), to others a genitive
of source (
and many
365), to others still a partitive genitive ( 355), other examples of a similar sort might be quoted.
A.
THE TRUE GENITIVE

POSSESSIVE GENITIVE
348. The genitive limiting a substantive may denote Possession or Belonging thus oltcld irarp 09 father's house, Kv/jiara T?}? Oa\drrrj(; waves of the sea, 'EXeVty fj At 09
:
Helen
1.
the
(daughter) of Zeus.
. .
.
possessive genitive can stand equally well in the predicate: thus at Kwâi Hapva-ariSos rjaav the villages were Parysatis* Xn. A. 1, 4, 9. voîêi vp,a<;
The
eavrov
also
rwv yap
NOTE.
article
you are his own Xn. A. 2, 1, 11. l^dxi) vlic&VT&v KOI TO ap-êiv ear lv for to rule is (the right) of those ivho conquer in battle Xn. A. 2, 1, 4.
elvai he thinks
substantive with which the article would agree can be easily supplied (see 424) thus IloXe/xapxo? 6 KeâXov Polemarchus the (son of) Cephalus, TO. TT/S Tro'Aews the (affairs) of the
:
The when the
possessive genitive
is
often used with the definite
State; so also eis

2.
TOV dSeXcôv
to
my
brother's (i.e. to his house).
more
The meaning of the possessive genitive is often made clear by the addition of adjectives like TSto? one's
to one's house, lepos
own, oiVeto? belonging

t'epo? 6
sacred (to)
thus
%%>o?
T?}? 'A/ore'/uSo?
the place is (a) sacred (place)
of Artemis Xn. A.
5, 3,
13.
192
THE GENITIVE CASE

SUBJECTIVE GENITIVE
genitive limiting a substantive sometimes exrelation which would be expressed by the subthe presses a thus ^>o/3o? TWV TroXe/jblayv fear of the of verb: ject
349.
enemy
(i.e. ol
iro\eîoi
(frofiovvrai the
enemy are afraid),
evvoua ra)v
ITO\ITWV good
will of the citizens.
NOTE.
genitive
is
line between the subjective and the possessive ( 348) hard to draw, for the two imperceptibly shade into very
The
each other.
OBJECTIVE GENITIVE
350. The genitive may express the relation which would be expressed by the object (direct or indirect) of a verb thus <o/3o5 TWV 7ro\jjLia)v fear of the enemy (i.e. (f)o/3elrai rt? rot/? 7ro\6fjiLov<; some one fears the enemy), evvoia
:
ITO\ITWV good will toward the citizens (i.e. evvoel TL<$ TroXtrat? some one is well disposed toward the citizens), T/}? cro^/a? desire for wisdom, TOVTCOV alria the
cause of
351.
this.
Objective Genitive with Adjectives. Adjectives kindred to verbs which take an object may be followed
by an objective genitive
standing the art
responsible for
eTTLo-rrj^wv
rrjs
re %z^^9 underr?}?
ai'
P \.
t
Cro.
448
b.
o^lri/jLaOr)?
late in learning injustice
PL Hep. 409 b.
TOVTWV
this
Ar. Eq. 1356.
DESCRIPTIVE GENITIVE
352.
it
The
genitive
may
describe the substantive which
a boy of ten years, ^l\ia)v drachmae thousand a suit, apyvpiov fiva a Spax^wv &i/cr) silver mina, a/zafat crirov wagon loads of grain, Tpolrjs
TTTo\ieQpov city of Troy (poetic;
cf.
limits: thus Trat? Berca
erwv
317).
THE TEUE GENITIVE (PARTITIVE)

The descriptive genitive NOTE. of measure, material, value, etc.
1.
193
is
often subdivided into genitive
descriptive genitive often stands in the predicate thus rjv erwv GO? TpiaKovra lie was about 348, 1) (cf. Xn. A. 2, 6, 20. 77 tcpwTrts ecm \i6a)v old thirty years the foundation is of large stones Hdt. 1, 93.
:
The
Here doubtless belongs the infinitive of purpose with rot) NOTE. used by Thucydides and later writers ( 639) as <f>povpiov tV CLVTOV TOV fj.r) ecrTrXetv Meyapev<n /xrjS' CKTrXeiv /XT/8eV on it there rjv was a fort so that nothing should sail in or out for the Megarians,
:
Th.
2, 93.
353.
Genitive of Value.
ing, selling,
and the
like,
a descriptive genitive, or price thus peiôvos aura rl^vrai they value them
:
With words of valuing, buythe genitive (perhaps originally 352) is used to denote the value
more highly Xn. Cy. 2, 1, 13. S/m^/xr}? irpiacrOai to buy rayv TTOVWV TrcoXovaiv rj^lv for a drachma PL Ap. 26 e.
Trdvra raydtf ol Oeoi the gods
of
toil
sell all
Xn. Mem.
;
2,
1,
20 (from Epicharmus).
things to us at the price TTOO-QV
SiSdo-Kei
TrevTe /JLVWV
what
is
his price
for instruction?
Five minae
NOTE.
thing,
1.
PL Ap.
if
20 b.
is
But
the price
regarded as the means of acquiring a

387).
it
stands in the dative (see
The
genitive of value
may be made more
clear
by the
help of adjectives like dl-ios worthy, avdîos unworthy, dv-
rfto9
avdîa,
equivalent, etc.
e'yLtoO
thus agios TTO\\OV worth much, (things) unworthy of me PL Ap. 38 e.

:
PARTITIVE GENITIVE
354.
word denoting anything

13
of
which only a part
is
considered, stands in the genitive case.

BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
194
355.
THE GENITIVE CASE

Partitive Genitive with Substantives.
A
:
substan-
tive (or substantive pronoun) may be described by a genitive denoting the whole of which it is a part thus r w v
7r\rao-ra)v
dvtfp a
man
of the peltasts
Xn. A.
4, 8, 4.
r)\6ov e r^? 'IcoWd? they came from Ephesus (a ol aXoWe? 'E\\ijv(ov part) of Ionia Xn. A. 2, 2, 6. those of the Greeks who were captured Hdt. 7, 175. TroXXot, err par tear wv many of the soldiers, ou&et? TWV TroXeno one of the enemy, e/9 TOO-OVTOV r 0X^77 9 to such a
'E<e<trou
(point) of boldness Lys. 12, 22. 1. Adjectives or adverbs of the superlative degree are often followed by a partitive genitive ( 427, 1): thus
ySeXr^cTTo?
avOpwTTcov
best
(man) of men.
like
Here belong also poetical expressions among women 8 305, etc.
Sia
yuvaiKwi/
divine
NOTE.
The
partitive genitive with substantives has

(
commonly
the predicate position

2.
454).
The partitive genitive can stand equally well in the predicate: thus fjv &e KOI 6 ^.(o/cpdrr)^ TWV a^l M/Xi/TO* a-rparevofjievcov Socrates also was (one) of those engaged
in military
e'yLte
.
. .
operations
around Miletus Xn. A.
1,
2,
3.
7re7reicrfMva>v of the converts PI. Rep. 424 c.

356.
0e?
rwv
put me down
as (one)
Partitive Genitive with Verbs.
Any
verb whose
action affects the object only in part is regularly followed by the genitive. Many verbs, from their meaning, are
almost always so used, others only occasionally. Thus, verbs meaning to share, touch, take hold of, be full of,
aim at, hit, miss, taste of, smell of, enjoy, hear, rememand forget, care for and neglect, spare, desire, exercise authority (in some respect) over, and the like, regularly
begin,
ber
THE TRUE GENITIVE (PARTITIVE)
195
take the genitive: thus Xa/3oz>ra? rov (BapftapiKov o-rparov taking (part) of the barbarian army Xn. A. 1, 5, 7.
TT}? 7779 erepov they
Bel
ravaged (some) of the country Th.
1, 30.
u/m?
ra)v
Kivbvvwv
dangers Xn. .0e?. 2, 4, 9. TTOVOV but I too will take part with you in
946.
êreêiv you must share the crv\\rfao/jLai Be rovSe VOL Kayco

this task
E. Med.
and
Xa/3e Trerp^?, r?)? e%ero Ae seized hold of the rock, to this he clung e 428. ra 'Avaj;ay6pov ^tjB\ia ye/jiei
TOVTWV
subjects
TWV \oycov Anaxagoras' books are full PL Ap. 26 d. rov \6yov Se ^/o%ero
3, 2, 7.
of these
wSe and
thus he began his speech Xn. A. he reached for his child Z 466.
TrouSo? opegaro
TTv%ijKajj,ev
vt/cij$
4,
1,
.
we
have met with victory Xn. (7/. eating of lotus i 102. o\iyoi
tasted of
2.
\CDTOLO
<j>ayu>v
food Xn. A.
3, 1, 3.
atrov eyevcravro few Scuro? ovrjao enjoy the
banquet r 68.
shouting
oitcaSe
Xn. 6Sov
25.
TT}? /cpavyfjs yaOovro they perceived the Hell. 4, 4, 4. SeSoLfca /JLTJ e7rt\a0cb/jLe0a TT}?
lest
8'
I fear
aeOev
we forget
6700
the
homeward way Xn.
A.
you
3, 2,
OLW a\,eyla) but
I care
not for
2, 6, 30.
180.
TOVTCOV rcov
âOrj/^drcov Trakai
CTTiOv/JLO)
I have
1,
long been desirous of this learning

rrj<;
Xn. Mem.
Kpdrovv
30.
Oa\daa-r]o?
rov arpaTev /âro?

4, 1, 6.
Ohiri-
sophus led the
army Xn. A.
NOTE 1. Of com*se, when these verbs affect the object as a whole, they take the accusative: thus ov /xereAa^Se TO TT^TTTOV /xepos TOOI/ i/'T/^wv he did not get (as his share) the fifth part of the votes PL Ap. 36 a. Oeov K\vev av&rjv he heard the voice of the god O 270. Trie oivov
drink wine
i
347.
2Xa/?ov T>} ?
w v 77 s rov 'Op o VT a v
they seized Orontas
by the girdle
yl.l, 6, 10.
NOTE
2.
seized Orontas, but took hold of his girdle) Xn. (i.e. they we ravage their land Th. 1, 81. rjv rr/v yf)v OLVTWV re/xw/xev if As partitive is to be explained the genitive with verbs
:
of imploring (poetic) as c/xe XtoWo-Kero (taking hold of) my knees I 451.
yovvwv
she besought
me by
196
THE GENITIVE CASE
357. Partitive Genitive with Adjectives. Adjectives (and sometimes their adverbs) of kindred meaning with verbs which take the partitive genitive ( 356) may also be construed with the genitive. See also 351. (Usually such adjectives stand with a copula, thus forming a circumlocution equivalent to a verb cf. 330): thus /xeroô? (Tofitds partaking of wisdom, /êcrro? KCLKWV full of evil, \r)6rj<; wv TrXe'o)? being full of forgetfalness PL Rep. 486 c. eVtcrr 77/^77? /eei/o? void of knowledge (but cf. 362, 2 and
;
347), TrXouovo? (f)povija'(i)5 rich in wisdom, VTDJKOOS TWV KCLKWV ryoveayv obedient to his parents PL Hep. 463 d.
ayeu0-ro<? without taste of evil S.
Ant. 582.
cf.
a/jLvrj/mwv
fca/cwv
unmindful of
evil
E. H. F. 1397 (but
351).
The partitive geni358. (Partitive) Genitive of Place. tive (in prose regularly with the help of a preposition or adverb, see 398-418) is used to denote the place within
which an action takes place thus ievai TOV go (into any part of the county) ahead Xn. Trpocra) A. 1, 3, 1. So also Sefm? and dpio-repds (sc. êtpo?) on the TO Se dpiareprjs ê/oo? right and on the left (hand) it stands and a ea-TrjKe (on portion of the ground) on the Hdt. 77. So 5, left Trepl rpoirios about (part of) the keel, Sia TreSlov through (part of) the plain, Trepdv TOV Troraof
:
some part
to
358 a. In Homer (and sometimes in other poets) the partitive genitive of place (without a preposition) is freely used: thus ^ O$K "A.pyeos êj> icas he not (anywhere) in Argos ? y 251. epxovrai wedioio they are
,-
TO%OU TOV ertpoio he marching along (in) the plain B 801. lev ear Ids ae<ro/i0dXon sat (in a part of the space) by the other icall I 219. e'crTTjKej/ 17577 fj.f)\a already stand the victims at earth's central shrine Aesch.
. . .
/
Ag. 1056. b. In Homer (and sometimes in other poets) the partitive genitive of place is occasionally found with adjectives: as tvavTtoi e<rrav 'AxciicD? More commonly they took their stand over against the Achaeans A 214. such words are found with a dative ( 376 and 392).
THE ABLATIVE GENITIVE

(in
197
rov
of the space) across the river, 7r\rja-lov Seo-/jua)Tr)piov (in some part of the space) near the
some part
prison, etc.
Here belong
etc. (
also the adverbs in -ov like TTOV, ovSapov,
137, 1).
The genitive is 359. (Partitive) Genitive of Time. used to denote the time within some part of which an thus /3acrtXeu5 ov âêlrai Be/ca rjêpwv action takes place
:
the king will not fight (at
any time) within
ten days
Xn.
A.
1, 7,
18
so frequently ?$/iepa? by day, VUKTOS by night,
in the icinter, etc.
Adverbs of Partitive Genitive with Adverbs. time be with a partiand used (rarely others) may place
360. tive genitive (see thus TTOV 7/79 where on 358, 359) earth (Latin ubinam gentium) ovSa^f} \lyv7rrov noivhere r in Egypt, ov% opas (v et /ca/cov you see not in ivhat plight
:
.
you are S. Aj. 386. Troppco rov ftiov far on in Ap. 38 c. 6^6 TT}? r)iJLpds late in the day. TTW? So 77? in what state of opinion are you? PL Rep. 456
of
ill
life
PI.
%?
d.
NOTE. The partitive genitive with adverbs is by some authors used very freely; as ^p^/xarooi/ tv TyKoi/re? being well off in money Hdt. 5, 'A #771/0.101 GJS TroSaJv tlxov ra.\Lara. IfiorfQeov the Athenians, with all 62. possible speed offoot, went to assist Hdt. 6, 116.
B.
361.
genitive performs also the duties of the' which it has absorbed (see ablative 323). original
The
GENITIVE OF SEPARATION
362. The ablative genitive is used with or implying separation thus
:
words denoting
198
1.
THE GENITIVE CASE

With Verbs.
aTrelôv
r^? 'EXAaSo?, they were
dis-
from Greece Xn. A. 3, 1, 2. 77 vijaos ov TTO\V Ste'êt T?;? rjTreipov the island is not far distant from the mainland Th. 3, 51. volv aBe\(f>oiv eareprjOrj/jiev Svo of two
tant
brothers were
Travaa) TTJS
we two
bereft S.
Ant. 13.
TOVTOVS
ov
from office Xn. Cy* 8, 6, 3. ovSev Siotcreis Xatpe^xw^ro? you will not differ at all from Chaerephon Ar. Nub. 503. 2. With Adjectives. <$>l\a)v ayaO&v ep^poi destitute of good friends Xn. Mem. 4, 4, 24. opfyavos avbp&v bereft of men Lys. 2. 60. erepov TO rj$v TOV ayaOov the pleasant
not depose these
is
p%^9 I shall
different from the

3.
good
PL
Go. 500 d.
With Adverbs.
TToppco
%<0/ot9
reputation PI. ^t?. 35 b.

^4. 2, 2, 3.
T^? 80^779 apart from the aêu TTÔLCOV without boats Xn.
jfar off
r^5 TroXeo)?
7, 4.
from
the city
Xn.
J?eW.
4,
5, 14.
Siafapovrcos
rwv
a\\cov differently
from
the rest
Xn. Hier.
NOTE.
Verbs of depriving sometimes take a genitive of separation

340: thus
rest
instead of the accusative of

taking
TWV aXXwv
Xn. Mem.
1,
acfxupoviJLCvoi
away property from the of hotv much have you been
5, 3.
TTOO-WV
bereft!
Dem.
8,
63.
363. Genitive with Comparatives. Adjectives and adverbs of the comparative degree may be followed by a genitive (of separation) of the thing compared (see 426, 2)
:
^jot'cro? Kpeicrcrwv fwpitov \6ya)v gold is more potent than unnumbered words E. Med. 965. varepw ^povw TOVTCOV at a time later than these (events) Hdt. 4, 166.
thus
[TTovrjpla]
Oarrov
39
Oavdrov
a.
del baseness
runs swifter than
death
PL Ap.
362 a. In Homer (and sometimes in other poets) the genitive of separation (or source) is occasionally found (without a preposition) with Ktiire\\ov from her son simple verbs of motion thus TraiSds ^Sâro
:
. .
she took the cup
A 596.
padpwv
iVrao-fle
arise
from
the steps S. 0. T. 142.

364.
199
Genitive with Verbs of Inferiority and Superiority. Verbs denoting Inferiority or Superiority (or Com363) may be followed by a genitive of separaparison, tion thus rd%6i Trepieyevov avrov you surpassed him TOVTOV in quickness Xn. Oy. 3, 1, 19. ov% rjTTTjcroêda ev TToiovvres we do not mean to be outdone by him in rivals TOVTCOV eTrXeovetcreiTe kindly deeds Xn. A. 2, 3, 23. in honors you had the advantage of these men Xn. A. 3, 1, 37. 'Aftpo/cdfjids Be vcTTeprjcre TT}? fjud^rj^ but Abrocomas was too late for the fight Xn. A. 1, 7, 12. TJTTWVTO TOV v&aros the Xn. water Hell. 5, 2, 5. were they vanquished by
:
. .
NOTE.
differs
Observe that the genitive (of separation) with these verbs from the (partitive) genitive of 356 in that the accusative can
it (
never be substituted for
356, note 1).
GENITIVE OF SOURCE
365.
The
:
the source
also
Xn.
ablative genitive is sometimes used to denote /jidOe Se JJLOV KOI rdSe but learn of me this C/JLOV aKovaecrBe Trdcrav rrjv d\tfCy. 1, 6, 44.
thus
deiav
from me you
teal
shall hear the whole truth PI.
Ap. 17
b.
Adpelov Hapvo-anSos yiyvovrat, vratSe? Bvo of Darius and Pary satis were born two children Xn. A. 1, 1, 1.
GENITIVE OF CAUSE
366.
The
ablative genitive
is
sometimes used to express
cause
thus ^woêvo^ yvvaifcds angry because of a 429. eOavfJLaaa rr}? roX/Ltr?? rwv \ey6vrwv
:
woman
I have
12, 41.
wondered
.
at the effrontery of those

.
.
who say Lys.
TOVTOVS olfcrfpco T??? aydv â\7rrj<; vd&ov for their very serious infirmity Xn. Sym. 4, 37.
rl/jiwpijcro/jiai
I pity
them
teal crêa?
their
coming hither
T^? evOdSe Hdt.
an it; ios I
3,
shall
145.
The
punish them for genitive with eve/co,
200
concerning, on account of, and ^dpivfor the sake of, is probably a true genitive ( 347): as e\ev6epia^ Iveica for the sake of freedom Dem. 18, 100.
The genitive of cause is also NOTE. Genitive of Exclamation. used alone in exclamations: thus dX\a r^s e/x^s KCIKT/S but (to think </>ev rov avSpos alas for the man! of) my cowardice! E. Med. 1051.
Xn. Cy.
3, 1, 39.
367. Genitive of the Charge or Penalty. The genitive, with words of judicial action, is used to denote the Charge or Penalty: thus Stwfoâ/ ae SeiXlds I'll prosecute you
for coivardice Ar. Eq. 368.

been convicted of bribery
aSi/crj/judrcov
rjvOvvQt)
(lit.
Swpcov eKpiOr^crav they have rwv gifts) Lys. 27, 3.

. .
he
was acquitted of wrong-doing
Th. 1, 95. So with adjectives of similar meaning: eWô? \i7roragiov liable for desertion Lys. 14, 5. TJJS
ap^
liable
to
give
account of his
office
Dem.
18, 117.
irporepas o\iyap-îd^ alriwraro^ eyevero he was most to Uamefor the earlier oligarchy Lys. 12, 65 (cf. 351).
NOTE. The origin of the Genitive of the Charge or Penalty cannot be surely explained, but most instances can be referred to the genitive of cause ( 366): as SIWKOO TOVTOV K\07rrj<s I am prosecuting
this
man for
(i.e.
because of)
theft.
On
I
the other
like 6a.va.rov in
Oavdrov
rt/xto/xat
to
set the
hand a genitive penalty at death (and so

is
by extension, 9a.va.rov Kpivtw
try
for a capital crime)

(
almost
certainly in origin a genitive of value
35o).
PARTICULAR USES OF THE GENITIVE

368. Two or More Genitives with One Word. It may happen that more than one genitive limits the same word thus TWV la)v(t)v TTJV rjyefiovtrjv rov Trpo? Adpeiov 7ro\e/Jiov the leadership of the lonians in the war against Darius
:
Hdt.
6, 2.
PARTICULAR USES OF THE GENITIVE

369.
201
A substantive and modiThe Genitive Absolute. no grammatical connection with fying participle having
the rest of a sentence stand in the Genitive Absolute (see
657).
NOTE.
lute,
Xo
doubt the Genitive Absolute
(like the Accusative
Abso-
343) arose from the gradual loosening of the grammatical connection of a limiting genitive and participle, until such a genitive came to be felt as an independent construction. Thus, in sentences
like ovSe TL
f*-rJX
0<*
pe^êvro? KCLKOV
ICTT' OLKOS evpe'/xev
and no way
350)
I 250,
is
there to devise a cure for evil done (objective genitive,
or
ok 8' or /caTTi/os twi/ ets ovpavov tvpvv tK-^rai acrreos cuô/xe'voto as when smoke rises and reaches to the broad heavens (the smoke) of a
burning city (descriptive genitive, 352) <3> 523, the genitives came to be felt as independent constructions, and to mean " evil having been
done" "a
city being
on fire"
Compound Verbs. Many verbs comwith which can be used with the pounded prepositions are thus enabled to take a genitive, genitive which, could not command unaided, they ( 324, 2): thus exftaiv
370.
Genitive with
aTrijvr)*;
(=
ftalv ef
a-Trî/?;?,
398, note 1) step forth from

.
the
chariot
67r\lTwv Xn. A. 5,
rwv Ag. irpoBpa/jLovres in advance of the hoplites ( 398, note 1) running

Aesch.
4.
906.
2,
rîreipov
7ri/3r)va.L
to
set
(=
$r]vai
eV
rjTrelpov,
408, 1) e 399. 409,
foot on land Especially Kara

SeiXidv
in the sense of against (cf.
1^): TOVTOU
KaTaty7]<f>ie(T0ai
-v/r^/fecrâfc
vote cowardice against this
man
8ei\idv Kara rovrov) to (i.e. to condemn him for
cowardice) Lys. 14,11.

cried out against (i.e.
/care/Sdwv
rwv 'AOrjvalcov
Athenians Th.
(cf.
1,
they
67.
decried}
the
So KarrjjopM^-eoy)
accuse,
and similar words
409,
either a
NOTE. Observe that the genitive with compound verbs may be True Genitive ( 348 if.), or an Ablative Genitive ( 361).
202
THE DATIVE CASE
371. Prepositions with the Genitive. The use of the Partitive Genitive (of Place or Time, 358, 359) and the Genitive of Separation ( 362) or Source ( 365) is often made more clear and definite by the help of prepo-
sitions
CLTTO
(see
398).
The
from, ef out
of, Trpd before,
prepositions avrL instead and almost all "
of,
"
improper
prepositions (
418) are used with the genitive only. Other prepositions used sometimes with the genitive are Sid through, Kara down, fierd with, vTrep above, a/ji<f>i about,
GTri
For the
upon, irapd beside, nrepi around, Trpo? by, details of their use see 400-417.
at, VTTO
under.
The Agent with passive 372. The Genitive of Agent. verbs ( 516) is regularly expressed by the genitive with VTTO under, by, sometimes with vr/ao? or Trapd at the hands of, less often by eV or UTTO from.
THE DATIVE
373.
The
dative in Greek inherits most of the functions
of three earlier distinct cases (see

(
374),
the
Locative
323) the True Dative and the Instrumental 383),

:
386).
A.
374.
THE TRUE DATIVE

Avith
The True Dative (which belongs properly
verbs or expressions equivalent to a verb) in general denotes that to or for which anything is or is done. (Hence
words denoting persons are more
likely to stand in the
Some words and dative than those denoting things.) to phrases require a dative to complete their meaning
;
others a dative
may
be added at pleasure.
THE TRUE DATIVE

DATIVE OF THE INDIRECT OBJECT
375.
203
The
Indirect Object stands in the dative
case
thus Xi>eWe<7t? eSw/ce Ku/ow %pTJ/j,aTa vroXXa Syennesis gave eiceivw (to) Cyrus a great deal of money Xn. A. 1, 2, 27.
avrrj
r;
xwpd
to
eSoBij to
'
him
rj
this
country had been given

a.
Xn.
Hell. 3,
1, 6.
TOO
AaK\
TT i o3
6(j)ei\ofjLev
owe a cock
Asclepius PI.
to the
Phaed. 118
lifted
Oeoio-i 8e
a\KTpvbva we %ehands
pas aveo-)(ov and

376.
gods they
up
their
318.
Manj" verbs, and circumlocutions equivalent to a (cf. 330), normally require a dative (of the indirect to object) complete their meaning: thus rot? VOJJLOIS
verb
Treidovrai they are obedient to the laws
Xn. Mem.
of)
the
4, 4, 15.
&dvfid%eov dvrjKovaT)jaavT6s rolai

fought,
in
14.
err parr) yolai
they
disobedience
7TL(TTvov
to
(the
orders
generals
Hdt.
6,
avTa) dl
1, 9, 8.
7ro\L<s
the
cities
had
confidence in
him Xn. A.
rw ^p^cn^
Hdt.
1,
ewv being confident in

la~)(ypws ru)
the
oracle
73.
ar chus Xn. war with the Thracians Xn. A. 2, 6, 5. f3acri\el ov firj elvau to befriends to the king Xn. A. 2, 1, 20.
vrjs earj
KXea/j^co they were mightily angry at CleA. 1, 5, 11. 67ro\î TO Z? Spaî he waged
<^tXoi? surely you will not be hostile to your friends E. Med. 1151. el rot? TrXeocrt apeaKovres eV/zei^, TOterS'
IJLOVOIS
av
(lit.
OVK opOws a-rrapeo-KOiêv if we are in favor with pleasing to) the majority, we could not by any right be
in disfavor with these alone

;
Th.
1, 38.
TI
ovv
irpeiret
now
lohat is suitable for a
poor
man ?
PI.
dvSpl Ap. 36 d.
trust, aid,
In general, verbs (and verbal expressions) meaning please, profit, and their opposites (many of which are rendered beji,t, obey,
in
meaning
English by transitive verbs), require a dative to complete their but the exact usage with each word must be learned from
;
the lexicons.
204
NOTE.
genitive,
THE DATIVE CASE

Only predicate adjectives regularly take a dative of the an attributive adjective commonly has the
:
indirect object (since
351); rarely such a dative is arrogated by an attributive <tAos 393) thus AioAos adjective (or even by a substantive, aOavdro ivt Otolviv Aeolus, dear to the immortal gods K 2.
. . .
THE DATIVE OF INTEREST

377.
A
1.
dative of the Person Interested
may
be added
to almost
any sentence.
Observe that the dative often adds the idea of personal (Advantage or Disadvantage) to what might otherwise be expressed by a genitive. Thus, compare the following: Adpeiov Kat IIapu(raTiSos yi'yi/oi/rcu TratSes Suo of Darius and Pary satis two
interest children were born
NOTE
365) Xn. A. 1, 1, ( Croesus was blessed with two children (

Xoiyov d/xwat
. . .
1.
5 aav Kpoto-w
Su'o TratSes
euro
to
Aavaaiv 379) Hdt. 1, 34. destruction keep away from the Danaans II 75.
a/uwov
relieve the
Aavaoiai
Aotyoi/
Danaans of
the pestilence
A
"
456.
So Searo ot
2.
his (TKYJTTTPOV he received the scepter at
hands
186.
NOTE
It is
convenient to subdivide the dative of Interest into

"
Advantage or Disadvantage ( 378), Possession ( 379), Agent ( 380), "Reference" ( 382), and the "Ethical" dative ( 381), but it must be remembered that no hard and fast lines can be drawn between these various uses ( 324, 3). Thus, in Sta/xeVet In KCU vvv rots y8acrtXe{)(ri ^ TroAvSwptd the custom of giving cox//// gifts lasts
even
"
"
"
may
to this day for the kings; the dative of Interest (/&unAe{)<n) be explained as dative of Advantage, Possession, or Reference.
378.
Dative of Advantage or Disadvantage.
The
dative
:
of interest
7ra<?
avrjp
O'L
1366.
to
may imply Advantage or Disadvantage thus avrto Travel every man labors for himself S. Aj. TO Trdyxpuaov Sepos HeX/a fjLerr}\6ov who went
fetch the golden fleece for Pelias E. Med. 6. a-reâvovaOai Trdvras TM #ecG all to be crowned in honor of the god Xn. Hell. 4, 3, 21. kavaolcn, aeiKea \oiyov afjivvov ward
off vile pestilence
from
. .
the
.
Danaans
A 456.
(So with a^vvw
alone: ry Tro'Aet
api'veiv KOL Oeols to defend the State
THE TRUE DATIVE

and gods Ar.
JEq.
205
rovs ray
577. )
TOU$
0/93,/ca?
6evei varepricravTas the Thracians who came too late for Demosthenes Th. 7, 29. (i.e. to the disadvantage of)
379.
Dative
is
of Possession.
The
dative of interest (or
used with verbs like eifii am, or yiyvoâi, advantage) become, to denote possession (cf. in Latin est mihi filius)
:
thus
rja-av
1, 34.
Kpotay
45
c.
8vo vratSe? Croesus had two children

e/cel
Hdt.
elalv e/juol
%evoi
I (luckily)
y ovoyâ
have friends
is
there PI. Crit.
Otm?
efiol
Noman
my
name
366.
380.
Dative of Agent.
The
dative of interest with the
perfect or pluperfect passive, or with the verbal in -reo<? ( 666), comes even to denote regularly the Agent: thus iravff riîlv TreTTOLrjTai, everything has been done by us Xn.
A.
1, 8, 12.
roaavrd
(JLOL
elprjaQo) let this

. . .
much have
3, 1,
been
said by
e'crrt)
24, rj^lv everything must be done by us
me Lys.
4.
irdvra iroirjrea (sc.

35.
Xn. A.
381.
The Ethical
(or Emotional) Dative.
The
dative
of a personal pronoun is often used to denote a lively or emotional interest which a person may have in something
:
thus Kai [AOL
/J,rj
Oopvft/jaere
and do
not,
beg
you, make
any uproar PI. Ap. 20 e. 'Apraêpvys v plv "TVrao-Treo? 6crrt Trat? now Artaphernes, you must know, is the son of KOI o avrjp aoi 6 veavias e/cetyo? Hystaspes Hdt. 5, 30. 7rpo6\@(t)v rov \o%ayov Trporepos eTropevero and, would you believe it, that young fell oiv stepped out in front, and marched in advance of the captain! Xn. Cy. 2, 2, 7.
382.
Dative of Reference.
Datives expressing a remote
(or merely a point of view) are conveniently classed as datives of Reference: thus acfxvv IJLGV evro\r)
interest
206
eêt reXo? has twain, you
THE LOCATIVE DATIVE

S>;
its
the command of Zeus end Aesch. Pr. 12.
so
far as touches
e'8o/m
^.w/cpdrr)?
Tlprjs agios dvai ry TroXe* Socrates seemed to be deserving of honor from (lit. in reference to) the State Xn. Mem. 1,
eiboaiv he's dead as So in for those who know E. I. T. 575. the idiomatic expressions like el KOI eiceivw ôv\oêvw ravr eari if this is agreeable to him also (lit. to him
2,
62.
o\a)\ev
be
co?
o\a)\ev rolcriv
dead
may
TTO'TU? eV wishing) Xn. Hell. 4, 1, 11. 'ETr/Sa/ô? eV e%ia e(77r\ovTL rov 'loviov KoXnrov Epidamnus is a city on the right as one sails (lit. to, or with reference to, one
sailing) into the Ionian Grulf

elTrelv to
Th.
1, 24.
So
&>?
<rvve\ovTi
speak speak from of one who has condensed the matter) Xn. A.
NOTE.
briefly (lit. to
the point of view

3, 1, 38.
No
of Reference
hard and fast and the dative
line can
of
be drawn between the dative Advantage or Disadvantage, for a

class.
good many datives can be referred to either
B.
383.
THE LOCATIVE DATIVE

is
As
the heir to most of the functions of an earlier
locative case ( 323) the dative place and time.
used in expressions of
The dative (in prose regularly 384. Dative of Place. with the help of a preposition) is used to denote the place where (cf. 384 a) thus eV rfj 7ro\ei in the city.
:
384 a. In Homer (and sometimes in other poets) the dative of place without a preposition is freely used thus r6 W/JLOIO-IV fx uv with the bow on his shoulder A 45. e?5e /JLVX v K\i(rir}s he slept in a corner of the tent
:
he fell in the plain E 82. d\X' oik 'Arpeidr) 'Aya/j.^fj.vovi pleased not Agamemnon in his heart A 24. 6'o /cpdros (TKC fjityio-rov Tracri Kv/cXwTretro-i whose power was the greatest among all the Cyclopes a 71. otTidavoiai avd<r<reu you are lord among nobodies A 231. valeiv 8pe<ri to dwell in the mountains S. OT. 1451.
I
663.
TT
ed
tf Trô-e
r/vdave dvjj.^ but
it
THE INSTRUMENTAL DATIVE

385.
207
Dative of Time.
The
dative (often with the help

:
of a preposition) is used to denote time
thus
the
when (cf. 383) on the following (day), rerdprw erei tlie rfj vo-repaia fourth year, /jua vv/cri on one night, ev ru> avrw
same winter Th.
2, 34.
0.
dative performs also the duties (in expressing means, manner, cause, accompaniment) of the earlier instrumental case which it has absorbed ( 323).
386.
The
387.
Dative of Means.
or Instrument:
stones
The
dative
may
denote the
Means
thus Xttfoi? e@a\\ov they pelted
(them) with
Te?
rfi
threw the axe
Xn. A. 5, 4, 23. Irja-t, rfj aîvrj he with the axe) Xn. A. 1, 5, 12. <yva>crdev(lit. known by the make of their rcov ojrX&v a/cevf}
1, 8.
-
weapons Th.
The verb XP^P*11 use 0- e serve one's self with) regularly NOTE. takes the dative of Means: thus Aoyo> xP^rat they use reason Xn.
Mem.
3, 3,
11.
388.
Dative of Degree of Difference.
The
dative of
means with comparatives and expressions implying comparison (sometimes also with superlatives) denotes the Degree of Difference: thus rfj Ke(f>a\fj />te/o> taller by a
(lit.
the)
head PI. Phaed. 100
e.
ov TroXXcu?
f
///Lie'/oou?
varepov not
many days
later (lit. later by not

rj
many days)
E\Xa? yeyove acrOeveone Greece has become weaker famous city Hdt. by arepr]
Xll. Hell. 1, 1, 1.
TroA-t \oyijjiw
6,
106.
Setca erecri Trpo
T/;<?
eV ^.a\afiivi vav/jLa%La<;
ten
c.
years before
fight TrXeZcrrot by far the most
the
sea
at
Salamis
PL
Leg.
698
Hdt.
5, 92, 5.
208
THE DATIVE CASE

dative
The 389. Dative of Manner. Manner (sometimes with the help of
may
denote
:
a preposition)
thus
TOVTW
rut rpoTTO) e7ropev67)(Tav in this manner they proXn. A. 3, 4, 23. Spo/jiw fevro e? rot"? /3ap/3dpov$ ceeded
on the run they rushed against the barbarians Hdt. 6, 112. So in several adverbial expressions like ftla with violence,
o-iyfj
in silence,
rfj
d\r)0ia in truth,
ra>
ovn
in
in reality,
\6yo) in word, epyw in deed, ry e^fj ravrrj (sc. o&>) in this way.
390.
yvw/jir)
my
opinion,
Dative of Respect.
is
The
dative of
Manner
or
Means
is
sometimes used to show in what respect a thing so (but this usage has been greatly encroached on by
thus evpvrepos ry (frwvy rpaxys harsh lo-^yeiv rot? awâcri to be strong
the accusative of specification, &ILOKTI broader in shoulders F 194.

in voice
337)
Xn. A.
2, 6, 9.
in their bodies (i.e. with their bodies) Xn. Mem. 2, 7, 7. yco ovre Troalv el/JLi raû? ovre êpalv la^vpo^ I am neither swift of foot nor strong of arm Xn. Cy. 2, 3, 6.
391. Dative of Cause. The dative may be used to denote Cause: thus piyei cnr(o\\v/ji0a we were dying of
cold
Xn. A.
5,
8,
2.
ovBevl
ovra>
%aipei<$
dyaOols you delight in nothing so
much
GO? <f)t\ois as in good friends
Xn. Mem.
I am
2, 6, 35. âXeTrco? (êpw rot? Trapovai TT pay pa at, distressed at the present circumstances Xn. A. 1, 3, 3.
NOTE. The dative usually denotes a more active or immediate cause than the genitive of cause (
The Accompaniment or Association. a be used (often helped by preposition) may with words denoting (or implying) accompaniment, asso392.
Dative of
dative
ciation, or likeness
thus

1.
209
With Verbs.
evQdS* ifcaveis vrjl re KOI
erdpotai
are
you come hither ivith your ship and crew? X 161. crvv vrji T IjJirj KOI e'/iot9 erdpoicriv e\0a)v going with my ship and
crew
i
173.
IJJMV efyeiTrovro ol iroKefjuoi KOLI ITTTTLKU) KOI
TreXracTTifcq) the enemy followed us with cavalry and peltasts Xn. A. 7, 6, 29. crvv rfj a\\rj a r a et9 'AO/jvds with the remainder his Kare7r\eu(7 of army he sailed to
pan
Athens Xn. Hell.

with him
1, 4, 10.
u>iM\eirr)v
avrqy they associated
Xn. Mem.
1, 2, 39.
we dispute with each other PL

.
.
a^Lo-^TovfJiev aXX 77X0^9 Phaedr. 263 a. T&> fjye/jio vi
eTreadaL to follow the leader

er7roi>Sa9 iiToir\(javTo
Xot?
they e/navrfj Bia \oywv d^l/cojjLrjv I have been reasoning with myself E. Med. 872. fyiXoo-ofyw The eoi/ca? you seem like a philosopher Xn. A. 2, 1, 13.
Xn. A. 1, 3, 17. a\\r)made a truce with each other
Xn.
Hell. 3, 2, 20.
last
example may also be explained as a true dative,

With words meaning
with
to fight
to
376.
NOTE.
i/cu'ois
fight against; the dative

/jLa.\f.crOa.L
crvv to fight
fight the simple dative means to on the side of: thus 'AOrj-
IM.Xf.a9ai to fight on the side

2.
against the Athenians; of the Athenians.
crvv
With
4, 6.
Adjectives.
opotos
'A^XXet
like Achilles
Xn.
Sym.
ted/Adi
tiguous
(cf.
ôjpav ofjuopov rfj with that of the Lacedaemonians Dem. 15, 22. ^Kaplrecrcriv oyLolai hair like (that of) the Crraces TroXXot? elfjn, Sid<f>opos with many 717, 6) P 51.
Aa/ceBai/jiovtcov a land con-
I'm
ness
at variance E.
Med. 579.
So with
auro? the same
TO avro
rw
r)\i6i(i) the
2, 6, 22.
same thing as
(lit.
Xn. A.
(cf.
GOTrX/cryUeVcH rfo-av rofc
with) foolishaurot? KL-^W
oVXoj? they were armed
ivith the
same weapons as (those of)

co) formally
Cyrus
3.
717, 6)
Xn. Cy.
a-v/j./j,iya
7, 1, 2.
With Adverbs.
Leg. 844 women Hdt.
eTroêVa)? TO> VO/JLO)
to
law
the
PL
e.
rfjcn
rfj
6,
58.
aâ
14
yvvaiî iêpa at daybreak
together with
(lit.
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
210
THE DATIVE CASE

So with
ofiov together with,
along with the day). next in order.
NOTE.
reo-crepas
(lit.
As
dative of accompaniment
is
(
the idiomatic use of the dative and avros
probably to be explained as veas 475, 3, note 2)

:
avroicrt rots dvS/oacrt etAov they took four ships men and with the men themselves} Hdt. 6, 93.
all
393.
Dative with Substantives.
PARTICULAR USES OF THE DATIVE The verbal

it
idea in a
verbal substantive sometimes makes

a dative with it: thus
'
possible to construe
V/JLLV
rr)v
rov Oeov Soaiv
Heaven's
gift
to
evirvpTrvotov eTrto-rdr^v to master (lit. as master of) with the sent j\ai(7L yoke 387) the fiery lulls E. Med. 478. (dative of means, Koivcovtd ro?9 dv&pdo-i association with the men (dative
Ap. 30
you (dative d. ireÔevra ravpcov
of
the indirect object,
375) PI.
of association,
392) PI. Hep. 466
c.
Dative with Compound Verbs. Many verbs comwith other or with eV, crvv, prepositions which pounded the are thus assisted in with dative be used ( 395), may
394.
taking a dative which the verb of mand thus rcu9 opfcois e/iy/.ez'et o
:
itself
could not com-
op/<:of9,
see
Hell. 2, in
.
9/109 (= pzvei eV rot? 398, note 1) the people abides by its oaths Xn. 4, 43. o-vveTroXe/mei Kvpw he joined with Cyrus
. . .
0)9 e7ri(3ov\evoi avru> making war Xn. A. 1, 4, 2. that he was plotting against him Xn. A. 1, 1, 3. eVeiS?) TTpoafiaXoiev a\\r)\ois when they attacked each So likewise denominative verbs ( 298, other Th. 1, 49.
.
.
note) containing these prepositions Xoi9 to lay hands on each other Th.
as eTTLêiprjcrai, aXX?;1, 49.
Such compound verbs as take the dative ( 394) are NOTE. enabled to do so usually by virtue of the meaning of the preposition alone, but sometimes apparently from the general meaning of the
compound (compare
the
first
two examples above with the fourth).
PLACE AND TIME

395.
211
Prepositions with
the Dative.
The
use of the
Locative Dative (of Place or Time, 384, 385), and the Instrumental Dative (of Accompaniment, 392), and rarely the True Dative ( 374), is often made more definite
by the help
<rvv
and
with,
are,
The prepositions ev in, of prepositions. from their meaning, used with the
dative only.
dative are
under.
Other prepositions used sometimes with the eVt upon, Trapd beside, irepi about, 7r/?o9 at, VTTO 400-417. For the details of their use see
:
PLACE AND TIME (SUMMARY)

396.
1.
Place at which
is
expressed by the locative
( 76, note) or locative dative ( 384), the latter usually with a preposition 'AQijvrjcn at Athens, ev TTJ TroXei in the city.
:
expressed by the partitive 358) genitive (usually with a preposition or adverb, r% Sef icis on the right, Sta TreBiov through the plain.
2.
Place
within which
is
3.
Place from which
is
separation (usually with a preposition, from town.

4.
expressed by the genitive of 362) e'f aWeo)?

:
Place towards or
of
sative
limit
of
to which is expressed by the accumotion (in prose regularly with a
preposition,
397.
1.
:
339)
at
et?
rrjv ir6\i,v into

is
the city.
expressed by the locative dative on the third day. 385) rfj rpirr) f)êpa 2. Time within which is expressed by the partitive
Time
which
genitive ( the day).

3.
359)
rjêpa^ by
day
(i.e. at
some time within
Time during which

:
is
338)
395
a.
rr)V Tjêpdv ravrrjv
expressed by the accusative during (the whole of) this day.

about (also in Herodotus), and
In poetry dvd np(ori),
dufil
ivith
are also found with the dative.
212
PREPOSITIONS WITH THE CASES
PREPOSITIONS WITH THE CASES

The Prepositions were originally adverbs modifythe verb, and serving to define more clearly and ing 398 a). the adverbial uses of the cas.es (see exactly
398.
early came to be united with the verb (Composition, 298), or to be used regularly with such cases as their meaning would allow then by a sort of crystallization of their usage certain phrases were formed which came to
They
have special or idiomatic meanings. " For the so-called " Improper Prepositions see
418.
NOTE
1.
The
where
to the verb
preposition in Greek has sometimes become attached in English it would be rendered with the accom-
panying substantive: as d TT eo-rparoTreSevoi/ro 01 (3dpfiapoL rov 'EXXrjVLKOV the barbarians encamped away from the Greek army Xn. A. 3, 4, 34. NOTE 2. Not infrequently the preposition is used both with the verb and with the substantive as TT/JO? TT)V KCO/^V Trpoo-ioWes coming
:
forward
or
to the village
5, 7,
a ship Xn. A.
Xn. A. 3, 4, 33. etcr/Sds cis TrAoiov embarking in 15. Thus the Greek could say J3aiv> eis TJJV Tro'Ati/,
or ei<T/?ouV<o eis rrjv iroXw go into the city, but the tendency was, wherever possible, to join the preposition with the verb.
i<r/3aiVo) rrjv TroAii/,
NOTE 3. Greek (like Latin) sometimes differs from English in the point of view from which it uses the cases and the accompanying preposition especially words suggesting motion (although denoting
;
rest) are
often used with a case and preposition appropriate to motion (to or from), although not so rendered in English: thus KareoTr/ ets rr/v (3a<n\.iav 'Apra^'p^s Artaxerxes was established in power Xn. A.
1,
1, 3.
rr)v TroAiv eê'AiTTOv
eis ^wptov o^ypov they abandoned the
city
(and went)
into a stronghold
Xn. A.
1, 2,
24.
01
e* r^s dyopas
(lit.
AcaraAtTrovrts TO.
wvia e<j>vyov the people in the
market
1,
from
the
market) abandoned their wares, and fled Xn. A.

398
a.
2,
18.
So with
in
of the prepositions can be seen very clearly 298 a), and in some phrases such as -rrpbs 8t and besides (see (found even in Attic prose), ev dt and amonc/ the number, /ierd dt and afterwards ; so irtyi exceedingly in Homer is often an adverb.
The adverbial use
Homer
USE AND MEANINGS OF THE PREPOSITIONS
213
corresponding adverbs: ov yap eiôi/ oiKoOtv for I had none (that I could bring) from home' Ar. Pax 5'2'2.
GENERAL VIEW OF THE PREPOSITIONS

399.
Summary
of Usage.
:
In Attic prose the preposi:
tions are used as follows
With With With With With
the Accusative only avd, etV the Genitive only aim, CLTTO, e',
:
Trpo.
the Dative only lv and a-vv. the Accusative or Genitive

:
a^(f>i,
Sid,
/card,
the Accusative, Genitive, or Dative

of
eW,
?rapa,
7TpL, TTpO?, U7TO.
For the special functions

the aid of prepositions see
the
cases
which admit
346, 371, 395.

[In the following pages only the general facts about the meanings and uses of the prepositions (besides a few
special phrases)
are
recorded
the exact details about
each preposition are to be found in a lexicon.]

400.
1.
OLJI<|>I
about (properly on both sides
of,
Latin amb-)
see
400
a.
WITH THE GENITIVE

cJv
(in origin a Partitive Genitive of Place,

Trept
358) about, concerning (rare in prose,

instead) d/xl is so used by Herodotus. 400 a. In Ionic and in poetry d/j.<j>t is used also with the (locative, 384) dative, meaning about, and so concerning, because of: d/j.<j>' &jj.oi.<rii> %ei ffdKos he has his shield about his shoulders A 527. d/xî
;
Simts about the eddies E.
/.
T. 6.
d/x0'
^/uoi
o-Tems
are you lamenting
about
me?
S. El. 1180.
214
2.
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE
(of Extent,
338) about.
Place: rtov d/x^>t MtXr/rov crrparevo/xevwv of those engaged in military operations about Miletus Xn. A. 1, 2, 3.
Time: d/x<i /meow iâepas OOM noon Xn. ^4. 4, 4, 1. Derived Meanings: d/u.<i ra TrevT^/covra about jifty Xn.
IN COMPOSITION
:
.4. 2, 6, 15.
about, on both sides of
401. <*va up (opposed to Kara down)
see
401
a.
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

A. (of Extent,
Place:
338) MJO, along. rov Trora/xov up the river Hdt. 2, 96. dva throughout Greece Hdt. 6, 131. Derived Meanings: dva vvVra a/om; (in) the night
dva
TT)V
'EAA.d8a
80.
dva
i//A6paV ever?/ e?a#
Xn. Cy.
1, 2, 8.
5.
(of
:
Limit of Motion,
OTJKCV
339) upon.
them up on a tamarisk bush K 466. Derived Meanings: dva KpaYos up to (his) strength (i.e. at full dva exa-rov up to a hundred (i.e. by hunspeed) Xn. A. 1, 10, 15.
Place
dva
fivpucqv he put
dreds) Xn. A.
5, 4, 12.
:
IN COMPOSITION
up, back, again.

for, originally over against
cvavrt'ov)
.
402. avrC instead

in this use
1. it
of,
(Latin ante} (but
was supplanted by
WITH THE GENITIVE
(in origin a Partitive Genitive of Place,
358).
Derived Meanings only:

choose the
lot
TO,
Trap'
e/xoi
eAeV$ai dvrt raiv OIKOI
to
A.
1, 7,
Xn. A.
Hdt.
instead of (i.e. rather than) that at home Xn. 4. dv0' (oj/ ev ITTO.OOV in return for the favors I have received dvrt ly/xep^? vu lytvf.ro instead of day it became night 1, 3, 4.
ivith
me
7, 37.
:
IN COMPOSITION
against, instead, in return.
401
a.
(locative) dative
staff
In Epic and Lyric poetry avd is sometimes found with the as xpwty a. v ( 43, note 3) vK-fiirTpv upon a golden
:
15.

403.
a-tro
215
from, away from (Latin a&).

(of Separation or Source,
362, 365) only
:
WITH THE GENITIVE

Place:
OLTTO OaXdvo-rjs
p.dXXov
<*>Kiv6rjcra.v
1, 7.
they were, settled rather (at

O.TT
a distance) away from

they stripped the
the sea
Th.
XVOVTO Se rcvê
to/x<ov
and
armor from
their shoulders
(lit.
318.
iOripwev
OLTTO LTTTTOV
he used
to
hunt on horseback
from a
horse,
398, note 3)
Xn.
A.
1, 2, 7.
Time:
Tfjs
d-rro
TOVTOV TOV %p6vov from

of (remote)
this time
Xn. A.
7, 5, 8.
Derived Meanings:
TroAews
to get rich
:
agency
TrAouo-iov yiyveo-$ai
OLTTO
from
the state
Dem.
1,
24, 124.
So, sometimes, in
Thucydides
air
avruv by them Th.
17.
IN COMPOSITION: from, away from.

404.
1.
810-
through (cf. Latin dis-).

(originally the
:
WITH THE GENITIVE
Partitive
Genitive of
Place,
358) through (some part of)
Place: eeAawei Sia KctTTTraSo/a'as Ae marched through Cappadocia
Xn. 4.
1, 2,
:
20.
Sia w/cro's through the night Xn. J. 4, 6, 22. Derived Meanings: 81' ereW eiKocri through (i.e. at the end of) 8t' ep/ATjve'oos 7ie spoke through an twenty years Hdt. 6, 118. eXeye Si a 7roA./xou avrois teVat ô #0 through war interpreter Xn. ^4. 2, 3, 17.
. .
Time
with them (i.e. to act in a hostile

lerai ô ac/
m friendly fashion
through (the grasp of) one's
way towards them) so 8ta <iAids Xn. ^4. 3, 2, 8. Si a xetpos x etv ând (i.e. in one's power) Th. 2, 13. TOV
;
^^
Kpov
(i.e.
ing through)
Si a (TTO/xaros eTôv ê^/ âf/ (the name of) Cyrus on (lit. passtheir lips Xn. C^. 1, 4, 25. Sia raôvs through speed
2, 18.
speedily) Th.
2. WITH THE ACCUSATIVE (of Extent, 338) through, more often through in the sense of because of. Place and Time (3dv p' i/xev S i a vwra /xe'Aaii/av
: . . .
throughout,
S i a T*
Ivrea Kai /xeAav at/xa
êy ?re;?^ on ^6/r way through the dark night and through the iveapons and the black blood K 297. Cause: 810, Kav/jâ through (i.e. on account of) heat Xn. A. 1, 7, 6.
KO.KOL SOKOV/XCV eivai
Sia TOVTOV we appear

6, 6,
:
to be
base through
(i.e.
because
of) this
man Xn. A.
23.
IN COMPOSITION
through, also apart (cf. Latin dis-).
216

405 a)
into, to
405. els (or e<j, see with the accusative).
(for *ev
cf.
47 and Latin
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

:
(of Limit of Motion,
339) only:
Place: Sie/fytrav es îxeAidv they crossed over into Sicily Th. 6, 2. So also with persons e i s v/xas eicrie'vai to come into the midst of you
PI.
^4j0.
17
c.
eXOdv ets 'AîAâ

rj/Jiap
to
come
into the
presence of Achilles
//
P709.
Time
setting
Trpoirav
es
ê'Aiov
/caraSwra SatVuvr'
e/xe to ?n_y
fr'???e
efoi/
/on<7 ^7/
sun they feasted

ofy( jj/cev
601.
es
Hdt.
1,
92.
eis TT)V
vorepaiav
Ae didn't come the following day ( Derived Meanings: ets rerpaKoo-tov? wp to the
yl.
298, note 3). number of four
hundred Xn.
3, 3, 6.
es
eis ^wvr/i/ SeSoyaevat ^z'yen /or girdle-money
Xn. ^.
1, 4, 9.
reXos
:
/na%
298, note 3).
IN COMPOSITION
406.
v in
in, into, to.
(Latin en-do,
(Locative,
in).
WITH THE
01
384)
DATIVE
only:
Place: ev ^Traprrj in Sparta Th. 1, 128. ev TroAArf 8^ aTropt'a ^crav "EAAvyves Âe Greeks were naturally in much perplexity Xn. A. 3, 1, 2.
ffjLOL
ev
in
me
(i.e.
in
my
power) Dem.
yl. 5, 4, 32.
18, 193.
ev TOIS <t'Aois in
(i.e.
(i.e.
among)
their friends
3, 7.
Xn.
ev rots oTrAots in
under)
ev rats
arms Xn. ^4.4,
Time: ev
Trevre
^/xe'pais
in five
days Xn.
Mem.
3, 13, 5.
(TTrovSais in (the
time of)
:
the truce
Xn. A.
3, 1, 1.
IN COMPOSITION
407.
in, on.
(before consonants
e/c,
47) out
of,
from.
362, 365) only
:
WITH THE GENITIVE

Place:
e/c
(of Separation or Source,
Time
6, 21.
e*
IIuAov eA0wv going out from Pylos TrcuSos from a child (i.e. since childhood) Xn. Cy.
269.
(i.e.
5, 1, 2.
ex rov apto-rov from breakfast
directly after breakfast)
Xn. A.
4,
405
a.
regularly uses
In the earlier Attic prose ts is more common than the poets use either form at pleasure. es
;
et's
Herodotus
(^, cf .
406
l,
a.
Homeric and
poetical forms are

clvt.
(the older form of
414 a), and (possibly)
217
Of Source: kat yap T ovap K Atos e<rriv for a dream, too, is from Zeus A 63. So sometimes of the (remote) agent ( 372) IK /foo-iAeco? Xn. A. 1, 1, 6. SeSo/xeVcu yicen from (i.e. by) the King
:
Phrases:
a
(lit.
from,
K Sepias on (lit./rom, 398, note 3) t/ie right, e/c TroAAov taov on an equality. 398, note 3) a great distance, t
out of, from, out.
IN COMPOSITION:
408.
1.
*irt
w/>on.
WITH THE GENITIVE
(Partitive Genitive of Place,

:
358, or
Time,
359) upon (some part of)
Place: TrapeAawwv e<' appuxros riding by (seated) on a chariot 7Tt rou CVOWV/AOV (sc. Kepcos) on ê Ze/f wing Xn. 1, 2, 16. ^4. 1, 8, 9. With words denoting motion, toward (some part of), in the CTTI 'Ian/ids to oe going away toward Ionia direction of: ciTrievai
Xn. A.
Xn. .4. 2, Time:
1, 3.
CTT' etp^vrys in //me

f/?7ie
zn Âe yoi/a)i/
of peace B 797. of our forefathers Xn. Q/. 1,

:
CTTI
6,
rail/
^/xereptov Trpo-
31.
Derived Meanings
CTT'
oAtywv Teray/meVoi drawn up a few deep Xn.
4.
4, 8, 11.
2.
WITH THE
upon
the
(Locative,
(
with the True Dative

stay here
.
.
384) DATIVE upon, at (rarely perhaps 374) toward, against), O.VTOV /AI/XV' CTTI irvpyw
ySacrtXeia
at
palace
l<m 408, 1) Z 431. Tr^yats TOT) Mapcrvov Trora/xov there is a source of the Marsyas river Xn. A. 1, 2, 8. CTTI rrj
the tower (i.e. at this place, cf.
. .
evrt rat?
OaXa.Try
^4.
at the sea-shore
Xn.
-4. 1, 4, 1.
Derived Meanings:
1,
CTTI TO> dSeA^wo
m
.
ê power of
M/?O/I
. .
his brother
Xn.
1,
4.
TO
this
following)
oath
upon
these
immediately PI. yip. 27 b. CTTI rourot? op.oVas having given an terms Xn. A. 3, 2, 4. (So often e<' <J, e<' wre on con/Am^r
7Tt
rovVo)
f/*e
(next)
(i.e.
dition that,
sei'zec?
596), eAa/ôv r^? ^tovrys roi/ 'Opoj/rdv e?rt âvarco ê?/ Orontas by the girdle upon (determination of) his r/e/A (i.e. as a sign of condemnation) Xn. A. 1, 6, 10. CTTI rtn /xe'ya ^>poms; on
wâ
Xn. S^m. 3, 8. rfo you /;rzV/e yourself? In expressions like wpcrev CTT* 'Apyeioio-t ê roused him against the 293, the dative seems to be in origin a True Dative ( 374). Argives
3.
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE
(of Extent,
338) upon (or of Limit

gazing over the
of Motion,
339) toward, 6paon>
CTT' aTrec'pora TTOVTOV
218
boundless deep
350.
LTTTTOV
rjXOc Ooas CTTI
vr)a<s
he came to the swift ships
12.
7rt
TOV
dva/3as mounting upon his horse
Xn. A.
1, 8, 3.
7rt /3ao-iAed
levat to be
3, 1.
eepx ovTat
^7
going toward (i.e. against) the king Xn. A. 1, rty Orjpav aw ^ ^ e # <7^ forth to (i.e. for) ê
CTTI TroAu to
hunt Xn.
C'#. 1, 2, 11.
a great extent Th.
1, 6.
IN COMPOSITION:
t/pan (after), over, against.
409. Kara
1.
cfoz^n
(opposed to avd up).

:
WITH THE GENITIVE

(of Separation,
A.
362) down from.

we?'e ^rone
Place: WÔVTO KO.TO. TUJV Trerpoiv <epo/u,evoi ê#
headlong
down (from) the cliffs Xn. ^4. down (i.e. completely) N 772.
rear Th.
4, 33.
4, 7, 14.
Kara
So KO,T' aKprjs from the top vwrov in (lit. c/own from) the
B.
down
(Partitive Genitive of Place) down underneath over some part of, (down) against a person (cf.
to 6e
some part
370).
of,
xOovos o/x/xara Trr^ds fixing his eyes upon (a part of) the
Kara ground T 217.
Kara
yrjs
opyutas yeveV&xi
7, 1, 30.
(buried) fathoms beneath (a part of)
the earth
Xn. 4.
Derived Meanings:
against myself (cf
2.
.
/car'
e/xavrov
^jo.
epav
to
&e
intending
to
speak
370)
PL
37 b.
(of Extent,
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

Kara
338) down over, down
along (or of Limit of Motion,
339),
down
2,
to.
Place:
poov down stream. Hdt.
96.
Kara
iracrav TYJV yrjv

/cat
(down) along over the entire land Hdt. 3, 109. Kara y^v OaXaTTov along over (i.e. by) land and sea Xn. A. 3, 2, 13.
CLVTOVS the part along by (i.e. opposite) themselves.
Kara
K.a.0*
TO
Time: Kar'
ot
e/ceTvoi/
TOV x/odvov along
(i.e.
at) that time
Th.
1,
139
KaO* T^/Acts those along (at) owr f/me (i.e. our contemporaries). Kara <iAtav Derived Meanings: Kara 7rpf)w on business y 72. Kara TOV avrov TpOTrov according to the /or friendship Th. 1, 60. same fashion Xn. C^. 8, 2, 5. Kara Kpdros doirn to (the limit of) strength (i.e. at full speed: cf. dva /cpdVos, 401) Xn. A. 1, 8, 19.
KaTa
TOV vo/xov according
to
law Xn.
/7e^/. 1, 7, 5.
IN COMPOSITION: down, against
(cf.
370).

410.
[WTO.
219
amid, among (and so often close
to,
close upon).
1. WITH THE (Partitive, 354) GENITIVE (probably originally of Place) among, in company with: /A era Boiwraiv e/aaôvro they fought 700. among the Boeotians KOWYJ /xera aov in common along with you PL Crit. 46 d. /xera TroAAwv Sa/cpvW am/ (i.e. with) many tears PI.
X/>.
34
c.
2.
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

of,
339) into
the
midst
/A
and
so,
/cat
more frequently,
close upon, close after, after: LKOVTO
era
Tpaias
the
Achaeans
264.
'Aâtou? they came into the midst of the Trojans and 8e p. ex' aAAovs and he went among (i.e. close (3fj
others
after, in pursuit of)
292.
/caAAicrros /ACT
a IlrjAeiWa most
beautiful next (after) Peleus' son

a/ter
this.
674.
So often /ACT a ravra (close)
with (of sharing), among, after (in quest of). denotes change (of state or position) as /u,eTa/3atV<o go to a new place, /xeravooi (-e'w) change one's mind, repent.
:
IN 'COMPOSITION
it
Often
411.
1.
irapd beside.
WITH THE GENITIVE

beside,
(of Separation,
362, or Source,
365)
from
from the side of: Trap a 8e /Jao-tAcco? TroAAot Trpos Kvpov aTTÂôv /row beside the king many came away to Cyrus Xn. .4.1,9, 29. ffxicryavov ou epvcro-a/xevos Trap a fjirjpov drawing his sharp siuord from
beside his thigh
190.
Tra/o'
2,
AiyvrmW
/xe/xa^r/Kei/at to
âve learned
:
from
the
Egyptians Hdt.
104.
Trap a Travrcov 6/xoAoyetrat

2.
zV is
So of the remote agent ( 372) agreed on the part of all Xn. ^4. 1, 9, 1.
WITH THE
.
(Locative,
. .
384)
DATIVE
at the side of, at, with.
Place:
358.
^/xeVr; Trap a Trarpt yepovri sitting beside her aged father ra Trap a OaXdrrrj ^wpta /7<e places beside the sea Xn. ^4. 7,
2,25.
(i.e.
Derived Meanings: under) Cyrus Xn.
co-rparT/yet Trap
yl. 1, 4, 3.
a Kvpa> Ae was general beside
410
a.
In Epic (and rarely in other) poetry

384) dative
:
/xerd is
(Locative,
as 0e6s
eo-/cc
/xer' avdpd<ri he
found with the was a god among
men a
258.
220
3.
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE
A. (of Limit of Motion, 339) to the side of (usually of persons) he sent the peltasts to (the Tre/ATret Trap a HevcxûWa TOUS 7reA.TcurTas side of) Xenophon Xn. A. 4, 3, 27.
:
B. (of Extent,
Place:
ftfj
.
. .
338) along beside, alongside Trap a

Olva. Tie
of.
Trap a
2, 13.
rrjv
6Sov
Kptjvr)
went along beside the shore A 34. fy there was a spring alongside the road Xn. A. 1,
TOV \povov Trpocrêt along me PI. Phaed. 116 d.
Time: Trap a
the time he
Travra
/xot
(i.e.
during)
all
used
to
come
:
in to see
Derived Meanings
nothing,
i.e.)
So in phrases like trap" ovbsv (lit. alongside of of no account, Trap a /xt/cpov (lit. alongside of little, i.e.)
nearly, almost, slightly.
often
Often the idea of passing alongside suggests passing beyond ; so -n-apd means beyond, contrary to: as often Trap a TOV vopov contrary to
law, Trap a rrjv
8oav
:
contrary
beside,
to
expectation, etc.
IN COMPOSITION
along by, beyond.
412. rapt about, round about (properly on

1.
all sides of, cf.
a/jL<f>i,
400).
WITH
THE. GENITIVE:
:
o-Tre'eos
A. (Partitive Genitive of Place, 358) about (some part of) round about (a part of) the cave e 68.
Trept
More often in the derived meaning of about, concerning: -jrf.pl rwv v/xerepwv ayaOwv /xaôv/xeâ we shall Jight about your goodly possessions Xn. A. 2, 1, 12. a TIS Trept TWV TOIOVTCOV erodes eo-ri if anybody is wise about such matters PL Ap. 19 c.
B.
(of Separation,
e/x/xevat
362)
/o
TrdvTwv
aAAwv
all about, surpassing, &e superior to all others
more than: Trept So often 287.
in prose in phrases like Trept TTO\\OV TroLticrOaL to regard as of great importance (lit. more than much), Trept ovSevos Trotefo-#at to regard as
of no importance, Trept Travros

importance (as Xn. Cy.
2.
1, 4, 1).
Troteur0ai to
regard as of
all possible
WITH THE
:
(Locative,
.
384)
DATIVE
Attic prose)
eôvre?
crrpeTrrovs Trept rots
rpaÂots
398
a.
about (not frequent in ^vV/j necklaces
412
a.
For
71-^/34
exceedingly as an adverb, see

about their necks
221
alarmed
Xn. A.
1,
1, 5, 8.
SeStoYes irf.pl rco
X WP V
1
feint/
about the place Th.

3.
60.
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

:
(of Extent,
338) round aoow^, about.

/Je?/
Place
the
aTreo-reiXav ras eKarov

the
raw
Trepi neA-OTroWôw
2,
sent off
hundred ships around
Peloponnesus Th.
23.
TT
ep i
'EAA/ô-Trovroi/
8, 3.
a>v oein<7 aoou (i.e. in the neighborhood of) the Hellespont Dem. rous Trepc avroF Ilepo-ds ê Persians about him Xn. yl. 1, 5, 8. Time: Trepi TOVTOVS TOVS xpoVous oow /êse times Th. 3, 89.
Derived Meanings
408.
cuei Trepi KetVov oive oe ever troubled about him Trepc 0eoi>s pv) o-axfrpovtiv not to be sober-minded about the gods
:
Xn. Mem.
1, 1,
20.
:
IN COMPOSITION
413.
"""po
around, surpassing (sometimes
Latin per-).
before (Latin pro-).
WITH THE GENITIVE

Place
:
(of Separation,
in
362) only
the gates
?rpo ru>v
TnAwv ow
front of
Xn.
//e/Z. 2, 4, 34.
Time: Trpo r^s fJ-o-X^ oefore the battle Xn. ^4. 1, 7, 13. Derived Meanings: Trpo VJJLUV dypvTrvô-avra watching
in
your
be-
half (i.e. in front of you as a protection), TOV Se Trpo Se'/ca /uvcov eAot)x^v av another I would choose rather than ten minae Xn. Mem. 2, 5, 3.
IN COMPOSITION
414. Tpds a,
1.
before (so
sometimes
in defense of),
forward, forth.
Z,y,
toward (properly in front of).
(the Partitive Genitive of Place, 358) of (some part of), toward, over against: TO Trpos eo-Trepds retôs //ze wa// in front of (i.e. toward) ê wes< Xn. Hell. 4, 4, 18. TO, VTro^vyia tôvre? Trpo? ro{! Trorafjiov with the pack animals on the side toward the river Xn. A. 2, 2, 4. Trpos TCOJ/ KapSou^wv te'rai /o ô in
in front
the direction
WITH THE GENITIVE
of
the
Carduchi Xn. A.
4, 3, 26.
So by extension Trpos
OVK ^v Trpos rot) K^pov rpoTrot; Trarpds on ê father's side Hdt. 7, 99. i^ was no< in keeping with Cyrus' character Xn. ^4. 1, 2, 11. Trpos $ewi>
ê siÂ/ o/ ê ôd.s, with words of swearing. So sometimes of the remote agent ( 272) oôXoydraL Trpos Travrcov he .is acknowledged on the part of all people Xn. A. 1, 9, 20. (Some of these genitives may
in
:
be explained as Genitives of Separation,

414
a.
362.)
of Trp6s)
Homer has
also irporL (another
form
and
TTOT*
7/7)6?.
222
2.
WITH THE
(Locative,
384)
DATIVE
at:
ra Seia rov Keparos
2x<ov Trpos TW Ev<pdr?7 Trora/xa) the Euphrates river Xn. A. 1, 8, 4. this (as Xn. Cy. 1, 2, 8).
3.
with the right
of the wing (resting) on
So, figuratively, Trpos TOUTOIS besides
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE
(of
Limit of Motion,
:
339)
to,
toward
(properly to a position in front of)
Th.
Place: vTre^wpô-ai/ Trpos TOV X6<f>ov they retreated toward the hill So often of 4, 44. Trpos /Soppav toward the north Th. 6, 2.
to/at
^4. 2,
to his
persons: epôvrat Trpos iy/>tas tfiey come to us Xn. ^4. 5, 7, 20. Trpos TOUS TToAe/uovs to #0 toward (i.e. against) *Ae enemy Xn. 6, 10. 8ia/2aAAei Kvpoi/ Trpos rov dSeA(6V 7*e slandered Cyrus
brother
T7)v
Xn. 4. 1, 1, 3. So often of feeling toward: a.0vp,ov<ri Trpos !oSov they feel discouraged in regard to the expedition Xn. A. 7, 1, 9.
:
in view
Often Trpos TO.VTO. in view of Derived Meanings offavor (i.e. with a view to please), Trpos ftidv
this,
Trpos X"-P LV
ivith
(a view to)
violence, etc.
IN COMPOSITION
415.
o~vv (also
to,
toward, in addition.
Lat. cum) unfA, in
vv, cf.
company with;
see
415
a.
WITH THE DATIVE

army Xn.
4, 19.
J.. 1, 8, 1.
(of
Accompaniment,
///e
o-vi> (TTpaTtvfjiaTL TroAAo) Trpoo-epêrat
Tft'm/
'-?
392) only: /3curiAeus advancing with a great
avv
o-vv
TW
i/d/ao)
:
$eots M?VA (the help of) the gods Xn. Cy. 6, (in accordance) -?tVA iAe law Xn. Cy. 1, 3, 17.
IN COMPOSITION
416.
1.
vire'p
with, together.
oi-er
(Latin super).
(Partitive Genitive of Place, &ore Kw/xrys yr;Ao<os ^r
n(/
WITH THE GENITIVE

of), above:
hill
358) over
(some part
tvas
VTrep r^s
Me
village
Xn.
.
-4. 1, 10, 12.
Aw
Aearf (cf
358
a,
3d
:
or?} 8' ap' vTrep KecâA^s 20. example)
s/oo^ oyer
Derived Meanings From fighting over comes the derived meaning in behalf of, on account of. TroveTv VTrep o-ov to toil in behalf of you Xn. A. 7, 3, 31. vTrep riys eAevêpids v/xas et>Sai/Aon<o I congratulate you on account of your freedom Xn. A. 1,7, 3. (Later, sometimes, the meaning m behalf of comes to mean little more than afowf, concerning.)
415
either
a.
The form ^v occurs

;
in the older Attic writers
the poets use
form
elsewhere atv
is
regularly found.

338) over, beyond: (of Extent, he stepped over the threshold rj 135. roTs VTrep TTOVTOV OLKOVCTI with those who dwell beyond the Hellespont Xn. A. 1,
ouSov
efirjcrtro
223
2.
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE
1, 9.
VTTtp Swa/xiv beyond one's
ability.
IN COMPOSITION
viro
over, beyond, in behalf of.
417.
1.
under (Latin sub).

:
WITH THE GENITIVE
362) from under: VTT (of Separation, they loosed the mules from under the wagon 77 5.
B.
(Partitive Genitive of Place,
A.
aTnjv^s
^loVous IXvov
358) under.
Place: under some part of, TOL VTTO yr)s things under the earth PI. i<i'8ia VTTO /xaAr/? tôvras with daggers under their ar?ns Ap. 18 b. Xn. Hell. 2, 3, 23. vv/x^>a? SaiSaJv VTTO Aa/XTro/xevatov fjyweov dva
. . .
a<TTv under (the light of) torches they were leading the brides through the city 2 492.
VTTO
from such examples as the last came the regular usage of with the genitive to denote the Agent ( 372), i.e. the person (or thing) under whose influence an action takes place Trteô/xevos VTTO TWV
Agent
OIKOI
dvTKTTcunamov being hard pressed by

1, 1, 10.
his political opponents at
Xn. A. A. 1, 3,
Xot/xeâ
2.
ev e-rraOov VTT
tKeivov
I was
well treated by
home him Xn.
So not infrequently of things TravreXais av VTTO we should utterly perish by starvation Xn. A. 2, 2, 11.
4.
\lfj.ov O.TTO-
WITH THE
:
(Locative,
.
384)
. .
DATIVE
under, beneath.
?/iey Artf/
etôv 8e TO, 8/oe7rara beneath the chariot boxes Xn.
Place
VTTO rots 8t^>pots

1, 8, 10.
ê*
scythes
A.
VTTO rrj aKpoTroAei a^ the foot
of the acropolis Xn. ^4. 1, 2, 8. Derived Meanings (chiefly poetic)
ot
under the power of the King Xn. Cy. subdued beneath my spear E 653.
3.
8, 1, 6.
VTTO J3a<n\el ovre? those e/u-w VTTO Sovpl Sa/xtvra
WITH THE ACCUSATIVE

:
A.
339) to a position under.

hit
avrov O.KOVTL&L ns TraAroJ VTTO rov 6^>9a.X^6v somebody with a javelin under the eye Xn. A. 1, 8, 27.
Place
him
sub
Time: VTTO
noclem).
VVKTO.
toward
(i.e.
just before) night (cf. Latin
224
B.

(of Extent,
:
338) along under.
Place
of
the
3,
A.
<' rjv f] Kara/Maoris ^v eis TO TreoYov a a.K.pu>v\)\idv opovs, v spur mountain, along under ivhich was the descent into the plain Xn. ei/ rats VTTO TO 4, 37. 0/305 KW/ACUS in the villages along at the foot
7, 4, 5.
(i.e.
of the mountain Xn. A.
Time
IN
Latin
VTTO rrjv Trapoiô/xevryv VVKTOL along under
during)
the past
night Hdt. 9, 58.
COMPOSITION:
sub-).
under,
underhandedly, gradually,
slightly
(cf.
IMPROPER PREPOSITIONS
418, Properly the term preposition is applied only to those (earlier) adverbs which can be compounded with a verb into a single word
298), but there are also other adverbs (of varying origin) which, ( for one reason or another, are regularly found in company with certain
cases (mostly the genitive)
;
to these, as a class, 362, 3).
is
given the
name
of
Improper Prepositions
are
:
(cf.
The most important
of these
avev without, avriov and ei/avnW opposite, e/cros and
ô> outside,
eyyv? and TrX-qviov near, a^pt and fte^pt until, /xera^v between, Trepav across, irXrjv except, ZVCKO. on account of, l/XTrpoaêv in front of, O7rio~0ev behind, âptv for the sake of, SIKÎ/ in the manner of,
ei/ro?
eto-<o
and
inside,
like,
(cf.
XdOpa ivithout 418 a).
the
knowledge
of, a/aa
along with, ws
to,
and others
Of these, all except a/xa and o>s are used with the genitive, ajoa is used with the dative (of Accompaniment, 392) and o>s with the accusative (of Limit of Motion, 339) of names of persons only as
:
to the
King.
genitives used with the improper prepositions are of is used with the Genitive of Separa(
NOTE.
tion
(
The
various sorts.
For example, avev
362), eyyv's with the Partitive Genitive of Place
358), and
with the Descriptive Genitive

418
poetry
a.
:
352).
The following improper

e/cds
prepositions are seldom used except in
tryxoO near, &rep without, dfyas in the
form
far
of,
like
(cf.
418), St'xa apart from,
far from,
-n-dpos
ZKTITI
on account
off
of,
beneath,
/miySa or
v6<r(f)i(v)
<ry/j.fj.tya
away from,
(in
before, rrj\e
icith.
from, and
Herodotus) along
392, 3)
;
The
last three are
used
with the dative
(cf.
all
the rest with the genitive.
SYNTAX OF ADJECTIVES
225
419. Adjectives are used to modify substantives (including words used substantively) and substantive pronouns.
AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES
Adjectives (including participles, adjective pro443 if.) agree in gender, nouns, and the definite article, and with the substantives which they case, number,
420.
modify thus avrjp crocô? a wise man, avbpos crofyov of a wise man, avSpdcri <7o<ot? to wise men, 6 Trapwv Kaipds the present occasion, oi/ro? o avr^p this man, 6 auro? avrfp the same man.
:
NOTE. Since an adjective may be equivalent to the genitive case of a substantive, it sometimes happens that an adjective is followed by a genitive case in apposition ( 317) with the substantive implied in
it:
as 'AOrjva tos
city the greatest PI.
wv TrdXeco? T^S Ap. 29 d.
/AeyioTiy? being a
man of Athens, a
421. predicate adjective belonging to two or more substantives is usually plural (or dual), or it may agree with one (usually the nearer) and be understood with the
rest: as alel yap roi epis re

re for always strife,
<f)i\r),
TroXe/ôt' re
paâi
to
and wars, and
battles, are
dear
you
177.
For examples
of the plural see
422 below.
422. predicate adjective belonging to substantives of different gender is commonly masculine if the substantives are felt to denote persons, and neuter if they are felt to
denote things
?
thus w?
rrjv
elBe
rrarepa re
fcal
fJL^repa KOI
KOI
eavrov ryvvalica at'^ftaXooroL'? yeyevij-
when he saw that both his father and mother and brother and his own wife had been made captives Xn. Oy. 3,
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
15
226
'Y]
1, 7. TV%rj KOI <&i\i7T7ro<; rjaav TWV epywv /cvpcoi Fortune and Philip were masters of the deeds Aeschin. 2, avrwv /cal retcva KOI yv valicas 118. (frpovpove'^ft)
.
. .
fjieva
I have
their wives
and children
safely
guarded
(i.e. as
chattels)
Xn. A.
1, 4, 8.
may be used substantively then neuter, although the subject may be ( thus repTrvbv masculine or feminine (cf. 422) rpdjreâ 7r\rjprj$ a thing of joy is a well-filled board E. Hipp.
423.
predicate adjective
is
424), and
109.
ryvvi)
Se
6r)\v
/cajrl
Sa/cpvoi?
e(f)v
but
woman
is
a femi-
nine thing and prone
Med. 928. So often the neuter TI: as rt rjv ra Xe^#eWa what was the conversation? PI. Phaed. 58 c. (lit. the things said were what?)
to
tears E.
NOTE.
(
In tragedy
T^/ACIS ot
when a woman speaks

TrpoOvycrKovTes
of herself in the plural
495, note) she regularly uses the masculine
form of the
participle
thus apKov/jiev
cestis)
<rtOcv sufficient
am
(i.e.
Al-
who am dying
in
your stead E. Ale. 383.
424. Adjectives Used Substantively. The substantive which an adjective modifies is often omitted when it is a common word like man, woman, child, thing, land, road, The day, hand, etc., which can be readily understood.
adjective alone then acquires the force of a substantive thus o croô? the wise man (sc. avdpwiros}, f) /ca\r) the beautiful woman (sc. 7^77), ayaOov a good thing (sc. TrpayjjLa),
:
ol TroXXot the
many
(sc. avOpwTroi), o Aa/oetbu the
son of
Darius (sc. ufe), rj 'Ayape/jivovos the daughter of Agamemnon (sc. Owydrrfp), ra rr}? TroXeo)? the affairs of /State (sc.
TT
pay para),
the
rj
e/mavrov
to
my own
(sc.
TTJ
land
(sc.
<yfj ),
rrjv
CTTL
M.yapa
shortest
road
(sc.
Megara
way
6SoV),
6SoV), rqv Ta%icrTr)V the vcrrepaia on the following day
(sc. fjjjiepa), rrj Seîa
with the right hand (sc. %ipf).
THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE

NOTE.
vavs),
227
Numerous
:
as substantives
fjLovcTLKrj
adjectives have come thus to be used regularly thus Trarpts fatherland (sc. yfj), Tpirjprjs trireme (sc. music (sc. TC^VT;), etTTrepa evening time (sc. wpa), and
many
others.
425.
Adjectives with Adverbial Force.

(as
is
Sometimes in
so frequent in Latin) an adjective modifying a substantive in a sentence may have the effect of modifythus %#?o? eftrj he went yesterday ing the predicate
:
Greek
424, evSov TravvvîQi they slept all night (i.e. %0e?) B 2, long Tpiraloi acfrttcovro they arrived on the third day atcoTalot they came down in Th. 1. 60, tcarefiaivov
.
darkness Xn. A.
4, 1, 10.
THE COMPARATIVE DEGREE

The Comparative Degree denotes more than the The comparaas <ro</>&)Te/>o? more wise or wiser. positive
426.
:
tive
may be used
absolutely, or the person or thing with

is
which comparison
1.
made may be expressed. The comparative used absolutely means
rather, some-
what, and sometimes (by implication) too much : thus yeXoidrepov rather amusing PI. Ap. 30 e. %eipov<$ rather 3. OCLTTOV too bad (i.e. rascals), Lys. 16, quickly. 2. When the word with which comparison is made is expressed it stands either with rj than, or else in the genitive case ( 363): v wiser than I.
thus o-oâirepos
rj
eya> or crocêorepo?
used after a comparative, the two objects same case, unless the second is the subthen it is in the nominative ject of a verb (expressed or understood) thus <f>LXovaa avrov /xoAAov >} rov /3aai\evovTa 'Apraêp^rjv loviir ing him more than (she did) the king Artaxerxes Xn. A. 1, 1, 4.
1.
NOTE
When
is
-tj
compared regularly stand
in the
a v Spa 5 <TTpaTvecr@ai TTO\V d/xavovas
^KvOd<s to march against men rj much braver than Scythians ("than against Scythians") Hdt. 7, 10. Rarely a feeling that the second word is the subject of a verb
228
:
(expressed or understood) causes it to be put in the nominative thus dvSpos TroAv Swarwrepou 77 ey to vlov the son of a man much more
powerful than I (am) Xn. Cy.
5, 2,
28.
genitive after a comparative is commonly equivalent to the nominative or accusative with 77 than; less often can it be
2.
NOTE
The
said to represent some other case thus TOVS <opous ouSev TJTTOV ravSpos aTreSi'Sou she used to pay in the taxes no less than (did) her husband Xn. Hell. 3, 1, 12. <rev d/xetVovi <am /xa (e(i.e. 77 6 avrjp aTreSi'Sov)
:
o-0ai to
/^fa
543
3.
foi'M
6etfer
AJoi/ vfjLvrj<ra.L /xeAos to si'm/
man than you (are) H. 111. 'Op<eu)s /coA.a strain more beautiful than (that of) Orpheus
adjectives or adverbs are compared, 77 is in the comparative degree thus TT/OO^/AOS
:
E.
A/erf.
(cf.
717, 4).
NOTE
fjiaXXov
When two
always used,
77
and both stand
NOTE
/ess,
4.
(7o<a)Tpd more willing than wise E. Med. 485. The neuter comparative TrXeov more, eXdrrov
as adverbs,
(or /ACIOV)
when used purely
sometimes do not
affect the con-
struction of the sentence:
thus aTTOKreiVowi ran/

(lit.
dvSpaii/
ov /xetov
7TvraKO(7tbv5 they killed at least
not less than) five
hundred men
Xn. A.
6, 4, 24.
NOTE
5.
Comparatives
402), or
(
77
may
77
also be followed
instead of (. than so that
and the
infinitive,
r
sometimes by OLVTL with or without cStrre, lit.
645, note), or
Kara (w ith the accusative) than accord-
ing
to (
409, 2).
NOTE 6. A thing may be compared with itself under other circumstances; such a comparison is expressed by the genitive of the reflexive pronoun ( 470), often helped by avro? in agreement with
the subject
(
473)
thus lyivovro
/xaKpw
8, 86.
CWVTOJV they far surpassed themselves Hdt. times found also with the superlative.
a/xeivoves avrol This usage is some-
THE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

427. The superlative degree means most most wise or wisest.
1.
:
as o-o^toraro?
The
or
it
superlative may be used absolutely meaning very, may be followed by a partitive genitive ( 355, 1)
:
thus avrjp cro(ft>TaT09 a very wise man, or cro^foraro? a wisest (one) of men.
SYNTAX OF ADVERBS
NOTE.
among
those
229
In place of the partitive genitive the words eV rots (lit. who) are also found with the superlative (they do not
:
affect the construction)
thus ev rots Trpwrot Se 'AOrjvaioi rov

first
(TiBrjpov
KariOwro
bear
it
the
Athenians were the
wearing of
43
c.
the
sword Th. 1,6.
most heavily
among
those
who put aside the ev rots ySapvrar' av evey/<cu/u I should (who would bear it heavily) PL Crit.
among
those
The superlative may 428. Strengthened Superlative. be strengthened by o>? or em (less often by 77, olo?, or thus o>? rdîcrra as quickly as posother relative words)
:
sible,
OTL
7r\elcrTOi
as
many men
as possible, %o)piov olov
%a\7r(i)TaTov an extremely
485, note 2).
difficult spot
Xn. A.
4, 8,
2 (cf.
NOTE. Probably a word meaning "possible" has come to be omitted in these expressions, since sometimes such a word is found
:
el<re(f>6pr)(Ta.v ws eSwai/ro TrXelcrra they could Xn. A. 4, 6, 1.
as
they carried in the most (things)
SYNTAX OF ADVERBS
429.
Adverbs modify
verbs, adjectives,
and other ad451)

:
verbs.
1. An adverb in the attributive position ( sometimes used with the force of an adjective rore avOpcoTTOL the men of that time.
is
thus
ol
NOTE.
as ei?
dei"
An adverb may
for
erer.
be modified by a preposition (see
398)
430.
eral
what has been
In genComparative and Superlative of Adverbs. said about the comparative and su-
perlative of adjectives (
426428)
applies also to the

:
comparative and superlative of adverbs thus o-o^wrepov more wisely or rather wisely, cro^corara most wisely or very
wisely, o-o(f)a)Tara jravrcov (
355, 1) most wisely of
all.
230
SYNTAX OF ADVERBS
THE NEGATIVE ADVEBBS

431.
ov
AND
is
rf
an(l M">
Greek possesses two adverbs, ov meaning not ; of these, ov
(OVK, ofy, 46, used in nega-
tive expressions of fact;

//,?;
in other negative expressions
is
used.
follows that in expressions of negative command, wish, purpose, condition (including adjectives and 653, 6), in relative participles which imply a condition,
1.
Hence
it
clauses with indefinite antecedent ( 620 ff.), and with the infinitive used as a substantive ( is 633, 635) regularly used.
2.
But when the
infinitive or participle is
used in indiit
671), it retains the negative which would have had in the direct discourse.
rect discourse (
3.
particular
ov,
word
in a sentence
may by
itself
be
so often OVK eo> not allow = forbid, ov TroXXot require fir) not many = few, ov (^TJ/JLL deny, etc. : as eav ov (^rjre if you
:
modified by
even when the sentence as a whole would
deny
4.
PL Ap.
The
25
b.
(Of.
as ouSetV,
600, note.)
/ZTJ
distinction
:
between ov and
fjirj&efc
their
compounds
nobody
applies also to ovSe, fjLrj&e not
even, etc.
NOTE.
Irregularities in the use of ov
and
p.rfj.
Occasionally
/AT? is
used where we should expect ov, or vice versa ov where we should expect iiy. Thus, a participle or adjective depending on a word which has (or might have) JJLIJ may take /x.?7 by attraction ( 316) as /ceAevei
:
8ia/5avra? lie bade ihem stay rigid there at the river without crossing (here ov would be proper ( 431, 3), but the influence of the infinitive, /mvai ( 431, 1), is too strong) Xn.
O.VTOV /xeii/cu
. . .
Ctrl
TOV Trora/xov
/J.YJ
4, 3, 28.
self not to be informed on
eav TI rotovrov cuaOr) atavrov /* r) eiSo'ra if you perceive yourany such matter (here eiSo'ra, being in indirect
431, 2),
discourse
would naturally take

431, 1) permits
fjaj
ov,
but the influence of the
conditional clause (
to be used)
Xn. Mem.
3, 5, 23.
THE NEGATIVE ADVERBS
ov
AND
JJLIJ
231
The infinitive used as a substantive ( 635 if.) sometimes appears to have ov instead of [MJ ( 431, 1), but in such case the negative probably did not originally belong with the infinitive, but with the word on
which the
dren taught
infinitive
depends: as
xp>) 8' ov-rroO'
/<SiSao-Keo-0(H <ro<l>ov<s
to
one ought never (or never ought) be too wise E. Me'd. 295.
TTCU&XS Tre/ouro-to? to have his chil-
A few
and py
432.
rare examples in Classical Greek of the actual misuse of ov are probably to be explained simply as grammatical mistakes.
one simple negative stands next to another is never found, but always simple negative, ov ov or prj
When
fJLT)
OV Or OV
fJLlJ.
In Greek (unlike EngStrengthened Negation. do not two negatives always make an affirmative. lish) The simple negatives (ou and ^77) usually retain everywhere their separate negative force, but compound nega433.
tives following another negative serve only to strengthen the negation thus /cal ovSev fJLevrot, ovSe TOVTOV iraOeiv
:
ovBev however, they say that not even this man suffered any harm, nor did anybody else suffer any harm whatever Xn. A. 1, 8, 20.
(f>ao~av,
ovB' a\\o<$ 8e
ejraOev ovBels
434.
tive
Sympathetic (or Redundant) Negative.
An infini-
(more on a word
itself
rarely a participle or a finite mood) depending which is modified by a negative, or which in
contains a negative idea (like hinder, forbid, deny, often takes an extra negative (^77 or ov) to confirm etc.) the idea of negation as vra? jap aovco? Svo avSpas eêi rov
:
fir)
KaraSvvai for each skin will keep two men from sinking alone might have been used) Xn. A. 3, 5, 11.
vfjL(0v e%co
e\7Ti8a
/jirj
ov Swcretv
t'/Ltea? SL/CTJV
I have
no expectation that you will not pay the penalty (yiir) Swcreiv might have been used) Hdt. 6, 11. So also coo-re TTCLO-LV
alo-%vvr)V
elvai
/JLTJ
ov ava-TrovSaêiv
so
that
all
were
232
SYNTAX OF ADVERBS
ashamed not to take hold earnestly (/^ avo-TrovSdfetv alone " might have been used, but alo-^vvrj suggests thought it not right," and so prepares the way for the extra negative) Xn. A. 2, 3, 11. elvdrrj Be OVK eêkevaeaOau efyaaav f^rj ov TrXêo? e'oWo? rov KVK\OV and they said they would not march out on the ninth if the circle of the moon were not full eoWo? alone might have been used) Hdt. 6, 106. (pr)
.
. .
negative may also be implied in a question, as in the second example below.)
(A
So also an infiniDouble Sympathetic Negative. on a word which a negative idea contains depending and at the same is modified by a which, time, ( 434), two extra negatives (/A?) ou), one in negative, may take
435.
tive
in
sympathy with the negative idea in the verb, the other sympathy with the negative adverb thus aXX' ovSev auTOU? eTTiXverai r) rj\LKLa TO /JLTJ ov%l dyava/creiv but their age does not prevent them from being distressed PI. cnroOavelv ; what TI fj,7ro8tbv fjbr) ov%l Orit. 43 c.
:
. . .
is to
put
to
prevent (i.e. death? Xn. A.
there
is
3, 1,
nothing to prevent) our being 13.
Observe that the double sympathetic negative (/x>) ov, NOTE. which is not to be rendered at all in English) is found only with an
elsewhere (see infinitive dependent on a doubly negative expression the last three examples under 434) one of the negatives (p.ifj) always
;
retains its negative force.
THE ADVERB
436.
dv
serves to give a tinge of It has no indefiniteiiess to the clause in which it stands.
The adverb dv generally
equivalent in English, and often cannot be translated. (For the sake of completeness a summary of its uses is
here given.)
436
a.
In epic poetry KC (enclitic), an equivalent of &v,
is
also found.
THE ADVERB av
437.
tial
233
In independent clauses av
is
used with the poten(
optative (
563) and the potential indicative

647 and 662.
565).
For the quasi independent use NOTE. and participle not in indirect discourse see
of av with the infinitive
438.
Iii
dependent clauses av
in
is
subjunctive
(
conditional (
604,
used regularly with the 609) and relative
623, 625) clauses.
NOTE. form edv

(cf.
With
(iyv,
ei,
ore, OTTOTC, eTret, or

k.irt]v
7retS?;,
the adverb av unites to

evreai/),
av), orav, OTrorav,
or eTrav (Hdt.
or CTrciSav
439, note 1).
is retained (even though it where changed) originally stood in the direct form, except when a dependent subjunctive with av is changed to the optative after a secondary tense then
439.
In indirect discourse av
is
the
mode
av disappears.
See
670, 2
673.
at the
XOTE
1.
Position of av.
The adverb av never stands
beginning of its clause. It may stand next to the verb it modifies, or it may stand immediately after some other prominent word in the
sentence (as regularly in relative and conditional clauses, 438). Thus it may stand with the negative (owe av) or with any emphatic
word
or even with the principal verb instead of (TTOJS av, /xaAio-r' av) the subordinate one with which it really belongs: as avv vfuv /u,ev av I think that I should be honored (i.e. olfwa av ol/zat efvai n/xtos with you
ctvat)
Xn. A.
2.
1, 3, 6.
NOTE
.
. .
av Repeated.
8* to-w?
In
rax'
long sentence av
.
is
sometimes
repeated: as
paoYoos
.
v/otei? Kpou<ravres av /xe and av aTTOKTetVare but you perhaps might be vexed strike me and easily kill me PL Ap. 31 a. Sometimes the verb with which av NOTE 3. Verb Supplied. belongs is to be supplied from the context as Si/Wws /xcv e'v oAtyapx"* SiKat'tos 8' av fv Sry/AOKparta justly did he suffer punishoY/oyv SOI/TO?
av a\66^voi
ment
at the time
SO'VTOS) at the time
of an oligarchy, and justly would of a democracy Lys. 12, 78.
lie
have suffered
(sc.
234
CONJUNCTIONS
CONJUNCTIONS
440. Conjunctions may be divided into two classes " " Coordinate and Subordinate. cf Postpositives (For
:
452, note.)
441.
Coordinate conjunctions connect words, phrases,

principal coordinate
or clauses which stand in the same construction.
The
conjunctions are
ical
and
(Latin ef), re and (Latin -que), a\\d, arap but (Latin Bed), e but (Latin autem), ov&e (/AiySe) nor, not even, rj or, than,
apa, accordingly, so then, yap for, ovv therefore, accordingly
(including ov/covv therefore and ovtcovv therefore not}, ware

so that (
595),
and,
/cal
. .
Kai, or re
...
. .
re,
or re ... icai
.
both
el're
etre
.
whether
(
or,
T)
.
ovre (fjHjre)
.
.
ovre (/^re) neither

or,
fjiev
.
nor
431, 4),
. .
rj
either
Be on the one
hand
on the other.
aAAcos re KCU
The expression /ecu often has the meaning also or even. means especially (literally in other ways, and also .). The expression re ... KCU Sr] KOL means and particularly ; thus 8C re TOTTCDV aXXwv Kai Sr; KCU VTTO yrjv through other desert epr)/jt,<t)V
1.
. . .
NOTE
places and, in particular, beneath the earth
PL Phaed.
112
e.
often used (e.g. in wishes and in and to show a close relation or sequence questions answers) merely between clauses it is then often best rendered by why, why then, then,
2.
NOTE
ya/o
(=ye +
a/o) is
etc.
'
The
expression Kat yap

. . .
may
often be conveniently translated

1
yes,
for' and dXAa yap
'no, for" or 'but
enough,
for.'
freely used to indicate the connection of cannot be rendered in English (it usually marks the sentence as general or indefinite) thus 3s /ce 0eo?s eirnreidTiTcu, /j.d\a T eK\vov avrov whosoever obeys the gods, him they most do hear
is
it
:
441 a. In Epic poetiy re sentences and clauses where
218. The words oUs re able (lit. of such kind as to}, ucrre so that, e<f>' $re on condition that, are inasmuch as, are the survivals in Attic Greek
of the Epic usage. b. Homer has also -fjêv -f)d (= 7j + ptv or 5f) now now, and sometimes 175^ without a preceding r)/j.tv (cf. 5^, 441). C. Homer has also avrap (= #ra/o) but ; and &p and pa (encl.)
. . .
and
= &pa.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

442.
6,
77,
TO
235
subordinate
Subordinate
conjunctions
connect
which they depend. The following are the more important subordinate conjunctions (most of them are really relative adverbs) on
:
clauses with the clauses on
that, because, cb?
how, as, that,
el,
eav (
f
el
-f-
av)
if, OTTO)?
how,
as,
in order that, ware so that, iva where, in order that,
ore, oTTore
eirei,
when,
since, f}viica, oTnyviica at

eirei
which time, when,
eVetSrj
= (
&rf)
ivhen, since, eare until,

/>te%/w, a^pi,
eW
as
long as, until (
618, note),
up
to
that point,
lest.
until, TTpiv before, pr) (after
expressions of fear)
NOTE.
say that
.
.
ovx
.).
OTL or pr)
on means
not only (literally, perhaps, not to
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE,

443.
0,^x0'
Originally
this,
o,
meaning
it
and
in
Homer and
its
:
commonly has this to mean the, but in Attic

in the following phrases
442
a.
was a demonstrative pronoun, other early poets ( 443 a) meaning. In Attic Greek it has come
77,
TO,
use as a pronoun has survived
In epic poetry are found a few conjunctions which do not occur The most common are evre when, as, y/jios when (with indicative only), 6<j>pa as long as, until, in order that ( 590 a).
in Attic. b.
Homer
(
wrongly written
of quantity
often has at (af /ce) for Attic el (fav), and yos (often et'ws) for Attic 2ws. (The latter is formed by interchange
17)
from the Epic form.)

:
6, 17, r6, is generally used as a demonstrative or anaphoric pronoun (substantive or adjective) thus o yap y\de for he (lit. that man) came A 12. rrj v 5' ^70; otf Aurw ami her I shall not set free A 29.
443
a.
In
Homer
TOV
e/j.01
5e K\6e 4>o?j3os 'A7r6\Xwj'

\v<raL re
(f)L\n]v,
and him Phoebus Apollo heard A
43.
TrcuSa
5'
ra
this
ransom A
20.
T airoiva 5^%e(T0ai but free my dear child, and accept ws e0ar', eSeurev 5' 6 yepuv thus he spoke, and that
(before mentioned) feared A 33. Yet in Homer 6, ^/, r6, is somethus ^ times used in a way that closely approaches the Attic usage rbv Se&bv 'iwirov the (or that) TrXTjfli-s the (or this) multitude B 278.
old
man
right-hand horse
&
336.
rb
<rbv
yepas that prize of yours (or your prize)
236
1.

o p.V
.
.
o,
77,
TO
the
other, this
o 8c (in all the cases) the one that: as
01
fjiev ejropevovTo, 01
&
eiTTOvro the one
party proceeded,
16. row? pev some he killed and others TOU? egefiaXev ra he banished Xn. A. 1, 1, 7. pev TI eTropevOyo-av Be Kal avaTravd/jLevoi they proceeded, ra pa%dftev6t sometimes fighting a bit, sometimes resting Xn. A. 4,
the other followed
'
and
Xn
A.
3,
4,
cnreKTeive,
1,14.
Very often
subject
6 Se
but he,
and
he, is
found without a
preceding
of
6 //.eV;
regularly shows a change in the the sentence thus Kpo? SiSwcriv aura)
it
:
8e \a/3cov TO ^pvalov aTpaTev/jLa fjivpiovs crvve\e%ev Cyrus gave him ten thousand darics ; and he
SdpeiKOVs
o
took the money,

2.
and
collected
an army Xn. A.
1, 1, 9.
TOV
Kai
TOV
:
this one
and
that one ; neuter also TO Kal
TO,
and
TO,
Kal TCL
as
Kal a^LKVovfjiai
o>?
TOV Kal TOV and

1, 23.
came
to
this
man
as
6?
and
3.
that
man
Lys.
Kal TOV and he, Kal TTJV and she with an infinitive Kal TOV euTrelv and he said (cf. also the phrase Kal and he said, 144 a). ecfrrj
:
4.
irpo TOO) before this.
Often in Homer and Herodotus, and sometimes in Attic tragedy, 6, 97, TO, is used as a relative pronoun (see 149 a-b).
A 185. rb irpiv the (or that} former time, those} noblest of the Argives. 443, 1-3 a. Herodotus has also o 701/0
. .
'kpyeluv of &PHTTOI the (or
for he
.,
and
/cat
r6v in
other cases than the accusative.
o,
77,
TO
AS AN ARTICLE (THE)
237
6",
77,
TO
AS
AN ARTICLE
As the definite article o, 77, TO, ê usually marks substantive as evidently known, or before mentioned thus 77 f^dx 1! the battle, ot "EXX?;^ the Greeks, ra Betca errj
444.
its
:
the ten years (of the
Trojan war) Th.
1,
11.
So a substantive modified by an attributive (such an adjective, adjective pronoun, or a limiting genitive) may take the article if the speaker feels that the substantive, because of this limitation, is made well known to
445.
as
his hearers
:
thus at Trp&rai rdgeis the foremost ranks,

rj/Jiepd
77
el/JLappevrj
the
fated day,
77
T&V TroXXwy
Sdga the
my friend
446.
opinion of the multitude, OVTOS 6 avr^p this man, o (but </Xo9 e/zo? a friend of mine).
Article
e'/Ao?
$1X09
So proper names (if previously mentioned) often take the article thus 6 ITXaTco^ Plato (the famous philosopher), ol e\66v'AOyvaioi the Athenians ; ie(3r]<jav et? ûce\iav
with Proper Names.
well
known
:
or
Te? &e e? rr/v liucekiav, K.T.\. they crossed to Sicily
And
when they had come

Th.
6, 2.
to
(the) Sicily (above mentioned)
NOTE. Bao-iAeu's (the) King (of Persia) was probably felt by the Greeks to be a sort of proper name, and so it is often found without
the article.
447.
cle
Article
with the Force
of
a Possessive.
The
arti-
modifying a substantive ( 444) may acquire the force of a possessive pronoun thus TKTo-cKfrepvrjs Sia/3d\\ei rov
:
Kvpov 7r/oo9 rov aSeXôv Tissaphernes slandered Cyrus to his (lit. the) brother Xn. A. 1, 1, 3. e%ei KXeapô9 rrjv Si/crjv Clearchus has his (lit. the) deserts Xn. A. 2, 5, 38.
. . .
238
448.

Generic Article.
6,
77,
TO
The
article is often
used to mark
:
a substantive as belonging to a well-known class thus o ICTTIV man is ol the mortal, OvrfTos old, avOpwTTos yepovres
rj
a\ij0eia truth.
(The
fact that the article is generic is
determined by the context.)

449.
Article with Predicate Substantive.
The
predi-
(unless previously mentioned or well have cannot the article thus KXeapô? Aa/ce$aiknown) Clear chus ivas a ftoVto? (frvyas fy Spartan exile Xn. A. \, Odvards eanv 1, 9. fy/jiid the penalty is death Xn. Mem.
cate
substantive
YJ
62 (but ra<? veas TO %v\ivov retô? elvai that the ships were the wooden wall (mentioned in the oracle) Hdt. 7,
1, 2,
142).
Thus ( 449) subject and predicate are clearly distinNOTE. guished in such sentences as vv 17 ^^pr} eyei/ero the day became night Hdt. 1, 103.
POSITION OF THE ARTICLE

450.
The
article
always precedes the word
it
modifies.
451.
Attributive Position.
article
between the
and
after the article, if
Words or phrases standing substantive (or immediately the substajitive precedes or is not
its
:
thus expressed) are said to have Attributive Position o ay a bs avrjp the good man (cf. 302). 1. Attributive adjectives ( 302), and adverbs with
adjective force ( 429, 1), and, in general, most attributive phrases, have attributive position: thus 97 'EXXrjvi/crj SvvafjLis the Greek force, ol rore av6pwiroi the men of that time, ra (riyf) /3ov\evd/jieva the things planned in silence,
TOV
e/c
rwv'EiXXrfVcov et? Tou? fiapfldpov?
<f)d{3ov
the fear
inspired by the GrreeJcs in the barbarians
Xn. A.
1, 2, 18.
POSITION OF THE ARTICLE

452.
239
When
thus,
6
article
and attributive together are used
with a substantive, three different arrangements are possible

(1) (2) (3)
:
ayaObs
avijp the
good man.
o avrjp 6
ayaOos
the
avrjp 6
ayaOos (a)
man (namely) the good (one). man (namely) the good (one).
first is
Of
these three arrangements the

is
ofteuest found,
but the second fidcrei rrj per a
by no means uncommon, as eV TTJ avaKvpov on the march inland with Cyrus Xn. A. 5, 1, 1 the third arrangement is found when the thus substantive alone would stand without the article
;
ffvveifju pew 0eot5, (rvveifJM Be
av@po)7rois rot? ayaOols
associate with gods and with Xn. Mem. 2, 1, 32.
men
(that is) the
good (men)
NOTE.
ovv,
Postpositives.
The words
ju,ev,
Se, ye, re, rot,
yap,
8>/,
and
" being postpositive," cannot stand at the beginning of a sentence; hence they are often found in the attributive position ( 451), but without being attributives: as 6 /u,v ovv Trptcrfivrcpos Trapwv eru'yxave
now
then the elder happened to be present

is
Xn. A.
1, 1, 2.
(In
poetry
8>J
sometimes
not postpositive.)
453. Predicate Position of Adjectives. predicate adjective ( 302) cannot stand in the attributive position, but either precedes or follows the article and its substantive
:
thus
ayaObs
6 avr^p
or 6 avrjp ay'aOos the
man
is
good.
1. By using adjectives in the predicate position, the Greeks were able to express frequent subordinate predicathus tions which are difficult to render into English his head with (which was) bare tylXrjv %cov rrjv /ce(j)a\r)V Xn. A. 1, 8, 6. ISpovvri rw tTTTro) with his horse (which was) in a sweat Xn. A. 1, 8, 1.
:
240
6,
77,
TO
PECULIARITIES OF POSITION WITH. THE ARTICLE

454.
With
a/c/oo?
[Xox>s,
lit.
dicpos,
etc.
The
adjectives
IJ/JLICTVS
middle,
half,
pointed, sharp, e'crâro? farthest,
when used
in the predicate position (
453) (often
of or top
of,
also without the article)
mean middle
of, tip
of, half of (cf. Latin summus mons)-. thus /ne'er?; 77 Tro'Xt? or 77 Tro'Xt? /xecr j] the middle of the city (but 77 pear)
end
TroXt? the
middle
city),
e?r'
dicpa) TO)
o/oet
on the top of the
mountain.
The adjectives TW (a??, irds and oXos. and 0X09 whole, when used with the article, commonly have predicate position ( 453) thus Tracra Tro'Xt? the whole city, iravres ol TroXmu all the citizens, eV
455.
With
a?/
o-u/zTra?)
rj
0X77 rrj TroXet in the whole city. 1. Bat when Tra? and 0X0? are real attributives,
mean-
ing the whole collectively, they have the attributive position : thus 77 Trao- a St/ceXia entire Sicily, ol 7raz>Te? avOpo)7rot
the whole tvorld entire
Xn. A. Xn. A. 6, 2, army
5, 6, 7.
TO
o\ov
o-rpdrev/jia the
10.
456.
With Demonstrative Pronouns, by
etc.
substane\;et-
tive modified
by a demonstrative pronoun
(ouro?, oSe,
each (of two), a/JL<f)Q), a/iôVe/oo? both, e/cdrepos each (of several) commonly has the article (cf. 445), and the pronoun has the predicate position ( 453) thus OUTO? o avrjp this man, &e 77 JVO^/JLTJ this opinion, TO>
or
:
77'
TratSe afji(f)OTepa) both the children.
XOTE.
thus:
But proper names, and substantives modified by numerals

:
or a relative clause, seldom need the article with a demonstrative
Autolycus (here) Xn. Sym. 3, OVTOI ous opare (3dp/3apoi these barbarians ivJiom you behold. Xn. A. 5,16.
AuroX^Ko)
TOVTW
for
this
8.
1,
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
>
241
Genitives of the perWith Limiting Genitives. sonal pronouns (including avros used for the pronoun of the third person, 475, 3), when used to limit a substantive
457.
1.
with the
6
article,
/JLOV
rrarrip
have the predicate position ( 453) thus or e/noO o trarrfp my father, ol o-Tpariwrai
:
avrov
2.
his soldiers.
Limiting genitives of other (than personal) pronouns commonly stand in attributive position thus o eâvrov
:
trarrip
my own
'
father, TO e/ceivcov TrXoiov their boat
Xn. A.
1,4,8.
3.
The
Partitive Genitive modifying a substantive with
the article nearly always has predicate position (

458.
453).
Predicate Position Modified.

(
Most words which

454-457) may, if an stand between the
r)
regularly have predicate position

attributive
attributive
this
word follows the
article,
:
and the substantive narrow way Xn. A. 4, 2, 6.
thus
arevrj
avrrj 6So?
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
459. Pronouns (like nouns, 73, 2) may be either substantive or adjective, and some pronouns (like rls and auro?) are used both substantively and adjectively.
460.
refers
is
Antecedent.
called its
mally
4,9.
it
(TKrfl>ow
The substantive to which a pronoun Antecedent (from antecedo), since northus at K&pai ev al? precedes the pronoun the villages in which they were encamped Xn. A. 1,
:
An antecedent may be imAntecedent Implied. plied, instead of being expressed, by some preceding word thus e\6a)v et? AatceBa I/JLOVCL eireiOev avrovs crrpaTevcra461.
:
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
16
242
crOai he
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
went
to
Sparta, and tried

take
to
persuade them
12, 58.
(i.e.
the Spartans)
TraXcurdrr) $>v
to
up arms Lys.
vavâîa
la/jLev
fights (i.e. TCOV vavpayitov) of
a sea fight the most ancient of the sea which we know Th. 1, 13.
Agreement of Pronouns (general). pronoun agrees in gender, number, and

462.
An
case,
adjective with the
substantive
it
modifies (cf.
420); a substantive pronoun
agrees with
(so
far
its
antecedent in gender, number, and person
as these are distinguished in its inflection, cf. 314 note), but its case depends on the construction of
it
the clause in which

but
stands
thus icelvov
&
eya) Od^ca
/(Antigone, nom.
masc.)
S.
sing, fern.) will
bury him (Polynices,
ace. sing,
Ant. 71.
463. pronoun referring to two or more antecedents follows the same principles of agreement as the predicate
adjective (
ev ola-Trep
in
421423): as rrj 4>a>vf} re /cal rw rpoTrw ereOpd^^v in the manner of speech and behavior had been brought up PI. Ap. 18 a. I which
.
A pronoun some464. Construction according to Sense. times agrees with the real, rather than with the grammatical, gender of its antecedent (see 315) as fify 'HpatcXeirj
:
oa-Trep
.
. .
the
mighty Heracles (lit. might of Heracles} who Hm. TO 'Ap/caSi/cbv 67r\iTiKov, wv r)p% KXeavcop force of Arcadian hoplites whom Cleanor commanded
. . .
Xn. A.
1.
4, 8, 18.
So a word in the singular
or vice versa a
word
in the plural
sponding singular, and the 461) implied antecedent (cf.

evSov, o
i
may suggest a plural, may suggest a correpronoun may agree with the
:
thus
rj
fjid\a
rt?
#eo?
ovpavov evpvv eôvcriv surely a god is within (one of the gods) who hold the broad heavens r 40 (cf. rt?
.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
Pporcov o? one
rivvcrOov,
o
243
of mortals, who Z 142). r/9 K ejriopKov ofjiocro-rj you punish mankind (every single one) whoever swears falsely F 279.
465.
Attraction.
to the gender
A pronoun may be attracted ( 316) and number of its predicate substantive

:
. .
thus
avrr)
not,
(TfcoTrelv
el
8i/caia \eya)
rj
pr)
BiKaarov
/aev
yap
or
(i.e. for TOVTO*) aperrj to see
whether
I speak fairly
a.
for this is the merit of a judge PI. Ap. 18 opus, hie labor est Verg. Aen. 6, 129.)
(Cf.
hoc
PERSONAL PRONOUNS
A personal pronoun agrees with its 466. Agreement. antecedent in person and number it has no distinction of gender, and its case depends on the construction of the
;
clause in which
it
stands (
462): thus
crv
S'
etVe /iot
tell
but do you (Antigone, 2d pers. nom. sing, fern.) (Creon, 1st pers. dat. sing, masc.) S. Ant. 446.
me
467. The personal pronouns in the nominative case are not expressed unless emphatic (see 305).
468.
etc. (
In Attic the pronoun of the third person
ou, ot,
139, 2) is always reflexive (see 472); to supply its place as a personal pronoun of reference the corre140, 1 and 475, 3). sponding forms of auro? are used (
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
469. Agreement. A reflexive pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person its case depends on its construction in the clause in which it
;
stands,
244
470.
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
Direct Reflexive.
A reflexive pronoun regularly most important word in the sentence usually the subject thus yvwOi o-avrov know thyself; KXeapô?
refers to the
: . . .
afajnrevei
ejrl rrjv
eavrov
1, 5,
(r/crjvijv
Clear chus rode back
to his
own
tent
Xn. A.
Hell.
eVt ra?
eavT&v
Xn.
Tro'Aet?
6, 5,
TOU? Tre/otot/eof? acfrfjicev the perioeci he dismissed to their

21.
12.
own
cities
471. Indirect Reflexive.
ive
pronoun may
ajrav
In dependent clauses a reflexsometimes refer back to the subject of

se in
the principal verb (cf.

TO
Latin): thus efiovXero &e KOI

TT/JO?
arpdrev/jLa
eavrov
e%eiv
to
TTJV
moreover, Clear chus wished the entire

its
army
give
mind to him(self) Xn. A. 2, 5, 29. 1. But auroO, ai/rw, etc., ( 475, 3)

;
is also
frequently
found in dependent clauses referring to the subject of the thus T&V Trap eavrw principal verb (cf. eius in Latin) evvolicw a>? eVeyLteXetro e%oiev avrw he was /3ap/3dpa)v
.
careful of the barbarians with him(self^) that they should be well disposed toward him^self) Xn. A. 1, 1, 5.
NOTE 1. Sometimes the reflexive pronoun of the third person is used in referring to the first or second person (cf. 143 a) thus evprj(TT (r<as avrovs Ty/AaprryKOTas you will find that you have made a
:
mistake Xn. Hell.
1, 7, 19.
the force of
plurals of the reflexive pronouns sometimes have a reciprocal ( 142) pronoun: thus fj/jilv avrots 8iaAeo/x0a we shall converse with one another (lit. with ourselves)
2.
NOTE
The
[Dem.]
48, 6.
470
a.
In
Homer
the personal pronouns alone are sometimes used
reflexively ; more often the reflexive meaning is made clearer by the addition of aur6s in agreement with the pronoun: thus ty&v /* Xvcro/j-ai I will
himself
ransom myself K to battle T 171.
378.
5'
avrbv
tirorpvvei /ix&racr0cu
he rouses
THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN

472.
etc.)
(
is
ai/ro?
245
The personal pronoun
in Attic always used as
of the third person (01), ot, an indirect reflexive
471); rarely the personal pronouns of the first and second persons are so used thus Xe-yerat 'A7rd\\(ov etcSel:
pai M.ap(rvdv vl/crjads epi&vrd ol irepl ffO<f>tafi Apollo is said to have flayed Marsyas when he had outdone him in a contest
with himself in skill
Xn. A.
1, 2, 8.
So in the phrase
I seem
473.
to
myself.
The use
:
of the reflexive
pronouns may be made
more emphatic by adding ai/ro'? ( 475, 2) in agreement with the subject thus avrol ev avrols a-racridôvTes being at variance among themselves Xn. Hell. 1, 5, 9 (cf. the
similar use of ipse
. . .
se in
Latin).
THE INTENSIVE PRONOUN

474.
ai/ro?
is
Agreement.
The pronoun
auro?
used both sub-
When used as an adjective it stantively and adjectively. follows the rules of agreement for adjectives ( 420) ;
when used
(
as a personal
it
pronoun of the third person
475, 3)
(
follows the rules for agreement of such
pronouns
475.
462).
Uses of O/UTOS.
:
There are three different uses of

451) position same man, ravrd
auro? as follows
1.
As an
adjective in the attributive (

o
auro?
(
means same : thus
avrbs
avrip the
43) the same things

472
a.
(sc.
Homer
uses
e'o,
o?,
etc., also as
a direct reflexive
when
the
so used
it
regularly has written accent ( 139, 2). 475, 1 a. In Homer aur6s without the article
may mean
same
thus avrrjv 6S6v the same road
263.
246
2.
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
As an
etc.)
:
adjective in the predicate position (

article, ai/ro?
453), or
without the
self,
thus avrbs
self (myself, yourself, him6 avijp or o avrjp auro? the man

etc.
means
himself, av avros you yourself,
NOTE.
Frequently
in
the nominative case (less often in the
other cases) the substantive is to be supplied from the context, so that avros appears to stand alone meaning self, avros re /cat ot <rot
yovoi (you) yourself
(sc. C/AC
and your ancestors PI. from the context) pity me myself

. .
Crit.
50
e.
avrov
eAe
503.
. .
es Eu^Sotav Sta/âVre?
Ktcravres
avrot
TTJV
yfjv Icrôv
it
KaTCcrrpe'âvro Tracrav Ae Athenians again crossed over into

. . . .
KOL 'A&rjvaux 7raA.iv 'Eorrtaia? 8e eoi-
Euboea and
entirely subdued
from
their homes, took possession

(j>7)
of
their
and, after driving the Histiaeans land themselves Th. 1, 114. So

it.
avros
he himself
(i.e.
the master) said
3. In cases other than the nominative, avrfa may be used substantively as a personal pronoun of the third perIn Attic this is the reguson ( 468) him, her, it, them. lar usage thus avrov a-arpaTrrjv CTTOLrjae he made him ovSev rjÔero avr&v TroKepovvrtov satrap Xn. A. 1, 1, 2. he was not at all disturbed because they were fighting. Xn. A. 1, 1, 8.
:
IDIOMATIC USES OF
ordinal numeral avros is best translated with Scicaro? avros he ivas (n 1) others: thus ypfOrj 7rpeo-/?evr>)s chosen ambassador with nine others (lit. he himself the tenth} Xn. Hell. 2,
1.
. . .
NOTE
With an
2,17.
NOTE
avopdai
2.
note) O.VTOS
Combined with a substantive in the dative case ( 392, best translated and all: thus rerrapas vavs t\.a(3ov avrots they took four ships, crews and all (lit. with the men themselves)
is
1, 2, 12.
Xen. Hell.
475, 3 a. In Homer avr6s seldom does duty as a personal pronoun, but usually intensive (sometimes only by contrast) thus a v r o s 5 eXwpta reuxe Kvvevnv and made themselves (i.e. their bodies, in contrast with
is
:
i>
their souls) a prey for dogs
4.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
247
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
476.
tive,
it
Agreement.
agreeing in gender,
its
modifies, but its
pronoun is an adjecand number, case, with the word stem conforms to the person and numpossessive
Thus, in 6 e/>to9 Trarr^p my father, with e/Lwfe agrees Trarrfp in gender, number, and case, but its stem e/xo- corresponds with that of the pronoun of the
first
ber of
antecedent.
person singular.
equivalent of the possessive pronoun often the genitive of the personal pronouns pov, crov, V/JLCOV (and for the third person avrov, aim}?, avrcov,
is
477.
An
found
97/*ft>z>,
468), always in the predicate position (

6 Trarrfp
pov my father,
aSeX$o? avrov his brother,
457, 1): thus 6 aSe\-
0o? avTfjs her brother.

NOTE. Since a possessive pronoun is equivalent to a genitive case, a word in the genitive may stand in apposition ( 317) to a possessive pronoun: thus 8a>)p avr e/xos covce KvvwTriSos my brother by marriage
ivashealso
of shameless me
their
180.
oXovrofor by
own perversity
avrwv yap a<f>Tpr)<Tiv aracrOa420, note). they perished a 7 (cf.
478. The possessive pronouns (except o? and which are always reflexive) may or may not refer to the
of the sentence usually in referring to the subject the genitive of the reflexive pronouns (e/iafToO, o-eavrov, eavrov, etc.), in the attributive ( 457, 2) posi-
subject
This is the regular prose usage with the tion, is used. third person singular, since o? is poetic only thus K.\eap:
477
,
a.
In Ionic
In
eu
and a-^^v may be used where Attic would use

468).
5s (e6s)
or afiruv (cf.
a.
478
to a
tvl
Homer
usually refers to the subject, hut sometimes

:
more prominent word in the sentence (cf. 470) as y6ov"EKTopa y otKi}} they mourned for Hector in his own house Z 500.
248
ô? rou?
force his
479.
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
avrov o-r/)cma>Ta? e/3taero levai Clear chus own soldiers to proceed Xn. A. 1, 3, 1.
tried to
possessive pronoun is sometimes made clearly reflexive by the addition of auro? in the genitive case 477 note); in the singular this usage is poetic only, (cf.
%/oeto?
but in the plural it is very common: thus epbv avrov my own need B 45. kov avrov %/oeto? his own need
a 409.
416.
rot? aolcriv
curb TT)?
6, 21.
77
avrov to your own (friends) S. 0. R. /-teredo a? avr&v far from our own (land)
Th.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS
Agreement. used both adjectively
480.
The demonstrative pronouns

(
are
420),
as ot>ro? o
avjp
this
man,
and substantively,
as ouro? this
(maw),
Ifcehny that
(woman),
rdSe these (things) (cf.

481.
459).
ouro? this, that,
is
Of the demonstrative pronouns

is
most frequently used. v OSe this (here) refers to something near the speaker thus eVeô? that (over there) refers to something remote OUTO? 7* 'Ar/oetS?;? this man (of whom you ask) is Atreus"
;
:
1
the most general in meaning, and
son
wife that
r/
178.
E/cro/3o? r)8e yvvrj this

.
Z 460. el icelvov man (i.e. Odysseus, who

.
(woman here) is Hector's ISoiaro if they should see is now far away) a 163.
.
For the predicate position of demonstrative pronouns

see
456.
482. Generally in referring backward (to something previously mentioned) ouro? (less often e/celvos) is used, while in referring forward (to something about to be
mentioned)
oSe
(sometimes ouro?)
is
employed
as
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
piov Be
249
proof of that (which I have said) going to state) Xn. A. 1,9, 29. So also TOioOro?, TOCTOUTO?, usually refer back, while rotocrSe and roa-dcr&e usually refer forward.
/cal
is also this
TOVTOV
ro'8e a
(which
am now
NOTE.
The demonstrative
in tragedy:
oSe
is
or even a personal, pronoun of the
first
often equivalent to a possessive, person this use is especially

;
common
avSpl
thus
cr/o/TTTpo) TVTTCIS
e/c
r^crSe êipos struck by
the staff held in this
ruSe
but
oSe
roc Trapeijiu
hand (of mine) S. 0. R. 811. evOelaa Se Trap wedded with this man (i.e. with me) E. Med. 1337. Here am /, Sir Hdt. 1, 115.
w^
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
A relative pronoun agrees with its 483. Agreement. antecedent ( 460) in gender and number, but its case depends on the construction of the clause in which it
stands
a
:
as avrjp o ? rfkdev a
man who
relative
came, avrjp o v eiSofiev
man whom we
484.
saw.
1.
Attraction.
pronoun
is
often at-
tracted ( 316) into the case of its antecedent, especially from the accusative into the genitive or dative thus
:
aîoi
r%
e\ev9ep(a$
el T<p
which you possess
A. 1, 7, 3. we intend
attracted,
worthy of the freedom not attracted, would be jjv) Xn. fjye/JLovi TTMTTevaofjiev co av KO/oo? SiSq) if
r/?
/ceKTrjo-Qe
(77?, if
to
trust the guide that
Cyrus gives
(<w,
if
not
would be 6V) Xn. A. 1, 3, 16. 2. Much more rarely the antecedent is attracted into the case of the relative: as Trdvrcov wv Seovrai, Treirpa70T69 having accomplished everything that
they need (for
Trdvra wv) Xn. Hell. 1, 4, 2 (cf. in Latin statuo vestra est Verg. Aen. 1, 573). 485. " Incorporation. n The antecedent
urbem quam
is
often
made
a part of the relative clause (usually only when the antecedent is indefinite). Both relative and antecedent then
250
stand
fj
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
in
the same case:
thus
afti/cel
^cotcpdrr)?
ovs
#eot>? ov vofjLifav Socrates commits an offense in not believing in the gods which (or what gods) the State
Tro'Xt? vo/jLiêi
believes in
Xn. Mem.
1,
1, 1.
ew
Be
yv
afyticovTO /ccbfjirjv
jjLeydXr) rjv the village at which they arrived was large (i.e. el Se nva opwr] Karaet? TIV) Xn. A. 4, 4, 2. j] KCD/JLTJ
. . .
cricevdôvTa 77? apX OL
X^pas if he saw anyone improving the he 484, 2) Xn. A. 1, governed (i.e. rrjv x^P av fa country ejroiei /cal /carear 19. TOUTOU? 77? 9, apxovras pefaro ô/?a?
made
r\v,
these he
rulers of the territory he subdued (i.e. 484, 1) Xn. A. 1, 9, 14. eVopeuero crvv y
r?}?
elpê
rfj
Svvdpei,
fa
he proceeded with what force he 484, 1) Xn. Hell. 4, 1, 23.
had
(i.e.
<rw
Observe that attraction into the genitive or into the 484) usually takes place if either antecedent or Cf. in English relative would stand in one of those cases. " he to he could." what gave persons
dative (
NOTE
who
. . .
1.
not=)
Here belongs the phrase ovSets o<ms ov (lit. nobody every one, in which ouSei's is regularly attracted to
:
the case of the relative (ovSevos orov ov, ouSevt 6Va> ov, etc.) thus KAatan/ Kat dyavaKrwv ovSeva. OVTIVO, ov KaT/cAao" by his weeping and wailing he broke down the fortitude of everybody PL Phaed. 117 d.
So similarly
etc.
$aiyx,ao-To?
6Vos
lit.
(adverbially
OavfjLaa-Td<s cos)
wonderful how much, Oav/Jiaarov oaov, as /xera tSpwros Oav/jutarov oaov with
a wonderful amount of sweat ( = 0avyu,ao~r6V ecrrt //.e^' ocrou) PL Hep. 350 d. This attraction is sometimes (rarely) found with other adjectives. A peculiar attraction and condensation commonly takes NOTE 2.
place with otos, oo-os, ocmo-ovv, and a few other relatives, by which both the relative and a following nominative are attracted to the case
of the antecedent: thus x P L ^lJLevov
L
^<
"
ot
man
like
you (the full form would be roiouYo) olos av
dv8pt doing favor to a el) Xn. Mem. 2,
and his wife they 9, 3. rrjv Se ywatKa evpov ocrrjv T' opeo? Kopvcfrrjv found as huge as a mountain peak K 113. Sometimes even with the So often article rots otots rj/juv to such as we are Xn. Hell. 2, 3, 25.
:
with superlatives (see
428).
RELATIVE PRONOUNS
486.
251
An antecedent denotAntecedent not Expressed. of idea or the persons things is seldom exing general and its since case are usually gender, number, pressed,
KOI wv eyco by the context thus eya) Be but I and those (nom. plur. masc.) whom Kparco iJLevovfjiev I command will remain Xn. Cy. 5, 1, 26. cnwy&v iêv ij eri/crev hating her (ace. sing, fern.) ivho lore me E. Ale. el&evai rrjv Svva/jLiv efi ou? av IQHTIV to know the 338.
clear
:
.
made
fj,'
strength of those (gen. plur. masc.) against
whom
going Xn. A.
crvv
5, 1,
8.
Beirai
aov
rij/jiepov
they are TOVTOV e/CTrielv
ot? fjidXia-ra (f)i\ei<; he desires you to drink this up to-day in company with those (dat. plur. masc.) whom you most love ( 484, 1) Xn. A. 1, 9, 25. So with relative
adverbs
da)
V/JLCIS
evda
TO jrpdyfjLa eyevero
I will
conduct
5, 4, 21.
you to the place where the affair occurred Xn. Cy. Cf. in English "he gave to ivhom he could."
Here belong the phrases NOTE. some one who (i.e. somebody), eiVti/ ot
.
<TTLV CHTTIS
. .
(or os)
there
is
there are those luho (i.e. some),

ols.
ou's
but in other cases in the plural regularly co-rtv toy, IOTIV thus <TTI 8" OCTTIS KaT\Tr]<f>6i] and one man was
:
ctrrtv
taken off
(lit. there
his
guard Xn.
.4.
1,
8,
20.
etcrt Se ot A.e'yovo-1
and some
are those ivho) say Hdt.
3, 45.
KOLI 'Axcttoii/ -rrXrjv 'loiji/an/
Kat ecrrtv
wv
and Achaeans and some other nations Th. 3, 92. Rarely rfv (rjcrav) is found rjv 8e rovrtov TOJI/ trraO^v ows Traw fjMKpovs rjXavvev some of these days' marches he made very long Xn. A. So also with relative adverbs CCTTIV ov (or OTTOV) 1, 5, 7. (lit.
aAAwv iQvwv
except the lonians
there is ivhere) somewhere* ecrriv OTTWS (lit. there is
how) somehow,
ecrrtv
ore
(lit.
there
is
when) sometimes,
etc.
487.
Relative not Repeated.
In a compound
312)
:
relative sentence the relative
repeated (cf. thus 'A/oiato? 8e, 6 v êt? rfld\OfJtV jSacriKed KaOiardvai, teal e$a)Ka/JLev teal e\d/3ofjiev TTicrrd but Ariaeus, whom we wished to make king and to whom we gave and from whom we
dom
(pronoun or adverb) is sel312, 1) with the succeeding verbs
252
SYNTAX OF PRONOUNS
received pledges Xn. A. 3, 2, 5. eiTrev on ovbev avra GTreiBrj TroAAou? êv 'AOrjvaicov elBeir) rou? ra 6/jiOia irpciTTOVTas avrw, BOKOVVTO, Be AvcrdvBpq) /cal A-a/ceBai/JLoviois
. . .
\joi, he said that he didn't care
.,
since he
knew of many
Athenians who were acting in concert with him and since what he proposed was agreeable to Lysander and the Spartans Lys. 12, 74.
NOTE.
relative.
Preposition not Repeated.
A preposition belonging with

is
both antecedent and following relative
seldom repeated with the
488.
Use
of Relatives.
The
indefinite relatives (ocrrt?
oTTo'o-09, 0770609,
dent
is
etc.) are regularly used when the anteceindefinite, but the simple relatives (09, 00-09, etc.)
not infrequently refer to an indefinite antecedent; as a

fjLrj
olBa ovBe
oio/juai
elBevai
even think that
I know
PI.
whatever) Ap. 21 d.
I don't
know
don't
NOTE.
Relatives in Exclamations.
:
Relatives (otos,
oo-os,
ok) are
sometimes used in exclamations as cJ TrctTTTre, o<ra Trpay/xara Xs how much trouble you have, grandpa ! (lit. so much trouble as you have ! cf. 485) Xn. Cy. 1, 3, 4. cos KaXd? fjioc o vraTTTros how handsome
grandpa
is !
Xn. Cy.
1, 3, 2.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS
489. Agreement. The interrogative pronouns are used both substantively and adjectively (see 462) as ri 9 who? avrjp what man?
:
490. Use. The interrogatives (pronouns and adverbs, 151) are used both in direct and in indirect questions, but
in indirect questions the indefinite relatives ( are commonly preferred as /3ov\eveo-0ai o rt
:
150-151)
to
consider what must be done
Xn. A.
1, 3,
11.
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
253
INDEFINITE PRONOUNS
indefinite pronoun and adjectively (see stantively
491.
The
rt?, rt, is
used both sub-
462) as rfkOe rt? some-
it
(Observe that body came, avijp rt? rj\0 some man came. does not stand at the beginning of a sentence.)
NOTE
1.
The
indefinite TIS
is
often best rendered

it
.
by
a,
an'
as
sometimes erepos TIS Swacr-nys another nobleman; by "a sort of" or "something like": as TJ ypa(j>rj
. :
can be rendered
roiaSe
ns
rjv
the
indictment was something like this Xn. Mem. 1, 1, 1. TpiaKOj/Ta rives somewhere about thirty. So TI with adverbs o-êSov TL pretty nearly. NOTE 2. Sometimes TIS meaning anybody implies everybody: as
(.v
fMtv TL<S
Sopu Orjd(r6a)
let is
but usually this meaning
expressed by
every one sharpen well his spear B 382; Tras TIS or eKcurros TL<S.
THE ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS
aXXo?
AND
ere/30?
492. a\Ao? other (of several), and ere/so? other (of two), are sometimes loosely used, one of them being employed when we might properly expect the other.
IDIOMATIC USES OF aXXo5 AND

NOTE
1.
ere/305
By a peculiar idiom in Greek aAAos other, rest, often preas TO. re a A A. a ert/Aô-e KCU cedes that with which it is contrasted darics and honored me thousand me ten he tScoKe gave SapeiKous fivpiovs
:
in other
ways Xn.
2.
A.. 1, 3, 3.
NOTE
trast
Not infrequently aXAos or crepes expresses merely a conwithout being strictly logical, and so can be best rendered by
yap
rjv
besides: as ou
grass,
xP T
. .
v8e
aAAo
o^Sei/
SevSpov /or <Aere was no

tree)
and
not even a tree besides
(lit.
no grass or other
.
NOTE
3.
aAAos
aAAo? (also erepos

.
.
erepos
. . .
Xn. A. 1, means one

o 8e,
5, 5.
. .
.
another (but this is usually expressed by /xei/ another another In saying one one
.
443, 1). the second half
of the expression, being but a repetition of the first half, is left unsaid, and aXAo? with itself in a different case (or an adverb from its stem) thus aAAos aAXa Ae'yet one is sufficient (cf. Latin nliws aliud)
.
says one thing, another
(*?/.<? )
another
Xn. A.
2, 1, 15.
254
SYNTAX OF THE VERB
SYNTAX OF THE VERB

493.
Transitive and Intransitive Verbs.
transitive
verb can take an object in the accusative case ( 329) ; an intransitive verb cannot. Thus, fypdcfxt) (eTrto-roX^) I write
(a
letter) is transitive
1.
;
icaOev&a)
I sleep
is
intransitive.
In Greek
:
many
as intransitive
also
transitive verbs are used absolutely thus XetVo) leave, also fail; e\avvco drive,
march;
In
e%&> hold, also hold one's self, be.
NOTE.
many
of these verbs an object

ft
is
easily supplied
thus
i.e.
eXawo) (lirirov) drive (a horse), reXevroi (TOV die ; but this is not the case with all.
2.
iW) finish
(one's life),
Some
ftaiva)
intransitive verbs
when compounded with

345 and cf
.
a
:
preposition become
transitive (see
;
324, 2)
thus
go (intransitive)
but Sia-Paiva) cross (transi-
tive), 7rapa-@aiva) transgress (transitive).
In a few verbs same time ( 162, 1) both the first and the second aorist (active and middle), or the first and the second perfect, the first tenses are transitive, and the second intransitive (cf. 207, note 3). The most important
494.
Transitive and Intransitive Tenses

at the
which have
of these are the following (the others are given in the list of verbs, 729) :
1.
PRESENT
/?cuVa>
IST AORIST
c/ô-a caused to go e&vaa caused to enter
2d AORIST
e/fyv went
go
cause
to
Suw enter
stand
ISuv entered
tcrryv stood
Itm/tra caused
erected
to
stand,
put
tinguish
out, ex-
co-/?e<ra
put out
t<rj3r)v
went out
<uu) produce
Z<f>vo-a
produced
tyvv grew
NOTE.
(cf.
The future
:
212)
as /Srjoxo
active follows the first aorist in being transitive shall cause to go, <vo-o> shall produce.
AGREEMENT OF VERBS
2.
255
2D PERFECT
oAwAa am ruined
7T7roi0a trust
PRESENT
destroy
IST
PERFECT
have destroyed have persuaded
TTf-iOa)
persuade
3.
On
:
perfect
the same principle, in some transitive verbs the (usually the second perfect) is intransitive;
2o PERFECT
eaya am broken TreVryya am fixed
7T<f>r)va
thus
PRESENT
ayvu/xi break
TTTJyWfJiL fix
PRESENT
cause
to
IST
PERFECT
e<m)Ka stand
7re<v/ca
stand
a)
d>aiV(o
show
have ap-
produce
am
by
peared
nature
AGREEMENT OF VERBS
495.
finite
verb
;
person and number

ei;e\avvei
159) agrees with its subject in ( thus (^/zefc) rj\9ofjiev we came, K0/oo<?
uo avSpe reOvarov two
Cyrus marches, dead Xn. A. 4, 1, 19.

NOTE.
first
men
are
Plural for Singular.

is
person plural (modestly)
In Greek, as in other languages, the sometimes used for the singular

:
" (sometimes called in English the editorial we ")
6dvo), Oavov[jL.Oa unjustly shall I die if I E. Tro. 904.
am
(lit.
we are) put
as ov SIKCUWS, yjv to death
496. Agreement with Two or More Subjects. Two or more subjects taken together, of course, count as a plural thus (or dual) and so may take a plural (or dual) verb a jTo\e\oi jrd(Tiv ?5//.a? Bezua? /cal TIdcrLcov Xenias and Pasion have abandoned us Xn. A. 1, 4, 8. r;%t /Soa?
: r
Si/ôet? o-v/jL/SaXXerov
r)$e
'ZfcdfjiavSpos where Simois
and Scamander join their streams E 774. 1. But with two or more subjects the verb often agrees with the nearer or more important thus /Sao-tXeu? only /cal ol avv avrw elcnrtTTTei et? TO (rrparoTreBov the king and his followers forced their way into the camp Xn. A. 1, 10, 1.
:
256
SYNTAX OF THE VERB
497. Subjects of Different Persons. When the subjects are of different persons the verb is of the first person if
possible, otherwise of the second: i.e.
you and
I (or
we)
i
I
he (or they) and I (or we) you and he (or they) and I
(or as,
I,
you and he (or they)
you
we)
70), e<?;, teal o~v
KOI
7ro\\a
eijrofjiev
Both you and

2, 3, 15.
said he, have said a good deal
Xn.
Hell.
PECULIARITIES IN AGREEMENT
498. Neuter Plural Subject. neuter plural subject thus TOV S' OUTTOTC Kvâra regularly has a singular verb /ca\a fjv TO, this the waves never leave B 396.
:
the sacrifices were favorable
Xn. A.
4, 3, 19.
subject denoting persons, or used distributake a plural verb: thus roo-aSe /xev /xera 'AdqvaiW IQvt) ea-Tpdrevov so many nations were active on the Athenian side Tli. 7, 57
tively,
NOTE.
A neuter plural
may
J/crav Tcurra Svo rf.i\r] these were two walls
Xn. A.
1, 4, 4.
499. Dual and Plural. subject in the dual often takes a verb in the plural less often a subject in the thus plural, suggesting a dual, takes a verb in the dual
;
:
TO)
rax
at
iyyvQev rj\6ov and soon

e
the tivo
came near
275.
ol
ITTTTOI
a/-t<l?
steeds ran apart along the
way
6Bov Spa/Jierrjv M* 392.
and
his
NOTE. Not infrequently dual and plural verbs are found in the same sentence thus iKeo-Orjv, TOV 8' rjvpov they came, and found him
:
1185.
500.
Collectives.
77/109
Words
like Tra? everybody, TrXijOo^ a
multitude,
people,
nouns,
321), when plural verb (cf. 315): thus
arparo^ army, etc. (collective used to denote persons usually take a

a>?
(frdaav
77
TrXrjOvs thus
VOICE
spoke the multitude
the rest of the
257
278.
o a'XXo?
to
arparo^ aTreftaivov
4, 32.
army began
disembark Th.
The verb Agreement with Predicate Substantive. with the substantive when the sometimes agrees predicate latter is more prominent than the subject (cf. 316) thus ajrav Se TO pecov rwv Ti%a)v rjcrav ardSioi rpefc the entire distance between the walls was three stades Xn. A. 1,
501.
:
4,4.
VOICE
502.
The Greek verb has
three voices (
158): active,
middle, and passive.
THE ACTIVE VOICE

503.
The
:
active voice represents the subject as acting

7rda-%a) experience, eZ/u go, elfit be.
or being
thus Xeyo) say,
NOTE. means to
So often
cause
The context may sometimes show

cause a thing to be done (by others)
to be
that the active voice

:
as
Aa/x/?avei Kvpov Artaxerxes caused Cyrus

a,7TOKTeiVa> kill
arrested
'Apraêp^s crvAXn. A. 1, 1, 3.
build or
or cause
others.
to
be put to death, afoo&optt
to be built,
and many
THE MIDDLE VOICE

504. The middle voice represents the subject as interIt has a variety of meanested in the action of the verb. off into one shade which another, and may indicate ings within his own means or acts with or that the subject
powers, or for himself, or (less often) upon himself

504 a.
thus
In Homer (and sometimes in other poets) some verbs are used middle voice (implying an interest on the part of the subject) which thus dKotero he heard (Attic in Attic are regularly used only in the active
in the
:
7?/cove), <t>dro
he said (Attic e0??), Idfodau to see (Attic 17 BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
t'5etV).
258
THE VERB
VOICE
\ovofjLai TOW? Tro'Sa? wash (one's own) feet, Tra/oeô //.at furnish (from one's own resources), Xvo/zat (rti>a) loose for
Ovyarpa he came to ransom his daughter A 13), TrepiriOefJiaL put on (one's self), ayopai yvvalfca marry (i.e. lead to one's own house) a wife,
ones
self,
ransom (as
rj\0e XOo-o/êô?
make anything of much importance eyes), Xuo/xat loose one's self (as Trpwros VTT eraijpou? first I loosed myself apveiov \v6/jLrjv, vireXvcra then and I freed my companions beneath the ram, from
Trepl
TToXXoO
Troiov/JLai TI
(in one's
own
'
463),
TpeTrofjLai
turn one's
cease, TreiOopai (lit.
persuade
self, iravoâi stop one's self, one's self) believe, obey.
505. The middle voice often means to get a thing done either to one's self or to another person or thing (cf 503 thus rov vlov BiSdafcofjiaL get taught, St8acr/co//,at note)
.
:
get one's son taught,

the ships
aTroypdôpai
middle
ra? vavs have a
list
of
made.
NOTE.
From
this use of the

(
it is
but a slight step to the
use of the middle as passive
514).
Active and Middle differently Translated. The and the middle voices of the following verbs usually must be differently rendered in English (other similar verbs may be found, and they are to be explained
506.
active
in similar
cupoi take
manner)
back
a7ro8i'Sw/ju give
cupov/xcu choose (take for one's self) a7ro8t8o/xat sell (give for value re-
ceived)
)
fasten vw take counsel
aTrro/jiai
touch
/?ouA.evo/xai consider one's
own plan
marry (of the man) write or propose a law

a loan
yaôvfiai marry (of the

ypd<j>ofjL judge
J
259
to
SiKao/xai go
law
to,
hold
txo/xat (w. gen.) hold close to
and so
be
va) sacrifice
let
fjnaOovfiaL
Ovofjuu sacrifice (for omens) hire (i.e. have let
to
one's self)
be a citizen
TroAtrevo/xat citizen
perform one's duty as a
be
an ambassador
a law (for
Trpco-êvo/xat negotiate
Ti'0e/xai vo/xov
Tt'077/xt
vofjiov establish
enacf a /aw
(i.e.
of the
others to obey)
(j>v\a.TTa)
State, for itself)

</>vAaTTo/xai (w. ace.) be on
(w. ace.) watch, guard
guard
against
507.
Middle Form in Future only.
On
account of the
greater natural interest in future events, many active verbs regularly use the middle voice in the future tense thus
:
a/covco hear,
future
aôucro/Ltat, aorist ijtcovo-a, etc.,
miss, future aâprâ-oâi, aorist TJfjLaprov, etc.
aâprdvw 504 a). (cf.
Deponent Verbs. Deponent verbs ( 158, 3) show the various uses of the middle voice, and differ from other verbs only in having no active forms thus
508.
:
(hold one's self under) obligate one's self, promise, receive (for one's self), alaOdvofMai perceive (with one's
own
senses), etc.
THE PASSIVE VOICE

509.
upon
1.
The passive voice represents the subject as acted thus e\vOr)v was loosed, or was ransomed. Observe that the passive voice is the passive of the
:
middle as well as of the active, and the context must determine which voice it represents thus the passive form e\v0rjv may need to be translated ( 506) was loosed (Xvco) or was ransomed (Xvo/iat), rjpeOrjv was taken
:
260
THE VERB
VOICE
or was chosen (alpovnai), eypd<f)rjv was written (ypd<f>(o) or 510 was indicted ("/pdôpai), and so in other tenses (see
note).
From the preceding Passive of Deponent Verbs. follows that deponent verbs ( 508) may have a thus rotavra avrols elpâarai such things passive
510.
section
it
:
have been done by them (/oyabfuu do) Lys. 12, 1. etc o-ov fBidôvrai rdSe this is done with violence ~by you (/3id%ojjiai act with violence) S. Ant. 1073. ecovrjOrj was bought
buy) Xn. Mem.
2,
7,
12.
The passive meaning usually can be determined only by NOTE. the context, since there can be no difference of form except in the aorist and future of middle deponents ( 158, 3).
511.
object of
The Object of Active Becomes Subject of Passive. the verb in the active (or middle) regularly
tf
becomes the subject when the verb is changed to the passive form (but see 515, 3): thus erdÔrjcrav ol E\\r)ve<; the Greeks were drawn up (active erafe rowÊXX?; vas).
512. Cognate Accusative Retained with Passive. cognate accusative ( 331) or an accusative of the part affected
(
335) used with the active

in the passive
is
;
same case
form
see
regularly retained in the 340, 1 (cf. in Latin
rogatus est sententiam): thus ypafals rov aywva TOVTOV having been indicted in this suit Dem. 18, 103 (cf. MeX^rd?
/ji
eypdâro
rrjv
dictment against
TOU?
ypa^rjv ravTrjv Meletus me PI. Ap. 19 a), ot re

T<OV TToSwv a7ro<7ecn77rdTe9
brought this inVTTO rov -^rvôv^
SaKTvXovs
and
those
who
had
their toes frozen off by the cold
Xn. A.
4, 5, 12.
NOTE. Sometimes intransitive verbs (such as can take only a cognate accusative) are used in the passive; when so used the cognate accusative of the active becomes the subject of the passive as 6 KLV:
THE PASSIVE VOICE

KivSvi/evcTcu
the
261
risk
is
money
to
is
risked
Dem.
34, 28.
run, TO. x/aiûara KivSvi/everai the Often the passive participles of these
verbs are found: as

submit
to
eis lAeyôv run/ avrois y3e^taj/x,vwi/ Karatrr^vai an examination of their past lives Lys. 16, 1.
of
The passive the active voice of a different supplied by verb thus (intransitive)
513.
Active Forms with Passive Force.

is
some verbs
a7roKTtVo> kill
ev TTOUO benefit ev (or KaKcos) A.eya> speak well
&7roOvrj<TK(i) (die) be killed
cv Traa^w be benefited ev (or KCIKWS) d/covw (poetic K\VW) be well (or ^7) spoken of eKTriTTTO) 6e cas owf or banished
(or z7Z) of K/3aAAa> casf ow

Sico/ceo
pursue, prosecute
^>evyw
(lit. ./fee)
&e prosecuted (a
escape, be acquitted)
1.
So also intransitive second
aorists (
494, 1) are often
equivalent to the passive of the corresponding (transitive) eo-<ra\wv having been first aorists; as avavTavres VTTO
forced
514.
to
migrate by the Thessalians Th.
1, 12.
Greek originally had no Origin of the Passive. in and most tenses the middle voice served voice, passive In the aorist an also to express the passive meaning.
494, 1, originally intransitive form (cf some verbs came to be felt as a passive,
.
and 513, 1) of and by analogy
The future passive were formed later. formed from the the middle was passive (with endings) suffix aorist passive by adding the regular future (-cr:):
other
aorists
thus
<f)aiva)
show,
ecfrrjva
shown, future
câ^TJo-o/xat shall
showed, e^dvr^v appeared, appear or be shown.
i.e.
was
514 will serve to explain the 515. The statement of following facts 1. The future (rarely the aorist) middle is often used with a passive meaning thus a^rj you shall be led Aesch.
: :
262 Ag. 1632, f) guarded Xn.

777
THE VERB
VOICE
land will be well
...
ev cûXaferat the
519, note 2. 2. Many (intransitive) verbs which are regularly followed by the genitive ( 356) or the dative ( 376) may
Oec. 4, 9.
See
In such case the genitive be used in the passive voice. or dative used with the active voice is represented by
the nominative as subject in the corresponding passive thus OVKCTI a7rei\ovfjLai aXA,' ijBrj aireCkS) construction
:
aXXot?
re Kal
I am
no longer threatened, but now

4, 31.
threaten others
(active a7mX&> TLVL) Xn. Symp.
apêadai
they learn
to
govern and
fjiavOdvovcnv ap%eiv to be governed
(active
NOTE.
in the passive construction (see
cognate accusative used with the active is retained 512) thus Trpos vov TO. SetV threatened by you with those dread threats (active eT
:
rij/t) S.
Ant. 408.
3. Finally, even an accusative of the direct object is sometimes retained in the same case in the passive con-
struction, while a genitive or dative denoting a person becomes the subject of the passive verb thus ol eVn-eintrusted with the guard rpafJL/jievoi, rrjv <j>v\aKr)V those
:
(active eTriTpeTrco rrjv ^>v\atcijv TLVL) Th. 1, 126. aTrer/JujOrjaav ra? fcecfraXas they were beheaded Xn. Cy. 8, 8, 3
(cf.
rov a&e\<f>ov a7reVe/xe
rrjv
K(j)a\r)V Xn.
A.. 3, 1,
IT).
of course the accusative may become the subject 512), while the genitive or dative remains in the same case as aTravrwv 0avaros KarcytyvwcrKero the sentence of death was passed on all Lys. 13, 38. eûoi (TKrjTTTpov KOLL 8 v vaults Tracra
NOTE.
But
(according to
|
17
UoXuKpareos
515, 1 a.
eTrtrerpaTrrat to
me
Polycrates' scepter
and power
entire
In Homer, the future middle
is
(almost) always used also as

:
passive, and the aorist middle not infrequently has the passive meaning as Trap' 8,/j.fjLi 0iX ^<reai with us you shall be welcomed a 123. e/3\7;To was
hit
753.
USE OF THE TENSES

has been intrusted Hdt.
to
3,
.
263
142 (cf in English " the duty was intrusted
him" and "he was intrusted with the duty").

516.
passive verbs is reguthe genitive ( 372) with VTTO under, larly expressed by by ( 417, 1), sometimes with Trpo? ( 414, 1) or Trapd 411, 1) at the hands of, more rarely with e'/e ( 407) or (
Agent.
The Agent with
aTro
1.
(403) /row.
Often with the perfect or pluperfect passive, and 666), the agent is regularly with the verbal in -reo? (
With the verbal in 380). expressed by the dative ( found (see of sometimes the accusative is also -reo9, agent
666, note).
USE OF THE TENSES

The Primary 517. Primary and Secondary Tenses. Tenses are the Present, the Perfect, the Future, and the Future Perfect. The Secondary Tenses are the Imperfect, the Aorist, and
the Pluperfect. 1. The Historical Present ( 525) counts as a secondary tense, and the Gnomic Aorist ( 530) as a primary tense.
The imperfect
time
2.
indicative with
av,
referring to present
565), counts as a primary tense. subjunctive,
optative, and imperative modes 554; 557; 560) in their independent uses normally ( look toward the future and so have in all tenses the value
of a primary tense.
516 a. In Homer and sometimes in other poets (veiy rarely in prose with names of persons) the agent may be expressed by the dative with vir6 as'Axcuol (t>6pr)dev v(f>' "EKTopi the Achaeans were put to flight by Hector 637.
: . . .
The
264
518.
THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE

Special Meanings of Tenses from the Context. a special meaning to a Thus, the present or imperfect may be used to
;
The context may sometimes add

tense.
describe an action merely attempted (
523 527), the present may be used in describing an action which is to be completed in the future ( 524), and the aorist may
sometimes express a general truth (Gnomic aorist, 530). 1. A tense may refer Imaginative Use of the Tenses. to a time other than that which it denotes, if the speaker's so (or writer's) imagination carries him into that time the present tense may be used in describing events actually past ( 525), and the aorist or the perfect may be used in 531 describing events which have not yet taken place (
;
537).

519.
In independent clauses the tenses of the indicative

;
in dependent clauses they express express time absolutely time relatively to that of the verb on which they depend
(cf.
551, 1).
The Greeks, unlike the English and, more particularly, NOTE 1. the Romans, were not careful to distinguish with exactness the temporal relations of subordinate clauses (as is done in Latin by the
pluperfect and future perfect), but often employed the same or similar tenses in both subordinate and principal clauses, leaving the exact
relation of time to be inferred
as trêSov
8'
from the context
(cf.
also
676 a)
ore ravra rjv KO! Âtos

(i.e.
.
going on the sun wan setting ^yeTro 8' aurals Ta/xws

.
eSuero about the time that this was at the same time) Xn. A. 1, 10, 15.
at? eTroXto/o/cet l^wv vavs erepas MtAryrov Tamos conducted them, with other ships with which he had been besieging Miletus (i.e. at a prior time) Xn. A. 1, 4, 2. This fact will help to explain the frequent use of the aorist where
.
we might expect
the pluperfect
528, 1).
THE PRESENT TENSE
265
SUMMARY
NOTE
time,
The tenses of the indicative from the point of view and the manner of viewing the action, may be grouped
2.
:
of
as
follows
PRESENT
CONTINUED
Present
Perfect
PAST
Imperfect
Pluperfect Aorist
FUTURE
Future (active and middle) Future Perfect Future (passive)
COMPLETED AND LASTING SIMPLY BROUGHT TO PASS

'
'
Occasionally the future active shows a distinction between action as e<o shall hold (cf l^w continued and action brought to pass
'
' :
.
hold), cr^T/oxo shall obtain (cf. Itrôv obtained,
529).
THE PRESENT TENSE

520.
The present
:
at the present time

1.
tense represents an action as going on thus ypd^co I write or I am writing.

the
So the present often expresses a customary action or

:
thus ved yap fypovrls ovtc a\yelv a general truth heart of youth is free from care E. Med. 48.
521.
<pi,\e2
The present Present Denoting a Continued State. a denote continued state as well a So as may single act. the present of some verbs may admit two different English
translations
thus
ffacriXevco
rule or be
ruler,
vl/ca>
conquer or be victorious, favyo) flee or be in exile, aBitcoj do wrong or be a wrong-doer, alaOdvoâL perceive or be
cognizant of. So NOTE.
:
rjK(a
am
come, arrive,
and
otô/xai
am
gone,
may regularly
adverbs
be translated as perfects.
522.
Present with Adverbs like irdXai.
When
like 7rd\ai long ago are
used with the present tense they
519 a (note 2). Homer occasionally forms a future directly from a second aorist (reduplicated) stem to emphasize the action as merely 'brought to pass' thus ire-mdriirw I will persuade him (i.e. convince his mind once for all) X 223.
:
266

that the action
mean
present (cf. we have long been eager Xn. A.
continued from the past into the in Latin iam dudum): as ira\ai crTrevSofjiev
is
r
4, 8, 14.
SPECIAL MEANINGS OF THE PRESENT FROM THE CONTEXT

523.
Attempted Action.
The context
518)
may
imply that the present denotes only an attempted action

(cf.
TreiOto
Thus, MSwfu give may mean also offer, 527). may mean try to persuade : as aol S' Kâêfivoyv agio, 8(0 a Agamemnon offers you worthy gifts I 261,
!'
77/^0,9
etc
rrjo-Se rr}?
%&y>d?
you are trying
to
drive
us out of this country Xn. A.

524.
7, 7, 7.
Present with Future Meaning.
It
may
be implied
:
by the context ( 518) that an action expressed by the thus el present tense will be completed in the future
avrrj
77
TroXt? \ij(f)6r)o-eTai,
eêrai
91
:
fcal
77
Trdcra 2t/ceXta if this
city shall be captured, all Sicily as well is (i.e. is going to
be) in their
power Th.
6,
so airoXXvâi
I am going to
be
put
to
death Lys. 12, 14.
The present indicative of ei)u,i am going (and its compounds) regularly has a future meaning. This meaning extends to other modes when used to represent the indicative in indirect discourse, and sometimes also to the participle when used to express
NOTE.
purpose
(
653, 5).
525.
Historical Present.
may
for the
moment
In vivid narration the speaker feel that he is living the past over
518, 1):
again,
and so may use the present tense in describing

thus
pao-v/3ov\os
. . .
events already past (

VVKTOS xia>v
a.
Tr/9
7ra/jL7r\Tj6r)s
Thrasybulus took
(lit.
takes)
524
525 a.
Homer el/u has both the present and the future meaning. In Epic poetry the historical present is never found.
In
THE IMPERFECT
possession of Phyle, a stronghold.
267
There came (lit. comes) on during the night a great snowstorm Xn. Hell. 2, 4, 23. Adpeiov /cal Hapvo-driSos yiyvovrai, TratSe? Bvo of Darius
and Parysatis were

tenses,
(lit.
are) born two sons
Xn. A.
1, 1, 1.
The historical present is freely interchanged with the past NOTE. and should be regularly translated by a past tense in English as /cat 6 Awaos 77 A. a ere re /cat iSan/ aTrayeAAec anJ Lycius rode (away), and, when he had seen, reported Xn. A. 1, 10, 15.
:
THE IMPERFECT
represents an action as going on thus eypafov I was writing. 1. Rence the imperfect often expresses a customary thus eVeiS?) e avo^Bî^ eiafj/Jiev but when action: past was [the prison] opened, we used to go in PL Phaed. 59 d.
526. in past time
:
The Imperfect
SPECIAL MEANINGS OF THE IMPERFECT FROM THE
CONTEXT The context ( 518) may Attempted Action. imply that the imperfect denotes only an attempted action 523) or what was likely to happen thus KXeapô? (cf.
527.
:
row avrov
'
(TTpaT(,a)Tds
to
e/3tafero
levai
ol
CLVTOV e(3a\\ov
Clearchus tried
force his
own
1,
soldiers to
3, 1.
move ; but they

be
pelted him with stones Xn. A. aXX* eêK\e^rev "A/ore/ut?

.
e/caivd/jLrjv tyfyeito
/.
was
like
slain with
the
sword ; but Artemis
stole
me
thence E.
T. 27.
The Imperfect of a truth just realized, and the "PhiloThe imperfect in some expressions may be best rendered in English by the present: thus KCU TOVT ap yv aX.r)6es, is true, as I perceu-e, my friends (lit. was rjo-tfo/xr/v, <j>i\ai this then true, but all the time I did not realize it) E. LT. 351. Sia(#epo/xev IKZLVO ... o T<3 fJLtv Si/ua> /3e\Tlov eytyvcTo we shall destroy that which (as we agreed) becomes better by justice PI. Crit. 47 d.
XOTE.
sophical Imperfect."
268
THE AORIST
528.
The
aorist
(aopicrros
undefined)
represents
:
the
action as one that simply took place in past time eypa-fra I wrote.
1.
thus
Since the Aorist instead of Perfect or Pluperfect. in Greek are used the when and only pluperfect perfect
result of the action
is
lasting (
534), the aorist
is
often
used where English would employ the perfect or pluperfect (especially in relative and temporal clauses): thus TI>
olfcerwv ov&eva
servants
he
1,
tcar^XiTrev, a\\ airavra TreTrpdicev of his (has) left not one, but has sold everything
Aeschin
99.
Kvpov
Be /jLeraTre/jLTreraL CLTTO rfjs
avrbv o-arpaTnjv eiroir]o-ev
he
sent for
government of which he had made (lit. Xn. A. 1, 1, 2. eVel Se ereXeuTêre Aa/aeto? but when Darius (had) died Xn. A. 1, 1, 3.
apxfy 5? Cyrus from the made) him satrap
The aorist of verbs whose 529. Inceptive Aorist. present can denote a continued state ( 521) may express thus {3ao-i\evco rule or be the entrance into that state
:
king, efiacrtXevo-a ruled or
became king ; so ecrôv held or
got possession of (e%o> hold) eSdicpva-a wept or burst into tears (Satcpvco weep, be in tears).
NOTE.
Aorist rendered by the Present.
The Greeks sometimes
iised the aorist
with an exactness which admits no English equivalent, and such examples must usually be rendered in English by the present tense as OVK av Swat'/x^v, TO 8e TrpoOv/Jiov rjv(ra I could not do it, but I
:
still
approve your zeal (lit. approved at the time you showed your zeal) So often rjo-Orjv am pleased (lit. was pleased, eyeXacra E. /. T. 1023.
laugh(ed), a>/A(oa lament (ed), and similar words. ov KOL TTJV in impatient questions: as TL ovv
. . .
So also sometimes
Svva/j.LV
eAeas
/xot
why
Cy.
don't you
2, 1, 4.
tell
me
(lit.
why
didn't
you
tell
me) about
their
force? Xn.
THE FUTURE
269
SPECIAL MEANINGS OF THE AOUIST FKOM THE CONTEXT

530.
Gnomic
Aorist.
From
the context the
aorist
indicative
may often be seen to express a general truth true once (" always true "): thus TraOwv Be re vrjTrios eyva) even a fool learns by experience Hes. O.D. 218. 3)v Se -m
TOVTCOV TL TrapafBaivr) fy/jLidv avrols CTreOeaav but if anybody transgresses any one of these laws they impose a penalty
upon such persons Xn. Cy.

531.
1, 2, 2.
aorist is
The time of the as Future. sometimes vividly imagined as future ( 518): thus a Trot) \6fjirj v ap et /-te &rj Xe A/ret? I perish if you leave
Aorist Imagined
Ale. 386.
me E.
THE FUTURE
532.
The
.
at a future time
future denotes that an action will take place thus ypd-^co I shall write (or shall be
:
writing)
NOTE.
or a mild
For the second person of the future implying a permission
command
see
583, note
1.
Periphrastic Future. periphrastic future (dea is formed present intention) noting by combining the various forms of //.e'XXo) be about to with the present or
533.
future (rarely the aorist) infinitive ( 549, 1): thus dyetv I am going to lead you Xn. A. 5,
ty-ia?
7,
5.
jap
v/jias
i$d%eiv for
I am
going
to
inform you
PL Ap.
1.
21
b.
So the past tenses of fteXXw are similarly used to

as
Tropevea-Oai
express a past intention:

530
ijpnre
8'
eyu-eXXoi^
they
:
a.
Homer sometimes
ijpiTrei>
uses the (gnomic) aorist in similes

(lit.
thus
ws 6Ve TIS dpvs
he fell as when an oak falls
felT).
270
were intending to proceed Xn. A. 3, 5, 17. e/êXXe /cara\veiv he was about to halt for the night Xn. A. 1, 8, 1.
NOTE. The simple future appears from the context sometimes to be used like the periphrastic future to express a present intention as olpe TrXrJKTpov, ei po-xti ra ^se your spur if you re going to fight Ar. Av. 759. ci ... 7ri<rTvcro/Aev if we are going to trust Xn. A. 1, 3, 16.
:
THE PERFECT AND THE PLUPERFECT

534. The perfect, in Greek, represents an action as completed and lasting at the present time the pluperfect as completed and lasting at a past time thus yeypaâ I
;
:
have written (and the writing now stands), eyeypd^rj I had written (and the writing stood completed). ervy-âve yap e<' d/zaf?79 Tropevo/jievos SIOTL ererpcoTofor he happened to
be traveling
on a wagon because he had been (and

2,
still-
was)
wounded Xn. A.
535.
2, 14.
system of
In the perfect Perfect with Present Meaning. of the duration the result ( 534) verbs many
rather than the completion of the act is the more prominent, so that the perfect is best rendered in English by
the present (and the pluperfect by the English imperfect) thus

j3f/3r)Ka (/3atvu>) be
gone or stand (have stepped)

afraid (have been frightened, cf
.
SeSotKo, (root Sot-, Set-, St-) be

KCKTrj/Jiai
fjif/jLvrj/JML
494, 3)
(KTw/xat) possess (have acquired)

(/u/xynovco))
oTSa (cf. eioW
remember (have reminded myself) saw) know (have seen or perceived)

.
494, 3) <TTr)Ka (to-r^/xt) stand (have set myself, cf. 7T7roi0a (Trei'^w) trust (have persuaded myself, cf 494, 2)
7T(f)iJKa
(<f>v(i))
am
by nature (have been produced,
cf.
494, 3),
and many
536.
fect,
others.
1. Other forms of the perPeriphrastic Perfect. 226 227 221, 1), besides those already noted (
; ;
THE FUTURE PERFECT

:
271
are sometimes found expressed periphrastically thus TO TOVTO the one who has done TrpayuL elfj.1 SeBpd/ca)?
lam
this
2.
deed
Dem.
21, 104.
aorist (rarely the perfect) participle with the or imperfect of e^co have is sometimes used as the present thus 09 <7(/>e vvv equivalent of the perfect or pluperfect
:
The
who has now dishonored her E. Med. 33. TroXXa xprj/jLara e%o/jLev avrj pTra/core^ we have plundered much property (lit. have, having plundered) Xn. A. 1, 3, 14.
arlfjidcrds eêu
SPECIAL MEANINGS OF THE PERFECT FROM THE CONTEXT
The time of the perPerfect Imagined as Future. sometimes vividly imagined as future ( 518, 1): thus KCLV TOVT, 077, vltcw/Jiev, TrdvO* rjjjiiv TreTroirjrai, " if we
537.
fect
is
are victorious in this," he said, " everything has been accomplished (i.e. will have been accomplished) by us" Xn. A.
1, 8,
12.
THE FUTURE PERFECT

future perfect denotes that an action will be as yeypaôDS completed (and lasting) at a future time eo-0/jLai, I shall have written, <yey paterae it will have been
538.
:
The
written (and will stand written). For the periphrastic forms of the future perfect see 230.
NOTE.
(
The
future perfect (as well as the other portions of the
perfect system)
534)
may emphasize the duration of the result of an action hence a good many verbs, because of their meaning, regularly
:
employ the future perfect instead

. . .
of the future (see 729) as i/o/xiere KOLTOLKCKoiJ/ea-OaL you must believe that I shall be cut to pieces Xn. A. 1, 5, 16. orav 8r) p,r) crOevw, TT ?r aver often, i when I have not
e/xe
strength, then shall
I stop S. Ant. 91. So also commonly with the verbs whose perfect has present meaning 535) /txe/xv^cro/juxt shall remember (/xe/xv^/xat remember), ecrr^co shall
stand (ecTTYjKa stand) etc.
272
TENSES OF OTHER MODES THAN THE INDICATIVE
TENSES OF OTHER MODES THAN THE INDICATIVE

539. The tenses of the indicative mode only (and of other modes representing the indicative in indirect disin the other modes, course, 551) really denote time
;
the tenses (with the very limited exception of the future, see 548) do not denote time, but only the manner of
viewing the action, whether continued (present), or completed (perfect), or simply brought to pass (aorist). Time may be implied either by the mode (see 554; 557; 560) or by the context (see 541-547, and cf. 519 note 1) but it is not denoted by the tense.
THE PRESENT
540.
The
present tense in modes other than the indica-
tive represents an action as going on (at any time) ; as be engaged in writing, iv to be writing, eav <ypd<f>co if
be writing (in the future,
560),
rypdcfxov writing.
TIME IMPLIED BY THE CONTEXT

541.
Relation of time with the principal verb
may
be
indicated by the context (
539):
as OTTOTC Ovoi etcdXei
whenever he was engaged in
sacrifice he
used
(i.e. at
the
e
same time)
to
invite his friends
Xn. Mem.
2, 9, 4.
el
Trapa ravra irotolev, ico\deiv but if they act contrary to this, to punish them (i.e. afterwards) Xn. Cy. 1,
6, 33.
THE AORIST
542.
273
Present Participle.
Especially with the present
participle the context usually shows that its time is the same as that of the principal verb as e^wv orrXmi? aveftri
:
he went
up with
(lit.
having) hoplites
Trapwv 1. But sometimes the context shows that the present

participle refers to a time prior to that of the principal verb (the so-called " Participle of the Imperfect ") as ot Kvpeioi irpdaOev GVV rj/jilv rarroêvoL vvv a$ea-Tr)icacnv
:
ervyâve he happened to be present
Xn. A. Xn. A.
1,
1,
2.
1, 1, 2.
Cyrus who were formerly marshaled with us Xn. A. 3, 2, 17. irapwv epw since I was present, I will tell S. Ant. 1192.
the troops of
have
now
deserted
THE AORIST
543.
The
aorist tense in
modes other than the indicative
represents the action simply as brought to pass (at any time) as ypdtyai to write, eav ypd-^ro) if I write, ypdtyov
:
write (impv.,
thus
eZ-Tre 8'
560), ypd^ds having written (or writing): evreff d/j,evo<; he spoke in prayer Z 475. ovro?
. . .
ovre TOW? #eou? Cetera? cure KO/oo^ reOvrjKora al&eo-Oels

rj/Aas
/ea/ew? Troielv Treipdrai this
man, without any fear of

. .
.
the gods, or respect

to
for Cyrus, ivho is now dead, is trying \a6etv jSovXoifjLijv 8' av injure us Xn. A. 3, 2, 5. avrov a7re\6(i)v I should like to get away without his knowledge Xn. A.
1, 3,
17.

544.
indicated by the
Relation of time with the principal verb may be context ( 539): as T> dvSpl ov av
(i.e.
\rjo-0e Treio-o/jiai I shall obey the shall have chosen) Xn. A.

BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
18
man whom you

1,
3,
choose
15.
274 TENSES OF OTHER MODES

e
THAN THE INDICATIVE

it
fyaiverai
/-tot
wonderful
the being
persuaded persuaded of some people) Xn. Mem. 1, 2, 1.
too
Kal TO Treio-Qfjvai nvas that some people have been
seems
to
me
(lit.
Participle. Especially with the aorist context often shows that it refers to a time the participle to that of the verb: as ravra Se TT 0*770- a? principal prior
545.
Aorist
Sie/3ai,ve
when
he
had done
this he
proceeded
to
cross
Xn.
A. 1, 4, 17. when he had come down (from the mountains) he marched 543, last three through this plain Xn. A. 1, 2, 23 (but cf.
examples).
/cara/3a? Se Sta TOVTOV rov ireSiov TJXaae
THE PERFECT
perfect tense in modes other than the indicative represent an action as completed (at any time) as j6ypa(f)vat to finish writing, eav yejpd(f>a) if I shall finish
546.
:
The
writing, yeypdÔco
let
it
stand written,
yeypacjxt)?
having
written, TO, yeypafjiêva the things written, TT}?
yap
einovcrr]?
VVKTOS Trdvra ravra Set ireirpaÔaL to-night all this must

be completed
PL
Grit.
46
a.

It usually happens that an action described by the perfect as completed has taken place at a time preceding that of the principal verb (cf. 539) thus ovSe /3ov-
547.
\evecr6ai
en &pd, d\\a (3e{3ov\evo-0ai it is time no eXeyov longer to deliberate, but to decide PI. Crit. 46 a. Trdvra ra yeyevr) fjieva they told all that had happened
(i.e.
previously) Xn. A.
6, 3,
11
(cf.
546, last example).
THE FUTURE (AND FUTURE PERFECT)
275
THE FUTURE (AND FUTURE PERFECT)

548.
The modes
of the future
(and future perfect) other
than the indicative are devoted almost wholly to representing the future indicative in indirect discourse ( 551)^ this is the only use of the future optative (which is a 548 a); the future comparatively late development, see
infinitive is almost
ciple often.
Yet a desire
always so used, and the future partito emphasize the idea of futur-
ity (or present intention) has led to the occasional use of the future infinitive as a substantive, and, more often,
of the future participle as 549.
an ordinary adjective.
infinitive
The future Future Infinitive as a Substantive. (denoting future time relative to the principal
sometimes used as a substantive when
;
verb)
is
it is
desired
to emphasize the idea of futurity
as TroXXoO Seco epavrov

to
76 a&itcrjo-eiv
I am
b.
certainly
far from intending
wrong
used
myself 1. With
PI.
Ap. 37
/LteXXft).
So often the future

to
infinitive is
to emphasize the future idea (as with //.e'XXft) " I meant to have in English many people say incorrectly " " " from a feeling that I meant to write for written " meant " does not sufficiently express the past idea) thus /xe'XXft) yap vâs Si Sdgeiv for I am about to inform
am
about
you PI. Ap. 21 b. 2. With Verbs of Promising,
etc.
So with verbs (and
verbal expressions) meaning to hope, expect, promise, swear, and the like, the idea of a future realization of the hope
or promise often leads to the use of the future infinitive. Both the present and aorist, however, are also found with these verbs.
548
a.
The negative
is
regularly
w
is
431, 1)
thus
In Epic poetry the future optative
never found.
276
TENSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

r]fjLi6\iov
7rd(n Sdxreiv he
1, 3, 21.
promised
half as
much again Xn. A.

to
to give to all rbv IK Troia? 7ro'Xea>?

is the 1,
o-rparrjybv Trpoa-Sofca)
general
ravra irpaêiv from what city come whom I expect to do this? Xn. A. 3,
aurou?
/cafcbv
14.
rwyvaro
fjirj&ev
TreicreaOai he pledged himself
e'XTrtSa? that they should suffer no harm Xn. A. 7, 4, 13. Xn. will be well all that has he eaeo-Oai tfaXa>9 hopes e'êt
A.
4, 3, 8.
(Cf.
2, 1,
fjiid
[e\7rt9]
acoOrjvai, one hope of being
saved Xn. A.
NOTE.
19.)
of. promising, etc. ( 549, 2) often explained as indirect discourse ( 671), but the fact that it as its regular negative points to its use here as the ordinary takes
The
future infinitive with verbs
is
object infinitive.
550.
Future Participle.
it is
The
future participle
is
used
desired to emphasize the idea of future time (or present intention, 533, note) relatively to the
principal verb
Xucro/Lteô? re dvyarpa he 13. came to ransom his daughter (lit. about to ransom) o 777770- o//,ei>o9 ouSet? ecrrai there will be nobody who will lead us Xn. A. 2, 4, 5.
:
only when
thus ^X#e
TENSES IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

551. When the optative, infinitive, or participle stands in indirect discourse ( 670 ff.), each tense represents the
same tense
ative,
infinitive or participle
of the direct discourse, except that the present may stand for the imperfect indicinfinitive
and the perfect
pluperfect indicative
eyvaxrav
.
.
indicative, since those
participle for the tenses have only the
or
mode
.
cf
also
675, note
thus (PRESENT)
aTnevai
^TJCTLV
on, icevbs 6 côySo? 6^77 they learned that their fear

(i.e.
was groundless
ecm) Xn. A.
2, 2,
21.
he says he is going away (i.e. aVet/it) Xn. A. 2, 2, 1. lacrOai auro<? TO rpav^d (frrjcriv he says that he himself treated
USES OF THE FINITE MODES

the
277
8,
wound
ecrri)
(i.e.
la^v, impf.) Xn. A.

1,
1,
26.
rj/cova-e
Kvpov
(i.e.
ev K.i\iKLa ovra he
heard that Cyrus was in Oilicia

olSa Se
fcaiceiva)
Xn. A.
4, 5.
aco^povovvre
eare ^coKpdrei
that even they two kept within o-vvrjo-rijv bounds so long as they associated with Socrates (i.e. ecrcocfrpoveLrrjv,
I know
impf.) Xn.
to
Mem.
1, 2, 18.
(AoRIST)
said actually
MeWw
17.
Se teal
Swpa
eXe^yero Tre^-^rai he
to
was
have sent presents
Menon
(i.e.
Xn. A.
1, 4,
(PERFECT)
'O/JioXoyeis ovv irepl epe
a&ifcos
do you admit that you have been a wrong-doer against A. 1, 6, 8. KaraXafji^dvovat (i.e. yeyevrjaai) Xn.
me
. .
f
.
ra
7r\el(7ra SirjpTraa-iJLeva they
been plundered (i.e.
SirjpTracrTai,)
found Xn.
that most things A. 1, 10, 18.

TT/OO?
had
(FUTURE)
(i.e.
e\eêv
on
1,
rj
0809 ecrotro
(3aai\ed
fjieyav
he said that the advance

eVrafc)
ei
would
be against the great king

rjyelro
Xn. A.
4, 11.
jap ajrav
iroirjo-eiv
avrbv
Ti?
apyvpiov SiSoirj for he thought that \_Theognis~]

if
.
would do anything,
TTot^cret,
anybody offered him money
(i.e.
edv rt?
StSw he will do, if anybody offers Lys.
12, 14.
1.
When
verbs stand in indirect discourse they denote
the same time relatively to the verb on which they depend as was denoted by the tense ( 539) of the direct dis-
course which they represent.
See the preceding examples.

finite
In the following pages the various uses of the are described in detail, but, for the sake of completeness, a brief summary of the uses of each mode
552.
modes
is
here given.
278
THE INDICATIVE MODE

553.
The
fact
indicative
thus
1.
ySacriXeuo)
I am
used in statements of fact king, Aa/oeto? ycrOevei Darius was ill.

is
mode
may
be assumed for purposes of argument
thus
reOvacn (suppose that) they are dead E. Med. 386. So regularly in conditions elirep fy avrjp a>ya66<s if (i.e. assuming that) he was a good man, etc. Lys. 12, 48.
teal &r)
For the semi-dependent indicative in object clauses and clauses of fearing see 593 and 594, 1. 2. The past tenses of the indicative, probably from their
use in conditions contrary to fact ( 606) (although there was originally no stich idea in the usage, cf. 553, 1),
have come to be used also to express hopeless wishes ( 588) and unaccomplished purpose ( 590, note 4). 3. Further, av (or ice) may be added to the past tenses
of the indicative to give
them a potential meaning
565).
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MODE

554. The Subjunctive mode looks always toward the future (thus having the value of a primary tense, when
it is
used independently,
517, 2).
555.
The
two great divisions
uses of the subjunctive may be grouped under the Volitive Subjunctive (which
:
expresses an action as willed), and the Anticipatory Subjunctive (which anticipates an action as an immediate
future possibility), a use in which the subjunctive is closely related to the future indicative (see 562 a and compare 563 a 576 a 594, 1 note).
; ;
No hard and
these
fast line,
however, can be drawn between
two uses
of the subjunctive.
THE OPTATIVE MODE
279
In the earlier language (i.e. in Homer) the anticipatory NOTE. subjunctive (with or without /ce or av) was not infrequently used in independent clauses ( 562 a), but in this use it was soon crowded
out by the future indicative, and only a few relics of this use are to be found in Attic Greek, but in dependent clauses (e.g. conditions and relative clauses) it continued to be regularly used.
556.
The
:
uses of the subjunctive
may
be summarized
as follows
INDEPENDENT
In exhortations ( 585) and prohibitions ( 584). In deliberative questions ( 577). In cautious future assertions with and fir) ov ( 569, 1).
In strenuous future denials with ov
569, 2).
DEPENDENT
In purpose clauses ( 590). After words of fearing ( 592). In the protasis of a future more vivid
present general condition (
609).
604) or a 623
In relative clauses of anticipation (future,

or of general possibility (present,
526-7)
625).
THE OPTATIVE MODE

557.
as a
The
optative
mode may be
briefly characterized
more remote subjunctive. Hence, in its independent uses, and in most of its dependent uses, it commonly looks toward the future, but more remotely than the subjunctive, and often from the point of view of past time (cf. 517, 2).
556
a.
For the independent use

562
a.
of the (anticipatory) subjunctive in
Homer
see
280
558.
The
:
uses of the optative
may
be grouped under
three heads
a remote
(l)'the Optative of Wish (corresponding to volitive subjunctive, 555) which expresses an

;
action as desired, but not actually willed to happen (2) the Potential Optative (corresponding to a remote
anticipatory subjunctive, 555), which expresses what the speaker regards as a more or less remote possibility
which
(see note 1) (3) the Optative in Indirect Discourse, is a development peculiar to Greek.
;
NOTE
1.
In earlier Greek the simple optative could be used
potentially, but very soon the adverb av (epic KC) came to be regularly used with it, and the use of the potential optative was extended far
beyond
its 2.
original
bounds
(cf
NOTE
The name
optative
563 and the examples). comes from the use of the mood in
wishes (Latin opto wish).
559.
in Attic
The following
Greek
:
are the various uses of the optative
INDEPENDENT
In wishes
( 587). Potential optative with av (or (
/ce)
563).
DEPENDENT
In future less vivid conditions ( 605). In past general conditions ( 610). In relative clauses of remote possibility (future, 624 or of 626-7), general possibility (past, 625). In indirect discourse (including indirect questions) after
;
a secondary tense ( 673). In purpose clauses after a secondary tense ( 590). In clauses of fearing after a secondary tense ( 592).
559
a-
For the potential optative without
/ce
or av in
Homer,
see 563
a,
THE IMPERATIVE MODE
281
THE IMPERATIVE MODE

560.
The imperative mode

It is
(in all tenses) refers always

(
to the future.
used in commands
583) and pro-
hibitions (
584).
STATEMENTS
561. 1. Statements of fact (what stand in the indicative mode.
is,
was, or will be)
2. Statements of opinion (what may be, can be, might be, could have been, and the like) stand in the optative mode with av, or in a past tense of the indicative with av. The details of usage are given in the following sections
562-568).
NOTE.
562.
Two
special
forms of statement are described in
569.
Statements of Fact.
statement of fact
is
is
in
the indicative
6 KO/009
mode; the negative
ou
thus avaftaivzi
ill,
Cyrus goes up, fjedevei Aa/?eo9 Darius was

he will be in the
(7rat
Girl ra> a8e\,</>a>
power of
his brother,
OVK rjo-OdveTo he did not perceive.
statement of a future posPotential Optative. or likelihood, as an opinion of the sibility, propriety,

563.
the subjunctive is sometimes used like the future 555) in (anticipatory) statements of fact (negative oy) thus ou ydp TTW rolovs tdov avtpas ovdt Zdw/j-ai for never yet did I see such men, nor shall I ever see them A 262.
562
a.
In
Homer
indicative (cf.
563 a. The epic language besides the future indicative
is
very rich in forms of future statement, for

(or
/ce)
and the optative with &v
we have
also
the subjunctive alone, the optative alone, the subjunctive with *e (or 5i>), and even sometimes the future indicative with e (or &v~). By this variety many shades of meaning are expressed which have no equivalent
in English.
The subjunctive
indicative
in this use comes very close to the future 562 a), but seems rather to anticipate the future possibility
282
USES OF FINITE MODES
speaker, stands in the optative Optative); the negative is ou:
(Potential thus TroXXd? av evpois Wxavas many devices you could find E. And. 85. to-o)? av ovv Sdgeiev droTrov elvai now perhaps it may seem strange PL Ap. 31 c. OVK av ovv Oav^dôL/jLt, now I shouldn't
mode with dv
wonder Xn. A.
3, 2,
35.
OVK av
/jLeOeifjirjv
rov Opovov
couldn't (i.e. won't) give up the throne Ar. Ran. 830. The apodosis of a future less vivid condition ( 605) is
regularly expressed by the potential optative.

NOTE.
of opinion,
Observe that the potential optative
may express
all
shades
possibility to ideal certainty, the English rendering should be made to suit the context.
from mere suggestion of
and
of a future (or present) possior can be expressed more likelihood, bility, necessity, a fact as a ( 562) by present or future tense of exactly
564.
But a statement
the indicative of a verb meaning be possible or necessary, and a dependent infinitive denoting what is possible or
thus ^vvapai crvvetvai necessary to be or to be done I can associate with the very richest rofc ir\ov(nwTdroi^
:
(but as an opinion TTiarrd \afielv Trap
crvveirjv
rjfjL&v
av) Lys. 24,
9.
eêanv
V/JLLV
possible for you to receive vfias S' av pledges from us (Xdftoire av) Xn. A. 2, 3, 26. rj/jilv Serjcrei o/jiocrai it will be necessary for you to swear
it is
to
us
(oyotocratre
dv) Xn. A.
fact.
2, 3,
27.
:
than to state the future
Examples are
(Fut. indie.) &s
Trore?
rts
thus some one shall say Z 462. (Fut. indie, with *e) KO.L K and thus some one may say A 176. (Subjunctive) KO.L irort
rts cJ5'
epeei
TIS etTrrjo-iv
and some day some one may say Z 459. (Subjunctive with /ce or &v) KO.I dt K TOI etTT-go-c and he will tell to you d 391. (Optative) ou /j.tv yap n KaK&repov &\\o Trd6ot.fji,i for nothing else more sad could I endure T 321. (Optative with *e or &v} fyol 5t r6r' &v TroXu Ktpdiov etr] but for me then
'twould be better far
108.
is
optative without &v in a potential use other poets besides Homer see S. Ant. 605.
563 b.
The
rarely found in
STATEMENTS
NOTE
18015
1.
283
av you can
2.
Observe that the difference between lêori o-ot iSeti/ and see is that the former states the possibility as a fact,
the latter states
what the speaker

if
thinks is a possibility.
is
NOTE
Observe that
av
used with the optative of a verb

like, it
denoting possibility, propriety, or the

bility or propriety is stated as
shows that the
possi-
something which,
:
in the opinion of the
567 note) as OVK av 8vvcu/xe0a speaker, might or could exist (cf. avtv TrAotW Siafifjvai we could not have the power to cross (i.e. could not
possibly cross) without boats
Xn. A.
2, 2, 3.
565. Potential Indicative. statement of a past or present possibility or necessity, as an opinion of the speaker, stands in a past tense of the indicative with av
(Potential Indicative)
<&?
the negative
is
ov
thus Oarrov
3)
av were quicker than anybody would have thought Xn: A. 1, 5, 8. VTTO /cev ra\aa-i(^povd Trep &eo? el\ev fear
rt?
might have seized even a stout-hearted

\o/jL7]v
man A
421.
e/3ov-
av
I could
wish.
The apodosis
regularly
of a condition contrary to fact ( 606) is expressed by the potential indicative or an
equivalent statement (
566.
567).
of a past possibility, necessity, or
But a statement
likelihood, can be expressed more exactly as a fact ( 562) by a past tense of the indicative of a verb meaning be pos-
necessary and a dependent infinitive denoting what was possible or necessary to be or to be done thus eSei
sible or
:
po(f)ovvTa TTiveiv (ocnrep ftovv it was necessary to drink in gulps like an ox Xn. A. 4, 5, 32. xpfjv yap K.av$av\rj yevecrOai tcafca)? for Candaules was bound to get into trouble
565
a.
In
Homer
the context sometimes shows that the potential opta-
with the help of an adverb, may be used in stating a past possibility (which in Attic would be expressed by the potential indicative, as ei/0' OVK d.i> ftpiôvra fSots Aya/jLt/j-vova Siov then you could not see 565)
tive, usually
'
:
(i.e.
would not have seen) god-like Agamemnon slumbering A 223.

b.)
(Cf.
606
284

1, 8.
1, 27.
Hdt.
Lys.
&ia<l>vyeiv
ovtc
e&vvaro he could not escape
of ten the existence of a past or is stated possibility necessity only to show that what " " " been or to have have been done " did ought might
567.
But nine times out
" " idea (as, " he might have contrary to fact imply a (Such a statement gone," but the fact is he did not go).
is
not actually take place
hence such statements usually
often used as the apodosis of a condition contrary to
fact,
606): thus rq> Be 'Eparoo-Qevei, egijv elirelv on ovtc aTrrjvrrjo-ev it was possible for Eratosthenes to say (i.e. " Eratosthenes might have said ") that he had not met him Lys. 12, 31. ^Xpn v TOV ^^Kpdrrjv //.?) Trporepov ra 7ro\iTi/ca
SiSdo-/ceiv
roi>9
Gwovras
rj
aco^povelv /Socrates ought not
to
have taught his associates politics in preference
to self-control
Xn. Mem. 1, 2, 17. XP^1 V V^P <*XXo0eV TroOev pporovs TraZ&a? reKvovaOau mortals ought to beget children from some
other source (but they do not) E. Med. 578. Observe that in such expressions the aorist infinitive
refers always to a single act (usually in past time), while the present infinitive refers to continued or repeated action
either present or past (cf.
539).
NOTE. Observe that the mere statement of a past possibility or necessity may always suffice to imply that the possible or necessary event did not occur as eTSes av you might have seen (if you had been
:
present), or erjv iSeTv

If av is
it
was
possible to see (if
you had been present).
used with a past tense of the indicative of a verb denoting
possibility, propriety, or the like,

is
it shows that the possibility or pronot but stated as a as fact, something which might or could priety have existed (cf. 564 note 2) as efjv av iSeiv it would (or might)
:
have been possible to see. Compare OVK av trepan/ eSet crot uapTvpw you would not have any need of other witnesses (but as it is, you do need
them) Lys.
7, 22,
apêo/ if he
and had
av CITTC/O fjv avrjp dya$6s, t\p-r)v been a good man, he would have had
.
fjJrj
Trapa-
to
rule with-
STATEMENTS
out transgressing the laws (but a
285
under no such obligation)
LV ^ e
bad
. .
man
.
is
7rpo0i>/uav ZX Lys. 12, 48, with \prfv 8' avrov had zeal (but did not have) Lys. 12, 50.
1.
OU 9^
fo
have
The expressions which may be used
to denote a past
possibility or necessity (without av) are very numerous ; some of the most common of them are the following e'Set,
:
was necessary, etVco? fjv it was likely, TrpoarjK, eV/oeTre it was fitting, egfjv it was possible, epeXXov was likely to, and many adjectives with rjv, such as &i/caiov rjv it was just, afyov j]V it ivas proper, ala^pov rjv it was shameful, olo? r' fjv was possible, and many others (cf. oportebat, decebat, and the like, in Latin).
Xpfjv or e^prjv it
568.
ment
of
stateStatements of Past Recurrent Action. an indefinitely recurrent past action, which would
take place only under certain circumstances, stands in a thus ava\a/jL/3dva)v past tense of the indicative with av
:
ovv avr&v ra
so,
TroirjfjLaTa
Snypwrcov av avrovs TI \eyoiev
taking up their compositions,
I would ask (if ever

PL
e/cXeydfjievos
tunity occurred) them what they meant

rt? avTto So/cotrj
ejraicrev
. . .
an opporAp. 22 b. d
rov eTTiTijBeiov he would
/3\dfceveiv,
av if any one seemed
to
.him
to be lazy,
pick out the proper man, and strike him Xn. A. 2, 3, 11. NOTE. Observe that this form of statement does not necessarily the as a fact, but only as what could or would take occurrence express place (and undoubtedly did take place) if circumstances demanded. Hence it is easily explained as a special use of the potential ( 565)
indicative.
569.
1.
Subjunctive with
JITJ
and
^t\ ov. is
In Plato, and sometimes
in other writers, a cautious suggestion
occasionally expressed by the

:
ov, subjunctive with ^rj (negatively 432) ravra (T/ce/x/xaTa y rcov paSo? aTTOKTLvvvvTMV
thus
py w?
these
aXrjOus
really
may
not
prove
to be the
PI. Crit.
48
c.
considerations of those who thoughtlessly put men to death f aAAa /AT; ov TOUT' y xaAeTroV but possibly this may not
be so difficult PI.
Ap. 39
a.
286
In origin these expressions are doubtless questions ( 576 a), but they are usually printed without the mark of interrogation. 2. ov with the Subjunctive (or Future Indicative). An emphatic future denial (which sometimes borders on a prohibition, 584) may
jj/tfj
be expressed by the subjunctive (or rarely the future indicative) with thus ov/ceri fjirj 8vvr)Ta.L /JcwriAevs iâas Ka.TaAa/3eu> the king ov p,7j will no longer be able to overtake us Xn. A. 2, 2, 12. ov /w,^ Svoyxevr/s
:
I cry <f>L\ois
(jir)
you
shall not be hostile to
your friends E. Med. 1151.

it
ov yap
a-Trwo-erai for she will not possibly reject
Hdt.
1,
199.
QUESTIONS
DIRECT QUESTIONS
570.
4
Direct Questions
'
may
be divided into two classes
Questions, in which the question is (1) asked by the verb, and (2) Word Questions, in which the
Yes
or
'
No
'
question is asked by some interrogative pronoun, adjecThe latter class cannot be answered by tive, or adverb.
4
'
yes
or
no.'
4
YES' OB
4
NO' QUESTIONS
no' question may sometimes have 571. 'yes' or the same form as a statement, and the fact that it is a thus ecrriv question is determined wholly by the context
:
o TL
ere rj&iKijo-a
is there
any matter in which
I have wronged
you? Xn. A.
1, 6, 7.
More by means
1.
often the interrogative meaning is made clearer of certain adverbs (17, apa): thus 97 /cal irepl
ITTTTOVS ovrco VOL So/eel
%LV ; Do you
really think this is the

a.
case also with

eia-i;
horses? PI. Ap. 25
ap*
elaiv; ap
ov/c
Are they (living}?

a.
Are they not? E. LT.

word
in
' '
577.
'
571
tions
In
^
:
Homer
the regular interrogative
yes
or
no ques'
is
thus ^
229.
in
Kal xpixrov twtdefaai
Do
you yet lack for gold
besides ?
DIRECT QUESTIONS
287
Such questions merely ask for information and do not imply any previous assumption on the part of the speaker.
572.
Questions with
o\>
and
JJLTJ.
The negative adverbs
^77 ( 431) either alone or combined with other are used also in questions. adverbs interrogative 1. introduced question by ov (or by ap ov or OVKOVV)
ov
and
and expects the answer yes': thus ov% ourft)? e'êt; (i.e. "I think it is so pray tell me if it is not so") PL Ap. 27 c. OVK eXo?; Won't you move on? (i.e. "I think you will") Ar. Nub. 1298.
asks whether a fact
is
not so,
it
Is
not so?
2.
question introduced by
^77,
apa
urj,
or
p&v
/x?)
ow>), implies uncertainty (or even apprehension) on the part of the speaker: thus apd ye /JLTJ ejnov TrpofjLrjOfj; Are
you not perhaps concerned for me? (i.e "I don't think you ought to be, but I have a feeling that you possibly are") PL Grit. 44 e. p&v Trpoo-ijice croi ; Is it not perhaps possible that he was related to you? E. I. T. 550.
fies
NOTE. some
When
ov
is
particular
word
used in a question introduced by py it modi431, 3): thus /MOV ov 7T7roi0as; Is it (
possible that
you don't
believe
me ? E. Med.
732.
573.
Rhetorical
Questions.
The context
often shows
that a question is asked merely for effect, with the knowledge that the answer must be 'no.' Such questions are
often (but not always) introduced by fjnj: as prj avrbv ofy <f>povT&rai Oavdrov /cal /avSvvov ; Think you that he considered death
PI.
and danger ? (" Of course you do not ")

aXXot Se apa aura? oiaovai paStax: ; Will them easily ? ("Far from it ") PL Ap. 37 d.
!
Ap. 28
d.
others then bear
NOTE. The words aAAo n 77 (or sometimes only aAAo TI, the r; being omitted), meaning literally (7s if) anything else than, are not infrequently used to introduce a question which the speaker feels must be answered by Yes thus aAAo TI rf ovSev KooAvec Trapievcu ; There's
' '
:
288
nothing
to stop

our passing along,
0ea>i/
;
is
there?
Xn. A.
?
4, 7, 5.
</>iA.aTai VTTO
TWV
Isn't
it
loved by the gods
PI.
aAAo Euthyphro 10
TI
d.
ALTERNATIVE QUESTIONS
574.
Direct alternative questions are commonly introTrorepov (Tro're/oa)

or,
.
duced by
whether
ea? apêiv
TJ
...
f)
or separated by
;
an) (Latin, utrum alone: thus irorepov rj

. .
.
a\\ov tcaBbmfi
Do you
1,
let
him
$779
rule or do
rj
you appoint another? Xn. Oy. 3, you say yes or no ? PI. Ap. 27 d.
NOTE.
. :
12.
ov
Do
The first part of a double question is sometimes omitted an in questions) Latin thus eTriorra/xcvos TraAcu a7rKpv7rrov r) (cf " You have been oKveis, <>;, apat ; concealing your knowledge this long
time.
begin
"
(Is there
said he.
some hidden reason Xn. Mem. 2, 3, 14.
for this)
or do you hesitate to
WORD
575.
QUESTIONS
tive
be expressed by any interrogapronoun, adjective, or adverb: thus r/<? ayopeveiv {3ov\Tai ; who wishes to speak ? T i elire ; what did he say ?
question
may
what will anybody invite me for? trvftfJM%&K SeofjieOa ; what kind of alliance do we want? IT ore rfkOev ; when did he come?
eveica /caXel
/JLG
TLS ;
NOTE 1. In Greek, unlike English, the interrogative word is often connected with some subordinate word of the sentence instead of with
the principal verb: thus TOV CK Troias TroAews (rrpar-qyov Tr/ocxrSoKui ravra 7r/oaav ; From what sort of a city must the general be whom 1
expect
will
to
do
this f
(lit.
the general
3,
1,
do this?) 653, note 4.

574
a.
.
.
Xn. A.
14.
from what sort of a city do I expect For TI /xa0o>i/ and TL Trajan/, see
Homer,
.
in alternative questions (both direct

. . .
and
1)
(17^)
:
Jj
(ê) (never Trbrepov

TI tdpev tvi
i/'ei5<ro
/
^)
and ^
;
(ê)
may
indirect) uses also be used
alone
thus $ pd
d 632.
(f>pe<Tiv,
ê Kai ovxt
shall
we not?
truth ?
ucu ^ ervfjiov eptu
Do we know at all, or do I speak falsely or speak the
534.
MODES
NOTE
2.
IN
DIRECT QUESTIONS
289
Greek sometimes condenses two interrogatives into one eis avSp&v ; Who are you, and from where among men do you come? a. 170. Trois CK TI'VOS j/ews ^/cere; In what way and from what ship have you come? E. Hel. 1543.
sentence: thus TIS troBev
.
. .
MODES IN DIRECT QUESTIONS

from statements usually but some sometimes only by the word, interrogative by hence the modes used in statements context ( 571)
576. Questions are distinguished
;
thus (INDICATIVE) crol So/eel; are used also in questions Do you think so? TICTOL Bo/cel; What do you think? ov croi
:
So /eel;
Dont you
think so?
pr) croi
So /eel; Is
it
not per-
haps possible that you think so?

rt?
OVK av 6fJLo\oyr)<rei,v
1, 1, 5.
(POTENTIAL OPTATIVE) Who would not admit? Xn.

TTW?
Mem.
fjiev
(POTENTIAL INDICATIVE)
av 7ro\\ol
to
Xn.
could
7reOvfj,ovv rvpavvelv ; Hier. 1, 9. TTW? av
How
.
could
many
wish
rule?
eya) ri cf rjSi/crjcra;
How
I have
done you any wrong?
Dem.
37, 57.
577. Deliberative Questions. Questions expressing doubt or deliberation stand in the subjunctive mode
The negative is pr). Such (Deliberative Subjunctive). questions are often made more explicit by the addition of /3ov\rj or /3ov\ecr6e do you wish? thus Trot rpaTrcoâL; TTOL
Oco; whither shall
TI
turn? whither go? E. Hec. 1099.

the
. .
.
TWV
stock jokes,
w BedTTOTa ; Shall I make one of Sir? Ar. Ran. 1. wft edv TI wvwâi
el(D0oT(t)v,
epco/jLai OTTOO-OV ircoXel;

to
And,
if
I am
marketing,
am I
not
ask the price of anything? Xn.

576
a.
Mem.
is
1, 2, 36.
j3ov\rj
In
Homer
:
the anticipatory subjunctive
also
found in ques-
tions (cf. 562 a) as & /JML ey u>, rl Trd0w; Alas ! what will become of me? e 465. /XT? TI xoXwo-d/iej'os ptri KdKbv vlas 'AxaicDj'/ may he not, perhaps, in
anger,
harm
the sons of the Achaeans? B 195. BABBITT'S OH. GRAM. 19
290

Shall we consider, if you please?
Xn. Mem.
2, 1, 1.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
yes' or 'no' questions are introduced by thus rjpaJTrjcrev whether, if (sometimes by apa or ^77) el 77877 ajroKefcptfjievoL elev he asked if they had already given
578.
el
:
Indirect
their
answer Xn. A.
2, 1, 15.
579.
Alternative indirect 'yes' or 'no' questions are

(-TroYe/oa)
introduced by irorepov
...
77
or
by
et
...
77
or
by
eire
77
fjueveiv
as &i7)pa)Ta rbv K.vpov Trorepov (Soiikoiro {uneven, she asked Cyrus whether he wanted to stay
.
elVe;
or to go back
Tivas
77
Xn. Cy.
1, 3, 15.
e/3ov\evero
el 7re/jL7roiev
jrdvres toiev he considered whether they should send
some, or all should go

580.
Xn. A.
1, 10, 5.
tive of the direct
In indirect word-questions ( 575) the interrogaform may be retained (T/?, TTOV, etc.),
or
it
may
be represented by the corresponding indefinite
relative (6'cm9, OTTOV, etc., 490): as (Sov\evecr6ai o %/OT) Troieiv to consider what must be done (direct ri %/o^ iroielv ;) Xn. A. 1, 3, 11.
MODES IN INDIRECT QUESTIONS

Indirect questions follow the rules for indirect discourse ( 673 ff.); after a secondary tense their verbs
581.
may
optative of the same tense, or they

their original
579
a.
be changed from the indicative or subjunctive to the may be retained in
mode.
For examples
see
673.
same way
In Homer, alternative indirect questions are introduced in the as direct alternative questions (see 574 a).
COMMANDS AND EXHORTATIONS
291
COMMANDS AND EXHORTATIONS

582. The modes used in expressing commands and In exhortations are the imperative and the subjunctive. the first person the subjunctive is used (since there is no
imperative of the
imperative
NOTE.
j/w),
is
first
person)
in the other persons the
commonly used (but see

Wi,
<j>'p
>
584).
exhortations are often
a-yc,
etc.
Commands and
preceded by aye (ayere),
ei 8' aye, WL, <epe, come now (often with 877 or and sometimes by 8evpo or Seure (lit. hither}: as aye 817 tiTre' come now, tell us Xn. A. 2, 2, 10. <e'p' 1800 come, let me see Ar. Nub. 21. These words are often used without regard to the person and number of the accompanying imperative or subjunctive (as aye
.
come stay
331).
command is regularly expressed by 583. Commands. the imperative mode: thus efjiol TreiOov /cal ora>0rjTi take my Oeol & f)iuv ^dprvpe^ advice, and be saved PL Crit. 44 b.
y
ea-Tcov
and
4.
let the
rocravrd
/JLOI
gods be our witnesses Xn. Cy. 4, 6, 10. elprjaOo) let so much have been said by me
active or middle imperative
is
Lys. 24,
rare.)
(The perfect
XOTE 1. In Greek, as in English, a may be implied in a future statement:

at all events
polite command (or request) as Travrws 8e TOVTO Spdo-ets
you
will
do
this (i.e.
"
Ar. Nub. 1352.

S. El. 1491.
^(oporsaveicrco you might go within
you will be kind enough to do this ") (i.e. "go within")
A command may be suggested Commands. A person addressed used independently ( 644). stands in the vocative case, but a predicate word referring to this
NOTE
2.
Infinitive in
by the
infinitive
vocative
is
the accusative
in the nominative (cf. 629) as TratSa 8' (

:
631)
e'/ixot
X vcr at re
otherwise the subject is in ra r aVoira <f>L\7jv,

dear child free, and take 20. d/covere Xeoj- TOVS
to
8eêo-ât a6/aevcu AIOS

this
viov but set
my
ransom, in holy fear of Zeus' son
yetopyovs aTrteVat
part Ar.
Oyez, Oyez, Oyez! the husbandmen (are)
de-
Pax
551.
292

3.
NOTE
OTTO>S
/AT7,
A command
431, 1)
is sometimes expressed by OTTWS (negative and the future indicative, or (less often) a subjunc-
tive
thus OTTWS ovv Zo'ecrOe. av8pes aioi TYJ<; eXtvOepids rj<s KeKTrj&Oe prove yourselves men worthy of the freedom which you possess Xn. A.I. OTTO)? /AT) (f>rj(Ty TIS (take care to) let no one say Xn. Symp. 4, 8. 7, 3.
:
negative expressed regularly by 7-177 ( 431, 1) with the present imperative or the aorist subjunctive (the present, as usual, referring to a continued action, while the aorist
(Prohibitions).
584.
Negative
is
Commands
command
represents a single act, 539): thus (PRES. IMPV.) /JLTJ ovv o'iov now don't entertain the idea Xn. A. 2, 1, 12.
K reive Kpolaov (stay) don't kill Croesus (i.e. don't continue what you are now doing) Hdt. 1, 85. (AoK. SlTBJ.) fjirj TTCU 770-779 ravra don't do this Xn. A.
fjirj
7,
1,
8.
fjirjSevl
TOVTO 7rapa<TTr)
let
not this occur to the
mind
of anybody Lys. 12, 62.
NOTE.
The
third person of the aorist imperative

. .
is
occasionally
found in prohibitions (e.g. /ArjSeis Trpoa-SoKrja-aTO) let nobody expect PI. Ap. 17 c) other exceptions to the rule of 584 are very rare.
. ;
585.
first
Exhortations.
Exhortations are expressed by the
person of the subjunctive

^77 (
mode
:
subjunctive with
431, 1)
46.
thus
negative, by the icofjiev let us go, $ep

if
to> come,
not delay
let
me
see
Ar. Nub. 21.
(JLIJ
ê\\wêv
let
us
Xn. A.
3, 1,
WISHES
586.
587.
Wishes are either hopeful or hopeless.

Hopeful Wishes.
hopeful wish (future) stands

el
in the optative mode,

586
a.
and may be introduced by eWe or
In
Homer (and
:
preceded by ws
as w
less often in other poets) wishes are sometimes wêXes avr66' 6XeV0cu would you had perished there
T428.
WISHES
yap
the
:
293
thus TOUTOU? êv
ol 6eol
ajroTeicraiVTo these
. . .
may
<t'Ao? fjfuv gods repay Xn. A. 3, 2, 6. eWe crv yevoio would that you might become a friend to us Xn. Hell. 4, 1, 38. So often O\OLTO curse him (lit. may he
perish).
may be expressed in a roundabout way av I could wish with an infinitive (cf. 588, note) as /ôvAoi/xryv /xev ovv av TOVTO ouro> yeveo-#ai / could wish that this might so happen PI. Ap. 19 a. NOTE 2. A wish (future) may sometimes be implied in a question asked by the potential optative ( 576) as THUS av oXoiarfv how
1.
NOTE
:
A wish
(future)
by
(3ov\oi(Jir)v
(eê'Aoi/xi)
might I die
'
(i.e.
wish
might die
')
E. Supp. 796.
NOTE 3. The infinitive used independently ( 644) may suggest a wish (the construction is rare in prose) as Ztv Trarcp, y Klavra TuSeos viov Father Zeus, may Ajax get the lot, or Tydeus' Aaêii/ 179. ai Zev, son! e/c-yeveorât /xot 'A&yvcuous ruvavOai Grant me,
:
-TI
Zeus,
to
take vengeance on the Athenians Hdt. 5, 105.
588.
Hopeless Wishes.
past)
tive
is
hopeless wish (present or expressed either (1) by a past tense of the indica-
el yap, or (2) by some form of wfaXov of ocêiXo) owe) with the present or aorist indicative (aorist
with eWe or
thus
<7<H,
infinitive
(1)
eWe
co
Hepi/c\eis,
rore
Pericles, that
I had
eW
(2)
been with you then
avveêvo^riv Xn. Mem.
wish,
46.
1, 2,
r)v 'Opeo-TTjs
7r\r]o-iov
would that Orestes were near!
E. El. 282.
'AAV
a.
cocêAe
êv Kvpov
%r)v
Would
that
Cyrus were
587
fjioi
ytvoiro
In poetry, wishes are sometimes introduced by alone (e.g. e? I wish I might have E. Hec. 836). In Homer at6e and at yap
(cf.
600, 1 a) are also found.
a. In Homer a hopeless past wish is expressed only by w0eAo> (sometimes also the imperfect aJ0e\Xoj>). A hopeless present wish is some606 b) as ft 6' &s -r)pdoi(j.i, times expressed also by the optative (cf. piy dt fj.oi e/x7re5os eft) I would that I were young again, and that my strength
588
were sound
157.
294
alive ! (lit.
Cyrus ought to be alive) Xn. A. 2, 1, 4. Such may be preceded by eWe or el yap: el co w(f>e\ov, K/HTcoz', OIOL r elvai ol TroXXot TO, Ka/ca epydeo-0ai would that the common herd, Crito, ivere capable of doing the greatest harm PL Crit. 44 d.
wishes also
Observe that the aorist in hopeless wishes refers to a

single act (in past time), while the imperfect refers to a continued act (in present, seldom in past, time). Gf. 606. The same principle applies to the present or aorist infinitive with w(f>e\ov.
Cf.
is
567.
way by
sometimes expressed in a roundabout 587 note 1) as e/SovAo/^v (or 7/0eA.ov) av I could wish (cf. fftovXoiJLrjv av avrovs a\r)0f) Aeyeu/ / could wish that they spoke the
NOTE.
hopeless wish
truth Lys. 12, 22.
589.
Negative Wishes.
(
negative ^
431, 1).
All negative wishes take the (This is true even with axf)e\ov,
:
where we should expect ou; cf. 431 note) thus a)? &) V'LKCLV would that I had not been victor X 548. Zeu,
'
elr)v
may I no
longer
live,
Zeus E. Hipp. 1191.
NOTE.
With
u><eAov the negative

1),
with the infinitive ( 431, sentence (cf. 431 note).
probably belonged originally but later came to precede the whole
FINAL CLAUSES
PURPOSE
590. Purpose Clauses. Purpose clauses regularly take the subjunctive after a primary tense and the optative (or
subjunctive,
674) after a secondary tense. introduced by iva <?, or OTTW? that, in order
t
They
that,
are
if
and
590
a.
Homer has
also
8<t>pa
(sometimes also
2ws,
626 a) in purpose
SO you
clauses:
as Karaj/etfao/tai &<ppa Treiroidris
will
bow my head
shall not doubt
524.
PUKPOSE
295
thus Et? ( 431, 1) negative they add the negative Kaipov rjiceis, e<f>r), OTTO)? rr)? SiKffi a KOVCT 77 9 "you have come " in good time" he said, " that you may hear the trial Xn.
:
Cy.
3, 1, 8.
SiavoeiraL avrrjv XOcrat

it
a)? pr)
BLa/3fjre
he has in
not cross
mind to destroy Xn. A. 2, 4, 17.
[the bridge]
so that
you may
Xaftcov vfias eTropevo^v iva <b(f>e\o irjv avrov I proceeded with you in order to help him Xn. A. 1, 3, 4. TTJV Be 'RXkrjvLKrjv Svva/Jiiv rjdpoiêv a><? /jLaXio-ra eSvvaro eTTi/cpv.
TTTOyLteô?,
OTTO)? OTL uTTapao-KevoTaTOV
\d(3oi
1, 1, 6.
{3acri\ed he col-
lected the G-reek force as secretly as possible, so as to take the
King
a
he
completely unprepared
tcare/cavaev
Xn. A.
...
Iva
had burned,
so that
KO/oo? Si>a/3y which [vessels] Cyrus should not cross Xn. A. 1,

fJirj
4, 18.
PECULIARITIES IN PURPOSE CLAUSES
NOTE 1. Optative by Attraction. A purpose clause depending on an optative (potential or of wishing) commonly stands in the optative by attraction ( 316) thus /3curiA.ei>s âs aTroAe'o-ai 7Tf.pl Travros av TTonycrcuTO Iva. KCU rois aAAois "EAAvyo-t <f>6/3os etr; the king would regard
:
our destruction as
all important, so that the rest
of
the
Greeks
may
be
afraidXu. A.
2, 4, 3.
NOTE
2.
av
The adverb av
is
sometimes used with
a>?
or OTTWS
probably a survival from the time when the purpose clause partook somewhat of the nature of a relative clause of dvraKovow but in anticipation ( 623): thus ws 8' av fidOys
and the subjunctive
of the case Xn. A. 2, 5, 16. NOTE 3. Future Indicative. The future indicative with OTTWS is sometimes found in purpose clauses (cf. 593 and 555).
order that you
may
learn, listen to the other side
NOTE 4. Unattained Purpose. When a purpose clause depends on an expression which shows that the purpose was not attained, it takes a past tense of the indicative thus e8ei ra eVe'xvpa T0 re Aa/?etv,
'
:
ws
/xryS' ei
e/?ovA.TO
eSvvaro
In
eâTrarav security ought

6<ppa KC (or &v~) is
to
have been taken
590
in
(note 2).
Homer
not infrequently found
purpose clauses,
296

would not have been
7, 6,
at the time so that he
able to
play false, even if he
had wished
591.
to
do so Xn. A.
23.
Relative Clause of Purpose. relative clause with may be used so as to express purpose (negative ftij): as rjyefjidva alrelv Yivpov OVTLS a Travel to demand of Cyrus a guide who will lead us back
the future indicative
. .
.
Xn. A.
1,
3,
14.
Kpvtyco
ro'S'
e'7%0?
ev0a
shall
fJLij
rt?
o-^rerai I'll hide this sword where none Aj. 658.

592.
see it
S.
Infinitive of Purpose. Purpose may be expressed the infinitive ( 640), but usually only with words by which can take an indirect object ( 375) as TO Be TJ/M&V
also
/careXiTre <t>v\a,TTt,v TO arparoTreBov the other half (of the army) he left to guard the camp Xn. A. 5, 2, 1. ravrrjv
rrjv
x&pdv
eirerpe-fye
îapirdaai
to
rot? "EXXrjaiv this country

2, 19.
he turned over to the Greeks
plunder Xn. A. 1, For purpose suggested by the infinitive with For the participle see 653, 5. 595, note.
oWe
see
593. Object Clauses. An object clause differs from a purpose clause in being in apposition with the object (or subject) of a verb denoting care, attention, or effort. Object clauses take the future indicative with OTTO)?
(rarely
;
after
secondary
tense
the
future
optative,
:
677) a negative clause adds the negative fjLtj ( 431, 1) as OTTO) ? Be teal vpels eê eiraiveo-ere efjLol /jLeXrjaei it shall be
my
care that
1,
(lit.
how
that) you, in turn, shall
commend me
&>?
Xn. A.
4,
16.
TOVTO Bel nrapao-Kevdcrao-Oai, OTTW?

this
we must arrange, namely now we
593 a. Homer does not distinguish so closely as Attic between purpose and object clauses, and he often uses the subjunctive with cos or STTCUS as ^pao-crercu a!y *e j^r/rcu he will (often with KC also) in object clauses
:
contrive (how) that he shall return a 205.
PURPOSE
;
297
shall best fight Xn. A. 4, 6, 10. (Fux. OPT. rare) &eeV eavrwv e/caa-roi OTTOD? ry rjyijaoiVTO they Trpdrrovro arranged that they should be severally leaders in their own
countries
1.
Xn.
is
Hell.
7, 5, 3.
The
(present
or
677)
sometimes
aorist) subjunctive or optative found in object clauses instead of

OTTO)? pr) 555): thus opd to it that you do not make any
. . .
the future indicative (cf.

Trapa Boâv 6/10X07779 see
admission contrary
ajretcptvaro
to
what you really think PI.

OTTG)? #aX&)?
Crit.
49
c.
he
was
^X OL ae replied that care that Xn. A. 1, 8, 13. all should well taking go
Instead of OTTW?
/xrj,
on avry peXoi
NOTE.
sometimes
/xij
is
it.
found with the sub-
junctive after words like opoi and
O-KOTTU) see to
A fear that something may Clauses of Fearing. happen (in the future), depending on words of fearing and the like, is expressed by the subjunctive with fjnj after a
594.
674) primary tense and the optative (or subjunctive, with /LI?) after a secondary tense. If negative, ov is added
homeward way Xn. A. 3, 2, 25. ov TOVTO SeSot/ca pr) OVK e%a) o TI Sw I am not afraid that I shall not have anything to give Xn. A. 1, 7, 7.
oSov
the
(432): thus &eSoitca I fear we may forget

.
[JLTJ
7ri\a0(0fJie0a rfc ot/caSe
eSeurav ol
"EAAê?
1, 10, 9.
/AT)
fir)
Trpoo-dyoiev
TT/JO?
TO /cepas the
G-reeks were in terror lest they should lead against their
flank Xn. A.
vTrepeô/Belro
ol 6 TraTTTro?
ajroOdvrj he was more than
afraid that his dear grandfather might die

NOTE.
Rarely the future indicative
is
Xn. Cy.
1, 4, 2.
fear-
found after words of
ing; sometimes also OTTWS /XT; (instead of or the subjunctive (cf. 593 and 555).
1.
/A?/)
with the future indicative
fear concerning the present or past stands in the as (f>o{3ov/jL0a prj afjLôrepwv indicative, with [JMJ or /JLTJ ov
:
298

we fear-that we have failed of both
at
(JLTJ Srj Trdvra Oea vrjueprea elir ev I fear that all the goddess said is true e 300.
once Th. 3, 53.
SetSco
The construction after words of fearing ( 594) is best NOTE. in questions ( 572, 2) with explained as derived from the use of the indicative or the anticipatory subjunctive ( 576 a). Thus, originally Se'SoiKa [M] e/ox erat ( or 5^0ev) ; meant / am afraid; may he
not possibly be coming (or have come) f, / am afraid ; may he not perhaps come ?
and
SeSotKo,
JJUYJ
e\.0rj
meant
Later the second clause came
to be regarded as dependent on the first. As fears mostly concern the future rather than the present or past, the subjunctive is of course much more common than the indicative.
The optative after a secondary tense principle of indirect discourse ( 677).
is
due to the influence of the
RESULT
595.
so that
Clauses of result are regularly introduced by ware
the result
or an equivalent relative). If as result its (without stating regarded purely actual attainment), the infinitive mode is used ( 645) ;
(sometimes by
is
<w?
if
the attainment of the result
is
emphasized, the indicative
mode
(or some other form of independent sentence) is employed thus (INFINITIVE) T& oimw? earl Setz'o? \eyeiv
:
coo-re
you? Xn. A.
persuade MeVwô?, wcrr' e/cet'vovs e/c7re7r\f)'%0ai, he advanced against Menoris soldiers so that they were panic-stricken Xn. A. 1, 5, 13. evervyxavov
;
o~e
Trelaai
ivho is so clever at speaking as to
2, 5,
15.
rjXavvev
CTTL roi)?
KOI av\a)cnv uSaro? 7r\rjp(Tiv, <w? /mrj SvvaaQai $iathey came upon ditches and conduits full of water, so
that they were
(lit. so
as
to
be) unable to cross
(INDICATIVE)
^ /MJrrjp a-vv^n-pdrrev
Xn. A. 2, avTw ravra'

ov/c
3,
10.
coo-re
his
/3a<7iXei>9 Tr)V fjiev TT/OO?
eavrov eTTiffovXrjv
rjdOdvero
mother cooperated with him in this, so that the King was not aware of the plot against him Xn. A. 1, 1, 8.
CAUSAL CLAUSES
(POTENTIAL OPTATIVE)
av
nr\ola
299
vfjilv
Trdpecmv
coo-
re
j3ov\r]crOe e%ai$vr]s av eTrnreaoLre you have boats, so that you could make a sudden descent on any place you So also the imperative as well as choose Xn. A. 5, 6, 20. other forms of statement, wish, question, etc., are occasionally found with iocrre.
NOTE.
tive,
A result not yet

.
.
may sometimes come

eurtv
.
attained, expressed by wore and the infinivery near denoting purpose as yu^xarat
:
coo-re Sia<J>evytiv Oa.va.rov there are so as to escape (i.e. for escaping) death PI. Ap. 39 a.
TroAAm
many
devices
596.
e<'&>,
<|>'(S,
<|>'(0T
by with the
e'0' core
A clause introduced (and JXTTC). sometimes coo-re) on the ground that (and
:
or (less often) the future indicaas alpedevres Se e<' core tive, regularly implies a proviso been but chosen so that ("with having %vyypdtyai VO/JLOVS
infinitive
the proviso that") they should compile

3, 11.
laivs
Xn.
Hell. 2,
JJLCV
Troiovvrai, Koivfj o/jLoXoyidv
coo-re 'AOtjvaioLS
eêivai povXevaai they made a general agreement, so that (i.e. "with the proviso that") the Athenians should be allowed to consider measures Th. 3, 28.
597.
Relative Clause Implying Result.
Result
may
also be implied by a relative clause with the indicative as rt? ovrco fjiaiverai ocrris ov /3ov\erai CTOL ( 619, note)
:
</Xo?
wish
elvai ;
who
is so to
mad
to be
a friend
you?
Xn. A.
as not to (lit. who does not) 2, 5, 12.
CAUSAL CLAUSES
598.
Causal clauses are introduced by on
(Sm)
because;
less often
by
eTrei
(eVe^^) or
also 8
ore ivhen, since (cf. the Latin

441 a) in the sense of the Attic
598
a.
Homer has
and
& re (
STI because.
300
own),
note).
a)<?

as,
since,
or
by a
relative
pronoun
619,
The mode of the verb in a causal clause is regularly the indicative (although a potential form of statement is somereal on times possible) as eVet rjcrOero rjicove
: . . .
since
he
had learned, and because he heard Xn. A.
1,
2,21.
Cause
ciple (see
may
also be implied
by
a circumstantial parti-
653, 4,
and
656, 1).
NOTE.
principles of indirect discourse,

1.
i
After a secondary tense causal clauses are subject to the and may have the optative ( 677).
after
words
of
wondering,
etc.
After words ex-
pressing surprise, joy, sorrow, anger, and the like, a cause is sometimes more delicately put as a mere supposition
:
'
as ov OavfjLaa-Tov
el Tore ra? fJLOptas
eêicoTrrov
it's
not
wonderful that
olive trees
(lit.
if) at that time they destroyed the sacred
Lys.
7, 7.
CONDITIONS
599.
1.
In Greek, as in other languages, a simple condiis
tion (in which nothing stands in the indicative

2.
implied as to the fulfillment)
( 602). condition in which something is implied as to the fulfillment (i.e. as not likely to take place, not taking
mode
place, or not
having taken place) has in Greek, as in other languages, a special conditional form. See Future Less Vivid ( 605) and Contrary to Fact Conditions
(
3.
606). In addition to the conditional forms
common
to other
languages, Greek has also a special form of future condition ( 604), and in present and past time a special form
for general conditions (
608).
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
801
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
conditional sentence consists regularly of two the Protasis (or Condition), which states the condition, and the Apodosis (or Conclusion), which states what happens (or would happen) under that condition.
600.
:
parts
1.
The
protasis
(el,
is
introduced by some word meaning or
implying if
edv, or a relative,
620)
the regular
598, 1.)
negative of the protasis is fitf ( 431, 1). (For el after words of wondering, etc., see
If ov is used in the protasis, it usually modifies some parNOTE. thus ei rot's Oavovras OVK ticular word of the protasis (cf. 431, 3)
:
eas
6a.TTTf.Lv
if
you don't allow
(i.e.
forbid) the burial of
tJie
dead
S.
Aj.
1131.
601. In classifying conditional sentences, it is convenient to refer them to certain normal forms which repeatedly
occur, but the

of
Greek did not hesitate to employ that form protasis or apodosis which should best express his mean612).
ing (see
NOTE. Apodotic Sc. Originally the two parts of a conditional sentence were coordinate, and could be connected by coordinate conTraces of this earlier usage still appear junctions (like Sc'and dAAa).
sometimes in the use of Se (rarely dAAa) in the apodosis, as if to connect it with the protasis thus eav T' av Aeyw on /cat rvyâi/et peyurrw ravra 8' In YJTTOV 7reib~eo'$e if, on the dyaOov ov avOpwTrto TOVTO other hand, I say that this happens to be the greatest good for a man, then you will even less believe this PL Ap. 38 a.
: . .
.,
In Greek, as in other lanSimple Conditions. guages, a simple condition (in which nothing is implied as to the fulfillment) takes the indicative mode in both prota602.
sis
and apodosis: thus

600,
1 a.
el
Be rt?
oterat eva atperbv

587 a).
elvai
Homer sometimes has
cu for el (cf.
302

ftaai\el, ov/c
that one chosen
man
8,
is
rightly
Xn. Cy.
opOws oierai but if anybody thinks Eye for the King, he doesn't think el fJLev Oeov rjv, OVK r]V 2, 11.
.
.
ala^po/cepS^ if he was a god's son, he was not basely greedy el rl/jicopija-eis of gain PI. Rep. 408 c. HaTpdtc\<p
. . .
rov <povov tcal^JL/CTOpa aTTOKrevels, auro? aTroOavfj if

self shall die PI.
1.
you
avenge the murder of Patroclus, and slay Hector, you your-
Ap. 28
c.
:
Protasis and apodosis need not be in the same tense e\ve ra? o-Trovbas, TTJV Sitcrjv e%ei, if he broke thus el
.
the truce, he has his deserts
Xn. A.
2, 5,
41.
NOTE
1.
Equivalents of the Indicative in
Simple Conditions.
Equivalents of the indicative may be substituted for it in the apodosis (and rarely in the protasis). Thus, the optative of wishing (- eA7rio> I hope, 587), the imperative (= KeAevw / command, 582), the subjunctive of exhortation (= Sa or xprj it is necessary or proper), or even the potential optative or indicative ( = e/xot SoKet it seems to me) 563, 565) may stand for the indicative as trot 8' et Try aXXrj Se'So(
:
KTat, Ac'ye Kal Si'8a<TKe but if you have (I beg you) speak and explain PI. Crit.
come
49
e.
to
any
different conclusion,
KCU etre /x^Se/u'a al<rOr)<rk
eo-riv
Oavfjida-Lov /<ep8o?
av
et
rj
0awros and
wondrous
if
it is
unconscious-
Ap. 40 c. NOTE 2. Future Indicative in Present Conditions. Rarely the future indicative is used in the protasis with the force of a periphrasness, (it
seems to rne) death would
be a
gam
PI.
future (see 533 note) to express a present intention. Such conditions are better classed as present conditions thus et Br) O/JLOV TroXe/xos re
tic
:
8a/x,a KCU Aoi/xos 'Aâtovs if tear and plague together are to lay the Achaeans low 61. So ei TTI crrevo-o/Aev if we are going to trust Xn.
A. 1,3,
16.
FUTURE CONDITIONS (MORE VIVID AND LESS VIVID)

603.
not to assume the condition as a fact (

ticipate
;
In future conditions the Greeks usually preferred 602), but to an-
it as a more or less remote possibility (cf. 555, hence we find two special forms of future condi558) tions, the Future More Vivid and the Future Less Vivid.
FUTURE CONDITIONS
604.
303
dition, anticipating
Future More Vivid ConFuture More Vivid. an immediate future possibility, has:
(j)v
In the protasis,
the subjunctive with eav
or av).
In the apodosis,
the future indicative (or
its
equivalent)
thus
if
4,
rjV yap TOVTO \d/3a)fjiev, ov Swrja-ovrai, peveiv for we capture this, they will not be able to stay Xn. A. 3, 41. eav o-co^povrjre, ov TOVTOV aXV V/JL&V avrwv $ei-
crecr#e if
you are
Sell.
discreet,
2, 3, 34.
you
will spare not him, but your-
selves
Xn.
NOTE.
tive,,
Equivalents of the future indicative, such as the impera-
hortatory subjunctive, subjunctive with ov fiy ( 569, 2), and the like (cf. 602, note 1) may take the place of the future indicative
in the apodosis
:
as KOL
XP^
30.
o^roTs eav 807 TL

KOLV <cui/uj/Ae$a
to
and use them, if you need

aSiKa avra epyao//,evoi,
it
them at
fjirj
all
Xn. Cy.
5, 4,
ov 807, KT\. and if we shall appear

etc., PI. Crit.
do
this unjustly, will
not per-
haps be necessary,
48
d.
605.
Future Less Vivid.
tion, implying that the supposition possibility, has:

604
or
a.
Future Less Vivid condiis a somewhat remote
vivid condition
Ke, cf.
In Homer, and sometimes in the Attic poets, a future more is expressed by the subjunctive with d alone (without &v 623 a 609 a) as otf TOI eri drjpbv ye <j>l\i)S dtrb irarpldos CUTJS
; :
co-o-erat ou5'
l> e sure that not for long will he be absent from his native land, no, not if bonds of iron restrain him a 204. So net ns rj <ro06s even if one be wise S. Ant. 710.
ct irtp e
ffid-^pca S&r/uar' <EX'O ffiV
b. Homer uses in the apodosis also the other forms of future statement 563 a (such as the subjunctive with or without &v or KC) described in as et 5^ Ke Buya-iv, ^70? 5^ xev avrbs Xw/xcu and if he do not give her, then
;
I myself may
605
a.
et /ce (instead of et) with the optative in the protasis of a future less vivid condition as et 5e Kev "A/ryos iKoi/j.ed' . . and if ever we should come to Argos I 141.
:
seize her A 324. Homer sometimes uses
304
In the protasis, the optative with
el.
In the apodosis, the potential optative thus oSoTTOirjo-eie

7'
(i.e.
optative with av,
563):
av aurot? ical el avv reOpLTTTrois would make roads for them even if they should want to depart with chariot-and-four Xn. A. 3, 2, 24. e$' bv e\6oire av, el rov 'A.\vv Sia/SalTe to which [i.e. the Parthenius] you would come, if you should cross the Halys Xn. A. 5, 6, 9.
POV\OLVTO
airievai
lie
NOTE.
Observe that the
less vivid
condition of future time cor-
responds to the contrary to fact condition of present or past time.
CONDITIONS CONTRARY TO FACT

606.
stated in the protasis Such conditions have

:
In a condition contrary to fact the supposition is contrary to the existing facts.
In the protasis,
a past tense of the indicative with
el.
In the apodosis,
the potential indicative ( 565) (i.e. a past tense of the indicative with av), or its equivalent
(
606
a.
566).
In
Homer
the imperfect in a condition contrary to fact refers
always to past time. b. In Homer a condition contrary to fact is sometimes thought of as still possible, and so is expressed as a future less vivid (opt. with ei, 565 a) cf. the similar use of the present subjunctive in opt. with &v ( earlier Latin). Usually only the apodosis is expressed in this form: as
;
ov KC 6av6vTi
7re/> dSd' d/cax ol^y v, et /aera ofs erdpottrt ddfj.'r) Tpduv tvi 5r)fjU{) I should not have been (lit. could not be} so distressed at his death, if he had perished with his companions amidst the people of the Trojans a 236
(cf. also
588 a).
CONDITIONS CONTRARY TO FACT
305
The aorist in these conditions denotes a single act, and hence refers regularly to past time the imperfect denotes a continued action (or state), and refers either to present or to past time the pluperfect is used only when the completion and continuance of the result of the act ( 534)
; ;
and refers usually to present time. Protand apodosis need not stand in the same tense: thus Aorist (PAST TIME) ovtc av eTroiwaev 'Ayacrids ravra, el arj eya) avrov etceXevcra Agasias would not have done this, KOI taw av &a if I had not told him to Xn. A. 6, 6, 15. 8ia Tavr cnredavov, el f) ap%r) raêcov Kare\v6r) and
are emphasized,
asis
fjirj
perhaps I should have been put to death for this, if the government had not soon been overthrown PL Ap. 32 d. (An aorist (Jav etTre?) of a single act in present time (rare)
. .
.
is
b.) Imperfect (PRESENT TIME) raura e OVK av e&vvavro TTOielv, el fjir) Kal Stairy perptif e^pa)vro they would not have the power to do this, if they did not also lead a temperate life
in
PL Rep. 337
Xu. Cy. 1, 2, 16. TL Kal (PAST TIME) OVK av ovv vrjcrwv efcpdrei, el vavriKov el%ev now he would not have been master of islands,
. . .
/JLIJ
if he
had not possessed
also
some naval force Th.
1, 9.
Pluperfect (PRESENT TIME) with aorist (past time) el rpiaKO-vra udvat {jLerenreaov rwv TJnj^cov, a7re7re(f>vyr) av if only thirty of the votes had been cast on the other side,
I should (now)
Aorist
be free PL Ap. 36 a. vuels (PAST) and Imperfect (PRESENT) el 7J\0ere, eTropevo/jieOa av enl fiacri\d if you had not come we should (now) be marching against the King Xn. A. 2, 1, 4.
Imperfect
r)7ri(TTdfjLvv,
(PAST) and Aorist (PAST) ov& av av vrj K o\o vdrj ad voi
el
pev TrpdaOev
stood this before, T, 7, 11.
I should
not
1 had underhave followed with you Xn. A.

if
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
20
306
607.
In place of the potential indicative in the apodosis of a condition contrary to fact may be substituted a state-
ment
of fact expressed by the imperfect indicative (without av) of a verb denoting possibility, propriety, necessity, and See 567 and note: thus the like (efr)z>, e'Set, etc.).
XPW
WITH AORIST
rlfJujaacrOai,, el
INFINITIVE (past time) ef rjv aoi (frvyrjs e{3ov\ov it was possible for you to propose
you so desired PL Crit. 52 c. INFINITIVE (present time) XPV V
Treia-avrd
'
the penalty of exile, if
WITH PRESENT
eiTrep rfdda
/AT)
ff
you my you were not this marriage E. Med. 586. WITH PRESENT INFINITIVE (past time) e^p^v W> eiirep V/JLCOV cve/ca eTTpdrrov ravra, <t>aiveo-0ai, rr}?
/ca/eo?,
pe yapelv
ydjjiov roV8'
ought, if
so base, to
win
sanction to contract
TroXXa? rjêpa^ IJT<D\OVVTQ$ for, if they were doing this on your account, they ought to have been observed to sell
fjLrjs
at the
same price for many days Lys. 22, 12.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
608. In present and past time the Greeks had a special form for a general condition (to state what always happens (or happened) if the condition is (or was) ever fulfilled). In a Present General condition 609. Present General.
the usage is In the protasis,

:
the subjunctive with edv
(jfv
or av).
In the apodosis,
the present indicative (or the equivalent)
609
:
a. In Homer, present general conditions usually have in the protathe subjunctive with el alone (without KC or &v, cf. 604 a 625 a): as ou 5^ TIS rj/juv dak-jrwp'fi, ei irp TLS <t>rj<riv tXevcreaOai and to us it is no
sis
;
.
joy if (ever) some one say that he will come a 167. times found in other poets.
This usage
is
some-
GENERAL CONDITIONS
thus
307
\0rj Odvaros, ovSels /SouXerat rjv S' 6771)9 comes Death near, if nobody wants to die E. Ale. 671. ra? Se amSa?, av rt? Taû aviary, ecrrt \a/Ji/3dveiv it is possible to catch bustards if one starts them up suddenly Xn. A. 1, 5, 3.
NOTE
1.
be substituted the gnomic aorist
In place of the present indicative in the apodosis may See 530 and the second ( 530).
example there quoted. NOTE 2. Observe that the present general condition differs from the future more vivid ( 604) only in the apodosis, which states what always takes place (instead of what will take place), in case the anticipation expressed in the protasis
is
realized.
610.
is
Past General.
:
In a Past General condition the
usage In the protasis,

the optative with
el.
In the apodosis,
the imperfect indicative (or the equivalent)
:
thus
ei TTOV TL
anything
eatable,
opwr) /SpcoTov, SteStSou if he saw anywhere et he distributed it Xn. A. 4, 5, 8.

they had authority Lys. 12, 44.
a\\o
to
TrparreLv /3ou\(uz>TO, icvpioi

else,
rjcrav (f(ever) they wished
do anything
NOTE
1.
As an equivalent
of the imperfect indicative in the
apodosis, the imperfect or aorist indicative with av ( 568), or the aorist modified by " never," "often," and the like may be used as ei 8e
:
TIVO? TOV K\rjpov 6 TTora/Ao? TL 7ro.peA.oiTO, eA^cuv av Trpo? avrov eVr;jucuve TO yeyevry/xeVoi/ if (ever) the river carried away any portion of a
man's
lot,
pened Hdt.
he would come before him [the king] and relate what had hapFor an example of the aorist with av as the apodosis 2, 109.
of a past general condition, see see Xn. A. 1, 9, 18.
568.
For the
aorist with a negative
610
a.
In
Homer
there
fi
.
is
but one example of the optative in a past

ef rts
.
general condition, namely
768
ivitrroi.,
.
KctrfyuKes if ever
any one spoke harshly
you restrained (him)
308

2.
NOTE
Observe that the past general condition

(
differs
from the
future less vivid
605) only in the apodosis, which states what regularly took place (instead of what would take place), in case the possibility suggested in the protasis came true.
SUMMARY OF CONDITIONAL FORMS

611.
The normal usage

:
in conditions
may
be summarized
as follows
TIME
FORM
CONDITIONS
av
OTTOI
VARIATIONS FROM NORMAL FORMS

?7/êfc9
309
(f)vyovT<?
many
2.
bridges, should
awQwêv for not even if there be we have anyivhere to escape and save
605) with Apodosis Simple
ourselves
Xn. A.
"2,
4, 19.
Protasis Less
TOVTO j
Vivid (
pot,
602).
Sotcel /ca\bv elvai, et rt9 olds r eirj
TraiBeveiv avdpunrovs this certainly seems to

tiling,
if anybody should be able
to
educate
me to be a fine men PI. Ap. 19 e.

eicelvoi
TI TO) TrXrjOei
TrepiyevrjcreTai el Troirjo-ai/JLev a
will result
TrpoaTaTTova-iv
if
; what advantage we should do what they insist on
for the people,
? Lys. 34, 6.
NOTE.
Potential Optative or Indicative in Protasis.
Rarely a po-
tential optative or indicative is used in a protasis, retaining, of course, its regular force: as e? ye fjirjSc. 8ov\ov oxparr) Secu/A0' av if we would not take even a slave who is intemperate Xn. Mem. 1, 5, 3.
613. The protasis sometimes depends remotely on an idea contained in the apodosis, in which case it is best " " translated " in case that or " on the chance that : as opa Se Srj TT)? cr/cex/rectf? rrjv ap%rjv, lav croi i/cavw \eyrjrat now
consider the beginning of our investigation, in case

to
it
be stated
your
614.
satisfaction PI. Grit.
48
e.
Implied Conditions.
A
:
condition
may
be implied
in a participle ( 653, 6), adverb, or adverbial phrase, or a 621 622) as avv vplv fiev av olâi relative clause (
;
elvai rt/uo?
ol/jiai
vfjLwv Be epij/Jios fav OVK av l/cavbs elvai
our' av <pi\ov oD(f)e\f)o-aL ovr
you
el
(i.e. el crvv
vfuv
eir^v
if
I should
I
av e%0pbv a\e%a<jdai with be with you) I think I
should be honored
VJJLWV eprj/jios to
(i.e. eiwv aV),
e'lijv)
think
but deprived of you (i.e. should not be able (i.e. elvv
av) either foe Xn.
help a friend or to defend myself against a
1, 3, 6.
615. Verb not Expressed. The verb in the protasis or apodosis sometimes is not expressed if it can be readily
310
felt

:
from the context as eVrt ato? Oavfidêadai KO/oo?

too, is
el Brj
el
rt?
real
aXXo?
avrjp,
KOI
if
any
other
to
be admired, Cyrus,
5, 1, 6.
worthy
rov
be
worthy to admired Xn. Cy.

is
man
TO) o-o(f>a)Tepds
<f>airjv
elvai, rovra) civ if
I
it
should say that
I am
wiser than anybody in any respect,

be in this respect PI.
would (I should say)

616.
Ap. 29
b.
the regular suppression of the verb of the have arisen the following idiomatic expressions apodosis 1. cl if not, i.e. except: as ov yap Brj opwfiev el not we do see TOVTOVS fir] oX^yovf avOpMTTovs for any one A. men Xn. 5. these 4, 7, few except (lit. if not)
:
.
From
fJLTJ
el |ii] 8ici if not on account of, i.e. except for : as aTroXeTrapeaicevdôvTO rrjv 7ro\iv, el fir] Bi avBpas ayaOov? they were making ready to destroy the State (and they would
2.
<rai
have destroyed
Lys. 12, 60.
3.
it) if it
had not been for some good men

i.e.
el 8e
\LT\
but if not,
trary to
Xprj/jiaTa
what immediately precedes)

el
otherwise (a supposition conas aTr^ret ra

:
Be
fir],
TroXe/irjaeiv
e(f>7]
aurofc he
demanded
restoration of the property ; otherwise (lit. but if they should not restore it) he said he should make war on them Xn.
Hell.
1,
3,
3.
So
is
also el Se
:
fir]
is
used even when the
preceding clause
fir],
.
. .
el Se as firj Troirjo-ys ravra negative alridv e%eis dont do this; otherwise (i.e. if you
So persist in doing it) you will be blamed Xn. A. 7, 1, 8. also el Be fir) is regularly used where eav Be fir} (owing to
a preceding eav)
4.
would be more
el rt?
logical.
if,
oxnrep dv
o re
el just
as would be
i.e.
like
as:
thus
.
avrov wajrep av
TrdXai avvTeOpajjLfie'vos
him just as one would greet another he should him if greet after being long associated with him Xn. Cy. 1, 3, 2.
he greeted
CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
311
CONCESSIVE CLAUSES
617.
Concessive clauses are introduced by
el icai
(eav /cat)
43 KCLV) even if; if even or KOI el (/cat edv, and by crasis otherwise they do not differ from conditional clauses as
:
licavoL elcrL
TOU?
/jLi/cpovs
Kdv
ev Seivols wai, awêiv evTre-
they (the gods) are able easily to save lowly men, even if (i.e. although) they are in great straits Xn. A. 3, 2, 10. Concession may also be implied by the circumstantial
T<w?
participle (
653, 7).
RELATIVE (AND TEMPORAL) CLAUSES

618. Relative clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (substantive and adjective) and relative adverbs.
NOTE.
till," i.e.
^ws means both "while" "so long as" and "

:
all the
while
as IwcrTrep e/XTrvew . . . ov/tia) Travcro/oat so long as I live and breathe, I shall not stop PI. Ap. 29 d. ^XP L Y-P TOVTOV i/o//,i<o
until
^pr}va.L Ka.Tr)yopLV, e<os O.V
so
Oavdrov $6rj T<U (frevyovTi dta tlpydcrOai for far do I think one should continue his impeachment, until it shall appear
have been committed by
the
that acts deserving death

1.
defendant Lys. 12, 37.
relative clause that Negative Relative Clauses. states a fact, if negative, takes the negative ov ( 431, 1) : other relative clauses (of anticipation, purpose, etc.) take
the negative pj (
431, 1).
EELATIVE CLAUSES WITH DEFINITE
ANTECEDENT
619.
A relative
antecedent
clause whose relative refers to a definite have any of the constructions of an indemay
pendent sentence (statement, question, wish, command,

562-589).
618 a (note). 6(j>pa in Homer (like 2ws in Attic, both while and until. He has also ets /ce = until.
6'
618 note) means
312
NOTE.
imply cause

Such clauses containing a statement
(
in the indicative
may
598) or result
597)
if
negative, they have ov.
RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH INDEFINITE
ANTECEDENT
620. Relative clauses in which the relative refers to an indefinite antecedent take the same modes as the
protases of conditional sentences

tive,
602-610).
If
nega-
they have always
^77 (
431, 1).
621.
sometimes
relative clause containing the indicative may imply the protasis of a simple condition (negative
a pr) olSa ov&e oio/jbai elbevat, what (ever) I don't fjLij): as know I dorit even think that I know PI. Ap. 21 d. o'l fj,rj TV%ov ev rat? Taêcnv 6Vre?, e& ra? rafet? eOeov those who did not happen to be in line ran to their lines Xn. A. 2, 2, 14.
nature,
More commonly such clauses are conceived as general in NOTE. and so take the subjunctive or the optative according to 625.
the indicative
Rarely a relative clause containing a past tense of is so used as to imply the protasis of a condition contrary to fact ( 606) as /cal oTrorepa rovrwv
622.
:
av TJTTOV A.6r)vai(0v TrXoixnoi, r)crav and ivhichever of these he did (i.e. assuming that he had done one of them, 553, 1) they [the children] would have been as rich as any one of the Athenians Lys. 32, 23.
eVotr/cre^,
'
ouSei'o?
623. relative clause which merely anticipates a future event or a future possibility has the subjunctive with av av (cf. the future more vivid condition, 604): thus o
623 a. Often in Homer, and not infrequently in other poets, a relative clause of anticipation has the subjunctive alone (without /ce or #jO;cf. 555, 604 a 625 a. note, and
;
RELATIVE CLAUSES
TreiaojjLai
313
I will
TO)
endure whatever
may
A.
1, 3, 5.
avBpl ov av eXqaOe
shall elect
TJ^CO
ivhatever
man you
Xn. A.
be necessary Xn. will obey Treio-o/jLai, 15. Se eTrei&av 1, 3,
SiaTTpd^co/jiaL a Scopa^
as soon as
I shall
have accom29.
5, 1, 4.
plished
my
purpose
shall return
Xn. A.
2, 3,
ea-r
av
eyco e\6co
wait
till
I come Xn.
A.
624. relative clause which anticipates a more remote future possibility has the optative (cf. the future less vivid condition, 605) thus o/cvofyv pev av ek ra TrXola a I should hesitate to go on board the e/jL/Baiveiv f)/JLtv &OLTJ vessels which he might gine us Xn. A. 1, 3, 17. a\\' ov
:
TroXt?
<7T7;c7et,
might
625.
set in station o'er us,
TovSe %prj /cXveiv but whomsoever the State him we must obey S. Ant. 666.
Relative clauses which suggest a general or repeated possibility have the subjunctive with av when dependent on a present (or future) tense, and the optative when
dependent on a past tense 609-610): thus

Present G-eneral.
as
1,
(cf.
the general conditions
eo>5 pev av Trapy TW, %/oco/>tafc as long is I one avail myself of his services Xn. A. any present, Oeols eTTiTreLOijTai, poKa r eicXvov ( 530) 09 K 4, 8.
avrov whosoever obeys the gods, him they most do hear

218.
Past Greneral. o-foSpbs [fy Xatpe^xwz'] e<* o opâ-eLe Chaerephon was very enthusiastic in ivhatever he undertook PL eOtjpevev CLTTO ILTTTTOV OTTO re yVftvturcu /3ouXotro Ap. 21 a. eavrov re Kal rou? linrovs he hunted on horseback whenever
625
a.
relative clauses (present)
Usually in Homer, and not infrequently in other poets, general have the subjunctive alone (without Ke or &v}.
Compare
623 a and
609 a
thusrd Qpdfrai
0-<r'ldlXg<r0a you consider
whatsoever you desire
554.
314
he wanted to exercise himself and his horses Xn. A. 1, 2, 7. Trepie/jLevopev ovv e/cdo-rore ecu? avoiÔeir] TO Bea/jLCDT^piov
. . .
'
e Tret ST)
Be avoLÔeiri,
elo-yfjiev
until the prison should be opened ; opened we went in PL Phaed. 59 d.
so we waited each time and when (ever) it was
NOTE.
b Ti
jjuf|
and
^rj
(
oo-ov
ji^
^rj
and oow
/xiy
are used
-n-ap-
elliptically, like
616, 1), in the
meaning
except:
as ov
ey tVovro o TL
(lit.
jJiTfj
6X.LJOL they
were not present, with the exception of a few

4, 94.
what was not
the
few who were present) Th.
Temporal Clauses with Words Meaning " until." Temporal clauses introduced by words meaning "until" 624 are sometimes used so as to imply purpose (cf. The suggestion of purpose 625 last example). and makes no difference in the mode of the verb, which is regularly the subjunctive with av in connection with a primary tense, and the optative in connection with a
626.
secondary tense
NOTE.
tive is
624,'
625).
674) the subjuncRarely, for the sake of vividness (cf. used in a temporal clause after a secondary tense as eo>s 8' av
:
ravra SiaTrpa^wi/rat (pvXaK-qv
KaTtXnrehe
left
a garrison until
they [the people] should carry out these measures
Xn.
Hell. 5, 3, 25.
The temporal conjunction nrpiv (in origin 627. irpiv. a comparative adverb from the root of Trpo before) meaning sooner than, before (until) is used with the indicative (619),
In Homer tfws (fy>s), like 60/oa ( 590 a) is sometimes used in a where it is better translated "in order that' : as 5&Kev clause purpose \cuov ôs xvrAwa-cuTo [her mother] gave her oil that she might bathe and
626
a.
'
is used regularly with irpiv (likewise Trdpos before) the infinitive after both negative and affirmative sentences. Rarely irpiv 6're (irpiv y or #/), literally before the time when, is found with the indica-
anoint herself f 80. 627 a. In Homer
tive (or subjunctive).
Rarely also
irpiv
is
found with the subjunctive
(without
or d?), but only after a negative clause.
THE INFINITIVE
subjunctive (
315
623 ; 625), and optative ( 624) in the as other relative adverbs of time, but usually only after a negative sentence ; after an affirmative sentence, irpiv is commonly used with the infinitive ( 645)
same way
thus
(INDICATIVE) oure
wife persuaded him
ro're
levai rj6e\e Trplv

to
f]
yvvrj
aurbv eVeto-e and he was not then willing
go until his
Xn. A.
1, 2,
26.
/AT)
(SUBJUNCTIVE)
Trplv av
to
Selrat avrov
Trpocrdev Kara\vcrai,
avro)
av^ôvXevo-rirai he
desires
him not
to
come
terms before (i.e. until) he shall advise with him Xri. A.
1,1,10.
(OPTATIVE)
e'6Yozm>
//,?)
ajreXOelv Trplv
to
aTraydyoi
TO
o-Tpdrevpa they wanted him not

he should lead back the
army
go away before (i.e. until) Xn. A. 7, 7, 57.
Trplv TOW a'XXou? aTroKptvaadai crossed the rest before they replied Xn. A. 1, 4, 16.
(INFINITIVE)
Sidffrja-av
NOTE.
in
The adverbs
Both
Trplv
TI
Trpoo-Oev or Trporepov are

-irpiv
sometimes used
in
the principal clause as forerunners of

627).
and Trportpov
rj
(see the second example sooner than are sometimes used
like ir/xv.
THE INFINITIVE
628. The infinitive is a verbal substantive (originally a dative or a locative case). It retains its verbal character, however, in so far that it has voice and tense, is
modified by adverbs (not by adjectives), and takes object in the same case as a finite verb.
its
SUBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE

629.
if
expressed,
The subject of the infinitive, Subject Accusative. 342 and is always in the accusative case (
note).
predicate substantive or adjective belonging to
316
THE INFINITIVE
it
the subject then agrees with

field with
in case
as rou<?
e/ceXev&e avv avrq> crrpareveaOai he bade the exiles take the
him Xn. A.
to
1, 2,
2.
ov
oiero
TTKTTOV
ol elvai
whom
he thought
be faithful to himself Xii. A. 1, 9, 29.

ejjLol
vo/JLiô)
yap
v/Lta?
elvai ical
Trarpi&a Kal c/u'Xou?

to
teal
crvfjkpd%ov<ifor
I think
you are
me
both country, friends,
and
allies
Xn. A.
1, 3, 6.
So also predicate words referring to an indefinite subject NOTE. (not expressed) stand in the accusative case: as a CCOTIV apiOfjLrjeiSerot things which it is possible (for people) to know by (ravras
.
.
counting
Xn. Mem.
1, 1, 9.
630.
Subject not Expressed.
If the subject of the infini-
tive is expressed or indicated in connection with the word (or words) on which the infinitive depends, it is not ex-
pressed again with the infinitive as tyrj eOeXew he said he was willing (but in Latin dixit SE velle) Xn. A. 4, 1, 27.
;
VO/JLL&I VTT
e'/xof)
rjbi/cricrOai
he thinks he has been wronged by
me Xn. A.
NOTE.
if
1, 3, 10.
Exceptions to the rule of
the subject is again expressed with the infinitive, in the accusative ( 629).
630 are comparatively rare, but it of course stands
631.
Agreement
of Predicate
Words.
When
the sub-
ject of the infinitive is expressed or indicated not with the infinitive, but in connection with the word on which
the infinitive depends ( 630), a predicate substantive or adjective commonly stands in the same case with the subject as expressed: thus (NOMINATIVE) Hepa-rjs pev e<f>r) he said that he was a Persian Xn. A. 4, 4, 17. rovro
IK TOV
severe
âXeTro?
2, 6, 9.
elvai he
accomplished this by being

elvai of those who TLvpov e&eovro o><?
Xn. A.
(GENITIVE) rwv
(fraa/cdvTcov
Sifcao-Twv
a.
say that they are judges
PL Ap. 41
USES OF THE INFINITIVE
317
TrpoOvfjiordrov TT/JO? rbv TrdXe/Jiov yeveaOai, they begged Cyrus to become as zealous as possible toward the war Xn.
Hell. 1, 5, 2.
(DATIVE) eSoge rofc crrpaTrjyols ffovXevo-ao-Oai <rv\\eyeio-iv it seemed best to the generals to meet together and consider Xn. A. 4, 8, 9.
iravra^ ovrw &art0et9 aTreTre^Trero ware avTo) fjLa\\ov <j)i\ovs elvai T) ftacriXel he sent them all back, so disposing them that they were more friendly to himself
(ACCUSATIVE)
than
1.
to the
King Xn. A.
1, 1, 5.
Sometimes, however, the influence of the infinitive
causes a predicate noun referring to a genitive or dative (rarely a nominative) to stand in the accusative (cf 316)
. :
as *A.Or)V&{&v
eBetfOrjcrav
to
aîo-i
to
wanted
the
. .
.
Athenians
rjKeiv
come
jeveaOat they their assistance Hdt. 6, 100.
ftorjdovs
aeviq
Xn. A.
instructions to
1, 2, 1.
Xenias
TrapayyeXXei \a(36vra rou? aXXof? he sent to take the rest of the men, and come
USES OF THE INFINITIVE

632.
The
infinitive has
two
distinct uses
(1) as a subin indirect
stantive (not in indirect discourse), discourse.
and (2)
The use of the infinitive (with subject accusative) was NOTE. developed from its substantive use, thus dyye'AAa> Kvpov i/t/cav originally meant / report Cyrus in regard to being victorious, which amounts to saying 7 report that Cyrus is victorious, and (Kvpov) vlxav is felt to
represent (Kupo?) vt*a, the present indicative
(cf.
342, note).
The infinitive used Negative with the Infinitive. its as a substantive has regularly as negative ^77 ( 431, 1);
633.
the infinitive in indirect discourse retains the negative of the direct discourse (usually ou, 431, 2).
318
634.
THE INFINITIVE
Personal and Impersonal Construction.
In Greek,
as in English, both the personal and the impersonal constructions are found with words of saying and the like.
is
Thus, the Greeks said both K0/>o? \eyerai ava$r\vai Cyrus said to have gone up, and XeyeTcu Kvpov avaftr]vai it is said that Cyrus went up, but the tendency was to employ the personal construction more freely than in English.
Hence some
of the
Greek personal constructions (espe:
77X05 evident, Sfaaios just, and the like) have cially with thus 77X05 rp to be rendered in English as impersonal it that he was distressed was evident avlcbfjLvo$ (lit. he was
evident)
Xn. A.
1, 2, 11.
THE INFINITIVE AS A SUBSTANTIVE

635.
its
The use
of the infinitive soon
extended far beyond
original bounds (as a dative or locative case) and it was felt that the infinitive could stand in any case (nominative, genitive, dative, or accusative), but unless it is
modified by the article (

say definitely in
636.
fied
(
636)
it
is
often impossible to
what
case the infinitive stands.
Articular Infinitive.
The
its
infinitive
may be modiTO,
by the neuter of the
definite
article,
roO,
rq>
444); when so modified, appears even more clearly.

637. Infinitive as Subject.
substantive
character
out the article)
may
The infinitive (with or withstand as the subject of a verb (or as
a predicate substantive): as KOCT/JLO^ /caX&>? roOro Spdv to perform this as it should be done is a credit Th. 1, 5. TO
<ydp roi
Odvarov SeSievai
ovSev aXXo larlv
TJ
&o/ceiv
636
a.
Homer never
uses the article with the infinitive.

(70(j)bv
319
to
eivai pr)
ovra for
to
fear death
not
is
nothing else than
seem
to be
wise when one
is
PL Ap.
29
a.
If the infinitive is the subject of a finite verb, it is of course in the nominative case; if it is the subject of an infinitive, it is of course in the accusative case.
1. Infinitive as With many im(Apparent) Subject. personal verbs and similar expressions, such as Bel or ^prj it is necessary, Sofcel it seems best, e&Ti it is possible, efeo-rt it
is
allowed, Trpeirei or Trpocnj/cei

it is
it is fitting,
Ka\6v ecrn
it is
fine thing, Sitcaiov
right,
and the
like,
the infinitive stands

. :
in the relation of subject or <?mm'-subject (cf 305, note) as wSe ovv ^prj iroielv thus then we must act Xn. A. 2, 2, 4.
TL Sel
1, 10.
avTov
alrelv
ivhy must he
it is
.
eêariv opav e'Sof ev ovv auTot?

.
make demand? Xn. A. 2, possible to see Xn. A. 3, 4, 39.
to
proceed Xn. A.
2, 1, 2.
Trpoievat, so it seemed best to them Siicaiov yap a7r6\\vcr6ai, TOVS
eTTiopKovvras for it is right for perjurers to perish Xn. A. For the personal construction, instead of the 2, 5, 41.
634. impersonal, in examples like the last see Here belongs also the infinitive in indirect discourse
(
646) with passive verbs of saying and thinking, like

634).
\eyerai, vofjLêrai, etc. (cf.
The Infinitive as Object or Cognate Accusative. infinitive with or without the article is used with great
638.
frequency as an object ( 329) or cognate accusative ( 331). When used as a cognate accusative it is often called the
Complementary Infinitive. Examples are: r)0e\ov avrov aKoveiv they ivere willing to listen to him Xn. A. 2, 6, 11. ov Swdfjievoi /cadevSeiv not being able to sleep Xn. A. 3, 1, 3. ovfc el%ov licavfa [^^tatjoa?] evpelv they had not (the power) to find enough navOdvovaiv [goats] Xn. A. 3, 2, 12. re /cal apêcrdai they learn to govern and to be
320
governed Xn. A.
THE INFINITIVE
rfvôvro avrbv evrv^rja-at they have good luck Xn. A. 1, 4, 17. row avrov e/ceXevcre pelvai he bade the hoplites
1, 9, 4.
prayed for him

pev oTrXtra?
to
remain on the spot Xn. A. 1, 5, 13. OUK eVooXue /3ao-iXeu9 TO Kvpov (TTpdrevfjia Siafiaiveiv the King did not hinder Cyrus' army from crossing Xn. A. 1, 7, 19. SieTrpagaro
irevre iiev o-Tparrjyovs
levai he managed
to
have jive generals
go Xn. A.
2, 5,
30.
Here belongs
also the infinitive in indirect discourse
after verbs of saying and thinking ( 669). infinitive with verbs of promising and the like see
For the
549,
2.
(WiTH THE ARTICLE)

ical
fyopovêvoi ofy fjpfa HOVQV, TO KaraTreo-elv in fear not only of ws, but also of fall-
a\\a
ing off
Xn. A.
3, 2,
19.
TT/OO?
(WiTH PREPOSITIONS)
Sev/j,evo<:
TO /-teT/nW SelcrOai
TreTrai-
trained
to
having only moderate wants Xn.
Mem.
1, 2, 1.
639.
Infinitive
in the
Genitive Case.
The
infinitive
:
(usually with the article) may as ol Se fftWe? CUTUH davelv the living are the cause of his death S. Ant. 1173.
stand in the genitive case
(WiTH THE ARTICLE) TOU

drink Th.
7, 84.
jrtelv eiriQv^La the desire to
ToO av\\e^/eiv TrXota having Xn. A. 5, 1, 15. apâvres rov to collect vessels neglected Siafiaiveiv taking the lead in crossing Xn. A. 1, 4, 15. (WiTH A PREPOSITION) avrlrovrol^TrXeioai ireiOeadai instead of obeying the majority Xn. Hell. 2, 3, 34.
a/zeXô-a?
NOTE. For the infinitive with rov expressing purpose (mostly in Thucydides) see 352, 1, note.
640.
Infinitive in the Dative Case.
The
infinitive
(with
:
or without the article) is often found in the dative case teal a,7re\9elv at vfjes e a<j</>aXe? /cal /Jievetv as TO
.
. .

-i
321
ships will provide
security both for staying and for going away, our Th. 6, 18. Here doubtless are to be
classed the infinitive expressing purpose (see 592) and the infinitive with most adjectives and substantives (see
641).
(WlTH THE ARTICLE)

&vvao-0ai
Mevcov ^ydXXero
TW
egaTrarav
Menon
rejoiced in being able to deceive
Xn. A.
teal
2,
6,26.
(WlTH PREPOSITIONS)
ra rwv
ev
yap TW /cparelv ecm
TO
\afji{3di>eii> rjTrdvcov in being victorious is included also the right to take the property of the vanquished Xn. A. 5, 6, 32.
641.
Infinitive
with
Adjectives
and
Substantives.
Adjectives (adverbs) and substantives, denoting ability, fitness, power, sufficiency, and the like, and their opposites,
be followed by the infinitive as SvvaTrjv /cal VTTO&yioi? 7ropeveo-0ai, 6Bdv a road practicable even for pack animals to travel Xn. A. 4, 1, 24. OTTOCTOL licavol râav ra?
may
Seivbs \eyeiv clever at speakPI. b. 17 ing %aXe?ra evpelv hard to find PL Rep. Ap. 412 b. o lot re eaeaOe rûv av/jiTrpat; ai you will be able
to
aKpoTrdXeis (f)V\a,TTeiv as the citadels Xn. A. 1, 2, 1.
many
as were sufficient to
guard
cooperate with us
Xn. A.
5, 4, 9.
(Dpa airievai it's time to go

ecrrl
away PL Ap. 42
a.
avdy/crj
/jidêcrOaL it is necessary to fight Xn. A. 4, 6, 10. o/cvos rjv aviaraaO ai there was a disinclination to get up Xn. A. 4, 4, 11. Oavâ ISeaQai a wonder to behold
(9366.
NOTE. As in English, the active infinitive is commonly used with adjectives and substantives, even though the meaning may be passive as aios Oav/j.da-(u ivorth admiring, worthy to be admired Th. 1, 138. Cf. " a house to let." in
English
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
21
322
642.
THE INFINITIVE
Adverbial Use of the Infinitive.
The
infinitive
(with or without the article) may be used adverbially, like the dative of Respect ( 390), or the Adverbial Accusaas TO Se [Bid irdXlroyv Spav efyvv apfyavos tive ( 336) but as for acting in defiance of the State, I am too weak for that S. Ant. 79. ob? o")ô\7j rj r^fjilv TO Kara TOVTOV
: .
. .
elvai that we
may
have freedom so far as this
man
is
con-
cerned Xn. A. 1, 6, 9. 1. With the article
TO the adverbial infinitive
is
most
frequently found after words denoting hindrance and the like ( 643); without the article it is most frequently
found in certain
or
(
set phrases (often

euTrelv
preceded by
eb?)
<?
a)?
eVo?
as one might say, (&>?) vvve\6vTi
Sotcelv as it
382, last example) to speak concisely, (<w?) e/zot seems to me, eicwv elvai willingly (lit. in respect to
(lit.
being willing), 6\iyov Selv or pi/cpov Selv almost

to
in regard
lacking
little).
NOTE.
fMKpov
cfjMVTov
SeTv,
The infinitive SeTv is often omitted from oAtyou 8e?v and leaving oXtyov or fUKpov alone to mean almost: as oXtyov I almost forgot ivlio I ivas PI. Ap. 17 a. 7rt\a06[Jir)v
643. Construction after Words of Hindering. Words meaning (or suggesting) hinder may be followed by either
(1) the simple infinitive ( 638), or (2) the infinitive with TOV ( 639), or (3) the simple infinitive with fiij ( 434) or (4) the infinitive with TOV fjnj ( 434), or (5) the infinitive with TO pi) ( 642, 1 and 434). Thus, lie hinders me from
speaking
Xeyeiv,
may
fJL
be expressed in Greek by (1) icwXvei pe
JJLC TOV \eyeiv, (3) rco)\vei /-te firj \eyeiv, TOV /JL7J \<yLV, (5) K(D\VL /* TO fJLTJ \6ylV. (4) KO)\V6i If the word of hindering is itself modified by a negative
(2) K(0\vei
(see
see
435),
we may have
pe TO
also (6) ov tccoXvei
/JLE
^ ov
\eyeiv,
and (7) ov
tccoXvet
/JLTJ
ov \eyeiv.
For other examples
434-5.
THE INFINITIVE
IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE
323
The infinitive may be 644. Infinitive of Suggestion. used independently to suggest an action, but without stating it as a fact. An infinitive so used may suggest a wish
(see
587 note 3), or

'
command
(see
583 note), or
to
it
:
may
as
be used as an exclamation (usually with the article)

rb
VO/JLI^CLV Stupidity! TT)? fjLcopias having a belief in Zeus! Ar. Nub. 819.
to,
think of
NOTE.
seen,
it
Some of the so-called independent infinitives, it can be were earlier dependent on words like 86s grant (that) or c8oe
(that)
was voted
and the
like.
OTHER USES OF THE SUBSTANTIVE INFINITIVE

645.
&)?),
e</>'
The
<,
infinitive is
core,
(/>'
to denote result (see

before (see
used with &Vre (sometimes with 595 596), and

;
with
Trpiv
meaning
The
77
627).
a>s (
NOTE.
infinitive,
with or without axrre or
595)
:
is
some-
times used with
after a comparative ( as vocrrj/Jia 426, note 5) /Atov rj <j>ptiv a disease too great to bear S. O.T. 1293. cXarrco lôvra 8wa/xiv 17 wcrre rovs <i'Aous oxêAeiv having a force too small to (lit. smaller than so as to) help his friends Xn. Hell. 4, 8, 23.
THE INFINITIVE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE

646.
When
the infinitive
is
used in indirect discourse,
each tense represents the same tense (of the indicative or optative) of the direct discourse (the present including
also the imperfect,
and the perfect the pluperfect; see av was used in the direct discourse, it is retained in the indirect ( 439): thus (/>?; ede\eiv he said he was willing (i.e. e6e\w I am willing) Xn. A. 4,
551 and 671).
If
1, 27.
IdcrOat
ai/ro? TO
rpav/jid
(frr/ai
self treated the

oiofjLe0a
wound
Trj
(i.e. ICO/JMJV
I treated) Xn.
he says that he himA. 1, 8, 26.
apery %prjcr0ai we think we could make some use also of our valor (i.e. ^pw/jLeda av we could use)
av KOI
324
THE PARTICIPLE
2, 1,
Xn. A.
12.
Xeyerat ol/co&o/jirio-ai
he* is
said
to
have
built (i.e. (OKoSoprio-e he built)
Xn. A.
1, 2, 9.
For addi-
tional examples see

647.
Infinitive
551 and 671.

civ.
with
The
infinitive
with av usually
or represents in indirect discourse a potential optative the infinitive but discourse direct indicative of the (646),
used as a substantive
a potential
.
may sometimes
436):
take av to give
it
cr<a9 aTTOTet^tVat-ô have deprived prj/cevai them completely of any possible power of walling them in
.
.
meaning prj av en
(cf.
as Travrajracnv cnreo-Te-
Th.
7, 6.
THE PARTICIPLE
648. The participle is a verbal adjective ( 159, 1), and follows the same principles of agreement as other adjectives ( 649.
420-423).
The
uses of the participle

:
may
be classed under
three heads
Attributive, Circumstantial, and Supplebut these uses shade off into one another, and mentary, the same participle may sometimes be referred to two
classes.
fighting,
Thus, in /Jbaôêvoi SiereXecrav they continued âôêvoi is supplementary to SiereXeo-av, but it
also denotes the circumstances
under which they continued.
A.
650.
THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLE

participle
is
The
exactly like
ol/covfjievrj
any other adjective

city,
used to modify a substantive ( 419): thus Tro'Xt?

6
occasion, 6
1.
The
Trapaiv /caipds the present 431, 1) the unflogged man. substantive which a participle modifies may be
/ZT)
an inhabited
Sapels avOpwrros
omitted, and the participle alone then has the value of a
THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE

substantive (cf.
325
424):
thus ol irapovres the persons
present, TO pe\\ov the future (lit. the thing about to be), TO Oapaovv courage (lit. the thing not afraid) Th. 1. 36.
T&V epryaa-opevwv evdvTcov since there were in the country those who would cultivate it Xn. A. 2, 4, 22. eVXet
.
eVt TroXXa? vavs tce/cTrjfJLevovs he sailed against sessed of many ships Xn. Hell. 5, 1, 19.
men
pos-
NOTE
1.
participle, like
stautively, may force is no longer felt: as /foo-iAeoos Trpoo-r/Kovre's rives some relatives of the king Th. 1, 128.
any other adjective ( 424), used subsometimes be modified by a genitive, if its verbal
NOTE
lish does,
2.
Greek uses the participle much more freely than Engand the attributive participle must often be rendered in
English by a substantive or a relative clause: as ot TrcTreio-fiei/oi the persuaded persons) those who have been persuaded or the converts, (lit. the inhabitants Xn. A. 1, 5, 5. 6 rrjv yvco/xryv ravrrjv
the
duties, etc.
man who advanced
this
opinion Th.
8, 68.
TO.
Se'oi/ra the
The participle, Participle as a Predicate Adjective. in the like any other adjective, may stand predicate with a copula ( 307): as cure yap Opacrvs OVT ovv Tr/ooSetVa?
651.
dpi for I am
neither bold nor timorous S. 0. T. 90.
Many
other examples are to be seen in the mass of periphrastic forms in the perfect system ( 226; 227; 221, 1; 230;
536).
B.
652.

The
participle
may
serve to define the circum:
stances under which an action takes place

/SacrtXea Tre/jLTrwv rjîov
as Trpo? 8e
sending
to
the
king he demanded
Xn. A.
1, 1, 8.
o-f XXe'fa? crTpdrevfjia eTroXidptcei
MiX^ro^
1, 1, 7.
collecting
an army he besieged Miletus Xn. A.

rot?
o-TpaT^yol^
raOra
e'Sofe
TO
326
THE PARTICIPLE
to
avvayayelv when the generals heard this, they decided marshal their forces Xn. A. 4, 4, 19.
653.
In Greek circumstantial participles are
many
times
and very often they cannot be properly translated by a corresponding English participle; usually they are best rendered by an English clause or
as frequent as in English,
phrase expressing time, means, manner, cause, purpose, condition, concession, or merely an attendant circumstance,
Greek context thus aicovads ravra e'Xefez/ when he had heard this, en irals wv while still a boy Xn. he said Xn. A. 1, 7, 6.
as best accords with the
1.
:
Time.
A.
1, 9,
2.
2 (see also
25.
655).
^WCTL
Means.
3, 2,
\r)6fjLevoi
they
live
by plundering
Xn. Cy.
3.
Manner.
7raptf\avvov reray fievoi they marched by

1, 2, 16.
in order
4.
Xn. A.
j)
(Cf. also
655, 1.)
Cause.
MTTJP
vTrrjpê TO*
Kvpy
<f>i\ov(ra
1
avrov
TOV /BacnXevovra 'Apraêp^rjv Cyrus' mother took f) his side, because she loved him more than she did the king
fjia\\ov
Artaxerxes Xn. A.
1,
1,
4.
rj%(ov aSeXcô?
demanded on
1, 8.
5.
the
ground
655, 1
that he
was
his brother
wv avrov Xn. A.
he
1,
(Cf. also
and
656, 1.)
express purpose the future participle is regularlyûsed, but the present is sometimes found (cf. 524): thus irep-tyai &e KOI 7rpo/caTa\r)tyoiJievovs ra a/cpa
Purpose.
To
to
send
men
to
amo-ravro
ot /JLCV
occupy the heights in advance Xn. A. Xefo^re? a eyiyvcoafcov, 01 Be

.
1, 3, 14.
. .
eTTi-
Bei/cvvvres old
eirj
f)
cnropid some arose to
thought, and others (with the the difficulty was Xn. A. 1, 3, 13.
6.
what they purpose of) pointing out what

tell
(Cf. also
656, 3.)
Condition.
8'
ovBe
^pâra
JJLGV
pr] Xafjifidvcov
ov moreover,
I do
\afJi(Sdv(DV 8ia\eyo/jLai, not converse on condition

of receiving money, and refrain from conversation if none PL Ap. 33 a.
327
I receive
is
Observe that
if
a participle implying a condition
negatived, fjnj is always used ( 431, 1). 7. Concession {"although"). fjieaov TWV eavrov e^cov rov Kvpov eucovv/jLov e^co r}v although he commanded the
center of his
own
Xn. A.
1, 8, 13.
forces, he was beyond Cyrus' left wing ovSev VTT e/uoO aSucovnevos /ca#<w?
.
.
.
eVotet? TTJV eprjv %a)pdv although
by me, you did damage

also
8.
to
my
you were in nowise wronged land Xn. A. 1, 6, 7. (Cf.
655, 1
and
656, 2.)
Any
Attendant Circumstance.
1, 1, 7.
cruXXefa? a-rpdrevâ
7ro\i6p/cei
to
M.L\rjrov having collected an
army
:
he laid siege
Miletus Xn. A.
rendered in Engl ish by

curb rov
participles are often best a coordinate verb as tcaTaTnjSijo-ds
Such
apparos rbv Ocopd/ca eveSv he leapt
down from
his
chariot,
and put on
1.
his breastplate
Xn. A.
1, 8, 3.
important to remember that these relations (of 653, 1-8) are not expressed by the participle, but only implied by the context. Often the same participle may be rendered in English in several different ways. Thus eTroAe/xet IK
It is
NOTE
time, manner,
etc.,
waged war, using the Chersonese as a base itself, might be rendered he waged war while using the Chersonese, eto. (time, 653, 1) or he waged war by 653, 2) or he waged war, thus using, using the Chersonese, etc. (means, etc. (manner, 653, 3) or he was enabled to wage war because he used, etc. (cause, 653, 4), or he waged war with the idea of using, etc.
Xeppovr/crou op/xoj/xevos
(lie
of operations Xn. A.
1, 1,
9),
taken by
(purpose,
653, 5), or he did wage war,
if he used,
etc.
(condition,
653, 7), 653, 6), or he waged war although he used, etc. (concession, or he waged war with the Chersonese as a base of operations (attendant
but in every case that form .of English circumstance, 653, 8) translation should be chosen which best suits the Greek context.
;
NOTE
2.
Some
idiomatic uses of the circumstantial participle are
often best rendered by a different idiom in English. Thus, dpô/xevo? in the beginning, reAevroiv (lit. beginning} is often best rendered at first,
328
THE PARTICIPLE
(lit. ending} finally, lôov (lit. holding on) persistently, dvwrds (lit. having completed) quickly, Oappwv boldly, Aa0wv (lit. escaping notice) secretly,
Xaipwv
(lit.
<f>6dcrd<> (lit.
rejoicing) with impunity, /cAcuW (lit. weeping) to one's sorrow, anticipating) before. (Many of these are to be explained
:
as adjectives used with adverbial force, 425) eyto IXeyov as I said in the beginning PI. Ap. 24
haste
thus o?rep apxop-evos

avoty'
a.
dvvcrds make
and open Ar. Nub. 181.

3.
NOTE
ing, xpw/zevos using
Participles like c^wi/ having, aycoi/ leading, <cpa>v carrymay often be rendered "with": as |X<DV
hopliies
a thousand
Xn.
vl
1, 2, 9.
TTOLO.
Swa/xei
with what force as allies
Xn.
^4. 2, 5, 13.
NOTE
what
1
4.
The phrases
.
TL (o TL)
?),
and
TI (o TL) fjua.6wv (lit.

. .
lated " what possessed you to " " to why in the world": as TI (fjavOdvu), or loosely what has possessed us to forget? 313.
. .
traO^v (lit. having experienced having learned what?), are best trans" " what put it in your head (Trao-^w) or
7ra06vT
ADVERBS WITH THE CIRCUMSTANTIAL PARTICIPLE

654.
The
relations of time, manner, cause, etc., often
implied in the circumstantial participle ( 653), may be made clearer (1) by means of adverbs modifying the principal verb, or (2) they may be definitely stated of adverbs modifying the participle itself.
by means
655. Adverbs Modifying the Principal Verb. The adverbs evOvs straightiuay, avri/ca immediately, apa at the
same
time,
rore
GTreira thereupon,
(evravOa) then, rj&rj already, elra then, and a few others, modifying the princi-
pal verb, often serve to make clearer a temporal relation Cf. 653, 1. implied in the participle. (The first four
are often more closely connected in sense with the participle than with the principal verb) thus TO) Seftoi /cepd rcov erre/ceiVTO they attacked 'A0r)vaia)i> evOvs aTroê^Tj/con
:
. . .
it was disemwas disembarked, they (lit. right icing straightway attacked i) Th. 4, 43. e^dôvro a pa Tropevo-
the right
wing
of the
Athenians as soon as
barked
when
the

they fought
5.
Bij
329
6, 3,
and marched
fjie
at the
same time Xn. A.
eVecrê \eyovra fjiera^v it often checked 7roXXaôO me in the very act of speaking PL Ap. 40 b. e/ceXevaev avrov o-vvSiafldvTa e Tret TO. OUTCO? a7ra\\dTTea6ai he advised
him
1.
to cross
with the
rest,
and then withdraw Xn. A.

%
7, 1, 4.
In like manner
O/AO)?
nevertheless, otmw? thus, eZra, or
the principal verb, may help a participle implying concession ( 653, 7), o#ro>? may help a participle implying manner ( 653, 3), and ovrcos or Sia ravra
(TOUTO)
as
t?
eVetra, with
may
help a participle implying cause (
653, 4)
. . .
cLTreipoi
oire?
avrwv
o/Lto)?
eYoX/irjo-are
levai
aurou? although you knew nothing about them, yet you

to
dared
fcal tcpeiTTOV?
VO/JLICOV a/jieivovs go against them Xn. A. 3, 2, 16. TroXXwy ftapfBdpwv v^ta? elvai, Sia TOVTO Trpoa-
e\afSov because I thought you better and braver than barbarians (for this reason) I enlisted you Xn. A. 1,
many
7, 3.
The following 656. Adverbs Modifying the Participle. adverbs modify the participle itself 1. The adverb are (also olov, ola) inasmuch as ( 441 a)
:
gives the participle a causal meaning

TTCU?
&)
child,
thus o Se Kvpos are and Cyrus, inasmuch as he was was pleased with the equipment Xn. Cy. 1, 3, 3.
: .
TjSero TTJ a-ro\y
6ea)fjLeva)v r&v eraipwv inasmuch as their companions were looking on Xn. A. 4, 8, 28.
2. Kafcep although (sometimes also KCLI or KOI ravra, 312 note) gives the participle a concessive meaning thus
:
are
656,
cts
1 a.
In Herodotus wVre
is
used with participles meaning inasmuch
(like Attic #re): as this Hdt. 1, 8.
wore
ravra voîfav but inasmuch as he believed
71 656, 2 a. In Homer (and sometimes in tragedy) KO.L and irep (cf. note) are often separated by the participle or other emphatic word as ot 5/caJ &xv6fjievoi TT e p eir' avr^ i)5ti ye\a<r<rai> but they, though troubled,
:
laughed joyously at him B 270
sometimes
Trep
alone means although
as
ep although distressed K 174.
330
/cal
THE PARTICIPLE
rore Trpocrefcvvrjcrav tcaiTrep etSore? on evrt Odvarov dyoiro even then they did homage to him, although they knew that he was being led to death Xn. A. 1, 6, 10.
shows that the participle states the reasons of somebody else without implicating the speaker or writer. (The context sometimes shows that the reason is only
3.
'fl?
pretended)
ft)?
thus Upoêvov
e/ceXevcre
Trapayeve'crOai,,
/3ov\6fjievos o-TpareveaOai, <w? TT pay fjiara TrapeôvTtDv TWV YllaiSwv rfj eavrov %ft)/?a he bade JProxenus join him, on the (pretended) ground that he wished to
et?
Ilto-tSa?
undertake an expedition against the Pisidians, since the Pisidians (as he said) were causing trouble for his territory
Xn. A.
to the
tile
1, 1,
11.
rot? "E\\r](riv &)? 7ro\6fjiLdv
ravrrjv TTJV %(i)pav eTrerpe^re StapTrdcrai ovaav this country he turned over
plunder since (in his opinion) it tvas hos1, 2, 19. av\\a/jL/3dvei, Kvpov &)? cnroicTevwv he arrested Cyrus with the (avowed) intention of putting him to death Xn. A. 1, 1, 3.
G-reeks to
Xn. A.
NOTE.
oxrTrep as, just as,

:
denotes comparison
inactive as though
as KaraKet/xcâ
with the participle (as elsewhere) merely wcnrep e6v rjorvâv ayetv we lie
to
it
were possible
take our ease
Xn. A.
3,
1,
14.
wcrTrcp TraAiv Tov OToAov Kvpov 7r o Lov fjiiv ov as if Cyrus were moving backwards on his expedition Xn. A. 1, 3, 16. Cf. aio-Trep op-yfj eWAewe
he ordered, just as if in anger
Xn. A.
1, 5, 8.
GENITIVE AND ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTE

657.
Genitive Absolute.
A
el,
substantive (noun or pro-
noun) and modifying

656, 3 a.
ciple with
participle
ws
having no grammatical
In
Homer
the
o>'s
much
same meaning
tirrjia ws re Kraêvai /m.e slay her K 322. 6\o(f>vp6[ji.evoi ws et davarbitde Klovra. bewcdling 327. though he were going to death
and ws e? re are used with the partias wcnrep (or ws) in Attic: thus KipK-rj vea Ivu v I sprang upon Circe as if I meant to
re,
him as
GENITIVE AND ACCUSATIVE ABSOLUTE
331
connection with the rest of the sentence stand in the Genitive Absolute ( 369): as aveftri errl ra oprj ovSevos
KcoXvovros he went up on the mountains, no one hindering Xn. A. 1, 2, 22. o-Treia-aêvov Kvpov erria-reve /JirjSev av Trapa ra? aTrovbas TraOelv when Cyrus made a treaty [an enemy] was confident that he should experience nothing contrary to its terms Xn. A. 1, 9, 8. 1. The genitive absolute can seldom be rendered in English by a corresponding nominative absolute usually it must be translated like other circumstantial participles 653, 1-8) by some phrase or clause which best accords ( with the Greek context: as ave/Brj ovSevos KCO\Vovros he went up, since no one hindered, or without opposition Xn. A. 1, 2, 22. /ca/eco? yap TWV rj/jLerepcov
;
. . .
Trdvres
ovrot
/3dp/3apoi
7ro\e/jLLO)Tpoi
for if our mutual relations are unpleasant, all these barbarians will be more hostile to us Xn. A. 1, 5, 16. ovBe
VTWV
7repdv, ovftels
a
there be
ye<f>vpd<; moreover,
though
many
to
on the opposite bank, not a single soul will be able to come their aid if the bridge is destroyed Xn. A. 2, 4, 20.
The substantive in the NOTE 1. Substantive not Expressed. genitive absolute sometimes is not expressed when it can be easily supplied from the context (cf. 305) as IvrevOtv Trpo'Lovrwv e^>at:
wTraiv as they (i.e. the Greeks) were proceeding from that place, there appeared the tracks of horses Xn. A. 1, 6, 1. ovrw 8' e^dvrwi/ since
vf.ro ix vr]
(the above-mentioned) things are so Xn. A. 3, 2, 10. rWros while it was raining (cf. 305) Xn. Hell. 1, 1, 16. NOTE 2. The genitive absolute is sometimes employed when its
use
is
Bpofjios
not strictly logical: as IK Se TOVTOV Oarrov TrpotovTcov lyivtro rots (TTpartwrat? thereupon, as the soldiers advanced
.
faster
r)8rj
and faster, they fell

. . .
to
running Xn. A. 1,2,
IlepiKAe'ous crossed over, the
rjyytXOr)
avrw
to
news was brought
17. 8iaj8e/?^KOT05 when Pericles had already him Th. 1, 114 (cf. also 661,
.
.
note 4)
332
658.
THE PARTICIPLE
Accusative Absolute.
The
participle of an imper-
sonal verb having no grammatical connection with the main construction of the sentence stands in the Accusative Absolute ( 343) as a\\a ri Srj, fyia? ef ov (nroKeaai, ou/c eVt TOVTO 7J\Oo/jLev but why, when it was in our power to
:
destroy you, did we not proceed to do so? Xn. A. 2, 5, 22. otrii/e? are ov^l eaa)aa/jiev ouBe crv aavrov, olov re ov /cal Svvarov for we did not save you, nor did you save yourself
,
although
SrjXov
it
was
possible
and practicable PL
Grit.
46
a.
yap
it is
OTL olcrOa,
peXov
since
a matter of interest
ye aoi for of course you know, to you PI. Ap. 24 d.

:
NOTE.
absolute
TOV<;
is
After w? or wo-Trep ( 656, 3, and note) the accusative sometimes found where we should expect the genitive thus
CITTO TCOI/
Trovrjpwv avOp<*)Tr<av eipyovo-w, ob? TYJV their ro>v fjilv xpr7<TTcov 6/u,iXi'dv acrKrjvw ovcrav rf)<; experts fathers keep sons away from base men with the idea that association with the good is a
wets
01 Trare/oes
training in virtue Xn. Mem. 1, 2, 20. as SoâvraSe ravra but uxTTrep

:
Rarely without a preceding ws or when this had been decided on Xn.
Hell. 3, 2, 19.
0.
THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE
659. The circumstantial participle sometimes forms an essential part of the predicate, which, without it, would participle so used is called Suphardly be complete.
plementary. Verbs whose meaning is of a general nature may take a supplementary participle to define a particular thing to which their action relates.
The supplementary
subject or the object,
I.
participle may belong either to the as shown by its agreement ( 648).
THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE NOT

DISCOURSE
660.
IN INDIRECT
The supplementary
participle
may
be used with
words meaning
begin, continue, endure, cease, happen, escape
THE SUPPLEMENTARY PARTICIPLE

notice, anticipate,
333
it
and the
like: apêrai
aTroXetVotxra
iâôêvoi, [the soul] begins to leave Xn. Cy. 8, 7, 26. biereXecrav they continued fighting (i.e. "fought continu-
ously") Xn. A.
4, 3, 2.
I never
ceased pitying ourselves
ovjrore eTravd/jirjv rjnas fMev ol/crtpwv Xn. A. 3, 1, 19.
NOTE. With some verbs, especially rvyâvw (poetic Ki>pa>) happen, \avOdva) escape notice, <J>Odv(D anticipate, the supplementary participle is often best rendered in English by a finite verb, while the finite
Greek verb is translated as an adverbial modifier: thus Trapcov eYvyXave he was by chance present, or he happened to be present Xn. A. 1, 1, 2. Tpe<o/xei/ov eA.av0a.vei/ avraJ TO crTpareiym ?Ae army was secretly supported for him (lit. escaped notice being supported) Xn. ^4. 1, 1, 9.
<f>@dvov(riv
7rt
TO) a/cpo)
(lit.
yevo/xevot TOVS
S>;Aos rjv
TToXe/Atov? //*e# reached the height
before the
enemy
ê?/ anticipated the
enemy in reaching
7<e
the height)
Xn.
!4. 3, 4, 49.
So likewise
dvtco/xevos
w;as evidently dis-
turbed
Xn. A. 1,2, 11 (634).
1.
Verbs expressing emotion
(vexation, anger,
trouble,
shame, joy, displeasure, or disgust, and the like) may be supplemented by a participle implying the cause ( 653, 4) a/covcov aov (fypovLfuovs \dyovs I am pleased thus TJSofjLai
:
hearing sensible remarks from you Xn. A. 2, 5, 16. eXe^ôfievoi fyOovro they were vexed at being exposed Xn.
at
Mem.
1, 2,
47.
oure vvv
[AOL /Ltera/êXet
oimw? aTroXoyrjcra-
now repent of having made (i.e. " because fjievw /cal rovro pev ov/c I made ") such a defense PL Ap. 38 e. to say this Xn. and I not ashamed am alcryyvQiLai \eyo)v
and
I do
not
Cy.
5, 1,
21.
NOTE.
With some
of the verbs which take the supplementary
participle the infinitive ference of meaning (cf.
may
also be used,
but commonly with a
dif-
661 note 3), the participle implying that the action takes place, while the infinitive implies that it has not yet thus aio-^wo/xat (or taken place (and perhaps never will occur)
:
aiSoti/Aou)
Xc'yetv
Xeywv / am ashamed to say (what I am / am ashamed to say (and so shall not say).
saying),
334
THE PARTICIPLE
II.
661.
THE PARTICIPLE IN INDIRECT DISCOURSE When the participle is used in indirect discourse
(after
get,
words meaning know, perceive, hear, remember, for669, 3) each tense represents appear, announce, etc., the same tense of the indicative or optative of the direct discourse ( 551), the present representing also the imperfect indicative,
If
and the perfect the pluperfect indicative. av was used in the direct discourse, it is retained also
439).
participle as shown
in the indirect (
(The
object,
jjSecrav
may belong
by
its
either to the subject or 648) thus ov yap agreement,

:
avrbv TeOvrj/cora for they did not know that he was

reOvyicev)
dead
(i.e.
Xn. A.
1,
10, 16.
-rJKovae
Kvpov
ev
KtXt/aa ovra he heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia (i.e. eVrt) 10-61 petrol avorjro^ wv know, however, that 1, 4, 5. you are a fool (i.e. avdrjros eZ) Xn. A. 2, 1, 13. avrw Kvpov
Xn. A.
eTTLarparevovTa TT^WTO? tfyyeiXa I was the first to announce to him that Cyrus was marching against him (i.e. eTrio-rpaeTriffovXevwv rûv (fravepds eanv reuet) Xn. A. 2, 3, 19.
he is plainly plotting against us
Xn. A.
3, 2, 20.
e/jirjv
Se evpLo-fcco
Xa/3ot? rrjv
a/cevrjv
634) &8e av yivdfjieva ravra el I find that this would thus come to
(i.e. eTnftov\evei, cf.
pass if you should take

7, 15.
my garments
(i.e. JLVOITO
av) Hdt.
(Other examples in
1.
551 and
671.)
is
NOTE
. .
.
The
participle in indirect discourse
a circumstantial participle.
oicovoi/
Thus such a sentence
plainly, in origin, as eyvwv yap /xtv
of omen o532 and a circumstantial edvra parti(in //.u/ eyi/an/, ciple agreeing with /xiv), soon came to be felt to mean "I knew the fact of his being (i.e. that he was) a bird of omen." With this meaning
being, as he was, a bird
edvra/br / knew him

is
which
the object of
established
opcu/xev
it is
ovre? we fact"), where the
but a slight step to such expressions as T^CIS dSwaroc see that we are unable ("being unable, we see that
participle
may
truly be said to represent
e'oyxeV.
THE PARTICIPLE
Hence
it
335
participle is, or usually decide.
cannot always be determined with certainty whether a is not, in indirect discourse, but the context will
With some verbs
(d/couoo hear, irvvOavofuu, perceive)
the participle in indirect discourse is regularly in the accusative, while the ordinary participle with these verbs stands in the genitive as ws
:
IIuAov /caretAr;/x/Xvr;s when they heard of the capture of on TTU&HTO ... TO HXv^vpLov eaAeoKOs that Pylus Th. 4, 6. he had heard that Plemmyrium had been captured Th. 7, 31.
1-rrvOovTO rfjs
. . .
NOTE
2.
Construction with <rvvoi8a.
When
o-w/otSa
or crvyyi-
used with a reflexive pronoun the participle may be either nominative, agreeing with the subject, or dative, agreeing
yvajo-Kco be conscious is
with the reflexive pronoun

u?ot&a e/zavru)
as
eyw yap
Sr)
oure /xeya ovre
o-fjiiKpov
aoô?
tov
for I
in either great or small degree
am not conscious to nit/self of being wise PL Ap. 21 b. e/xavra) yap vvrj$r] ouScv
to
eTTio-Ta/xei/a) for
PI.
I was conscious
myself of possessing no knowledge
Ap. 22
d."
NOTE
3.
Infinitive instead of Participle.
Some of
the verbs which
regularly have the participle in indirect discourse ( 661) are used also with the infinitive with little, if any, difference of meaning (cf. 660, 1 note) as d/couco Se /cat aAAa. eOvrj TroAAa rotaOra etvac / hear that there are also many other such nations Xn. A. 2, 5, 13. âcVo/xai appear with the participle usually means to appear to be (what one is), and with
:
the infinitive to appear
to
be
(what one perhaps

Hdt.
7,
is
e<aiWro ewv he
he appeared
is
icas plainly well-disposed
173.
not) as ewoos /cAateiv eâtVero

:
to be
weeping (but really was not) Xn. Sym.

infinitive
1,
(
1,
15.
is
(But when with these verbs an object
638)
used, the
meaning
tcr8\6<s
let
of course different
to be
(cf.
660,
note) as
fj.dOov e/x/xei/at
I have learned
to be
brace
him remember
a brave
Z 444. man Xn. A.
p.e(j.vr)aOu> avrjp
dya$os eZVat
3, 2,
39.)
NOTE 4. a>s with the Participle in Indirect Discourse. With the participle in indirect discourse o>? as may be used with the same meaning as with any circumstantial participle ( 656, 3), but it is often hard
to render in English: thus SfjXos r)v Kvpos ws o-TrevScov Cyrus made it evident that he was in haste Xn. A. 1, 5, 9 (but 8*7X05 rjv crTreuoW was evidently in haste). So the genitive absolute with o>s is sometimes
used as a practical equivalent of the participle in indirect discourse (sometimes even with verbs which could not take such a participle,
cf.
as o>s TroXe/zov OVTOS Trap* v/uun/ aTrayyeAoi; shall I 657, note 2) report from you (on the assumption) that there is war? Xn. A. 2, 1, 21.
:
336
o)S
THE VERBAL ADJECTIVES

ovv IOVTOS
07777
e/xov
av
KOLL
v/xets,
OVTO> rrjv yvw/JLrjv
X T
( on
ê
assumption) that I am going wherever you go you can make up your minds " be sure that I am going wherever you go ") Xn. A. 1, 3, 6. (i.e
The adverb av may be with the Participle. in indirect discourse, to give used with the participle, not it a potential meaning (cf. 436): thus ew Be TO TroXto-aa
662.
soldiers were unwilling to
"
Av
av yevduevov OUK eftovXovro arparoTreSeveo-OaL but the encamp on ground which might be made a city (i.e. o av yevoiro 563) Xn. A. 6, 4, 7. av cKfreOels TT/ooetXero jjLaXXov rot? vo/jiois
. .
aTroBavelv although he might easily have been ache quitted, preferred to abide by the laws and be put to death
(i.e.
afyeQj) av,
565) Xn. Mem.

.
.
4, 4, 4.
alrel avrov
ew
TO>V
fei/ow he asked
.
a>9
ovrco
Trepiyevduevos av
him for two thousand mercenaries
on the ground that he could thus get the better of his opponents
Xn. A.
1, 1, 10.
THE VERBAL ADJECTIVES

THE VERBAL IN
663.
-reo?
is
( 235), passive in meaning, and expresses necessity (like the Latin gerundive). It is used with a copula, dpi ( 307),
The verbal
adjective in -reo?, -red, -reov
in either a personal or
an impersonal construction.
often omitted
(
NOTE.
664.
The copula
(ecrrt, eicri) is
308).
Personal Construction.
In the personal construc-
tion the verbal agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case as Trora/xo? 8' el uev rt? /cal a'XAo? apa fjfuv earn,
:
ovtc
olSa ivhether
we must
cross
any other
river
THE VERBAL
do not know Xn. A.
2, 4, 6.
IN -TO?
crot
337
77
oxêX^rea
Tro'Xt?
must
665.
be
aided by you Xn.
Mem.
3, 6, 3.
Impersonal Construction.
In the impersonal con-
struction (which is the more common) the verbal stands in the nominative neuter (usually singular, but sometimes
plural), and takes an object (or cognate accusative) in the same case which would follow any other form of the same
verb
thus rrjv ir6\iv oxêX^reoz/ the State must be aided Xn. Mem. 2, 1, 28. TWV /Boater) par cov eTri/neXrjTeov the flocks and herds must be taken care of Xn. Mem. 2, 1, 28.
:
Tropevre'ov
8'
fj^lv TOU? TT^COTOU? crraO /xou?
<w?
av Swca/jLeOa
/jLatcporaTovs we must make the first days'' marches as long as we can Xn. A. 2, 2, 12. ou? ov TrapaSorea rot? *A.6r)vafois eVrtV who must not be surrendered to the Athenians Th. 1, 86.
NOTE.
Observe that verbals of intransitive verbs can be used in
the impersonal construction only.
The agent (i.e. the Agent with Verbals in -TGOS. person on whom the necessity rests) with verbals in -reo?
666.
stands regularly in the dative case ( 380). NOTE. The accusative of the agent is sometimes found with the
to
impersonal construction ( 6G5). It seems to denote rather the person whom the necessity extends rather than on whom it rests as ovStvl Koj/Ta? aftiKrjTeov eti/at ; do we say that it in no way rpOTTcu (frajjitv
:
devolves on us
to
do wrong willingly
PL
Crit.
49
a.
THE VERBAL IN
667.
-TO?
-TrJ,
The verbal
adjective in
-TO'?,
-rov (
235, 2),
denotes both what has been done and (more often) what m.ay be done : as ap ovv jBiwrov rtfuv eari ; is life endurable for us? PL Crit. 47 e.
acquired an independent existence as adjectives, as Oavâaro^ (admired, admirable)
Many
verbals in -TO? have
wonderful.
BABBITT'S OR. GRAM.
22
338
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
{Oratio Obliqua)
668.
A
:
speaker said he;
as
direct quotation repeats the exact " Kal
words
"
of the
ravr,
e$r], TTOLÔ-CD
This, too,
I will do"
you
say.
TI TCQI^CTW^V,
Xeyere
"
What
shall
we do ?
adapts the words of the speaker to as the construction of the sentence in which they stand
:
An indirect quotation
ical
e'^?;
ravra
TroirjcreLv
he said that he would do this also,
o TI TroitfcraiTe
you asked what you should

is
do.
669.
Indirect discourse
introduced by some word or
expression meaning say, know, think, perceive, and the like

(verba sentiendi et declarandi). 1. Of the three common verbs meaning say, to introduce indirect discourse
<j>r)iiC
when used
followed by the infinitive, followed by on or <w? with a finite verb, \<yo) admits either construction, but in the active voice it is more often followed by on or o>? and a finite
is
elirov is
verb.
NOTE.
command,
When
to
earov is used with the infinitive

. . .
it
regularly
e
means
order, advise: thus eiTre
o-TpaTrjyovs
fj.lv
he advised them
2.
choose other generals
Xn. A.
1, 3, 14.
fjyovpai,
Most verbs meaning think or believe (i/o/u^co, SOKCO seem, and the like) are followed by the
Most verbs meaning
afcova), also
infinitive.
3.
knoiv, perceive, hear (oZSa, alcrddayye\\(o announce, 8fj\ds eljju be evident,
669, 1 a. b. to
Homer sometimes uses
simple
(lit.
In poetry ovveKa and odotveKa

that.
6' (Attic 6'rt) meaning that. wherefore') are sometimes used
mean
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
339
and the
ciple (
like) are more frequently followed by the parti661), but any of them may take on or o>? with a finite mode, arid some of them may take the infinitive
little, if any, difference of meaning (cf. " " I know in English I know of its being good," roughly " I know it to be good "). that it is good," For the future infinitive after verbs of promising, hoping,
646) with
and the
like, see
549, 2.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT

DISCOURSE
In changing from direct to indirect discourse, the MODE may be changed, but not the TENSE. 1. Verbs may be changed to the optative only after a
670.
Only a principal verb of the secondary tense ( 517). direct discourse may be changed to the infinitive or participle ( 671). 2. If the adverb av (
it is
436-439) was used in the direct
retained also in the indirect, except when discourse, a dependent subjunctive with av is changed to the optative after a secondary tense ( 439).
3.
The same negative

is
discourse
(ou or ^77) which stood in the direct retained in the indirect ( 431, 2).
PRINCIPLES OF INDIRECT DISCOURSE (IN DETAIL) THE INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE

After a word which takes the infinitive or participle 669, 2-3) the principal verb in indirect discourse is ( changed to the infinitive or participle of the same tense, the
671.
present including also the imperfect, and the perfect the
340
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
If av was used in the direct dis551). pluperfect (see course, it is retained also in the indirect: thus airievai
(frrjcriv
he says he
2, 2, 1.
to
is
going away
e<f)7)
(i.e.
a Tret /At
e\6elv
lam going away)

lie
Xn. A.
wanted
3, 20.
ftovXeaBai
said that he
go Xn. A. 1, ov fJie^vriaecrOai ae fyaa-iv they say you will not remember (i.e. ov pe^vô-p you will not remember) Xn. A. ou jap rjSea-av avrov reOvij/cdra for they did not 1, 7, 5. know that he was dead (i.e. reOvrj/cev he is dead) Xn. A.
go (i.e. ySouXo/xat e\6elv
to
1, 10, 16.
I want
(ivv
vfjLiv fjiev
av
ol/jiai
elvai
rt/uo<?
in your com-
pany I think I should

Xn. A.
1, 3, 6.
be
honored
(i.e. eirjv
opco Se
KOI aol TOVTCOV
av I should be) Seijcrov and I see
that you, too, will have need of these (i.e. Serjcrei there will be need) Xn. Mem. 2, 6, 29.
NOTE.
Sometimes a
relative or temporal clause is felt to be of
equal importance with the principal clause, and so has the infinitive where we might expect a finite mode as ... ort TroAAots <f>airj 'AptaTos
:
Ilepous cavrov ySeXriovs, ov<s OVK av avaa-\(rOaL avrov (3a(riAewvro? that Ariaeus said there were many Persians better than himself,
ivaL
who would
672.
not endure his being king
Xn. A.
(
2, 2, 1.
After a primary tense
517)
all
verbs of indi-
changed to the infinitive or particito ple (according 671), are retained (with change of if person, necessary) in the mode and tense of the direct discourse thus Xeyet 5' 0)5 vlSpiarrj^ el/ju he says that I am
rect discourse, unless
:
an insolent person
(i.e. v/3/oto-r^? el
you are an
insolent per-
OVK olSa o TI av TIS xpijo-airo avrols son} Lys. 24, 15. I don't know what use anybody could make of them (i.e. TI
av
rt?
xptfa-airo what use could anybody make?) Xn. A.
/3ov\evofjiai ye OTTCOS ere aTro&pw I am planning I can run away from you (i.e. TTW? ore aTroSpw how shall I run away, deliberative subjunctive, 577) Xn. Cy.
3, 1,
40.
how
1, 4, 13.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
OPTATIVE
341
OPTATIVE
673.
After a secondary tense
517) any indicative not
changed to the infinitive or participle ( 671), or any subjunctive of the direct discourse, may be changed to optative of the same tense, unless the change would cause
ambiguity
ye\\ev
thus (OPTATIVE FOR THE INDICATIVE) aTrtjyon a-TrevBoiro he announced that he made a truce rot? Be (i.e. crTre'vBofjLai, I make a truce) Xn. A. 2, 3, 9. a on the others had a /3a<rtXea fjiev jot, rjv TT/OO? vTro^Ca suspi:
cion that he
was leading them against

1, 3,
the
King
(i.e. ayei, is
leading) Xn. A.
eXeyev rj /3acn\ed peyav he said that the advance would be against the great King (i.e. ecrrai will be) Xn. A. 1, 4, 11. elirev
21.
on
6809 e trot TO Trpbs
on
(i.e.
Ae'ftTTTTOZ'
he said that
pev ov/c eTraivot'rj el ravra TreTrotT/tfw? etrj did not approve Dexippus if he had done this OVK eTraivS), el TreTroirjice I do not approve if he has
lie
done this) Xn. A.
6, 6,
25.
(av disel rt? 670, avrbv, aTrav'Troiô-eiv ^jelro appearing, 2) yap he that would do SiSoirj for thought apyvpLov [Theognis~\
OPTATIVE FOR A DEPENDENT SUBJUNCTIVE
anything, if anybody offered him money (i.e. eav rt? SiSa if w/jLoaev *Ayecn\dq) el aireianybody offers) Lys. 12, 14.
eft)?
e\0oiev
/c.r.X.
ou? ire^^reie
TT/DO?
ySacrtXea ayye\ovs,
make
he sivore to Agesilaus that if he would daL, a truce until the messengers that he should send to the
arrive, he
King should
o-Treio-r) ea>9
av
e\0a)cri,v
would bring it about, etc. 01)5 av Tre^-^ra) if you
(i.e.
will
eav make
a truce until the messengers that

1, 10.
send arrive) Xn. Ages.
673
a.
In
Homer
the use of the optative in indirect discourse

in
is
practically
unknown, except sometimes
indirect
questions.
See
676
a.
342
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
Indirect Questions.
jjpero
.
OPTATIVE FOR THE INDICATIVE.

ei-rj
el rt? e'/noO
o-ocfxorepos
lie,
asked whether there
was anybody wiser than I (i.e. eVrt -m is there anybody?) PL Ap. 21 a. rfpayrrjcrev el TjBrj aTTOKe/cpifjievoi, elev he asked if they had already given their answer (i.e. cnroiceKpLaOe have you given your answer?) Xn. A. 2, 1, 15. OPTATIVE FOR THE (DELIBERATIVE) SUBJUNCTIVE. el ire^Troiev nvas rj Trdvres toiev he dee/3ov\evTO
.
.
.
liberated 'whether they should send some, or whether all should
go (i.e. Trdrepov ire/jiTrcj/jLev send or go?) Xn. A. 1, 10, 5.

674.
rj
imfjiev
had we
better
to the optative mode after a secondary never ( 673) obligatory, and, for the sake of indirect vividness, an quotation of this sort can always
The change
is
tense
be expressed in the mode employed by the original speaker. Not infrequently both forms of quotation are found in
the same sentence
:
as ovroi eXeyov
on Kpo?
/juev
reOvrjicev,
'A/otato? Be Trecfrevycos ev TO) araOfjia) etrj these said that
Cyrus
was dead, and that Ariaeus had place Xn. A. 2, 1, 3.

675.
fled,
and was
at the halting
In order to avoid ambiguity (

:
673), the follow-
ing forms of expression are not changed to the optative after a secondary tense
1.
The imperfect and pluperfect
indicative are seldom
changed to the optative in indirect discourse, since if they were changed to the present and perfect optative respectively, it could not be told that they did not represent
the present or perfect indicative or subjunctive of the direct discourse: thus el%e <yap \eyeiv teal on /AOVOI rwv
'EXXô)^
ftacriXei
crvvefJid'ôvTO
ev
TlXaratat?,
ical
on
vcrrepov ovBeTrcoTrore o-rparevcraLvro ejrl (3acri\ed able to say that they alone of the
for he teas
Greeks had fought on the
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
side of the
OPTATIVE
343
they
King at Plataeae, and that never since then had made a hostile move against him (observe that the
crvve^dôvro for avvefiaôjjLeda of the direct discourse, remains unchanged, while the aorist, o-rparevaaivro for earparevcrdiJieOa, is changed to the optative)
imperfect,
Xn.
Hell.
7, 1,
34.
NOTE.
Rarely,
when no
possible ambiguity could arise, an imper-
fect indicative is
changed
to the present optative (
673)
as eXeyov
that
on
KartSoiei/ orparev/Aa, KM,
vvKTwp TroXAa
Trvpa.
<CU'VOITO they said
they
many watchfires had been visible (i.e. Kari8o/xi/ we caught sight of, aorist, and e</>cuVero were Still more rare is the use of the visible, imperfect) Xn. A. 4, 4, 9.
sight
that at night
had caught
of an army, and
perfect optative to represent the pluperfect indicative.

2, The potential indicative with av ( 565) cannot be changed to the optative in indirect discourse, since then it could not be distinguished from the potential optative
(
.
.
563)
.
as aTreXoyovvro
? ov/c
av
TTOTC ovrco
/jicopoi,
râav
el y 8 e a a v they said in their defense that they should
never have been so foolish if they had known (i.e. ov/c av rjfjiev, el rjo-fjiev we should not have been, if we had known, 606 whereas OVK av elev, el el&eiev would represent ov/c
;
av eluev,
3.
el elSel/jiev
we should not
be,
if
we should know,
605) Xn.
ffell. 5, 4, 22.
The
aorist indicative in a subordinate clause is not in indirect discourse, since

if
changed
it
were changed
:
to the aorist optative, the optative might be thought to represent an aorist subjunctive of the direct discourse
êvOijv OI%OITO they said that Xenophon had gone to Seuthes to receive what he had promised him (the optative vTroo-ôLro would mean ivhat he might promise him, representing a av vTroo-^rjrai, ( 673) of the direct dise\e*yov
lEievotywv
thus
<w?
co?
...
vTreaêro avrw
\rjô/jLevo<;
course) Xn. A.
7, 7,
55.
344
676.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
Inserted Statements of Fact.
Statements or explainserted by
nations of fact in the indicative
mode may be
the writer, even though the rest of the sentence stands in indirect discourse as e/ceXevae GVV avrw arpareveo-Oai, VTTO:
o-ô'/nez'o?
avrois, el /caXco? /caraTTpaêLev e$>

TravcrecrOai
d earparevero,
irplv, TrpoaOev expedition, promising them that if he should successfully accomplish the object for which (as I say) he was making the
pi)
KT\.
he bade them join his
expedition, not to stop until, etc.

&r)
Xn. A.
1, 2, 2.
ev 7ro\\rj
eVt rat? aTropia rja-av ol "EXXîê?, evvoovêvoi pev /3acrtA,e'a>? Qvpcus rjcrav the Grreeks were naturally in great
perplexity, reflecting on the fact that they were (as I say) at
the King's gates
on
Xn. A.
3, 1, 2.
In Greek (as in Implied Indirect Discourse. Latin) a clause expressing the thought of another person may take the construction of indirect discourse (i.e. the
677.
optative after a secondary tense) although not formally introduced by any words of saying, thinking, or the like
:
d\(D(ToivTO others pitied them if they should be captured (i.e. el dXaxrovrat, if they are going to be captured)Xn.A. 1, 4, 7. earparever a êv Be eV avrov o>9
01 &' w/crlpov el
.
aTTOKrevovwres, Svvai/jieOa but we have proceeded against him with the avowed intention of killing him if we could
el
(i.e.
eav SwcD/jueOa if
,
tve
can) Xn. A.
3, 1,
17.
(nrovbas
eW
a.7raj<ye\6eir] ra \e-)(devra they
made a
676
a.
In Homer, where the use of the optative in indirect discourse
after a secondary tense is practically unknown (except sometimes in indirect questions), facts are regularly stated from the point of view of the
speaker, and it is left to be inferred that they may have been at the same time the thought of another: as ytyvuo-Kov 6 dij /ca/cot /t^Sero 5al/j.uv 1
knew some power was planning

/u^Sercu)
ill
7 166.
f?5ee
yap Kara
OV/JLOV
(Attic eytyvua-Kov 6'ri fcava /x^Sotro, or d5e\0eoj' ws tiro veir o for he knew
in his heart full well
how
his brother
was
toiling
-409.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
truce
SUMMARY
345
(which they agreed should

etw?
last) until
what had been

it
said should be reported (i.e.

is
av aTrayyeXdfj until
is
reported) Xn.
Hell. 3, 2, 20.
It is on this principle that the optative clauses dependent on a secondary tense (
used in
final
590-594).
SUMMARY OF THE USAGE OF INDIRECT

DISCOURSE
678.
For the sake
of completeness for reference a

is
sumhere
mary
of the regular usages of indirect discourse
given:
OPTATIVE
(after secondary tenses)
OF DIRECT DISCOURSE
f
Pres. indie, (independent or dependent)
Pres. opt.
may
represent
Pres. subj. w. Av (dependent) I Pres. (interrog.) subj. (independent)
indie, (independent) Aorist subj. w. &v (dependent) {Aorist Aorist (interrog.) subj. (independent)
f Perf. indie,
(independent or dependent)
Perf. opt.
may
represent
-I
Perf. subj. w. Av (dependent) Perf. (interrog.) subj. (independent)
Fut. opt. represents
Fut. indie, (independent or dependent)
INFINITIVE
Pres. infin. or partic.
AND PARTICIPLE
OF DIRECT DISCOURSE
Pres indic
"
"
j
I
( 5nde P endent )
or
Imperf. indie, (independent)
Pres. infin. or partic. w. 4v
{ I
&' w *' (independent) or Imperf. indie, w. Av (independent)

Pres
"
"
Any
it
optative with Av
is
unchanged from the direct discourse

563)
.
(in
which
was
originally independent,
346
INDIRECT DISCOURSE
SUMMARY
Aorist
infin.
Or DIRECT DISCOURSE
or partic.
=
w. to
Aorist indie, (independent) Aorist indic

{
I
Aorist
infin. or partic.
&v (independent) or
Aorist opt. w. &v (independent)
Perf. infin. or partic.
= = =
PerL indic (^dependent) or

'
Pluperf. indie, (independent)
Perf. infin. or partic. w. d,
Perf
{ C
'
^w
'
"
(independent) or
J
Pluperf. indie, w. &v (independent)
Fut. infin. or partic.
Put. indie, (independent)
NOTE. The imperative is regularly represented in indirect discourse by the substantive infinitive ( 638) dependent on a word meaning command, order, or the like: as r//ceiv TrapayyeAAet he bids
him come
(i.e. TJKC
is
imperative
come} Xn. A. 1,2, 1. changed to the infinitive

to
Rarely can
Odppei
it
be said that the

:
in indirect discourse
(i.e.
as IXeye
Oappeiv he told him not
be
alarmed
don't
be
alarmed)
Xn. A.
1, 3, 8.
Rarely.
APPENDIX A
VERSIFICATION
679.
Greek verse was
( 52-54) of the syllables, word-accent or on rhyme.
dependent on the quantities and not, like English, on
680. Kinds of Poetry. Greek poetry in general may be grouped under two heads (1) that which was recited and that which was sung (Lyric), but (Recitative), (2) it should be that remembered recited poetry was always
:
developed from poetry composed to be sung.

NOTE. The Doric of the Drama. The Lyric portions of the Attic drama, out of regard for its Doric origin, were regularly composed in a conventional Doric dialect, formed by writing a. for 77 in
all
words in which the Attic

K\vov
rj
represents an original d
15)
as
<<ovaj/,
ZK\VOV Sc
E.
/?oai/
ra? Svaro.vov.
Med.
131.
681.
Metre êrpov measure)
is
the measurement of
verse by feet, lines, strophes, etc.

682. In treating of metre it is customary and convenient to employ certain arbitrary signs as follows
:
1.
indicates a short syllable (also called a mora,
assumed
to be
equal to
).
347
348
2.
3.
FEET
_
i
indicates a long syllable (= two morae, or J). (triseme) indicates a long syllable prolonged to equal three
morae
4.
i_i
(i.e.
__
or
).
(tetraseme) indicates a long syllable prolonged to equal four
morae
5.
(i.e.
or
I).
>
ww
(irrational syllable) indicates a
long syllable used in the place
6.
where a short normally occurs. indicates two short syllables used in the place where one
short normally occurs thus ^w (cyclic dactyl) indicates a dactyl used as an equivalent of a trochee w 705); so also ww ( (cyclic anapaest) indicates an
:
anapaest used in iambic rhythm.
(These are also written
ww
7.
|
and
\j
.)
short perpendicular lines are used to indicate the divisions between the feet ( 683).
indicates the divisions between cola
8. 9.
||
A
7\
10.
686). ( indicates a pause at the end of a verse equal to one mora (w). indicates a pause at the end of a verse equal to two morae ( ).
(So also ^- indicates a pause of three morae, and four morae.)

11.
||
^ of
12.
13.
^
I
standing below the line is used to indicate a caesura ( 690). A comma ( ) is sometimes used for the same purpose. is used to indicate a diaeresis 690). (
,
is
used to indicate anacrusis
706).
FEET
683.
is
A
:
called a foot.
group of syllables having a fixed metrical form The most common kinds of feet are the
FEET OF THREE MORAE
(f time)
XetTre
following
Trochee
__ w,
J J^
Iambus
Tribrach
^J
^
Xeyw
Xeyere
w w w
FEET
FEET OF FOUR MORAE
Dactyl
(f time)
349
Anapaest
Aeyerco
Spondee
JJ
FEET OF FIVE MORAE
(f time)
Cretic
JN
w
Bacchms
__
JJJ
(f time)
FEET OF SIX MORAE

Ionic a minore
w w
w w
JV^ J J
J J
J^ J^
Ionic
maiore
Choriambus
1.
w w_
J
Many
other kinds of feet
are mentioned
by the
ancient grammarians, but they may all be explained as variations of the forms already described (cf. 685).
684. Thesis and Arsis. That part of the foot on which the ictus or rhythmical accent falls is called the Thesis ; the rest of the foot is called the Arsis.
685.
Substitution.
In
many kinds
of verse
two short
syllables (w w) may be substituted for a long (_), or a long syllable may take the place of two short syllables.
NOTE.
short
(
When
a long syllable in the thesis
is
resolved into two

is
685), the ictus properly belongs to the two, but placed on the first.
usually
For example: Proceleusmatic Fourth Paeon w w w __, Molossus

1
w w w
wi
etc.
First
Paeon
w w w
_,
350
THE VERSE
COLA
group of feet (never more than six) is called a Colon, or a Rhythmical Series. 1. A colon of two feet is called a Dipody, of three feet a Tripody, of four feet a Tetrapody, of five feet a Pen686.
Colon.
tapody, of six feet a Hexapody. 2. But trochaic, iambic, and anapaestic rhythms are measured not by single feet but by the dipody hence
;
four feet of such a
rhythm form a Dimeter,
six feet a
Trimeter, and eight feet a Tetrameter.
THE VERSE
687.
The Verse.
verse
is
is
even three
cola ( as a single line.
686), and
composed of one, two, or usually written and printed
may
The last syllable of any verse Syllaba Anceps. be counted as long or short, as the rhythm may demand, without any regard to its actual quantity.
688.
NOTE.
In the metrical schemes given below the existence of the
syllaba anceps is taken for granted.

1.
Hiatus
cf.
42)
2 a).
is
allowed only at the end of a
verse (but
689.
Catalexis.
is
verse in which the last foot
is
in-
complete
short).
said to be Catalectic (tfaraX^/mtfo? stopping verse in which the last foot is complete is
called
1.
A catalectic.
part or the whole of the last arsis is omitted in If the omitted arsis formed the last part of the
catalexis.
STROPHE AND SYSTEM

foot its place
is filled
351
formed the
longing
(
682, 9-10); if it by the pause (A, part of the foot its place is filled by proas 682, 3-4) the thesis of the preceding foot
first
:
|
\v\L^-\ for
690.
.
|
occurs whenever a
Caesura Caesura and Diaeresis. word ends inside a foot.

the end of a
(lit.
cutting) Diaeresis
of
occurs
a foot.
1.
when
word coincides with the end
The
principal caesura or
The Caesura
marks
also a break in the sense,
is one which and which occurs repeat-
edly at a fixed point in the verse.

In antiquated language a caesura in the second foot is NOTE. sometimes called tritkemimercd, because it comes after three half-feet
(TpiO-rjfjiL-fjitpT/js
of three half-portions), a caesura in the third foot

etc.
penthemimeral,
For the Masculine and Feminine Caesuras

note.
see
701,
STROPHE AND SYSTEM

691.
Strophe.
fixed
form
is
group of lyric verses recurring in An Antistrophe is a called a Strophe.

Strophe
corresponding strophe immediately following.

(not metrically corresponding).
692.
and Antistrophe are sometimes followed by an Epode
System.
Verses are sometimes arranged in a
system, in which the syllaba anceps and hiatus are allowed Such a system may be regarded as one only at the end.
long verse.
For examples
see
696
703, 2.
352
TROCHAIC RHYTHMS
RHYTHMS
693.
Rhythms
are
named
(trochaic, iambic, dactylic,

feet.
etc.) from their fundamental
TROCHAIC RHYTHMS
694. Trochaic
(
rhythms are usually measured by dipodies

|
^ I, and they 686, 2) consisting of two trochees z, \j admit the irrational syllable (>, 682, 5) in the second foot of any dipody. Moreover two shorts may be substituted ( 685) for the long syllable of the trochee in any foot except the final foot of the verse.
695.
Trochaic Tetrameter.
The most common
trochaic
rhythm (used by the
line) is the Trochaic Tetrameter catalectic (consisting of two cola, Its scheme 686). according to ( 694) is as follows
:
^^
_A
as:
ts
8'
17
/xets
e<ro/xe0a.
raAAa
1 1
8'
#
dAXa
"Tell
fJLra/3ov\\.v(r6fjLcrOaL. \\TOVTO 8'
ov Xe yovo-' o/uw?
^l
_A
ow
/ca
Xois
me
not in
|
mournful numbers,
# life is but an
empty dream."
682, 6) is usual in
NOTE.
used
the
first
in place of a trochee.
Rarely in proper names a cyclic dactyl (_ ^w, More freedom of substitution colon than in the second.
.
is
I.T. 1232.
E. Or. 152G.
IAMBIC EHYTHMS
696.
353
Trochaic rhythms are also found sometimes in systems ( 692) ending in a catalectic dimeter as
;
Z-\j ravra
/
\j
\j
/u,e
./-
\j
\j
\j
VOW
CÔI/TOS
TToAXo,
For
lyric trochaic
rhythms see
707, 2.
IAMBIC RHYTHMS
(Of.
706, note)
697. Iambic rhythms are usually measured by dipodies w w _ I, and they 686, 2) consisting of two iambi ( admit the irrational syllable (>, 682, 5) in the first foot
|
Moreover, two shorts may be substituted for the long 685) syllable of the iambus in any foot ( final foot of the verse. the except
of
any dipody.
Iambic
Trimeter.
rhythm (used by the line) iambic trimeter of tragedy
The most common iambic the iambic trimeter. The is metrically much more strict
is
than that of comedy, and, although the irrational syllable is frequent, the resolution of the long syllable ( 697) is In comparatively infrequent. comedy, however, not only
are resolutions numerous, but an anapaest (cyclic, 682, 6) may stand in place of the iambus in any foot except the
last,
fifth foot as
and the apparent dactyl (> 6 w) may stand well as in the first and third. The principal caesura usually comes in the third
1
in the
foot.
Ar. Ban. 534-6.
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
23
354
IAMBIC RHYTHMS
of iambic trimeter (showing
all
The scheme
variations)
is
possible
as follows:
DACTYLIC RHYTHMS
admits the same variations as the iambic trimeter
thus
eyu>
355
(
698)
yap
raw
\\/
jtxev
Aoyos
O ' 06
/%
airro
TOUT
w
ev rotcrt
s
</>poi/
_A
r
Ticrraun
s
on
#
"A
1.
votjcra
captain bold
of Halifax,
who
lived in conn try quarters."

|
Iambic rhythms are sometimes found in For lyric iambic rhythms see TOT, 2. 692).
system
DACTYLIC RHYTHMS
700.
dactyl
701.
The fundamental foot of (_ w w), but the spondee (

Dactylic Hexameter.
is
dactylic
)
rhythms
is
the
may
be substituted.
is
The hexameter
the most
which dactylic rhythm. a the last ^ A always dactyl lacking syllable, The fifth foot is usually a dactyl, but may be a 689). ( The spondee, in which case the verse is called Spondaic.
It contains six feet,. of
common
the last
other feet
may
be either dactyls or spondees, but dactyls
predominate.
less often
principal caesura is usually in the third foot, after the thesis in the fourth foot (in which case there is often a corresponding caesura in the second
1.
The
foot).
diaeresis at the
is
Diaeresis)
also very
end of the fourth common.
foot (Bucolic
NOTE.
Masculine and Feminine Caesuras.
A caesura immediately
following the long syllable of the ês/s is called masculine , a caesura between the two short syllables of the arsis is called feminine.
i
Ar. Nub. 1038-9.
356
2.
DACTYLIC RHYTHMS
The scheme
of the dactylic
hexameter
is
as follows
_00|Z.OO|Z.OO|.00|-ÔOI.^.WA
Examples are
a
:
etSe,
rj
Movaa,
os /xaXa
TroXXa
TL7TT
ttVT,
cuyio xoio
At
OS
TKO?
tAry
Xovâs
8'
a KOVO-
a/xa
TOto-t
yv
VTJ
KLV.
avrap 'A
see
For the synizesis of
ea>
in the first
example
19,
note 2
for the
52 a. Observe that the third shortening of JJLOL in the second see fourth shows the bucolic diaeresis. is a and the line, spondaic example
see
For explanations of some other peculiarities of the Homeric verse 2 a; 13 a; 22 a; 36 a; 44 a; 44, 2 a; 53, a, 'b; 54 a.
702.
The Elegiac Distich. The Elegiac distich consists hexameter followed by two catalectic dactylic tripodies (which form the so-called pentameter). The scheme entire is as follows
of a dactylic
:
._
00
JL
^Low
/
Z.OO
^. Z.
\j
vw
#
In the pentameter the end of the first tripody always end of a word, and neither hiatus ( 668, 1) nor Observe also that the syllaba anceps ( 688) is allowed at this point. second tripody does not admit spondees.
NOTE.
coincides with the
1.
The Elegiac
A
distich
is
a favorite metrical form for

It is
3
gnomic and didactic poetry.

1
but once used in the

A
348.
i.
al.
202.
ANAPAESTIC RHYTHMS
extant tragedy, the
follows
:
357
first
two
lines of the passage being as
WW
_i
J_
aiTrei i/a
ov
aAAa nv
..
arav
ayayer
ei?
OaXd
/xov? 'E At
veil/.
ANAPAESTIC RHYTHMS
(Cf.
703.
706, note)
anapaestic rhythms is the anapest (w w Z.), but for this the spondee (__^) or even the dactyl (__ w w) may be substituted. dactyl (or the last
basis of
The
of
two or more dactyls) is regularly followed by a spondee (_ w w ), since a dactyl followed by an anapaest (_ w w w w _) would bring four short syllables together. 1. Anapaestic rhythms are usually measured by dipodies 686, ( 2), and the most common forms are the monometer two (of feet), the dimeter (of four feet), and the dimeter
f
catalectic or Paroemiac.
The schemes W W j. W W
are as follows
(Monometer)
(Dimeter)
Cf. "
And
the olive of peace
sends
||
its
branches abroad."
(Paroemiac)
Cf. "
2.
The Lord
is
advan ||cing.
"
Prepare ye
Anapaestic Systems. Anapaestic rhythms were much used by the dramatists in systems ( 692), a system
1
E. And. 103-104.
358
ANAPAESTIC RHYTHMS
consisting of a series of anapaestic monometers (usually printed as dimeters, with an occasional monometer) endHiatus and the syllaba ing with a paroemiac ( 703, 1).
anceps are allowed only at the end of the system

last syllable of the
(i.e.
the
There is usually a diaerparoemiac). the of each at end monometer. esis ( 690) The following is a short anapaestic system
:
dAAa
<r
Maids
CTTtVotav
TreXacreie
yevratos
Aiyev, Trap*
6/xot
NOTE.
nature)
is
Observe that the

long by position
(
last syllable in the
53),
owing
second line (short by to the following consonants.
704.
ter,
The anapaestic tetrameAnapaestic Tetrameter. of one followed by the dimeter consisting anapaestic
is
paroemiac,
much used by
is
the line in comedy.

:
The scheme
as follows
'
\j \j
Examples are
W \J
rots
dOa.va.Tois
,
rots aiev eovai,
Toi?
rolcrtv
TOI? a<f)6iTa
fir) So/xe'voicrtv.
E. Med. 750-703.
Ar. Aves, 688-689.
LYKIC RHYTHMS
359
For lyric anapaestic rhythms (which usually admit more freedom of substitution) see 709, 2.
LYRIC RHYTHMS
705. Lyric rhythms in general differ from recitative rhythms only in allowing much greater freedom of substiTheir most notable characteristic is the Procrustution. tean habit of frequently employing feet which are either longer or shorter than the fundamental foot of the verse, but which, by an arbitrary shortening or lengthening,
the rhythm (cf. 682, 3-6). Thus, a two morae (_) by being lengthened (i_), w w) of four morae by being shortened (_ ww) is often employed in a rhythm whose fundamental foot is the trochee (_ w) of three morae. Likewise a trochee (_ ^) of three morae may be used in a dactylic (_ w w) rhythm of four morae (as i_ w). But the charare
to
fit
made
long syllable of or a dactyl (_
acter of the
rhythm may always be determined by the

foot.
preponderance of the fundamental

706.
Anacrusis.
In the lyric rhythms each line does
not always begin with a complete foot. The extra syllable (or syllables) at the beginning of such a line has
received the
1.
name
of anacrusis (avd/cpovcri?
upward
beat).
The anacrusis must not be greater than the arsis. Hence we may have w or > or as the anacrusis of a logaoedic verse ( 707, 1) and w w, or _, or w, as the ana-
crusis of a dactylo-epitritic verse (
709).
Anacrusis
NOTE.
the ictus
is
indicated by
writers on meter recognize only those feet in which on the first part of the foot (i.e. trochees, dactyls, etc.). w _) is regarded as a catalectic By this theory an iambic verse (w trochaic with anacrusis (w w A), an anapaestic verse as a
falls
Some
_
|
360
LYRIC RHYTHMS
rhythms
But the ancients recognized catalectic dactylic with anacrusis, etc. in which the ictus falls on the second part of the foot, as well
as the other kind, and such rhythms are often constructed on a different principle from the others. Hence it seems best to limit anacrusis to the strictly lyric rhythms, where the great variety and complexity
of the verses
demand
is
although
ancients.
it
the adoption of some simple w orking hypothesis, not certain that such rhythms were so treated by the
r
LYRIC RHYTHMS IN 4 TIME o

707.
is
The fundamental
foot of lyric
rhythm
in | time
the trochee
(_ w), but in place of the trochee

(w w w),
may
be
substituted the tribrach
the irrational trochee
682, 6), or the (_ >, 682, 5), the cyclic dactyl (_ The triseme (L_, are found before 682, 3). cyclic dactyls or between trochees, but trochees are not found between
,
( 706) is frequent. Logaoedic Rhythms. Rhythms in | time containing both trochees and (cyclic) dactyls have received the name
1.
dactyls in the same verse.
Anacrusis
of Logaoedic (Xcfyo? speech, prose, aoi$ij song} 2. Occasionally lyric verses in f time are found without
.
cyclic dactyls or trisemes, and such verses by themselves might be explained as lyric trochaic, or (if they have anabut 706, note) as lyric iambic rhythms crusis, cf.
;
since such verses are seldom found except in connection with other, logaoedic, verses, it is better to treat them all
under one general head.

NOTE
freedom.
1.
" Basis."
It
The
first
may be
a trochee
(_/_
foot of a logaoedic verse allows great w), a tribrach (w w w), an irra-
tional trochee (Z.
>), or even an apparent iambus (6 _) or anapaest For an example see 708, 6. NOTE 2. Logaoedic Rhythms are measured by the single foot. Some of them have acquired special names, which, however, are not
(6w
>).
particularly important, for a verse can always be described as a dipody, tripody, etc., according to the number of feet it contains.
LYRIC RHYTHMS IN f TIME

708.
It follows
361
from 707 that the lyric rhythms in | Some examples of have may great variety of form. it be remembered are but must verses given below, single that these verses are thus severed from their connection in strophes of which they are an integral part.
time
1.
DIPODY (LOGAOEDIC)
<3
TOV *A
<Wiv
(Adonic)
2.
TRIPODIES
:
Trochaic tripody (with resolved foot)

I
\pii)^
a\Kov<rrj
(
Trochaic tripody with anacrusis

TA.O5 Od
706)
l/Ol/Xt
KO.VTOS
Trochaic tripody catalectic, with anacrusis (" Iambic," see

TI TuivS
707, 2)
a vev
KO. KCOI/
Trochaic tripody catalectic, with anacrusis, containing a triseme

(
682, 3)
Â
M
:
Logaoedic tripodies
fivpo-QTolvov Kv\K\(t)fj.a
\j\
rj
(First Pherecratean)
f\
6
<f>i\\(*)v
(First Pherecratean catalectic)
^w
drav 7
(Second Pherecratean)
catalectic,
Logaoedic tripody (containing two dactyls)

crusis
:
with ana-
~>
7ru)s
1
/
if.
ow
poiv Trora
5
S. 4;. 626.
2 S.
4f. 390.
Aesch. Ag. 211. Aesch. ^cpc, 901.
E. Bacchae, 123. E. Med. 847.
S. 4;. 643.
E.
J/ert. 846.
362
LYRIC RHYTHMS
(
Logaoedic tripodies containing a triseme

.
682, 3)
v~
-/
01-
A
A
|
KttKttV
The last example might be scanned as a dipody (Adonic \^w is determined by the character strophe in which they stand.
but the scansion of such lines
3.
w),
of the
TETRAPODIES
of
The following will serve as examples although many more varieties are found
:
tetrapodies,
Zw
/3ais
./
ei
LYRIC RHYTHMS IN | TIME

5.
363
HEXAPODIES
ouri
ots
yap
/-
:i/
So'/aos
rds
>
Tret
ou8ev
6.
eAXet
yeve a? tin
e/OTTOJ/.
Some
:
verses contain more than one colon.
Examples
are
(EUPOLIDEAN)
01
KdT
pOJ
os v /xas e Trpos
OVTd)
364
LYRIC RHYTHMS
121
arv
8', <3
TaXav,
TV pa
KTiv
ov
(0?
/3to|ra
Tr/aoa-ayeis
dAo â) re
^W
1
1
-C
<ra
v,
OTvyepov
Oa.va.rov.
o-ov Trap 01
34.4.43 +
DACTYLO-EPITRITIC RHYTHMS (f TIME)

709.
The fundamental
is
foot
of
the
dactylo-epitritic
rhythm
(
(_ w w) or its equivalent spondee ), occurring commonly in groups of two dactyls and The lengthened trochee spondee (_ w w _ \j \j )
the dactyl
.
also found, followed always by a spondee, the two together forming the so-called Epitrite (i_ w ). Either of these two combinations may be catalectic ( 689),
(L_ w,
682, 3)
is
and anacrusis ( 706) is frequent. Occasionally the tetraseme (i_i 682, 4), occupying the time of a whole foot, is
,
found.
An
example of
Aveo
this
rhythm
ic
-L-
is
TTora
.!
fj.a)v
poiv
\J
^w
\j
TTO.
iryat,
WW
\IV
_
rat/
KOI 8l
KO. KO.I
TTQVra.
1. Other lyric dactylic rhythms are occasionally found, but they require no further explanation than has already been given.
Lyric anapaests also sometimes occur, but they may be explained as dactylic verses with anacrusis (see 706, note).
2.
1
E. Med. 990-5.
E.
Med. 410-11.
OTHER RHYTHMS
IN |
AND
f TIME
365
OTHER RHYTHMS
710.
IN f AND f TIME The fundamental foot Chor iambic Rhythms.

is
of
choriambic rhythms
the choriambus
(./.
Such
Jl_WW
1
rhythms are
/_
rare.
An
example
rapda
is
w
ow,
Seij/a
J_
\J
\J
Sava.
era cro<6s ol\<avoOTa.<;.
Ionic rhythms have the ionic Rhythms. W w) as their fundamental foot, for which occasion( Such rhythms are regually L_J w w ( 682, 4) is found. larly catalectic ( 689) with anacrusis ( 706), and by some
711.
Ionic
they are explained as ionic a minore (see
706 note).
An
example
is
ww
OT/OCXTOS
_
eis
a.vriiro\pov
yctroi/a
JL
_A
NOTE.
lable of
Anaclasis.
any foot
may
:
breaking up)
The last long syllable and the first short sylbe transposed. This is called anaclasis (dvathus
'
i8tot?
vo/xots
'
I
Kpa TVVWV
(instead of
\^y
^
y^,/
,
j
^- A)-
tions of tragedy,
In some of the lyric porDochmiac Rhythms. where great excitement is expressed, a peculiar but unmistakable rhythm, called dochmiac, is
712.
The exact nature of this is very uncertain, but it is based on a dipody w Z. _ w ^, which is thought to have a broken rhythm, with alternating | and | time.
often found.
1
S.
O.T. 484.
3 4
Aesch. Persians,
Aesch. Pr. 403.
71.
Aesch. Persians, 65-6.
366
OTHER RHYTHMS
IN f
(
AND
f TIME
It allows the irrational
long
682, 5) in place of either
also freely resolves any one syllables, Hence many of the three long syllables into two shorts.
of the
two short
are
and
variations
possible,
but only nineteen are actually
found, and some of these very seldom. the most common forms
:
The following
are
WWW _ w __
2
WW
\J
>
<3
w_ > ^
(XTTO
ww w w
Dochmiacs are often found

E. Mcd. 1258-60.
in systems
692).
good example
is
713.
Bacchlac Rhythms.
Bacchiac Rhythms (based on
the bacchms, w _/. _) are seldom found except in connection with other rhythms (usually dochmiac). An example
is
in Aesch. Pr. 115.

714.
Cretic
Rhythms.
(_/_
Cretic
occur with the cretic
w _)
as the
Z.
rhythms occasionally fundamental foot,
which may be resolved

or
685) into
w w w
is
(first
paeon)
6 w w
(second paeon).
OCTT19
/XO>V
An
example
_:_
w ww
7
T)
E. I.T. 872. E. /.r. 643.
E. I.T. 830.
5
6
E. I.T. 829.
E. I.T. 291.
Ar. Adi. 835.
E.
/.
T. 650.
APPENDIX B
TABLE OF VOWEL CONTRACTIONS
715.
a
a a a a
a
+ + + +
a
at
= = =
a
18, 2)
e e
e
??
at(
(
(
19; 88)
19)
18, 6)
(
(
a
e 5
(
=a
a
4- r)
et (apparent) = a = a (18, 6,
(real)
19)
r;
+v +w + a> + 01 +e
"*"
= = =
-
cv (
a> a>
18, 1)
(18,
4)
(19)
(
y ^
19)
18, 2)
19)
rj,
(real)
rarely
(apparent)
77
i
= =
g
rj
( (
19)
19)
170, 2)
a
a
rj
= = = = =
a
at
19, rarely 3,
170,
2)
+i =0 (18,1) +t = I ( 18, 2) + a = w ( 18, 4,
rarely
a,
+ a + a + a +
a a
e
4-
(18,1)
(
H,
o
1)
a
eo a>
18, 1)
ov
18, 5)
o
ot
18, 4)
5
|
co (
a (real)
(apparent)
19)
= =
2
;
ot
(19,2)
(
ov
19, 2)
ov (apparent)
a>
19)
o
o
+ + +
1
a
at
;
=w =
77
18, 4)
18, 6,
+ + +
rj
77
= =
=
CD
(
(
18, 4)
ot
19,
rarely
o>,
sometimes
a,
170, 2)
91,1; 106,2; 118,1; 120,3)

c
ot
(
(
18, 1)
18, 3)
=
or
y
,
19, rarely at,
118,
o+o = ov
o o
170, note 3)
+ot =ot
( (
19,1)
19)
18, 2)
e e e
^
e
e e
= et ( 18, 3) =a 19) = ( 18, 2) + = ( 19) + +t = a (18,1; + o =ov( 18, 5) + ot = ot ( 19, 1) + ov = ov ( 19) + +

e
et
rj
o
o
+ ov = + o> =
ov
co
r)
+co =co
(19)
(
1?
v
cf.
6,
3)
to
+i =v + a =a>
e
t
211, 2 a)
18, 4)
18, 4)
o)+
w + co +
367
=w = co = co
(
(
18, 1)
18, 2)
APPENDIX
THE PRONUNCIATION OF GREEK PROPER NAMES IN ENGLISH

Nearly all Greek proper names came into the English language through the medium of Latin. Hence the following rule for pronouncing such names Write the Grreek name in the equivalent Latin letters 1 1) and pronounce as an English word with Latin (see
716.
:
accent.
NOTE.
Gk.
cu
et
In addition to the equivalents given in

:
1,
the following
should be mentioned
Lat.
Gk.
Lat.
Gk.
Lat.
ot
= = =
ae (ai)
I
ev
(or e)
ov
= =
eu
Final
-os,
-ov
)
\_
u
(
of 2d decl.,
11, 1)
>
)
oe (oi)
y nasal
Final
:
with
rough
av
au
-01
_ ~
-i
breathing (p)
Examples are Atyu/a = Ae-gl'-na = A-the'-ne Botam'd = Boe-o'-ti-a Budimov = By-zari -ti-um
Adpeto?
i
=
Mi A^ros =
v
Thu-cyd'-i-des
Mi-le'-tus
= = =
O-dys'-seus
Xen'-o-phon
Ti-mo'-lJie-us
Da-rl'-us
=
Tl/xoêo?
Sphinx
Cha'-ron
Del' -phi
=
=
1
Di-os-cu'-ri
Xapcov
Eu-ro'-tas
See Bennett and Bristol, The Teaching of Latin and Greek, pp. 237-9. 368
APPENDIX D
SOME ADDITIONAL GRAMMATICAL TERMS
717.
The
following grammatical terms are

editors.
still
occa-
sionally
selves,
1.
employed by
Most
of
them explain themis
but for completeness they are here catalogued.
Anacoluthon occurs when the construction of a sentence

:
changed from that with which it began as Kal SiaAeyo/xevos avrw, this man cSoê fjiOL OVTOS 6 avrjp etvai <TO<OS and conversing with him, seemed to me (instead of " I thought him ") to be wise PL Ap. 21 c. 2. Aphaeresis. If the second of two words between which synizesis ( 43, note 2) takes place begins with e-, some editors regard the c as elided, and so indicate it as 'yw for /xr? eyoi. 3. Asyndeton is the omission of conjunctions between connected a language in words or phrases. It is comparatively rare in Greek, which conjunctions were very numerous. 4. Brachylogy (brief expression) makes one word do double duty
:
as KOJJUU Xapireo-crti/ 6/xotat hair like (the hair of) the Graces P 51. coTrAioyxevot rjo-av rots aurot? Kvpa> oTrAois they were armed with the same
weapons as (those of) Cyrus Xn. Cy. 7, 1, 2. 5. Chiasmus (from the letter ^) inverts the
order of the second pair of two pairs of words as pcunXris r lyoBte Kparepo's al r^ a
:
Pa
cvsraya.
goodly Icing and warrior bold T 179. 6. Ellipsis (lack) is the omission of words which would be requisite for a full logical expression of the thought. good example is
XM
w(T7rep a.v et just as (one would do) tical expressions are mentioned in
if,
etc.
Other examples of
ellip-
439, note 2;
615; 616; 625,
note.
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
24
369
370
7.

Hendiadys (one through
:
two') is
the use of two coordinate words
to express what might have been expressed by one word and an attributive as Kpdrr] KOL OpovoL power and throne (i.e. throne of power) S. Ant. 173.
8. Hypallage (interchange} gives to the less important of two words the construction appropriate to the more important as 6&vvy<n TreXaav to bring him upon troubles (instead of 'bring troubles upon him ')
:
E776.
9. Hyperbaton (overstepping} is a transposition (for the sake of emphasis) of the natural order of words: as Trap OVK etfe'Awv e#e
Xovcrr) unwilling by her willing side 2 155. 10. Hypotaxis (opposed to parataxis) is the subordination of one
594, 1 note). 'putting the cart before the horse': as ei/ActTa T' a/Ji<f>U(Td(Ta. $u(o8ea KCU Aoeadcra having clothed him in fragrant garments and given him a bath e 264. 12. Litfltes (plainness) and Meiosis (lessening) are forms of under(cf.
is
construction to another
11.
Hysteron proteron
statement
13.
as ou TroAAoi not
Metonymy
it
another which
soldiers, or
14.
= oAtyot a few). the use of one word in place of (change of name} as do-Trts fjivpLO. ten thousand shield (i.e. suggests
many
(i.e.
is
men with
shields)
Xn. A.
1, 7, 10.
a combination of apparently Oxymoron (keen foolishness) thus contradictory terms such as 'painful pleasure or living death
is
' '
'
i//ev(ra/xevov TTIOTOI/
ycveaOai
to be believed
for
is
15.
Parataxis (opposed to hypotaxis)

594, 1 note).
is
3, 43. falsehood the use of coordinate con-
his
Th.
structions (cf.
16.
Paronomasia
veo-rrjaav /xaAAov ^ rebelled Th. 3, 39.

17.
a play on words of similar sound: as aTTârrjo-av they have revolted rather
7ra-
than
Pleonasm
.
. .
is
TO) TraTTTTO),
father I shall
try,
unnecessary fullness of expression as Trapacro/xai iTTTrevs, crv/x/juxêtv avra) to my granda very good horseman, to be an ally to him Xn. by being
:
KpaTicrros a>v
Cy.
1,
3,
15.
Other examples are mentioned in
434; 601 note;
657, note 2.
by
Prolepsis (anticipation} is properly the use of an adjective which meaning anticipates the action of the verb as StKcuW dSiVovs Operas TrapacrTras you lead astray the unjust minds of righteous men, i.e.
18.
its
:
" so that they
become unjust " S. Ant. 791. More commonly prolepsis is used of the position
of a substantive or
3J1
a pronoun, which is transferred (usually with a change of case) from a (later) subordinate clause to an (earlier) principal clause as rJSee
:
yap how
Kara. OV/JLQV
his brother
aSeAêov
was
rjBu
cos
CTTOVCITO for he
knew
in his heart full well
"
toiling (lit.
knew
his brother
how he was
toil-
ing")
19.
409.
avrov on
21.
is
/xe'croj/
eôi he
knew
that he
commanded
the center
Xn. A.
1, 8,
Zeugma (yoking}
:
the forcing of one verb to do the duty of

/jLop<j>r)v
two
as oure (fxDvyv ovre TOV shall not (hear) the voice or see the form of Pr. 21.
(dissimilar) verbs
/?/OOTOJV cw^ry
you
any mortal man Aesch.
APPENDIX E
WEIGHTS, MEASURES, AND TIME
718.
LINEAR MEASURE
EQUIVALENT
(finger breadth)
4 3 TroAatarat
(palm)
(span)
TTOVS (foot)
7rfjx
v<>
(cubit)
4 TTêis (or 6
opyvid (fathom)
= almost | inch = 2.9+ inches = 8.73 inches = 11.65 inches = 17.46 inches = 5 feet, 10 inches
97+
feet
16$ opyvuu (or 100 TrdSes)
= =
irXiOpov (plethrum)=
1 o-raStov (stade)
=
=
582 + feet
1
9 o-rdStoi
mile
7 feet)
30 oraStoi
1 Trapao-ayyr;?
(para-
sang)
3| miles
719.
SQUARE MEASURE
small areas by the square foot, aud by the square plethrum ( = 10,000 97+ x 97+ = 9412 sq. feet, or a little
The Greeks measured

larger areas (like land)
square Tro'Se?, i.e. over one-fifth of an acre).

720.
LIQUID MEASURE
U. 1
S.
LIQUID MEASURE
6â<^>ov
xovs
ci/x<opis
/xeTpr/Tijs
4 6v/3a<f>3, 12 KorvXai
12 xoes
= = =
1 KorvXr)
1 1
= =
=
0.144+ pint
0.578 pint 3.468 quarts
10.4
gallons
372
WEIGHTS AND MONEY

721.
373
DRY MEASURE
U. S.
1
DRY MEASURE
pint
Kva0os
6 KvaOot
=
-
1 Korv\.rj
1
4 KorvXai 4 x<>tnK9
2 T7/XiKTtt 6 eKTts
xoiw
= = =
.08
| (0.49
1 (0.99
= = =
1 jjfMitKTov 1
KTVS
1 /AC&/XI/OS
= =
i 1 (0.99-f )
+ ) pint + ) quart (0.49 + ) peck

peck
bushels
1^ (1.49
+)
Both the liquid and the dry KorvXr) had the same value, NOTE. but the difference between liquid and dry measure in the United
States causes the apparent difference in the tables.
WEIGHTS AND MONEY

722.
The
tables of
identical, coins being
of silver (or
Greek weights and of money are named and valued by the weight ^he standards, gold) that they contained,
however, were considerably different in different parts of

Greece.
In Attica two standards were in use, corresponding to The former constitutes the basis of the Attic coinage, and it was used also The second was in weighing precious metals, drugs, etc. used in ordinary commercial transactions. The approximate values of these were as follows
our Troy and Avoirdupois weights.
:
723.
TABLE OF WEIGHTS
ATTIC
1 0/SoA.O?
COMMERCIAL OR AEGINETAN
?o oz
oz.
-
ô OZ.
6 o/?oAoi'
= 100 Spax/W = 60 /xvat
1
1
Spa-XM
/xva
TU
7 "
= ToXavrov =
15.4+
58
Ibs.
1 Ib. 6| oz.
83
Ibs.
374
WEIGHTS AND MONEY
724.
TABLE OF ATTIC MONEY

VALUE
8 xaA.Kot (copper)
6 6(3oXoL
IN U.S.
.03
MONEY
100 Spax/Acu
= = =
1 6(3o\6s (obol)
1 SpaXf^rj
1 /xva
(drachma)
.18
(mina) 1 raXavrov (talent)
18.00
1080.00
These values are only approximate, and are determined The (in gold) of the weight of the silver in the coins. present great depreciation in the value of silver is not considered, but The purchasing power of it is reckoned as being to gold as 16 1. than Cf. Xn. A. 1, in at much was present. antiquity greater money
NOTE.
by the value
3, 21,
where the pay of the soldiers (already very high) 4 obols ($0.12) to a drachma ($0.18) a day.
1.
is
raised
from
The Attic
coins (with the exception of the
which was of copper) were made of unalloyed silver, and ran from the 4 obol to the four-drachma piece (rerpd^pa^-
The daric (Sapet/eo?), a Persian gold coin containing about 125.5 grains of gold, circulated at the value of 20 drachmae. The Cyzicene stater (of electrum, a mixpov).
ture of gold and silver) was regarded as equivalent to
28 drachmae.
GREEK CHRONOLOGY
725. The Era. Any particular year was known at Athens by the name of the Archon Eponymus (and in other places by the name of some other important civil or
religious official).
Later came the general practice of numbering the years by Olympiads (periods of four years each), the first year of the first Olympiad (Ol. 1, 1) beginning in the middle
of the
summer
of 776 B.C.
GREEK CHRONOLOGY
NOTE.
01.
[
375
and
the second half in B.C. 775

1,1
|
Observe that the first half of Ol. thus

:
|
1,
1 falls in B.C. 776,
1,2
|
1,3
|
1,4
|
B.C.
|
776
775
774
773
772
2,1 [2,2 2,3 771 770

| \
rule for changing Olympiads into years B.C. the number of the Olympiad by multiply The remainder, 4, and subtract the product from 780.
1.
:
Hence the following
will
be the year B.C. in which the
first
year of that
Olympiad began. 726. The Year.

and winter
Besides the ordinary divisions of the
year into spring (^>),

(jêt/ucoz'),
summer
(0e/oo?),
autumn
(o7ra>/od),
the year was divided into twelve months, containing alternately 30 (pfjves TrX^joet?) and 29 But such a year ((6 x 30) + (yurê? /coZXot) days each.
354) had only 354 days, and hence was roughly too short. In eight years (8xll^ = 90) the 11^ days difference would amount to 90 days, or three months of 30 days each. So in every cycle of eight years (eVêaer?/(6 x 29)
p<f<?)
an extra month of 30 days (Tloo-îSecov Seure/?o?) was inserted in the 3d, 5th, and 8th year, thus making those The slight error remaining years to contain 384 days.
was variously equated.
mer
in Attica began theoretically with the sum(June 21), although actually it varied from The the middle of June to the first week in August. months followed one another in the following order
1.
The year
solstice
1.
'EKaro/x/fcueov (about July)
7.
8. 9.
2.
3.
MerayeiTviwi/ (August)
Bo^Spo/xiwv (September)
Hvavoif/iwv (October)
WaL/jLaKTrjpnav
IIoo-(e)tSe<joi'
b.
4.
5. 6.
10.
11. 12.
January) 'Av$(m7pi(ov (February) 'EX.a<j>r)(3o\L<i)v (March) Movvixiwv (April)

Fa/xT/Xtwv (about
(November) (December)
apyÂion/
(May)
(June)
~2<Kipo<f>opiwv
(6
IIo(7()i8e(ov Sevrepos, in leap
years only)
376
NOTE.
GREEK CHRONOLOGY
The names
of the Attic
months
:
in their order
may
be
readily recalled by the following nonsense Hector Met a Boy with a " ns wered with A^laugh "Money, T%ere, Poor Gamin!" Pie.
"
My
Skip
727.
The Month.
:
The days
of the
month were usually
reckoned as follows
I.
vovfjirjvia.
2-10.
II.
Sevrepd
1 (rptriy, etc.
152) cora/Aevov,
S^KOLTTJ tcrra/xe'vov.
fv8f.KO.Tr)-
12. SeooWTTj. 13-19. TpiTrj (etc.

20.
ei/cas,
21.
152) CTTI Sera cran; or SeKany Trporepa. SeKar>7 <0iVovros or SeKarrj v<rrepa.
1 eVaTT? (078077, etc.
rt
Sera.
22-29.
30.
152) <0iVoi/ros
Sevre'pa <j>OivovTO<>.
ei^ Kat vea. In the months of 29 days the Sevrepd <f>6wovTo<;
was omitted.
NOTE.
Later the days 22-29 were also designated as Sevrepa
(TpiY?7, etc.) /ACT' ei/caSas.
The Day. The Greeks had no accurate divisions day (which was reckoned from sunrise to sunset), but employed the usual rough divisions of morning (TT/OWI"), mid-day (ê<777/^pia), and afternoon (oVX?;). Other desig728. of the
nations such as
the time the
0/00/00?
daivn^ Trepl jr\r)0ov(7av ayopav about

r
market place'
is
crowded (10 or 11 o'clock),
also used. Trepl dpicrTov about lunch time, etc., were The early part of the night was called eo-Trepd evening,
and midnight was pecry vv%. For measuring a definite lapse
of time (as in the
law
courts) the water clock (/cAe-ûS/oa) was employed.

In Attica rer/xis was
commonly employed
instead of rerdpTt] fourth.
APPENDIX F
729.
LIST OF VERBS
Ionic and poetic forms at the
[Attic principal parts in full-faced type.
bottom of the page.]

In the following list, as a rule, only those tenses are given which actually occur in the works of the classical writers which have been preserved, but there is good reason to believe that, in most verbs, the other tenses, not listed
here, were also in use but, by chance, no instance of such use happens to survive. Nor is it at all certain that some of the verbs classed as poetic or
;
Ionic
may
sarily arbitrary,
not have been used also in prose. Such a classification and it is made only for convenience.
195, 3) adorn, fut. d-yaXw, 1st aor. i)yi|Xa.
is
neces-
d-ydXXw (dyaA-,
admire, aor.
(dyyeA-,
peri. T]YY ^ Ka
d-yefpw (dyep-,
a-y-vv-ju (
>
158, 3), vbl. d-ycurrds ( 189). i\â.a-Qi\v ( 195, 3) announce, fut. dyycXw, 1st aor. rjyyciXa, 1st
perf. mid. TJ-yyeXiicu, 1st aor. pass. TJyyeXO-nv. 195, 4, cf. dyopa) collect, 1st aor. tfyeipa.
2 a) break (in composition 196, 5, theme dy-, for /ray-, also d Y vv), fut. (Kar)da>, 1st aor. (Kar)4oga ( 172, 2), 2d pf. 172, 2). ( (Kar)â ( 180; 494, 3), 2d aor. pass. (/car)a 515, 1), 2d aor. tfra-yov ( 208, 1), (cf. ( 193) lead, fut. a
2d
perf. rjx a (
219, 1), perf. mid.
-HYU^
1 st aor. pass. f{\9r\v, vbl.
[d(w] harm, infatuate (da-), epic and poetic only, 1st aor.
1st aor. pass. dd<T0r}v.
a.ya.fj.a.1,
8.0.00,
aud
epic fut.
ayd(r(<r}ofj.a.i,
dydo(j.ai (epic)
&ya/j.ai.
Homer
epic 1st aor. 'fjya<r(<r)dfj.'rjv. has also dycu'o/wu envy.

pi.
dydpu,
Homer
has 2d aor. 3d sing, tfypero (Mss. eypero), 3d
(Mss. dytpovro}, infin. dypfodcu (Mss. dy^peo-ât), partic. dyp6/j.evos ( 208), plpf. mid. 3d pi. dyyytpaTo ( 226 a), 1st aor. pass,
For dyeptdovrai (Mss. ^7-) and

&yu,
rjyeptdovTo, see
191
a.
Homer
has 1st aor. impv.
fiêre, infin. d^/xej/cu.
See
201 b.
377
378
LIST OF VERBS
[729
and poetic forms at the
[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic bottom of the page.]

d^wvCtojjiai (
fiai (
292, 6) contend (middle deponent, 158, 3), fut. a-ywviov215), 1st aor. Try ci>vt<r 'K' 1l v pevf. Tpywvi(r|j.cu, vbl. d ya>vi<rTos.
i
>
a8-
(aS-,
TJ'<T0T]V,
193)
sing, fut. acrojiai (
507), 1st aor.
Vfo-a,
1st aor. pass.
Vbl. 00-T60S.
alSov|A<u (-eo/xai) (cuSeo--,

o-0TJ<ro[i(u
(see
188) fear, respect, fut. alSeVojiai 519, note 2), aor. TJ8o-0T)v (less often
and
al8e-
r/Seo-a/xî/,
158, 3), perf. tfSco-nai. atonal ( 292, 6 middle deponent,

;
(215),
atvw
(-e-o),
aor.
flKi<rd|ii]v,
perf.
gKio-fjiai,
158, 3) outrage, fut. alKiov(xai 1st aor. pass. TJK(o-0iiv (510).
fut.
188) praise (usually in composition), fut. alveVco, and also mid. -alve'o-ojiai ( 507), 1st aor. -gvco-a, perf. -Tj'veica, perf. pass.
188, 1), 1st aor. pass. TJV^TIV, vbl. atvere'os. 193) take (mid. choose}, fut.
TJVTJIXCU (
alpw (-0)) (aipe-,
alpV
187), aor.
eA.-,
>
supplied
164) by 2d aor. elXov
172, 2,
from stem
mid. npTHJLat
subj.
IAo), opt. IAoi/xt, etc.), 1st perf. T]pT]Ka, perf.
1 st a r.
pass.
al'pw
TJp^v
188, 1), vbl. alper&s
188, 1).
(for *ap-iw (ap-)
195, 4) raise, fut.

apat/xt, etc.), perf.
apw
213), 1st aor. T|pa
(subj.
apw, opt.
196, 2,
-^pKa,
perf.
mid.
npjiai,
1st
aor. pass. IjpOiiv (fut. pass. ap0TJ<ro(iai), vbl. dprt'os.

ato-0-dv-ojxai (
theme
2d
aio-0-) perceive
^'<r06|it]v,
(middle deponent,
TJ'O-OTJUCU.
158,
3), fut. alo-0TJ<ro[iai,
aor.
perf.
alo-xvvw
292, 9; 195, 4, theme cuo-;(w) disgrace (mid. feel ( ashamed), fut. aUrxww, 1st aor. ff<rxvva (perf. mid. partic. epic
r/cr^v/AjueVos), 1st aor. pass. Tj<rxvv0iiv, vbl. alo-x^vreos.
alTia>p,<u
(-ao/xat,
(
193) blame, fut. atrido-oâi, etc.

158, 3) regular.
187), middle
deponent
[root d5e-] be sated, epic aor. opt. a5ij<me, pf. partic. ^5w, Ionic and poetic det'Sw. [root de-], 1st aor. (epic) deva and a<ra slept.
d&jw, see
&-TJ-/J.I
aij^di).
193; theme de-, d??-) blow (poetic, mostly epic), pres. 3d dual ArjTov ( 200 a), 3d pi. de?o-t ( 200 b), impf. 3d sing. &T), infin.
(
and d^ât
(
200 a), partic. dêi/os
200 a), partic. det's (-e^ros), impf. 200 a). (
rnid.
3d
sing.
afpw, Ionic
and poetic
defyw, 1st aor. Tjeipa, 1st aor. pass.
-?}{p9r)v,
plpf.
mid.
3d
ai/)tD,
sing, dw/oro (or SO/JTO).

pf. dp-aip-rjKa,
Herodotus has 1st

(Ionic
and
pf.
mid. ap-aiprjuai
eTr-iJicrcu
179).
and
poetic), impf.
dl'ov,
1st aor.
729]
LIST OF VERBS
and poetic forms
379
at the

(-eo/tai,
188,
theme cUea-)
(
heal (middle deponent,
158, 3),
aor.
(
T]Kcrd(j.T]v.
vbl. duco-ros
189).
193) hear, fut. mid. aKovoro|iai

(
perf. dic/JKoa
(
179; for *a.KrJKopa, 193)

listen,
507), 1st aor. TJKOVO-CL, 2d ( 21), 1st aor. pass. TjKovo-0t]v
189), vbls. dKovo-ros, -T'OS.

(-ao/xai,
fut. aKpoacrofiai (
187),
etc.,
middle
deponent ( dXaXdo> ( 195,

(
158, 3) regular. 2, dA.aA.ay-) raise the war-cry, fut. dXaXdop.ai (
507),
1st aor. T|XdXaa.
193, 2;
theme dA<-, dAi<-,

perf. d\^Xi<j>a
(
14, 2) anoint, fut. dXetyw,
1st aor.
-n\uK 2d
179,
219, note 2), perf. mid.

vbl. dXeiirr&s.
dX^XifijAcu (
(
247), 1st aor. pass.
T|XC<j>0T]v,
193; theme dAef,
dAe/<-, dAic-,
14, 1) fut.
dXôât, 1st aor.
roll,
1st aor. -qXura, 1st perf. rjXiKa, perf. pass. part. T|Xiv8Ti-
lUvot (
dX-Co-KO|xat
(
190).
197,
fut. dXwcroiJLai,
172, 2, subj. aAoi, etc., 256), 1st perf. ea opt. dXoirjv, etc., inf. dXwvat, partic. aAovs, or rjXwKa, vbl. dXwros.
iiXwv
(
theme a'A-, a'Ao-) 2d aor. toXwv or
be taken
(used as pass, of
aipo>),
distress.
292, 6; reduplicated ( 179 a) theme from root d*-) pain, Other presents of similar meaning from the same root are
dx-e^w, dx-^w, &X-O/-UH, &x-w-/j.ai be distressed.
All other tenses are

;
formed from the theme

(
d/cax- or d/caxe-
190)
thus fut.
519 a), 1st aor. (rare) dxax^cra, 2d aor. Tj/caxoy, pf. mid. be distressed ( 535, doubtful is dKrix^S-arai 3d pi.), partic. as adj.
distressed.
(Doubtful
is
dn7x^tevos O
(epic pf. partic.
from root
dx-) sharpened.
&\8alvw and dX5di/a> nourish (poetic only), impf. (or 2d aor. ?) tfXdavov. d\e'|oj, Ionic and poetic are fut. dXe^trw and d\etf<TOfj.ai, 1st aor. ^Xe'âa,
epic 2d aor. &\O.\KOI>
1st aor. d\evd/j.rjv
,
208).
d\evo/j.at. and and dXed^j/ (
(poetic), mostly in mid.

(
dXô/xai
21) avoid,
207, note 1)
21).
see 6fXw.
&\do/j.ai
be healed (Ionic and poetic), fut. dX^cro/icu ( 190). d\ia Ko/jiai, Epic 2d aor. subj. dXww, dXw7?s, etc. 195, 4) sm (poetic, mostly epic), 2d aor. d\iT-alvo(j.ai ( 196, 2
;
T/XITOJ',
pf. partic. d\irri[j.fvos (
190).
380
LIST OF VERBS
and poetic forms
729
at the
dXXdrTtt
195, note 2;
dXXay-) change,
219, 1),
fut.
dXXda>, 1st aor. ijXXoga,

tiXXa-yjiai,
2d
aXXo|A<u
perf.
-fjXXaxa
perf. mid.
aorists pass.
T|XXdx0Tiv (1st)
(
195, 3,
and TjXXd-yTiv (2d), vbl. dXXaKre'os. theme ciA.-) leap, fut. dXovficu. 1st aor.
T|X6Tjora, perf.
(
T|\d|U|v (
204).
dXoui (-da),
dXai
(-ea>,
193) thrash, 1st aor.
mid.
r)X6r|pai.
pf.
188) grind, fut. dX mid. dAijAe(o-)/xai ( 179).

196, 2;
(
212, 1), 1st
aor. ijXco-a (
188),
dâprdvci) (
erofiai
theme dpapr- and
a/xapre-,
190)
err, fut. dp.apTTJ-
507), 2d aor. -qjiaprov, 1st perf.
i\\ia.pri\Ko.,
perf.
mid.
f]|AapTTi}iai,
1st aor. pass. Tj|xapT^6T]v, vbls. -a|i,dpTT]Tos,
-re'os.
djipX-to-Kw (
197, a.p~j3\-
and
ap.j3\o-) miscarry, 1st aor.
-^npX<ra, 1st
clothe, like
perf. -^jupXwica, perf.
mid. nfxpXwp.ai [1st aor. pass.
rftJLftXMjv, late].
d
*
djjnr-t<rxw (d/x^>t
+ lô),
40)
/mi'e about,
pn1 about,
and
but for the augment (^Treixo^v) see 195, 4; O./JLVV-) ward q^(mid. defend, 506), fut.
l'o-x, q.v.,
175, note.
d}tvva>,
1st
aor. tjnvva, vbl. djivvreos.

(
dfi4>i-yvoaJ
For
rjp.vva.6ov see
191
a.
195, 1
(-ea>,
d/xv^-) scratch, fut. djivgco, 1st aor. TJp.va.
193) doubt, regular, but impf. ^/xêyvdovv

(
175,
note), 1st aor. TUJKê-yvo-riora d|j.()>ivvv|ii clothe, see CVVV/AI.

d|jt<|>i<rpTiTw (-COD,
175, note).
193) dispute, regular, but impf. rjêo-ftiJTovv

t|fi<|><rprfJTT](ra (
175,
note), 1st aor.

dvaivojiai (
175, note). 195, 4) refuse, mostly poetic see below.

;
aXXo^cai, epic
2d aor. without vowel
207 a)
dXo-o, a\fo, partic. ctX/xeôs.
dXotD, poetic aXoidw.
O.\VKT(O (-^w)
and dXu/crdfw be troubled,
pf.
mid. dXaXikr^Gu
179 a).
dXtfw, 1st
cw ( 197) avoid (poetic), other tenses aor. ^Xfâ.

(
from
dXi;*-, fut.
196, 2) acquire (poetic), epic
2d
aor. $\<poi>.
199 b), wander, epic impv. 2d sing. dXdou (Mss. dX6w, Otherwise regular, but mostly poetic. pf dXdXTj/icu ( 179 b and 535) 14 38, with sympau), epic 2d aor. -rj^porov (for ^^(jS)poroi/,
(-do/xai)
.
.
thetic
as in jSXtrrw
and
/3Xu>(r/ca>)
(for
aor.
*dfjiep-L(t),
(
195, 4)
and
dfttpdu (cf. e^Sw) deprive (poetic), 1st
tf/j.ep(ra
<i}
204 a), 1st aor. pass. i]^pQt]v.

dfj.-rr\aKwv
( 197) err (poetic), 2d aor. ijfjLir\aKov, partic. written 'air\a.Kuv metri gratia), pf. mid. iôrXd/cTj/uu (
(also
190).
dva.ivofj.ai,
1st aor.
fivrjvd/j.tjv
(poetic).
729]
LIST OF VERBS
381
197), also dvdXw

dvdX-Co-Ktt
(-oo),
(for ava-paX-urKw,
2 a
theme
ctvdA.-,
dvdA.0-) expend, fut. dvdX<oo-o>, 1st aor. <xvT]Xwcra, 1st perf. dvTJXaxca, perf. mid. dvTJXwfxai, 1st aor. pass. a.vr\\u>Qi\v, vbl. dvdXum'os.
theme
dvBdvw
196, 2
theme
a'S-
for
*o-/ra8-,
36 a), mostly epic and Ionic

is
(see
below), but partic. ourpcvos pleasing
much used
as an.
adjective. dve'xw hold up, dvexopai endure, like see 175, note. open, see oiyo>.
\,
but for the augment (fyuxo-
(-o>) meet, beseech, often has

1st aor. TJvTef36\T)<ra.
two augments
175, note), as
be a defendant, sometimes has (-ea>) note), as 1st aor. T|VT8iKTi<ra.
two augments
175,
avv-w
193) and dvvrw
194) accomplish, fut. dvvo-o, 1st aor.

r^vvo-n-ai,
rjvvo-a,
1st perf. TJvvica, perf.
mid.
vbl. dvv<rr6s.
&\J/w,
airrw (
194
theme a<-,
iffifxai,
25) fasten, kindle, fut.
1st aor.
rj\|/a,
perf. mid.
1st aor. pass. T\$Qr\v.
dparrw
195, note 2;
Ti
theme
d/oay-) strike, fut. dpdga>, 1st aor. tipaa,
1st aor. pass.
171 a), and ijvdavov (Hdt.). ), impf. edj/Saj/oi/ ( 172, 2), &v8avov ( Homeric Mss. give (probably wrongly) e^vSavov for tdvdavov, and î5ai/oj'
for avdavov, fut. adri<ru
171 a)
and
190), 2d aor. âSov (Hdt.), epic ddov ( evadov (for *t<rf:a8ov, *tf/:a5oj>), 2d pf. ftiSa ( 180).
pf.),
grows or grew? (epic 2d

avtu, epic future
d^w
216).
535), 1st
&vw (poetic)
d^w.
pf.
&vuya, epic 2d
command
pi.
&v<i)y/j.ev,
impv.
in;
(with middle endings), 3d sing, dj/wx^ 2d pi. A^WX^, plupf. Also pres. d^7w to which all forms with the variable vowel
fut. dvut-w, 1st aor. tfvut-a.
d7r-a<j>-lffKw (
',
cluding the subj. dvtiyu, and the opt. dvAyoifju, are to be referred
197) deceive (poetic), 2d aor.
îra<t>ov (partic. dira<t>&v}.
dir^pwv (contr. from -aoi/), epic impf. took away, partic. curoi/pas are probably traditional Mss. readings embodying dir-tfpwv and Airo-ppd*
(
2 a).
(
dp-ap-i<rKw
flpcra (
197, 1
179
theme
dp-} fit (poetic), 1st aor. (trans.
494, 1)
vos
204 a), 2d aor. (trans, and intrans.) ypapov, partic. mid. 15 a). fitting ( 210 a), 2d pf. Apapa ( 179) (Ionic Ap-rjpa,
382
LIST OF VERBS
729

dpe'-o-Kw (
197
theme
ape-,
188) please, fut.
dpe'o-w, 1st aor. TJpeo-a, vbl.
(->,
TTco
(
188)
assist, suffice, fut. dpice'o-w (
188), 1st aor.-fipKco-a
188).
195, note 2, ap/xoy-), also dp/x,o<o ( 195, 2, ap/xoS-) _^, fut. app-oo-w. 1st aor. tjpp,o<ra, perf. mid. tjpp.o(rnai ( 189), 1st aor.
pass.
f]pfjLO<r0T)v (
189), vbl. dpnoo-reos.

(
dpvov(j.cu (-eo/xai,
187) deny ; passive deponent
158, 3) regular.
dpird (
195, 2 a) seize, snatch, fut. dpirdo-ofxai ( 507), seldom dp7ra<ra>, 1st aor. -qpirao-a, 1st perf. qpiraKa, perf. mid. or pass, qpircwrp.cu, 1st aor. pass. fipirdo-Otjv. (dprww) dpTv-w ( 193) prepare, fut. dpTv<ro>, 1st aor. TjpTtio-a, 1st perf. 195, 2;
dpiray-,
-fjprvKa, perf.
theme
but see
mid.
i^prvfjiai,
1st aor. pass.
-i\priQ-r\v.
193) and apv-rw ( 194-) draw (water), 1st aor. rjpvo-a, 1st dpv-o) ( aor. pass. ypvOyv, vbl. -apvo-rfos ( 189). apx-w ( 193) begin, command, fut. ap|&>, 1st aor. -qpla, 2d perf. perf. mid. -np-yjiai, 1st aor. pass. r\p\Qi\v, vbl. dpKTt'os.
dpw
(-oci),
188) jofow, 1st aor.
tipoo-a
188), 1st aor. pass, ^

158, 3), fut. -apa<rop.cu,
1st aor.
188).
(-dofJMi,
dp|icu
187) pray (middle deponent,
1st aor. T|pa<rdnT]v, perf. -^papai.
avaivw (for
*cu>av-ta>,
195, 4) dry, fut. avavw, 1st aor.
TjvTjva,
pass. T)vdv6T]v.
avXitojiai
encamp (middle and passive deponent,

-qvXio-djjfqv.
158, 3), aor. Tjv\<r0tiv
and
av|dvci>
(
196, 2,
(
av-) and
av|-<o
(. 193) make
to increase,
grow, fut.
(
avIV
190), 1st aor. T]vT]cra (

ipgTjfjicu,
190), 1st perf.
I^KCL
190),
perf. mid.
1st aor. pass.
i,
&p-w-fji.a.i
(epic pf. mid. partic.) oppressed (derivation unknown). also as middle deponent ( 158, 3), poetic and Ionic. theme dp-) win, fut. dpoD/xcu, 2d aor. fjpbp.tjv (infin. 196, 5 (
; .
j, epic fut. apirdfa ( 195, 2 a) and 1st aor, usually see [daw] d<ra u,ei', see [de-]. ai/^w, epic and Ionic present also d#?w.
ijp-n-aâ (
195, 2 a).
a<Ta,
d0da-(rw feel, 1st aor. ij(paaa (Ionic).
aQfoffw dip up (poetic), fut. d0tfw, 1st aor. ^0u<ra (from d0i/w). [root a-] satiate, satiate one's self (epic), pres. infin. a/xemi, fut. infin,
dcreiv,
1st aor, subj.
aa-r],
1st pi. '^/^GV?
Si'c),
opt, aeraiyUi, infin, a<rat.
729]
LIST OF VERBS
383

(
193,
theme a\0- and
dxêo--) be oppressed in spirit, displeased
(passive deponent,
pai
Pa8t
158, 3), f ut. dxOe'o-oâi ( 188) 519, note 2), 1st aor. i\\Qi<rQr\v ( 188).
and
(cf.
292, 6) go, fut. paSiovpiai

195, 4
(
;
215 and
to
507), vbl. paSio-reov.
pcUvw (for */?av-iw,

go, fut. pô-ofxai
theme
/3a-, in the present fia-v-,
196)
note),
507), p^jo-w shall cause
go
(cf.
494,
1,
1st aor.
494, 1), 2d aor. pt]v went ( 494), pTi<ra caused to go ( 1st pf. ppT]Ka, pf. mid. Pcpapai, 1st aor. pass. -IpdOr^v, vbls. PO.TOS,
-pare'os.
Pd\\a> (for */3aA-ia>,

(3a.\\-rj<w (
195, 3,
theme
190) of continued action

231, 2), vbl. P\TITOS.
/foA-) throw, fut. p<xX (rarely cf. 519), 2d aor. pa\ov,

;
1st pf. pp\T]Ka (
218, 3), pf. mid. p^pXTâi
224, 1), 1st aor.
pass.
cpX^v
194
;
pdir-Tw (
theme
/?a<-) dip, fut.
pd\|/a>,
1st aor.
pai(fa, pf.
mid.
pip<xt
2d aor. pass. pd<j>Tjv, vbl. Pairr6s. force, middle deponent ( 158, 3), regular, has also aor. pass. was forced ( 510). make go, fut. Pipd<rw and Pipw ( 212, 1), 1st aor. ipipcura, vbl.
(
,
pipao-Tos.
197, 1
;
theme
/3pw-) eat, 1st pf

Pe'ppcop.ai
/
fc'ppwKa (2d pf. partic.
220), pf. mid.
other forms supplied from
q.v.
ptw (-aw,
292, 1) live, fut. piwo-ojiai ( 507), 2d aor. (rarely 1st aor. e/3t(D(Ta), 1st pf. Pcptwica, pf. mid. pcpCcofiai, vbls. PKOTOS, PICOTCOS. 207, (/3iw-o-Ko/xai) dva-piwo-KOfxai ( 197) revive, 1st aor. dvpiwo-d|XT]v (
epv
note 3), and 2d aor. dvcpiwv

P\dirTa> (
207, note 3).
194; theme pXafi-) hurt, fut. p\dx|/w, 1st aor. KpXaiK 2d pf. pp\a<{>a ( 219, 1), pf. mid. pepXajijiai, aorists pass. pXd<j>0t]v (1st)
pXao-ravw
and ipxdp^v (2d). 196,2; theme /3Aao-r-) sprout, 2d aor. cpXao-rov, 1st ( 178, 1). ppXdo-Tt]Ka ( 190) and sometimes IpXdo-TTiKa (cf.
speak (poetic), fut. /Sd^w. Homer has 1st aor. with variable vowel ^â-ero
/Sd-cr/cw (
pf.
/3dfa>
fiaivw,
201 b)
also a
pres.
197)
=
;
/SatVw.
/3d\\w, epic
2d
aor.
forms
193, 3
p\-/i-T-r}v,
/SX^-ro (
207 a).
/3i/3dj.
/3t-/3d-w, j3f-/37j-/At (
;,
/3a-,
epic
/SatVw gro), pres. partic.
epic poetry has also
2d
aor. e/3pwp, 1st aor. pass,
384
LIST OF VERBS
729
[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. Ionic and poetic forms at the bottom of the page.]
P\ir-
193)
see, fut. P\e\|/o|wu (
PXTTO> (for */x(^)AtT-tw, honey} with

1st aor.
pXi<ra.
507), 1st aor. p\x|/a. 195, l,.from therne /xAir- (/xe'A.i, /meAir-os sympathetic (3, before which /u, disappears) take honey, 190), vbl. POO-KTJT&S
poo-Kw/eed, fut. POO-K^<TO>

povX-o|jLai
(
(
190).
193; theme /3ovA- and /JouAe-,

(
190), passive
deponent
158, 3) will, wish, fut. povX^jo-ojiai

T|povX^j0iiv, perf.
190), 1st aor.

507), 1st aor.
p{J<ra,
and
ptpovX^cu,
vbl. pouXtjrds.
(
POU (-aw,
(-ve-a>,
292, 3) cry out, fut. Poô-ojj-ai

196, 4
;
theme
(
J3v-) stop up, fut. ptxrw, 1st aor.
pf. pass.
ppv<r|wu
189), vbl. pvo-ros.
ft)
(-ceo,
190; 193)
mam/
(see
506), fut. âjjUo
213), 1st aor.

(
1 01 ( cytjtia, pf. yc-yan !*
190), pf.
mid. and pass. yry*FL1lHtcu

188
189).
190),
vbls. yap.erds
(-ao>,
(
188, 1)
and
ya-nTp-c'os.
193) laugh, fut. -yeXeuroficu 188), 1st aor. pass, âo-e^v (

197
j8,
507), 1st aor. t^'Xao-a
-<TK-o)
for /*()Xw-<r/cw,
î
thetic
before which
is lost
from theme AtXw- ( 38, 1) with sympatheme /j.o\- or /x(jS)Xw-) ô (poetic),

;
fut. /w)XoO/uat,
,
2d
aor.
e/ioXoi/,
1st pf. /^-/x/3Xw-Ka (with
sympathetic
/3).
Homer
has also
j86Xo/tat
and a 2d
pf. act. Trpo-pt-pov\-a prefer.
/Sow, epic
and Ionic
(
fut. jSwo-oât, 1st aor. e/3o><ra, pf.
mid.
/S^/Swât, 1st aor.
189). [root pax-] only 2d aor. e/3/mxe resounded (infin. ppaxeiv'), epic. 195, 2 a). /3/o^w slumber (epic), 1st aor. ep<a (cf.
pass. tfiAae-nv
[root j8po%] swallow (epic), 1st aor. e/3poa, 2d pf. /S^Spoxa, 2d aor. pass.
partic. -/Spoxcis.
(-cio/iai)
partic. /fyuxêfs,
roar (poetic), 1st aor. mid. ejSpuxÂ"?"* 1st aor. pass. 2d pf. (from theme Ppvx201 a)
yd-vv-/j.ai
196, 5) rejoice (poetic), the epic fut. yavfovonai (cf. ( retains -w- of present stem.
yt-ywis-a
(cf.
2d
pf.
&v<j)ya).
yeyuvritTto,
yelvo/j.cu
(
( 535) shout (poetic), only partic. yeywvus Other forms are from pres. yeyuvu or yeywvtu, fut. 1st aor. tyeyJ)vrj<ra. Also a present yeyuv-[<rKw ( 197).
as pres.
195, 4)
be born
(poetic), deponent, but 1st aor.
begat, bore (see

seized, epic
508).
aor.
2d
729]
LIST OF
VERBS
Ionic
385

S)
(-too)) rejoice (cf.

(
190), 2d pf.
(-ao>,
197) and Yqpw

193, 3;
( 535). 292, 3) grow old, fut.
^60,
yr]pdo-o|j.(u
507) rarely yr/pdo-w, 1st aor.

(
e-yTJpdcra, 1st pf. -ye-y^paKa.
y(--yv-ofuu
o-onai (
190),
197, 1
theme yoi/-, yev-, 2d aor. l^vopiv (

;
yv-,
14) become,
be, fut. ytvi\-
158, 3), pf. ^^VTJJICU,
2d
pf.
ôva
yi--yvw-a-Kw
( (
494, 2).
yi/w-)
know,
fut.
yvwo-oixai (
507),
2d
aor. ihyvwv
(subj. yvui, opt. yvoi'r/v, irnpv. yv&Oi, inf. yi/uivcu, partic. yvovs, cf. 256), 1st pf. fyvwica, pf. mid. '^vota-y.ai ( 189), 1st aor. pass. fyvwo-erjv ( 189), vbls. -yvftXTTds, -yvwo-reos ( 189).
>-
178, 1). grave, regular, but pf. mid. -yfykvmjicu and -y\vn[Acu (cf. 193) write, fut. ypaxj/a), 1st aor. e-ypcuj/a, 2d pf. ytypafya, pf. (
-Ye-ypaîiai,
mid.
v^w
(
2d
aor. pass. l-ypd^Tiv, vbl. ypdirrd^.
195, 2
y/avy-) ^rwn^, fut.
-ypvlo^ 1 (rarely ypv&o,
507), 1st
aor.
8dK-vw
196, 1
(
eSaKov
777^0), in
theme &XK-, 8r/K-, 13) bite, fut. S^nai 208), pf. mid. Bc'S^H-cu, 1st aor. pass.
;
507), 2d aor.
poetry also
fut. yrjd-â-u,
yiyvo/j,ai,
Ionic yivopai.
and 1st aor. For the forms of the 2d
pf. (ye-yd-tiri,
14 note) see yc-ya-vTa, etc.) with the weak root ya- (for *yi>-, 219 a. Ionic has also an aor. pass, fyenî/ ( 510). yiyvuvKw, Ionic ylvw<rKw, Herodotus has 1st aor. avtyvwa convinced.
yodu bewail
(
(epic), fut. yo^ffo/j.ai
507), 2d aor. (from
theme
70-) 760^
171 a).
5i-5c-<r/ca>),
[root 5a-] teach (poetic, cf. Hdaov (infin. deSatedai,
190), and 2d pf. partic. 5e5ac6s ( 220), pf. mid. SeSdât ( 190), 2d aor. pass, as intrans. (see 514) eddrjv learned, fut. pass, as intrans. 8a'/i<ro(j.ai shall learn ( 514).
(
2d aor. dtdaov ( 208, 208, 1 a; 199 b), 1st pf. deddrjKa
a)
and
Satfa
195, 2;
5ai7-)
rend (epic and
lyric), fut. dcuo>, 1st aor. e5cua,
pf.
mid.
5eddiy/j.ai, 1st aor. pass.
tSaWnv-
Sai-vv-fjii
196, 5) entertain (poetic), mid. feast (for opt. daivvro see ( 211, 2 a), fut. 5cu'<rw, 1st aor. eSauro, 1st aor. pass, partic. 5cu<r0eis
(189).
5aio/uu divide (epic, cf. 5aTô/u), pres. subj. 5d(i)^rai, pf. mid. 5^5cu/u. 2 a 195, 4) kindle (poetic), 2d pf. 5^57;a blaze (for *5a/r-ta>,
;
494, 3).
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
25
386
LIST OF VERBS
729
Sajidtw (cf.
292, 6) subdue, 1st aor. ISdjiao-a, 1st aor. pass.

(
!8a(jid(r0Tjv.
(Sap0-av-w)
196, 2) sleep (usually Kara-8ap0dv),
2d
aor. Kar-e'8ap0ov,
(Sare'o/Acu)
1st pf. partic. Kara-SeSapOTjicws ( 190). 1st aor. mid. (dv^Sao-dfiiiv, pf. (cf. Sat'o/xai) divide, (dva)8'8a<rK.cu ( 189), vbl. (dva)ScurTos.
mid.
Se'SoiKa be afraid, see

SeCK-vv-jjti (
[8o].
196, 5) show (also Sa/cvvV), fut.
8w,
1st aor.
e8ia,
etc.,
regular.
See
254.
195, 4;
(also SeCpw,
theme
Sep-, Sap-,
14, 1) flay, fut. Scpw, 1st
aor. eSeipa, pf. mid. SeSappai (

(
224, note),
2d
aor. pass. ISdprjv
232, 2).
(
ofiai
(
193) receive, fut. 8ô|xai, 1st aor. I8|d|njv, rarely eSex^v

e8e'x0T]v
510) composition), vbl. SEKTCOS. 2 a, 193, 2 note) need, lack (for *8e/r-o>,
158, 3). pf. Sc'Se-ynai, 1st aor. pass. (
(usually in
199, 2), fut.
(cf.
8ô-w ( 190), 1st pf. mid. 886]ji, 1st aor.
necessary.
8iT)'-
rw
(-aw,
193) regulate
-eSiTj'TTjcra (
TTjcra
and
175, 1
and note),
1st pf. SeSiTjT^Ka
181),
pf. pass. 88iT)'TT]|xai, 1st aor. pass.
5dfj.-vr)-iJ.i
196, 3)
(
5t-dfj.r)-/j.ai
38, 1).
and (doubtful) 5a/xmw subdue (poetic), pf. mid. 1), 2d. aor. pass. tdd/j.r}v and rarely 1st tSwQ'nv Other forms are supplied from 5a^dfw as fut. 5a/xdw or
38.
;
w
,
212, 1), 1st aor. tSanaaa. or epic tddna<r<ra Homer has 2d aor. eSpaBov (38).
(
201 a),
etc.
darôfj.ai,
Homer has
also fut.
dd(ro/j.ai
and
1st aor.
tSaaffawv
201 a).
dtarai appears (epic), 1st aor. ^Sodo-o-aro. 5t5ta (epic 5et'5ta) fear. See [5t'w].
delKvvfju,
Ionic
is fut. Sc'^w, 1st
aor. eScâ, etc.
5^/x-w (
(
193) build (Ionic

38, 1).
(
and
poetic), 1st aor. eSetâ, pf. mid. S^-S/xij-ât

1 38) look (poetic), 219, 3), aorists pass, with
;
Styx-opal
193
theme
SO/HC-,
8epK-, dpaK-,
(
14,
2d
aor. e5pa/cov (
208), 2d pf. dt-dopK-a
active
meaning
(1st) edtpxe-rjv,
and (2d)
5^w need, epic usually

5tjpidofj.ai
ytxat,
fctfo/icu, fut. devrj(TOfj.ai,
232, 2). ( 1st aor. tdeviqcra.

t$pdKT)v
Other tenses from 8-rjpio/j.ai, fut. drjpicro(active rare) contend. 1st aor. edrjplffd/j.rjv, and 1st aor. pass. eSrjpivdTjv (as if from *dr)pivw').
729]
LIST OF VERBS
387
[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. loiiic bottom of the page.]

8i-8d-<rKft> (
197, 1
root 6V, q.v., but the present
theme
(StSax-
?,
cf.
OLOaxrj teaching) has been carried into the other tenses) teach, fut. 8i8d, 1st aor. I8i8aa (see 515, 1), 2d pf. SeSiSaxa, pf. mid. 8eSiSa-yjiai, 1st aor. pass. eSiSdxOTjv, vbls. 8i8aKTos, 8i8aKT&>s.
Si-Spa-o-Kta (
197, 1
theme
Spa-), only in composition,
run away,
fut.
8poUro(i<u (
507), 2d aor. eSpav (subj. -Spw,
-as, -a, etc., opt. -Spat'i/p
(like crnu'ip',
257), infin. -Spavat, partic. -Spas, -Sou, -av), 1st

for the inflection see
;
pf
-Se'Spaica.
(
8-8-fjn
193, 3
252)
give, fut. 8o-&>, aor.
eSwKci (
8'8o|xai (
211, 3
256), 1st pf. S&uica, pf. mid. 188, 1), 1st aor. pass. IS60i|v ( 188, 1), vbls. Soros, SOT&S.
14, 2 (for *S/rot-, etc.), 1st aor. tScio-a, 1st
[oYw]
theme
Sot-, Set-, Si-,
pf. 8'8oiica,
and 2d
pf.
&8ia, rare in the singular

rraToi/
8icof|
(cf.
219 a
220
and the inflection 8iK- ( 193) pursue,

Sio)Ka0a> see
of
fut.
a.
258)
or 8i|o|xai (
507),
etc.,
regular.
For
191
SOKW
(-e'w,
190) seem, think, fut.

Se'So'yp.ai,
86,
1st aor. eSoga (1st pf.
pf.
mid.
1st aor. pass. ISoxOtiv.

etc., regular,
8pw (-aw,
(
193) do, fut. Spacrw,

(
but 1st aor. pass.

for accent of pres.
189), vbl. Spatrre'os
189).
-rj;
Svva-fiai (
193) be able (augment sometimes
opt. see
,
200 note),
fut. 8wô-oficu, aor. pass. ISvvÔtjv
(and
rjSvvrj-
pf. SeSvvtuxai, vbl. Svvar6$.
5^w, epic fut. ( di.dpa,<TKu, Ionic

dtdw/ju,
8lr)-/j.ou
216) shall learn;
cf.
[5a-].
(
StSp^jtr/cw, 8p-f\crofjiai, e5pi\v, etc.
15 a).
Homer
has an unexplained
fut. 8i5u><rw.
77
seek (Ionic
and
poetic) keeps
throughout the present

pi.
(cf.
200 a),
fut. Sityiro/jLCu, 1st aor.

\_dirj- fj.i~\
8ift<rd/j.r)v.
make
3d
flee, act.
only in impf. 3d
pres.
(
pi.
Sievrai, subj. Signal (cf.
tv-dle<rav set on ; mid. flee, 200 note), opt. 3d sing. Bioiro
[root
5i/c-],
170, 4), infin. 5k<r0at. only 2d aor. ediKov threw.
171, a), epic 1st aor. e55fra ( 22 a), [8tw] fear (epic), impf. dlov ( epic 1st pf. delSoiKa (for *5e-/ro t -Ka, 16), 2d pf. 8ddia ( 16).
8oicu>,
poetic forms are fut.
do/ofa-w,
1st aor.
<?56/o7<rct,
pf.
mid.
8eS6KT)fj.ai,
1st aor. pass.
^80^6^
(see
190).
fut.
^w)
sound (mostly poetic),
SOUTTÔ-W, etc.
regular
187),
2d
pf. StSovira.
(Originally *ySovTr&, as
shown by
epic aor.
388
LIST OF VERBS
729

SB-CO (

196, 1)
aor. eSvv
193) cause
to enter,
enter (
493, 1) (also rarely 8u-vw ( 494, 1),
sink), fut. Sforw, 1st aor.
cSvo-a (trans.,
2d
(intrans.
3),
494,
1,

Sc'SuKa transitive, pf
.
257), 1st pf. Se'SvKa (
494,
sometimes also
mid.
Se'Sufiai,
1st aor. pass.
48v0tiv, vbl. 8xn-os.
8w (Sew,
(
199, 2 note) bind, fut. 8^|<rw, 1st aor.
eSTjo-a,
1st pf. Sc'SeKa
188, 1), pf. mid. Se'Sejiai (fut. pf. Seoô-ojum, 228), 1st aor. pass. 188, 1), vbls. SCTOS, STJTOS ( 188, 1) and Serbs'. ( 195, 4
(for *eyep-o,
theme
2d
fut. |Y P"- 1st aor. T]-yeipa.
14) wake, rouse, eyop-, eyep-, eyp-, aor. mid. T|-yp6p.T)v awoke, 2d pf. fyp-fj179), 1st aor. pass.
after the prepoafter the prepo-
yopa (with sympathetic p for *cy-rryopa,

r\yepQi\v, vbl.
eyepreos-
eyKb>}ud(i> praise,
takes
its
augment and reduplication

*
sition (
175, 1).
l-yx
l
CYX 1 P"> attempt,
P^ w
:
/>"'
one's hands,
augment
sition ( 175, 1) as ei/ex^pô-a. 36] etofxai si/, usually Ka0'to}iai, fut. Ka98ov}iai (cf. [root eS for *o-e8-, 212, 1), [1st aor. elo-a] 1st aor. mid. elo-dpjv ( 172, 2).
eOe'X-w (
wish (irnpf. ffOtXov), fut. I0e\^cro> or 193), or less often 0e'X190, but subj. eOtXrjvu or ( 190), 1st aor. t|0e\T]<ra (
,
0it
292, 6;
opt. fOfXrjaraL/jiL or 6\r)a-aL/M, etc.), 1st pf. T|0\i]Ka ( theme o-/re0-, 36 a) accustom, fut. 40iw (
190).
215),
1st aor. eWto-a (

(
172, 2), 1st pf.
el'0iica
180), pf. mid. eWwrnai

/n
189, note), 1st aor. pass. et0o-0T]v ( 36 a)] be accustomed, [#0) (for *(rpt@(i), (for
elSov
*o-e-o-/ro0a, cf.
172, 2).
2d
pf. ei'coOa
accustomed
16; 36
.
37; 219, 3), 2d plupf. duBy.
saw (2d
aor.), see [18-]
ed<f>dr),
eyelpw,
epic 1st aor. pass., probably from root pair- ( 172, 2) teas tumbled. Homeric forms of 2d pf. are 3d pi. indie. typrjy6p8aai (?), 2d pi.
typ-fjyopde (for *-yop<T0e,
hnpv. mid.
*-yopff6ai,
35), infin. mid. typ-rjydpOai (for
35). cSw ea^, poetic for ta-diu, q.v.,
2d
pf. partic. td-rjdds.
[root e5] epic fut. infin.
e<r<re<70cu,
1st aor. elaa or
ô-o-a (
201 a).
See also
pres. only in partic. e#wv being
accustomed (epic),
efada, epic
and
Ionic also ew0a.
seem (poetic),
1st aor.
eicrd/jL-^v
and eetvawv
172, 2).
729]
LIST OF
VERBS
and poetic forms
389
at the
Ionic [Attic principal parts in full-faced type. bottom of the page.]
tlKd^w liken, guess (regular)

ctKoj yield
[root
i/c-,
augments usually to y- (cf. 173, 1). For uKaOov see 191 a. (regular). also IK- and otV, 2 a)], fut. etgw (cf. 14, 2 (for *ptLK-, etc.,
HKCI (
519 note 2), 2d pf.
180) with 3d
pi.
etd<n
eoiiccuri,
2d
plupf. e'coKr; (for *l-pe-poLKrj) eiXXco see tXXw.
and
77/07 (cf.
plupf. of ol&x,
259).
(etAoj(-e'w)) press hard, drive together, 1st aor. pass. (av-)ti\-f\Qi\v.

ct|u #0, see
ttirov
261
tlpL be, see
262.
said (2d aor.), see [r-]. rfpyu ( 193) s/m in or OM, also ctpyvvpi
and
mid.
(rarely)
lpyvvo>
(196,
5)
s^w
Qr\v,
in, fut. etplw, 1st aor. etpfja, pf.
ctpYfiai, 1st aor. pass.
dp\-
vbls. cipKTos, cIpKTc'os.

is
With a rough breathing

is
(cipy-) the
word
said to
mean
shut in,
and with a smooth breathing

not always observed.
(eipy-)
shut out, but the distinction

fut. Ipô-opai ( (ei/oo/xat) ask,
(eipw)
theme
ep- (for */r P">
190), 2d aor. -r\p6\i.t]v. 2 a) and prj- (for */r/o>7,

1st pf. etpTjica (
38, 1) say, fut.
pw, aor. supplied

pprj-Ka,
lppif|0T]v
by
etirov 6'aw/,
178, 2 for
*yre-
16), pf. pass. eKpimai (fut. pf. etpô-ofjtai), 1st aor. pass. (fut. pass. pri0T|<ro|Jiat), vbls. pt]r6s, -reos;
etpw
195, 4
theme
ep- for *aep-) intV,
jom,
1st aor. -ctpa, 1st pf
pf.
mid.
t<o
etpjiai (
180).
rj/cKXry-
call
an assembly, augment
( a.
and
etK\rj-
175, 1).
[root CIK-] fut. ef^w 219 etc., see

et'Xo-a>
(
For epic 519, note 2) shall resemble. Herodotus has also ol/ca eotKa.
193) ro/Z (poetic), fut.

189).
ei'Xoa-w
etc.
regular, but 1st aor. pass.
ci\fa6iiv (
eiXw
and ef\w
*/reXXw
(
(poetic, mostly epic). as perhaps the proper
Other tenses from root /reX- point to 1st aor. eXo-a (eeXo-a) epic form
;
204 a), pf. pass. ceX/xat, 2d aor. pass. ed\rjv ( 232, 2). Herodotus has 1st aor. -etXr/o-a, pf. mid. -e/X^/xat, 1st aor. pass. -eiX-rjdrjv. See /meipofjiai. ei[j.apTai. it is fated.
eipyu, epic pres.
*fcpy-,
For
eipo/j.a.1
2 a). For pf. mid. epx-arat, plupf. (e)e/>x-aro, see Herodotus commonly has epyu. 191 a. etpyaOov, see
;
always ttpyw shut in or out, other tenses from stem epy-, 226 a.
ask (Ionic), fut. et/>?7<ro/xcu ( 190) cf. tp4w. etpu say (epic only), fut. ep^w, also 1st aor. pass, dp-fjd-rjv ( dpu join, epic 1st aor. fyxrct ( 204 a), epic pf. mid. partic.
eTo-a.
172, 2).
See
-.
390
LIST OF VERBS
729

&fi (212,
1st aor.
1), 1st
IXavvw (for
aor.
*e'Aa-vv-a>,
196, 5,
pf.
theme
e'Aa-) drive, fut.
ij\a<ra,
1st
IX^Xaxa, pf. pass.
cMj\a|icu,
pass.
T|\d6T]v, vbl. eXarc'os.

(
193) examine, confute, fut.

(
eXfy|, etc.,
regular, but pf. mid.
179, 247). Sw raise the war-cry, 1st aor. T|\'\ia.

eXiTTw, elXCTTw
(
Xwi
195, 1
eAtK-) roll, fut. IXtt-w, 1st aor. el'Xiga (

(
172, 2),
pf. pass. ctXi-yiuu, ( eXK-a> ( 193), draw, fut.
180), 1st aor. pass. etXCxOtiv

Xf;a>,
other tenses from
172, 2), vbl. IXiKros. theme eA.*v-, 1st aor.
iXKv<ra
(
1st pf. e'iXicvKa ( 180; 189), 1st aor. pass. 6iXKveret]v (

(
172,
2),
180), pf. mid. ciXKvo-nai 172, 2 189), vbls. !XKT&>S,

;
[root IXvO-,
eA.0-,
20], only
(
2d aor. ^X0ov (impv.

See
lpxo(iai.
e'A0e,
210, note),
and 2d
efjLw
pf.
4X^Xv0a
lie in
179).
fut. l|jioi)|iai ( (-ceo) vomit,
507; 212, 1), 1st aor.

eV-TjS- (
tijieo-a (
188).
ev-eSpeviw,
waylay,
ambush, augment
175, 1).
[root eve*-]
-qve-yKa, cv-^voxa, cv^jve-yfiai, etc., cf.
<f>e'p.
4v0v|i.ovjjLai (-co/>uxi)
consider,
augment
cv-eOvjj.- (
175, 1).
196,
1st aor.
5,
note) in prose regularly

174, 1), pf. mid.
an<j>i'vv\5|u clothe, fut. dfw}>iw,

(
T|p,<}>i<ra (
t|p.<J)ieo-(Jiai
181).
See
alpQ>.
turn round (poetic), 1st aor.

(
&Ata
171 a), 1st aor. pass.
171 a).
t\lff<rw and eX*<r<rw ( 22). e\7rw cawse to hope (mid. hope} epic, 2d pf. eoXTra (for */re-/roX7r-a,
Afrrw, Ionic
180
219, 3), 2d plupf. ^XTrea (for *e-yre-/:oX7rea,
17).
[root Av0-], poetic 2d aor. yXvdov t\-n\ovea ( 219 note 1), Ionic
*^\ve-ffOfMi
(
(cf.
20), epic 2d pf. et'X^Xovâ

fut.
and
for
and poetic
2d
AJ<ro/xat
(507,
30; 186, 2).

;
195, 4
^vap-) kill (poetic),

(
aor. ijvapov.
and
twn-?,
subj.
tv-vtirw
(
193
;
theme
o-eTr-, O-TT-,
14)
( (
tell,
406 a
38, 1),
2d
aor. tvi-airov
ivl-a-ires
tvl-ffTTw,
opt. ^-(TTroijUt,
impv.
say (poetic), fut. 406 a 208 171 a), 170, note 1,

; ;
2d
pi.
(
impv.
eo-Trere (for *^v-<nreTe, 34), infill. evL-airelv. 195, 1) also tv-lir-Tw ( 194) cft?Y?e (epic), 2d aor.
a, Cf.
tffcru,
(
,
208, 1
181) and
1st aor.
rivi-rra-n-ov.
epic fut.
'taaa. (
171 a) and
?ecra (for *^-/recr(7a,
172,
2), pf.
mid.
2o>ccu
and
efyuu (partic. el^vos also in Attic tragedy).
729]
LIST OF
VERBS
Ionic
391
and poetic forms
175, note).
at the

ivo\\u> (-o>), harass, augment usually HKCI am like, see [CIK-].
^-w^-
eoprdtw keep a festival, augment eeop- (for yap-, 17). 2 a)] say, only 2d aor. elirov ( 208, 1), or (seldom [root eV- (for /re7r-, in prose) etira ( 207, note 1), subj. ei7ra>, opt. CITTOI/U, impv. cure
(
210, note), infin. diriw, partic. eiTrwv.

(
cirCo-rafjiai
193) know, understand (impf. ^Tmrra/A^v

see
for accent of
TJiri<rr/j6T|v
pres.
opt.
200,
note), fut.
eiri<rTTJ<ro(j.ai,
aor.
(158,3).
irio-TaTw
ir-onai (
augment eVeor- ( 175, 1). augment eVerT/- ( 175, 1). w be a guardian, augment eTrerpoTr- ( 175, 193; theme CTT- for *<re7r-, 36, and O-TT-,
(-w)
oversee,
practise,
1).
H), follow (impf.

\J/op.ai.
aTro/xrjv,
P.TJV (
172, 2
with irregular breathing),
fut.
2d
aor.
lo-iro-
irpid|ri]v
208, with irregular breathing, subj. bought, see [vrpta-].

;
O-TTW/XCU,
opt.
(nroLfjLrjv,
etc.).
(epa-/xat,
193 deponent passive, 158, 3), present in prose supplied 6pw(-ao>) love, 1st aor. ripdo-O-qv, fell in love ( 529), fut. epcur519, note 2), vbl. epao-ros. OTJO-OIACU shall fall in loce (
by
292, 6;
theme
/repy-,
2 a) worA;; augment
et- (
rarely ^-; reduplication always

(
et- ( 172, 2) 180), 1st aor. elp-ycurdnTjv, pf.
elp-ydo-Oiiv (
510), vbl.
ep-ycurrc'os.
^TTW be
busy about, handle (Ionic and poetic),

o-7ret',
fut.
tyw, 2d aor.
aor. mid., subj.,
etc.,
(subj. O-TTW, etc., infin.

opt., etc.,
partic. rir&r).
For 2d
Homeric Mss. often have
&T7ru>/u,
cffirot/j.ijv,
an elided vowel, but these can always be read

;
<T7rtD/u, aTrolwv,
following with-
Some out the preceding elision as &/j.a <nrfodai for (L^ e<rirt(T0ai. editors contend for a reduplicated aorist without augment, *<re-<T7r-,
giving
e<T7r-.
Homer
has 2d sing. impv.

(
0-7reto(?).
Herodotus has 1st
aor. pass, irepi-tyd-riaav

fpa/j.a.1
.
171 b).
f]pa<r(ff'}a.^T]v.
love (poetic), in poetry also aor. mid.
See dpyw.
* 195, 2, for F epy-M = *pepfr (i.e. */rep<r5o>, 11) = /rfySw, 35) ( do (Ionic and poetic, cf. /Wfw), fut. fyfa, 1st aor. tpta ( 171 a), 2d pf. 17). copy a (for */re-/ro/o7-a, 180), 2d plupf. Mpyea (for *t-pe-popyea,
(
id-u
193) support, prop (mostly poetic), regular, butpf. mid.

179, 189),
tp--/ipeL<r-
/*eu (
Homeric 2d
;
pi. ep-TjpiS-arai (
226 a), plupf.
tp-rjptd-
OLTO
(Mss. ipviptSaTai, -tdaro
see
219 a).
392
LIST OF VERBS
and poetic forms
729

6pir-i>
at the
creep (impf. ctpTrov

(
172, 2), fut.
p\|/.
epp-to
190), 1st aor. tjppT]<ra 190), 1st pf. (etV-)*|ppT)Ka ( 190). epXOficu ( 193) go, come, only in pres. and impf.; fut. supplied ( 164) by pres. of etju go ( 261, 2), aor. supplied ( 164) by 2d aor.
193), go away, perish, fut. cpprjo-w (
(
TJ\0ov,
and
pf.
by 2d
pf.
\^\v0a.
See
[root ep-] ask, see (ctpo/xat). <r0ia> (probably for *eS-0i-o>,

fut.
(
26; 191 a; 195) eat (impf.
rj
8o|icu (
216), aor. supplied

I8t|8(r|jiai,
by 2d
aor. eâ-yov, 1st pf. l8TJ8oKa
179), pf. mid.
<TTIW (-au>) entertain,

(ev>So>,
augments
(
1st aor. pass. ri$ta6r)v, vbls. ISeo-ros,- TOS. to ct- ( 172, 2).
193) usually Ka0-v8o>, sleep (impf. KaOrjvSov and eKaOtv&ov,

174, 1), fut.
V <-co
c
Ka0v8V
tvp-, evpe-,
i>pe,
190), vbl. KaOevSrjTeov
190). 190), 2d aor. 190), pf. mid.

-re'os
197;
190) find, fut.

vp
0Tlv (
vp^<r
(
tjvpov
(impv.
210, note), 1st pf.
r\vpr\Ka.
cv'pTjucu (
(
188, 1), vbls. evperos,

aor.
188, 1).
V(j>paivco
(
195, 4; etx^pav-) cheer, fut. v<f>pavci>, 1st ( 204, note 2), 1st aor. pass. Tjv<|>pa,v0iiv.
rju<|)pava
193, 2) tear (Ionic
and poetic)
1st aor. ypeiZa, also

pf.
2d
aor. (both
trans,
and
intrans.,
207 note 3) ypLKov,
mid.
^p--rjpiy-/j.ai (
179
219
a).
(
iVw overthrow, epic 2d pf. tp--/ipnra 3d sing, tp-tpnrro ( 179 a).

ffvu (
179; 219, note 2),

1st aor. ^/>e<7(<r)a.
pf.
mid..
195, 1
e/oer-)
row (poetic) epic
w ask
(epic). 195, 2 ( epi5-) contend, epic 1st aor. ypi<r((r)a poetic also epirvfa, 1st aor. eipTrvva ( 172, 2).
;
201 a).
v-w
epwu
196, 2) eruct, 2d aor. ypvyov. ( 193) and tpvK-av-w ( 196, 2) hold back, epic 2d aor.
tpv-/j,ai
-fipvKaKov.
pv-/j.ai
and
pi.
(for *e/rpu,ucu) protect,

(
watch (Ionic and poetic),
pres.
3d
tpt-w
167 d), impf. elpvaro ( 167 d), fut. e(i~)pv<r((T')o[j.ai, 1st aor. e(l)pv(r((T^dfji.'rjv. Forms often coincide with those of tpvu.
dpv-arai
193
theme
fepv-,
2 a)
draw (Ionic and

(
poetic), fut. epvw
216),
fut.
mid.
epv<r<rofj.ai,
1st aor. etpvva
172, 2)
and
epva-a (
171 a), pf.
mid. etpvucu and eipv<r/j.ai ( 189), 3d often coincide with those of epD/xcu.
,
pi. eipt-arcu (
226 a).
Forms
poetic for
ecrtftw ea^,
epic 2d pf. partic.
729]
LIST OF VERBS
393
158, 3), fut. vojicu,

ux-op.ai
(193,
v\~)
P ra y->
boast,
middle deponent
196, 2)
1st aor. T)va.)iT]v, pf. ^{ryôu.
(eX&o) hate (dir-)x0-avo-[iai

ponent,
158, 3), fut. (dir-)ex
VH
5
make oneself hated (middle deai ( 190), 2d aor. (dir-)Tj X e6X-,

(
R
KX(
v,
pf.
(du-^X^F"
'
190).
>
193,
etX
(
'
3G 40 stem e x-for *^X^ 172 2 )' fllt '^ w or <OCV
14
>
W*
8S ) ^ aye (impf.
519, note 2),
2d
aor.
<r
X ov
208, subj. (T^w, opt. o-ôr/xt or
(rxotrjv,
infin. o'xeu', partic. trxwv), 1st pf. 515, 1), pass, w-xopp i s use(i (
impv. 0-;^ fcrxiiKa, pf. mid. crxTifJ.ai, as aor.

[1st aor.
170, note 1,
pass. l<T\iOv)v, late],
vbls.
KTOS, <rxT6s,
and
IKTCOS, (TXCTCOS.
(
^w
193) cook, fut.

(for *e^-T05,
l/^<r
190), 1st aor.
-n\|nio-a
190), vbl.
!4>06 S
iw (-aw, see
193)
/e<
;
515, 1
35), tyrjTos ( 190). alone, allow, fut. lourw ( 187; for eao-o/xai as pass. 519, note 2), 1st aor. ctdo-a, etc., regular, but augcl-
ment and reduplication

ev-y-vv-ju (
172, 2
vy-,
180).
14, 2), yo&e, join, fut.
196, 5;
theme
evy-,
1st aor. e5v|a, pf. mid. êvyp-ai.
2d aor.
pass.
liY
r
l
v (
- ^-? 2).
;
tew
t
&, &
(6v-vv-|it (
199, 2) boil, fut. t&n ( 188), 1st aor. etc '' 199 3 ) live > fut (and
<ra (
188). 507).
Wr
^<ro/u,
mid.
Other
forms supplied
161) by
(3iw
/z't?e.
196, note) <7?W, 1st aor.
e't&xra,
pf.
to
a>pai.
to
(-ao>) be vigorous, also Tjpa-o-KO) ( TiP^crw, etc. regular.

(
197)
come
man's
fut
estate, fut.
193) 6e pleased, 1st aor. 4j<r<V
1 58 > 3 )
'no-
^ (ro iai
J
158, 3). ( T)\0ov cwc, see [A.v^-] 265. sit, see

say, see
266.
Sore, cf. [CVCK-]

(-ao/xat)
?>e
and
<j>^pw.
;
vanquished, regular passive deponent (158, 3)
fut.
both
T]TT^(rop.ai
and
T]TTT^0T|<ropLai (
519, note 2).
pres. e?w (doubtful) occurs in

wAtt, 1st aor. pass,
Homer
according to the Mss.

efrtxQ-nv.
a.
(mostly poetic and Ionic)
(-dw) 6e vigorous.
Homer
has
r?/3<iw
with long
(See
199 b.)
Herodotus has
effcroO/xat (i.e. -6o,ucu), etc.
394:
LIST OF VERBS
729

0<xir-Tft>

1st aor. e0ax|/a, pf.
194; theme 0a<-,

T0ajijjLai,
41) bury, fut,
0dx|/a>,
aor. pass. 4rd<|>tjv, vbl. Oairr&s. 292, 6) admire, fut. 0av|iatro|*eu ( 507), otherwise regular. 0au|Ad ( 0\w w/sA, see 0e'\.
0p|A<uva>
mid.
2d
0a>
195, 4) tvarm, regular, but 1st aor. lOepjiTjva ( 204, note 2), ( 193, note) run, fut. 0v<rojiai ( 507), other forms supplied by
(
other verbs
0\ip-a>
(
164).
193, 1) press, fut. 0\tx|/, 1st aor. i6\u|ra, 2d perf. T0\i<J>a (219, 1), (pf. mid. Te'flAZ/x/xcu) 1st aor. pass. e0XC<J>0T]v. 197, suffix -IO-K- contrary to 197; theme Oav-, Ovr)-, ( (d7ro-)0VT)<rK
,
38,
1)
die,
fut.
(a.7ro-) 0avovp.<u,
2d
aor.
(d?r-)0avov,
1st
pf.
TÔvijKa,
but often 2d
is
pf. -H-Ova-rov, etc., see

cf.
220 (2d
pf. partic.
renews
0paTT
(
for
Te-0i/r/-ws,
17), fut. pf.

pf. rffoqica.
T0v^
230).
In
prose regularly aTroOvyo-Kw, but

195, 1
;
Opa^-), disturb, 1st aor. c0pa|a, 1st aor. pass. 40pdx0T]v

0pavo-a>, 1st aor. eOpavtra, pf.
(
see rapaTTO).
0pav-co (
193) bruise, fut.

reOpavo-jjiai (
mid. T0pavp,ai.
189).
and
0pvir-T
189), 1st aor. pass. 40pav<r0T]v
0pe|op.ai, see
(
Tp'x.
Opvcf>-,
194; theme
41) crush or weaken, fut. mid.
0pv\|/op.0Tjv. 197, suffix -IO-K- contrary to 197; theme Oop-, Opo)-, 38, 1) (
leap, fut. Oopovfiai (
507),
2d
aor. 60opov.
195, 3),
bloom (poetic), 2d
191
a.
pf. rlftqXa be in
bloom
535).
For
Oa\-t0w see
,
1st aor. pass. tdaQdyv, rarely in
Herodotus.
Oclvw
195, 4; Oev-} smite (poetic), fut. 0ev&, 1st aor. H8eiva (epic),
2d
aor. edevov. 6 1papai
warm
one's self (poetic), fut.

(
etp<rofj.ai (cf.
213 a), 2d aor. pass.

cdrjo-d/jL-rjv.
as intrans.
[root
#77-]
233, 1 a). (only subj. deptw, milk, only pres. infin. Ofjcrdai ( 200 a) and 1st aor.
514)
$8tp-nv
6-rjeofj.aL
gaze
at,
admire (epic for

#17-)
flew/xcu (-do/zcu)), fut.
6r)-/i<roiJ.ai,
1st aor.
6i.yy-di>-(*) (
196, 2
touch (poetic, rare in prose),
fut. dO-opai (
507),
2d
aor. eOiyov.
6\u>(-d<i)}
(
bruise (Ionic and poetic), 1st aor. e0\a<ra, pf. mid. re 189), 1st aor. pass. ÔXd^v ( 189). Homer has 2d aor. pass. trptQ-riv ( 41).
729]
LIST OF VERBS
395

06o> (
193, 1) sacrifice,
i\it. 0co-&>,
1st aor.
0vo-a, 1st pf. re'Ovica, pf.
mid.
T0v|xcu, 1st aor. pass.
Tv0t]v (
see,
40).
[root
18-
for *F i8,
I8e,
2 a)
impv.
210, note),
2d aor. elSov saw (for *e/riSov, 172, 2; 2d pf. ol8a know (018-, eiS-, 18- for the in;
259), fut. eta-opai, vbl. Urre'os. I8pw(-oo)) sweat, sometimes contracts to <o instead of ov (as partic. dat.
sing. iBp&vri), fut.
Hc-pai
(
flection see
I8ptt<rtt, etc.,
.
regular.
in-yi-tus) strive, desire, usually in Its forms cannot be distinguished
193,
theme
*fle-, cf
Latin
composition as
Trap-te/xat leg.
from those
l'
of rrû.
193, 3) usually Ka0-ico, seat or sit (impf. e/caôv, ( 215), 1st aor. Ka0i<ra and Ka0i<ra ( 174, 1).
(for *<ri-o-8w,
174, 1), fut. Ka0i

ifrjp.1
(for
*(n-(rrf-fJiL,
aor. Tpca (see 1st aor. pass.
193, 3) send; for the inflection see 260, fut. -HO-W, 211, 3), 1st pf. ettca ( 180), pf. mid. cljjtai ( 180),
i0T]v (
172, 2).
158, 3),
(d<-) iKvov(j.cu
(-e'o/xou) (
fut. (<i<j[>-)iop.<u,
2d
196, 4; IK-) come (middle deponent, aor. (d<-)iKOfn]v, pf. (d<^-)l-YfJiai.
158, 3), fut. iXd.o-ofi.cu. 197) propitiate (middle deponent, 1st aor. tXcurdnnv, 1st aor. pass. t\d<r0Tjv ( 510). I'XXw ( 195, 3) roll, 1st aor. tXa (sometimes printed etAAco and eTAa).
t\d-o-KO(iai (
l'o-Tt](xi
193, 3
for *cn-cm7-/Ai,
o-TTJo-a>,
36)
set,
253), fut.
1st aor.
m]<ra caused
;
place (for the inflection see to stand ( 207, note 3),

257), 1st pf. i(o-riKa
2d
aor. w-rrjv stood (

*<re-<rTr7-Ka,
207, note 3
inflection
(for
36; plupf.
do-rrJKr) for *-cr-a-Tr)K-rj),
with 2d
pf.
&TTO.TOV, etc. (

ri<s/i
lo-rdOtiv, vbls. o-raros, o-rareos.
and 66vw
,
196, 1)
(
(poetic).
Attic idXXw
195, 3)
(for */rte/uat) desire.
In
put forth, send (poetic), fut. mXa), 1st aor. fyXa. Homer always with long and almost always
t
with
ir)/j.L
initial p, (epic) 1st aor. (tyei<rd[j.T)v.
(see
260 a), for Ionic
^.e/iert^j/os see
fj.ediy/j.1.
196, 2), epic 1st aor. lov ( 201 b). poetic are also t'/cw and ix-a. ( tXd<r/co/uai, epic is also pres. tXdoyuat (and possibly i'Xa/icu), 1st aor. tXatro-d/xTyv 201 a), 1st pf. "\rjKa ( 494, 3) be propitious, 2d pf. impv. only (
iKvov/j.a.1,
220). 195, 1 i/xavr-) epic 1st aor.

;
ifj.a<ra (
171 a) and
see
t^tacrcra (
201 a).
1/j.elpo-
ifj.dpu (
fj.at,
195, 4
aor.
iîe/o-)
long for (Ionic and poetic), also deponent

(epic), aor. i^Q-r\v (Ionic)
;
ifj.eipdfj.rjv
158, 3.
396
LIST OF
VERBS
and poetic forms
729

l<rxvcuvo>
(
(
at the
195, 4) make lean or dry, fut. l<rx.avw, 1st aor. ( 204, note 2), 1st aor. pass, lo-xvdvO^v. 36, 40) have, hold, cf. X o>. 193, 3, for *o-i-o-x-w,
195, 4;
(
K<x6apa
Ka$ap-) purify, fut. Ka0apu>, 1st aor. Ka6i]pa and 204, note 2), pf. mid. KCKaOapâi, 1st aor. pass.
for impf. cKa&tofj/qv see
1.
Ka0dp0T]v.
xa6
e'ofjLcu sit
down, see
?OJJL<U;
174,
Ka0-vSa> sleep, see v8w. Ka0-a> set, sit, see ta>.

xatvco
(
195, 4;
theme
(
KOV-, KOV-,
14, 1) killjfnt. KO,VW,
2d aor.
eicavov,
2dpf. K^Kova
KaCa> (for Kap-ua,
219, 3). 195, 4;
theme
/cav-
or
/ca/r-,
2 a), also KO.W
21)
burn, fut. Kavtrw, 1st aor. tKCUxra, 1st pf. Kc'icauica, pf.
mid.
KCKavfiai.,
1st aor. pass. Kav0T]v. Ka\iv8ovp.ai (-eo/xat) wander about, cf. Ku\iv8a>. KoXvir-Tw ( 194; KaA.u/?-) cover, fut. KaAvvJ/co. 1st aor. cKoLXv\)/a, pf. mid.
KKd\vfjL|i.ai, 1st aor.
pass.
(
K<x\v<|>0t]v.
Ka\w(-eo>) call, fut. Ka\
KtKX^Ka
e^v
Kdji-vw (
(38,
212, 1), 1st aor. !ii\<ra ( 188), 1st pf. 218, 3),pf. mid. K^XT^CU ( 224, 1), 1st aor. pass. CKX^J1), vbls. KXTJTOS, KX^TWS.
;
196, 1
Ka/x-) labor, fut.
KaôOâi
507), 2d aor.
cKajjiov,
1st
pf. K^K|XT|Ka
(
(218,
;
3).
fut. Kan\|/w, 1st aor.
Kica|A\|/a,
194
(
Ka//,7r-) 6enrf,
pf.
mid.
K^-
247), 1st aor. pass. KoLfji<|)0t]v, vbl. Kajjur-Tos. 175, 1. (-eco) accuse, for the augment Karri- see
Ki-|i(u (
193)
lie
(for the inflection see
264), fut.
Keio-ojiai.
Ktpco
195, 4;
theme
(
fut. Kep-, /cap-) shear,
Kpw,
1st aor. eKeipa, pf.

(
mid. KKapp.ai
Kai-vv-fji.ai (
224, note),
2d
aor. âss. IKO-P^V
232, 2).
Kale*,
196, 5) excel (poetic), pf. K^/cao>tcu ( r>3">). epic 1st aor. e/cT/a (i.e. *e-K-r)f-a< 204) and 1st aor. partic. (poetic), also 2d aor. pass, as intrans. ( 514) ^0,77^ burned (epic
/cf'as
and
Ionic).
fw split (epic),
,
fut. *e(i<r<ra>, 1st aor. e/câ(r(o-)a.
epic 1st aor.
/ce-/ca5oj',
and
204 a), also poetic 1st aor. pass. <?/c<?p07?i>. e/cepo-a ( epic 2d aor. ( 208, 1 a) only partic. act. KeKaS&v depriving, 3d pi. mid. as pass. ( 515, 1 a) KeKddovro were made to retire.
(
Fut. from aor. stem
519 a)
/ce-Ka5^-<rw
190) shall deprive.
729]
LIST OF VERBS
and poetic forms
eto-'Xevo-a.
397
at the
K\v-
193) command, fut. KcXcvcru, 1st aor.

Kepav-vv-w
196,
1st pf.
(
KK189).
XevKa. pf. mid. KeKe'XevcrpLcu (
189), 1st aor. pass. eK\v<r0^v
Kpdv-vu-(u and
note;
theme
/cepa-,
(
possibly for
*/cepao--) mix, 1st aor. cicc'pao-a, pf.
mid. KKpap.ai
38, 1), 1st aor.
pass. cKepdo-O-qv,
and
Kpd0i]v
38, 1).
Kp8aiv
KTjpt>TT<o
(
(
195, 4) gain, fut. Kp8avw, 1st aor. 195, 1

;
K'p8ava
204, note 2).
pf.
KK^pvxa,
(
KrjpvK-) proclaim, fut. Kt]pv|, 1st aor. 4idjpua, pf. mid. KeK^pvyfAai, 1st aor. pass. tKi\pv\Qi\v.
2d
KI-XPT]-|U
193, 3;
xpa->
XPT>
13 ) lend (mid. borrow,
506), fut.
XP^(TW, 1st aor.

K\dta)
'xpTi<ra,
1st pf. K\pt]Ka. pf. inid.
Ke'xpT]|jLcu.
195, note 1; /cAayy-) also KXayy-dvu ( 196, 2), resound, ( scream, fut. K\<ryw, 1st aor. IicXaô, 2d pf. KCKXa-y-ya. K\aa> (for */cAa/r-ta>, 2 a), also K\dw 195, 4; theme /cAxxv- or K\ap-,
(
21) weep, fut. K\av<ro}xai

(
190)
ZarccZ
(
1st aor. c'tcXavo-a, pf. (of ships)

;
507) rarely mid.
/cXavo-ov/xat (
ice'icXavficu.
214) or
195, 3)
poetic for (kc'XXw, fut. fcAerw
213 a),
1st aor. KKeX<ra
204 a).
KfXo/u order (poetic

(
KeXetfw), fut. KeX^<ro/iat (
190), 1st aor. îceXTjcrd^v

;
190),
and
epic
2d
aor.
e-Ke-K\-6/j.r}i> (
208
;
208,
1 a).
Kci/r(3(-^w)
lar,
prick (with a goad) Ionic and poetic but Homer has 1st aor. infin. K^va-ai (for
fut. Kevrâ-w, etc.,

*Kevr-(ra.i, cf.
regu204 a).
Kepdvw/j.1, Ionic
/c^/ocue.
and poetic
also Ktp-vrj-fu
and
^^(-dw) and epic pres. impv.

Herodotus has also
Kepdaivw Ionic 1st aor. tK^pd^va (cf. forms from a stem fcepSe- ; as fut.
204, note 2).

Kep5r)cro/Mii (
507), 1st aor. eKfydrjo-a.

c/ceutra,
(
KetOw
193) hide (poetic), fut. Keuaw,

/ce/ci5^w (
1st aor.
2d
aor. cKvdov,
with subj.
pres.
Kr)5u
208,
a),
2d
pf.
/c<?-/cev0-a
219, note 1) with
meaning ( make concerned

( ( (
535).
KeKadriffw
(poetic), mid. be concerned, fut. K^STJO-W ( 190) and 519 a), 1st aor. 6x778770-01 ( 190) and aor. mid. (once) 188), 2d pf. /c<?-/c7?5-a ( 535) be concerned ( 494, 3).
196, 2
theme /%-),
(
fut.
Kixticrofj.ai
(
190
intrans.
514)
etc.).
Mx"n v
also epic Ktx&vw come upon, reach (poetic), 507), 2d aor. ZKIXOV, also 2d aor. pass, as 233, 1 a (subj. Kixtfu, pi. Kixô/j-ev, etc.,
;
Mss. /aêta,
Kidvrifu scatter
Kipvrjfj.1.
mid. partic.
-
Kix^fJ-evos is
perhaps to be referred
to a theoretical *K/x 77A* t
ffKldvyfu, q.v.
fr, poetic
See Kepdwvfju. 2d aor. e K \ayov, poetic 2d
pf. Kt K \-r)ya (
219, 2).
398
LIST OF VERBS
729
K\ir-T0)
194;
KAOTT-, K\7T-,
KAttTT-,
14, 1) Steal,
K\\|/a,
2d
pf. K6KXo<|>a (
219, 1
and
flit. K\\|/W. 1st aOl*. 3), pf. mid. ice'icXcôu, 2d aor.
pass. lK\dirT)v ( 232, 2). later K\(W ( 193) shut, f ut. K\T|O-W, 1st aor. eicX-no-a, 1st pf KK\TiKa, pf. mid. KK\TKJ.aL. 1st aor. pass. iK\T|'<r0T)v ( 189). K\tvw (for *K\iv-ita, 195, 4) bend, incline, flit. icXivw ( 213), 1st aor.
K\TJ'-W,
.
cK\lva
204), pf. mid. KKXi|xai, 1st aor. pass. iKXiOijv, and some|K\IVTJV.
times 2d aor. pass.
K\W (-aw) break, (fut.

(
KAao-co),
1st aor.
(
cKXewa, pf. mid. KKXa<r(i<u
189), 1st aor. pass. licXac-e^v
189).
KVCUCO (
193) scrape, fut. KVCUO-W, 1st aor. cxvaio-a, 1st pf. KCKVCUKO,, pf. mid. -KKvcuo-fAcu ( 189), 1st aor. pass. -Kvai<r6T]v ( 189). 199, 3) = Kvat'oo scrape, 1st aor. Kvtj<ra, pf. mid. Kvfj, etc.,
,
tw
jiio-a,
189), 1st aor. pass. 6Kv^j<r0Tiv ( 189). ( 195, 2 ( 215), 1st aor. IKOKo/xiS-) care for, carry, fut. KO|II 1st pf. KK6(jiiKa, pf. mid. KK6fj.i(r|iai ( 189, note), 1st aor.
;
pass.
(
KO(jtC<r8t]v (
189, note).
194
KOTT-) cut, fut. KO\}/W
(but fut. pf. KKo\|rop.ai

co\|/a,
is
often used
219, 1), pf.
instead,
538, note), 1st aor.
2d
pf. KKo<t>a (
mid.
(
K^Koiiptai,
2d
aor. pass. iKoirtjv.
195, 2; Kpay-, Kpdy-,

,
13) cry out, 2d aor.

538, note).
Kpa<yov,
2d
pf.
fut. pf. K6Kpa|o)xai (
o;
1st aor. pass. tK\t<t>6rjv (Ionic and poetic). (epic KXTjifw) celebrate in song (poetic), fut. /cXrjVw, 1st aor. rarely <?/cXâ ( 195, 2 a).
,
K\ri<ra,
hear (poetic), 2d aor. CK\VOV (impv. K\v6i,

reduplicated aor. impv. (epic)
Kop4v-vv-(ju
( (
/cXOre; see
/c6cXv0t, K^/cXure (
;
196, note) satiate
Kopfoo)
(Ionic and poetic 188) and (epic) icopeu ( 37), 1st aor.
210 a) also 208, 1 a). rare in prose), fut.

:
^/c6/oe<ra (
188), epic
(
2d pf. partic. KeKoprjus satisfied ( and (epic) Kcripimat ( 188, 1).

(
fj.evos (
494, 3), pf. mid.
K6/c6/>e<r,ucu
189)
195, 1
Kopvd-} equip (poetic), 1st aor. partic. mid. 201 a), pf. mid. partic. KKopv6/j.evos.
;
(?/c6Te<ra ( 188), and 2d pf. partic. and Kpaatvw ( 195, 4, Mss. Kpaiaivu'} accomplish (poetic) are from theme Kpav- and xpaav- (see the declension of Kap-q, 115, 9 a, and cf. fut. Kpav&, 1st aor. etcpava, epic eKpyva and 292, 8 note) (Mss. eKp^Tji/a), pf. mid. 3d sing. Kf-Kpav-rat, ( 247) and epic i, 1st aor. pass. tKpdve-rjv and tKpddi>6iiv.
be angry (epic), 1st aor.

(
195, 4)
729]
LIST OF VERBS
399
and poetic forms at the'

Kpe'na-H' 011
(
<ro|iai.
193) hang (used as a passive of Kpe/xavvu/xi)? fu (For accent of pres. opt. see 200, note.)
(
Kpejidv-vv-jxi
jiao-a, 1st
aor. pass. iKptudo-OTjv
196, note) suspend, fut. KpcpM ( 212, 1), 1st aor. 189), vbl. Kpâo-Tos ( 189). (
i'
Kptvw (for *Kpiv-o,

(
195, 4) judge, fut. Kpivw ( 213), 1st aor. 204), 1st pf. KCKpiica ( 218, 1), pf. mid. K^cpipai, 1st aor. pass.
Kpl0T]V.
Kpov-w
Kpvir-Tw
193) beat, regular, but 1st aor. pass. Kpovo-0T]v ( 189). 194 *pv<-) conceal, fut. Kpv\|/o>, 1st aor. Kpu\|/a, pf. mid.
;
KKpv(j.fj.ai.
1st aor. pass. lKpv<j>0T]v, vbls. Kpvirros, icpvirreos.
(a7ro-)KTiv
kill,
(for *KTv-iw,
(d7ro-)KTv<S,
195, 4;
1st
theme
KTOV-, KTCV-, KTO.V- (
14, 1)
fut.
aor.
(d7r-)eKTiva,
2d
pf.
(a7r-)KTova
(219,
3).
(a7ro-)KT(vv(it
For the passive, (a7ro-)6vrj<TKQ) is regularly used ( 513). and (a7ro-)KTavvo> = (a7ro-)KTCvw kill. (These are somejerciyyv/u, -vw, or
times printed
KTiwvfU, -vw.)
KTT]<rd|it]v (
KT(o|iai (-ao/xai) acquire, fut. KTâ-opiai, 1st aor.
158, 3), pf.
178, 1) possess ( 535) (fut. pf. shall possess, 538, note), 1st aor. pass. e*T-f]Qi\v ( 510). 193) roll (cf. KaAu/Sofywu), 1st aor. !icv\io-a ( 34), pf. mid. ( KKv\io-ncu ( 189), 1st aor. pass. !Kv\i<r0T]v ( 189). From IKVXlcra
(reduplication contrary to
TW
a present KvAfw was later formed. 194 Kv(f>-) stoop, fut. KtuJ/w, 1st aor.
;
!ion|ra,
2d
pf. KKv<j>a.
also
Kpl/j.v-rjiJ.1
(mid. Kpl^vaâi be suspended), usually printed
195, 2
K/M7-) creaA;, squeak,
2d
aor.
c/cpt/coi/
(cf.
195, 2, note 2),
2dpf.
,
/c^/cyot7a (
219, 2).
Kp6<pr]v.
poetic 2d aor. pass, (rare)

e/crai/
vu, Ionic fut. Krevtw
and
(Mss. sometimes /cra^w), 2d aor. (poetic) 14, note), exras, etc. (subj. Mss. (for *-KTV-V,
iK.ro.vov
211, 1 a-b, infin. tfrd/j-evai, partic. /eras), 1st aor. pass, (epic) Homer uses the fut. mid. 231, 4). (for *e-KTv-6r]v, contrary to aor. mid. as passive also ( 515, 1 a). 292, 6) found, epic2d aor. partic. as pass. ( 515, 1 a) (
(-4(0)
i,
and
resound (poetic), regular, but 2d aor. Ionic perf. mid. e-xrij/xat ( 178, 1).
KTVTTOI>.
(-&>) kiss, fut. Kwri<Tw, etc., regular, but poetic 1st aor.
(
193) meet with, happen (poetic), fut. Ktpaw

(
213 a), 1st aor.

regular.
204
a).
xvpG) (-^w)
KO/JW, fut. Kvp-f)<ru, etc., is
400
LIST OF VERBS
729

\tryx<xva>
(

fut. Xôfjiai 178, 2), pf. mid.
196, 2;
theme
Aa^-, AT^-,
^)
obtain by
lot,
186, 1), 2d pf. ( ( 1 vbl. X^KTCOS. etXiTyH-ai, 1st aor. pass. cX^x^ !^
507), 2d
aor. 5fXa X ov
câ
196, 2 Xajjtpdvw ( 2d aor. cXapov

(
theme
(
Xa/3-, Ar?/?-,
;
13) take, fut.
Xrf|i|/o|iai
507),
186, 1
impv.
Aa/3e,
210, note),
iX^j<f>6T)v,
2d
pf.
178, 2), pf. mid. cfXiuijiai, 1st aor. pass.
vbls.
-T60S.
Xd|Air(
(
193) shine, fut. XdjuJ/w, 1st aor.

196, 2;
eXa|i\|/a,
2d
pf. XcXafi/ira.
XavOdvw
XaO-, \r)0-, 13) lie hid, escape notice (mid. fut. X^<r, 2d aor. c'XaOov ( 186, 1), forget, usually eVi-Aav0avo/xai),
theme
2d
\fy-w
(
pf. X&itOa, pf.
mid. X&t|<r|uu
XcXe-yp-ai
189).
193, 2) say, fut. Xe|w, 1st aor. &cga, pf. act. supplied (
etp-r|Ka.
164)
by
pf.
mid.
(but
StaAe'yo/xai, converse,
has
Siet'Aey-
^tat,
cf.
Xey
178, 2), 1st aor. pass. 193, 2) select, count, gather, fut. Xô>, 1st aor.
(
IX^y.
cXti-a,
2d
pf.
elXoxa
jiat,
178, 2; 219, 3), pf. mid, etXeâi
and sometimes
XeXt^-
1st aor. pass. eXs'xOtjv
and rarely 2d
aor. pass. IXe'^v.

14, 2) leave, fut. XCt|/o>,
Xtiir-w (
193, 2
theme
AOITT-, ACITT-, AITT-,
2d
aor.
i'Xiirov (
208), 2d pf.
X&onra
219, 3), pf. mid. X&ci|i|i<u,
1st aor. pass. 6Xi4>9tiv.
Xcv-w
(
193)
189).
.s/one,
fut. Xtvo-w, etc., regular,
but 1st aor. pass.
IXv<r0T]v
and poetic 2d
195, 2;
\afjLpdvu, Ionic
(
Ionic fut. Xdô/xat, epic 2d aor. subj. XeXdxw pf. \t\oyx a ( 219> 3 ).
208, 1 a), Ionic

take.
theme
Xcry-, cf. Xa/3-)
and Xd^/xai
\a.fj.fiavw
,
forms are
fut.
\dfj.\f/ofjiai
(better Xdô/xai)
190), pf. mid. XAa/*/iai, 1st aor. pass. eX</*0^j'.
XeXd/Sâ Epic 2d aor. mid.
1st pf.
infin. \c\aptff8ai (
208, 1 a).
(
\avddvw, epic 2d aor. \t\a6ov 219 a). 27, 3 (

;
208,
Poetic pf. mid. XAÂ"t. la; 171 a) and pf. mid. XAao-Mcu
Xcicr/fw
190; 507), (for *XaK-o-Kw, 197) speaA: (poetic), fut. Xa/eijeroMai ( 2d aor. ^Xa/coi/ (epic mid. XeXa/c6/x?7J>, 208, la; 171 a), 2d pf. X^Xr?K-a ( 219, 2) with fem. partic. \c\aicvia ( 219 a).
[root Xe%-, cf. X^xos bed] only in epic poetry, 1st aor. eXea laid to rest, mid. tXeZawv went to rest (impv. Xeeo, 201 b), 2d. aor.
A^^"
(for
(207
a) went to rest (impv.
Xô
(i.e.
*Xex-<ro), infin.
X^x^'
*\cx-ffdai,
35), partic., X^y-)itews,
207 a).
(poetic)
\av6dvw escape notice.
729]
LIST OF VERBS
401
292, 6) plunder (fut. Ag'cro/Aat), 1st aor. mid. XeXtjo-fjiai ( 189). (The active is rare.) = Xtfrirw leave. 196, 2 Xifxirdvo) ( AITT-) Xov-w ( 193) wash, often drops v ( 21) before a short
Xtftw
(
\T)(roLHT]v,
pf.
mid.
vowel and
is
then contracted like SijAw

XovcrOai
(for
Ao(u)e<70ai)
as AoC/xev (for Ao(u)o/xei/), 250) otherwise the verb is regular; fut.

:
Xovo-d), 1st aor. tXovo-a, etc.
Xi-a>
193;
theme
Av-, Av-,
13), fut. Xoo-w, 1st aor. eXvo-a, 1st pf.

1st aor. pass.
Xv0t]v.
Xc'XvKa, pf.
mid. X&v|iai,
HaCvw ( 195, 4; theme /mv-, /JLTJV-, 13), madden (mid. be mad, fut. mid. /xai/oi)/u,ai), 1st aor. efujva, 2d pf ji(jtTjva aw mar/ ( 494, 3), 2d
.
aor. pass.
t\Lo.vr\v
(see
514).
dvw
196, 2; /xa0-) /earn, fut. fiaeVjo-onai (

(
190; 507), 2d aor.
Ha0ov, 1st pf. nnd9T]Ka

(
190).
/nay-) knead, fut. }id|w, etc., regular,
195, note 2,
theme
219, 1)
but
2d
pf. n-|iax-a (
and 2d
aor. pass.
p.<ryT|v.
ojiai (
193)
^/^ (middle
deponent,
158, 3), fut. }iaxovp.ai (for

(
190, 212, 1), 1st aor.

(
p.axo-dnT]v
190), pf.
188, 1).
( 197) make drunk, 1st aor. became drunk.
|ie'0uo-a.
1st aor. pass.
<r6riv
>,
Ionic
(
and poetic
195,
1
;
is
X^fw.
(mostly epic, rare in
epic 2d aor. t\iTt>wv
1st aor. eX6eo-<ra.
Xir-) rarely \Lro/j.ai supplicate
prose), epic 1st aor. is doubtful.

Xoj5w,
AXto-d^y
172, 1 a).
An
epicX6w(21) andXo^w (190), fut.

C.
\ofoff<a
(
(201 a),
Xow, epic also with
Epic 2d aor.
Aî/
209).
/j.d<r(ro/j.at,
(theme
ACCKT-?) seeA:, s/rj'we
(poetic), fut.
1st aor.
tfj.aff<ra.-
MV (201
yi.ap-va-jj.ai.
(
a).
196, 3) fight
(cf.
(poetic), only pres.
and impf.
1st aor.
pres.
subj.
194
200, note). /j.apir-) seize (poetic), fut.
fjAp\f/u,
/j.ap\f/a
(epic
aor. e/xapTroi'), ij.dxo/j.ai, epic is also

fj.axeffaofj.ai.
fj.e6 irjfj.i
2d
2d
pf.
/j.t/j.apTra.
/j.axôfj.ai ( 292, 2 a), fut. 190) and fj.axfiofj.ai ( (MsCK.ftlSO fJ.ax'flGo/J.aC) 1st aor. /J.axeffffd/j.r)v ( 201 a). send aicay, like ?7;/it, but Herodotus has pf. inid. partic.
,
181).
BABBITT'S GR. GUAM.
26
402
LIST OF VERBS
729
|ie6v-a> (
193) be drunk, only pres. and impf.

/jLt@v(riD
Other tenses supplied
from
|Ai-y-vu-p.i (
,
196, 5
pf.
(
theme
/xety-, /xty-,
14, 2) mix, f ut. (utga, 1st aor.
mid. lUpciy-iuu, 1st aor. pass. k^L\Qi\v, 2d aor. pass.

232, 2), vbls. P.CIKTOS, IXCIKTCOS.
(Sometimes wrongly
written /uyvu/u.) 14, 1, probably for oyxop-, 195, 4 theme pop-, /xep-, /nap-, ( etc.) obtain part in, pf. mid. 3d sing, eipaprai (for *(re-o-/xap-rai,
;
224, note,
*eo-/xa/oTat,
(
36,
et/xaprai,
16)
&
is
fated.
intend, fut. |AcXX4<n
190), 1st aor. l|i&\T|<ra (
190), seldom
augments to
jjitX-w (
rj-.
193) concern, care for, 3d sing, impersonal
ficXci zV
z's
a care, fut.
190), 1st aor. ip&T|<ra ( 190), 1st pf. |ic|fc&T|ica ( 190), mid. |xfjL\Ti|jLai 190), 1st aor. pass. i|icX^6T]v ( 190), vbl. pf. ( Also e7rt-/xeAo)U,at and 7ri-/xeAov/>tat (passive dejjt\TiTos ( 190).
[icX^jo-w (
ponents,
fiev-o)
158, 3) care for.

ptevw, 1st
;
193) remain, fut.
jiiaivw (for *jMiav-na,

(
195, 4
theme
aor. cpciva, 1st pf. |i(i.Vi]Ka ( 190). /xtav-) stain, fut. jiiavw. 1st aor.
(jip.iao-p.ai
204, note 2), pf. mid.

197, suffix
-IO-K-
fut. nvtfjo-w, 1st aor.
nvti<ra, pf.
197) remind (mid. remember), contrary to mid. \i.{\i.vi\[i.o.i remember ( 535; for
the subj. and opt. see
227, note) (fut.pf. |in.vâron<u shall remember,
538, note), 1st aor. pass.
^Wjo-V
(
189) mentioned
158, 3).
epic 2d aor. 3d sing. e-fjuK-ro

lj.elpofj.ai
207 a).
efj.fj.ope
obtain part in (epic), 2d pf. 178, 1) have a share in ( 535).

pf.
/j.e-fj.T)\-a
219, 8, for *e<rfwpe?,
cf.
/uAw epic 2d
fj.e/j.p\eTai
219, 2).
Homer
has also
pf.
and plupf. /x^SXero

)3).
(for */ie-/x\erat
and
*/j.e-/j.\eTo,
mid. 3d sing. with
sympathetic
fj.evoivdu
nep/j.r)pifa
fj.ri8ofj.ai
be eager (epic).
See
199 a-b.
fut.
ponder (poetic), epic

(
-fw and epic

/wjo-o/ieu,
aor. -tâ
195, 2 a).
203).
193), contrive (poetic), fut.
1st aor.
Ifivjffdfji^v (
[root /^K-, Mdf-
13)]
&Zet
(A present
^c7?/cw/iat is
doubtful.)
Epic
epic 2d pf. partic. /xe/x^/cws (fern. fj.e-fj.aK-v'ia, 219 a), 2d plupf. with variable vowel (e)fj,e'/j,riKoi>. fj.r)Tid() plan (poetic), other tenses from fj.riTiofj.ai.; as fut. /^ruro/uxu, 1st
aor. partic.
/j.aK-<J!)v,
2d
729]
LIST OF VERBS
403

|xva> (
195, 2
fJivy-)
grumble, mutter, 1st aor. p.va.
|ivKp.ai (-aojuai) bellow, 1st aor. n\JKT]<rd|iT)v ( 158, 3). shut the lips or eyes, 1st aor. cpuo-a, 1st pf. fi,t>a>
193, 2) distribute, fut. VCJJMO, 1st aor. e'veina, 1st pf. 190), pf. mid. vV>T]nai ( 190), 1st aor. pass. 4vjiT|0Tiv
190).
vcw
193 note; theme

(
vev-,
21),
szw'ra,
fut.
vev<ro|uu
507) or
vevo-reos
vv<rovfi (for *viy-o, 195, 2) wash ; other tenses from a stem vifi- (which give a later pres. vnr-ro), 191), fut. vtyw, 1st aor. cvixj/a, pf. mid.
27, 1 247), vbl. VIITTOS. 292, 6) think, fut. vojudi ( 215), 1st aor. voni<ra, 1st pf. 189), 1st aor. pass. vop.o-0Tiv vevop-iKa, pf. mid. vcvop-io-jjiai ( 189), vbl. vofuo-Wos. (
vcvijinai (
(
;
vojxCtw
vw
etc.. ^, (v^?, v t
199, 3) spin, fut. v^<rw, 1st aor.
VT)<ra,
1st aor. pass.
-ta
u)
193, 3)
remain (poetic)
= ^vu.
(j.elyvv/ju.
197 ; cf. Trdcrxw) mix (Ionic) (for */j.iy-<TKw, ptfa suck, has epic 1st aor. ûtfityra ( 190).
[root
/xfK- (cf. /iD/ctD^cat)]
(
bellow, epic 2d aor. ^/cov (
171 a), epic 2d pf.
219, 2).
vaiu (for
*j/ao--tw,
195; 37) dwell (poetic), 1st aor.

494, 1), 1st aor. pass, tv&vd-riv
(
va<r<ra
(epic) set-
tled (trans., cf.
189) was settled or
dwelt
(
( 514). 195, 1), Ionic
j/da-<rw (
22) stuff (mostly poetic and Ionic), 1st

(rarely
vtvay/jiai').
aor. fvafa, pf. mid.
v^vaff/mai.
;
w or
veiKelw (
(
,
292, 2 a
theme WKT-) chide

(
188), 1st aor. erekecra
(Ionic, mostly epic), fut. 188), or 4vciKc<r<ra ( 201 a).
come (poetic), only pres. and impf. The present sometimes has future meaning ( 524). vlfa, Homer has a doubtful pres. mid. infin. cbropiTrTeo-flcu.
vi(rofj.ai
(for *vi-v<r-ofMi,
193, 3;
theme
ve<r- t JHT-,
14) go (poetic), only
( 524). vo& (-&>) think, perceive (regular in Attic), in Ionic contracts -OT?- to w as 1st aor. eixaaa (Attic tvoi\(rcC), 1st pf. vtvuica. (Attic vev6i\Ka), etc.
pres.
and impf.
The present
often has future
meaning
404
LIST OF VERBS
729
lew (usually contracted to scrape (1st aor. e|ecra,

(
o>,
etc., 199, 2, note 188), pf. mid. e<r|j.ai

;
theme
(
e-
for *e<r-)
eo-ToV
189), vbl.
(
292, 8; cf.
(
^pds
dry) dry, fut. frpavw
213), 1st aor.
^pa<rnai
6-o>
193) polish, 1st aor. ev<ra, 1st aor. pass. iM-r\v

195, 2
(
;
189).
otto (
08-) smell, fut.

(
ojtf <ro>
as
if
from
*6e'<o, 1st aor.

o/>e?*,
oiy-w
193), oiy-vv-fu
196, 5), usually dv-otyw, dv-otyvvfu

.
fut.
,
dv-oi, 1st aor. dv-o>i a ( 172, note 1), 2d pf dv-Ya (dve'wâ) pf mid. dv-wYHLat ( 180), 1st aor. pass. dvew'xOTjv ( 172, note 1). See [IS-]. ot8a (2d pf.) know ( 259).
ol8w (-ew) swell, 1st aor. w8ii<ra, 1st pf.
oLKTipw
(
(p'S^Ka.
195, 4; oiKTip-) pity, 1st aor. wKTipa ( 204). ol'o[i.cu ( 193), 1st per. often olfiai, impf. w'^-qv (probably pf. and plupf .), think, fut. ot^<ro|jiai ( 190), 1st aor. pass, 158, 3). (
w^v
oforw shall bear.

(
Cf. 4>e'p.
olx^jo-ofjiai (
193) be gone, fut.
190),
2d
pf.
oxKa
204).
179;
40).(
oXio-e-dv-w (
Ki\a 195, 3; oKeX-) rwn a.sAore, 1st aor. \io-eov. 196, 2 oA.to-0-) slip, 2d aor.
;
(a7r-)o\\vfjii (for *oX-vi}-/xi,
196, 5
theme
oX-
and
oAc-) also dir-oXXvw
destroy, lose
(mid. perish), iut. (a7r-)6\w (212, l,for oAeo-w,

188),
188),
aor. (a7r-)X6fjiT]v perished, 1st pf. (a7r-)6XwXKa, 2d pf. (a7r-)oXa>Xa be lost, perish ( 494, 2). 6Xo4>6pon.cu ( 195,4) bewail, fut. 6Xo<J>vpoiijiai, 1st aor. &>Xo4>vpd(XT]v ( 158,
3), 1st aor. pass, partic. 6Xo<J>vp06is
&;, epic 1st aor. ee<ro-a
1st aor. (d7r-)w\<ra (
2d
made
to
lament
510).
201 a).
d)dvffdfj.-r]v
[root 68v- (for 65u<r-)]

(wdv<r<rdfji.r]v,
enrage (poetic), only 1st aor. raid. 201 a) was enraged, and pf. mid. 65-^5uo--/xai
179;
189).
6fa, poetic
oF-yc.;,
2d pf. 6d~w8-a ( 179), plupf. 66681) ( 171 a). 171 a). poetic fut. o?w, 1st aor. wi'â and (or olâ, oi5-dv-w ( 196, 2) swell (poetic) oi'StD.
ya
^w)
pour wine,
in
Homer augments
to t-oiv- (for t-foiv-,
172,
2.
Mss.
i,
tyi,-).
Homer
(
often has 1st sing, otu (6iw), and mid.

(
6iofj.ai,
1st aor. dicrd-
171 a), 1st aor. pass. SAaQtiv
189).
729]
LIST OF VERBS
and poetic forms
405
at the

6|jL-vv-p.t
and
oji-vu-w (
196, 5
507, for 6>do-o/xai,
theme o/x- and O/MO-) swear, fut. ofiovpiai 212, 1; 188), 1st aor. fyo<ra ( 188), 1st
;
pf. 6|i(o|jLOKa (
179; 188); pf. mid.
6|i(op.o((r))iai,
1st aor. pass.
196, 5) wipe, fut. 6jj.6pop.cu, 1st aor.
ai|j.op(;a,
1st aor. pass.
o-vi-vr\-[ii (
ova-,
193, 3; reduplicated without regard to the o; theme OVYJ-, 13) benefit, fut. 6vr|<rw, 1st aor. wvqo-a, 2d aor. mid. d>vTJ|it]v
derived benefit (opt. oVat/x^v,

pass.
vTJ0iiv.
211, note,
infill.
ora<r0ai), 1st aor.
66vtt
195, 4) sharpen,
fut.
usually in the
(
(
compound
aor.
irap-o|6va> provoke,
(
irritate,
(7rap-)ovv
213), 1st
(7rap-)|vva
204),
pf.
mid.
(7rap-)wv|j.p,0ijv,
cf. 6po>.
op-yio> (
(
292, 6, cf. opyrj anger} enrage, regular, with fut. mid. op-yiovjxcu 519, note 2). 215), fut. pass. 6p-yi(r0TJ<rofiai (cf. ( 193) reach, fut. opt'^w, 1st aor. wpef-a, 1st aor. pass. wpe'xOtiv.
(
195, 1
(
6p-wpvx-a
theme opv^-) dig, fut. 6pvo>, 1st aor. wpv|a, 2d pf. 179), pf. mid. opwpvYnai, 1st aor. pass. o>pvyQi\v.
172, note 1), fut. supplied by supplied by 2d aor. etSov [18-], 1st pf. wpaica for iôp-, 17), pf. mid. wpap.ai, or supplied by
6p(-ao>)
164) see (impf. ewpwv,

[OTT-], aor.
6x|/ofiai
(plupf. ecupaKry.
wfijiai
[OTT-],
1st aor. pass, (supplied) &$Qi\v or [OTT-], vbl. oparos
(supplied)
6vo-jj.au
( (
OTTTC'OS.
193;
oj/o-),
inflected like
dido/j.ai
252) with pres. opt. 6voiro
170, 4) insttft (Ionic and poetic), epic fut. 6v6<r<ro/j.a.i ( 201 a), 1st aor. wvoaawv, also aor. pass, subj., in same sense, Kar-ovoo-efis (Hdt.).
[root
(5?r-]
2d
pf. (Ionic
and poetic)
(
fa-wir-a.
179).
oirviu take to wife (poetic), fut. OTTOO-W.
optyu, epic also optyvvfu
196, 5), epic pf. mid. dp-upey-nai

(
179) with
213), 1st
3d
6p-vv-/j.t
pi.
(
opupex-arai, plupf. 6pwp<?x-aTo

196, 5,
(
6/>-)
226
a).
ro?.se (poetic), fut. 6p<rw (mid. o/aoO/xat,
aor.
<3/3<ra
204
(
a,
with impv.
1
6p<reo,
201 b), 2d aor. (trans, and
intrans.) tipopov
208,
a),
2d
aor. mid.
;
wpb^v (but
2d
pf.
several forms
6p-<ro, infin.
(
without variable vowel,

6p-6cu for *6p-<r6ai,
207 a
as 3d sing, wpro, impv.
35, partic. 8p-fji.evo^,
6p-up-a
179) a?n
aroused
494, 3;, pf. mid. 3d sing, dpuperat (epic).
406
LIST OF
VERBS
729
6o-4>pavo|icu (
292, 8
fut. 60-<j>pTJ<ro|iai ( 6ff<j>p-) smell,
190), 2d aor.
mid.
ovpw
(
axr<|>p6|AT]v,
1st aor. pass. awr^pdvO^v.
(-ew,
292, 2)
mingo, fut. ovpô-ojxai

(
507), 1st aor.
owpT)<ra
172, 2), 1st pf. lovprjKa

(
180).
6<J>iXVj<ra> (
6<J>CX
(
195, 4; 6<J>eA-) owe, fut.

aor. otycXov (see
190), 1st aor.

<|>c(\i|Ka (
<f>eXTi<ra
190), 2d
588), 1st pf.
190), 1st
6<|>X-i<rK-dv-a> (
aor. pass, partic. 6<|>iXi]0s ( 190). 197 196, 2 o<A-) be guilty, incur, fut.
; ;
6<|>\^<ra) (
190),
2d
iraitw (
aor. w<j>\ov (1st aor. w<j>\Y)(ra is doubtful), 1st pf.
195, 2
7rai8-) sport (fut. iraio-ojjiai,
507), 1st aor.
irai<ra, 1st
pf. iriraiica, pf.
mid.
irirai<rjjiai (
189).
(
iraXaCw
193) wrestle, regular, but 1st aor. pass. iraXato-9iiv
189).
augments to Trap-ev- ( 175, 1). irapoivw(-eV) commonly has double augment and reduplication
irapa-vo|iw(-eo)) transgress law,
175,
note
irao-x
(
181) as 1st aor. l-irap-o>Vq<ra, 1st pf 197 for *7ra0-o-Ka), 30 the 6 leaves
;
ire-irap-w'vTjKa. its
aspiration with the
K;
theme
(
irovO-, irtvO-, iraO-,

)
14, 1) experience, suffer, fut.
imo-onai
(for *7Tv^-o-o aat,
34), 2 aor. eiraOov, 2 perf. irirov0a ( 219, 3). 193) stop, cause to cease, regular, but vbl. iravorTos ( 189). theme TroiO-, 7m0-, mO-, 14, 2) persuade, fut. imo-w, 193, 2
;
1st aor. eircwra, 1st pf. trfimica

(
494, 2), pf. mid. irjm<rjiai
494, 2), 2d pf. iriroi0a, trust 189, note), 1st aor. pass. eirio-0tiv
189, note), vbls. TTKT-TOS, imer-rcos.
w, epic pres. usually
60AXw.
[root ?ra-] acquire (poetic, but used

tTrci(rdfji.r)v
by Xenophon),
possess
(
;
fut. Trdo-oyucu, 1st aor.
158, 3), pf.
7r^7rct/zcu
535).
has poetic fut. Tranjo-w ( 190 cf. 519, note 2). brandish (mostly poetic), 1st aor. firrjXa ( 204, note 2), 2d aor. partic. (epic) (d u-)7re-7raXwj' ( 208, 1 a), 2d aor. mid. 3d sing, (epic) e-TraXro ( 207 a), pf. mid. n-îraXfj.ai.
strike, regular,
195, 3
?raX-)
<TK(a),
for epic 2d pf., 2d pi. irtiravde (for *7re-7ra0-Te, 219 a. partic. fern. TreTraBvia, see
cf.
ird<rxu for *irad-
Tra.Ttofj.ai (
193
TTO.T-,
tirao-dfj.'rjv,
TTCITTW (
epic plupf. Trt-iracr-wv 195, 1, TTCIT-), Ionic Traffffu
190) eat (Ionic and poetic), fut. 7r<<ro/xcu, 1st aor. 171 a 189, note). (
;
22), sprinkle (mostly poetic), fut.
Trdo-w, 1st aor.

7rei'0w,
7rao-a, 1st aor. pass, iirdud^v ( 189, note). poetic 2d aor. (e}wi.dov (mid. tTri06fj.r)i>) with subj. ireirldw, opt.
729]
LIST OF VERBS
407

(-775, -fj, etc.,
199, 3) hunger, fut. imvrfj<r, etc., regular.
193, 2;
theme
TTO/ATT-, TTC/XTT-,
14), send, fut.

3), pf.
ire'pl/w,
1st aor.
1st aor.
eirp.\J/a,
2d
pf. irirofjL<j>a (
219, 1
and
mid.
irîr(ji|xai,
pass. 4ir^4>6T]v, vbls.

irtiraCvw (
irejxirTOs, -Tre|jfirTos.
292, 8)
make
soft, 1st aor.
reirava (
204, note 2), 1st aor.
pass.
irc'irpwrai
it
irirdv0T]v.
is
fated, see [Trop-J.
irepaiva) (
(
8, cf. Trepas end) accomplish, fut. irepavw, 1st aor. lire'pava 204, note 2), pf rnid. ireirepao-fiai (247), 1st aor. pass. cirpdv0T]v,
292,
vbls. irepavros, irepavrcos.

-irepS-ojiai
193
;
iropS-, TrepS-, TrapS-,
190
507),
196,
2d
aor.
rap8ov
14, 1) pedo, fut. irap8^<ron<u 208), 2d pf. ireiropSa ( 219, 3).
ircrdv-vv-fu (
5, for *7reTacr-n}/u). usually dva-irT<xvvvni expand, 212, 1), 1st aor. iireVao-a, pf mid. ire'irrancu (reduplication contrary to 178, 1), 1st aor. pass. irT<x<r6Tiv ( 189, note).
fut.
ire
(cf.
8oifj.i,
etc. (
208, 1 a), fut.
from aor. stem
519 a) Tre-Tri/Mo-w shall
persuade, epic 2d plupf., 1st pi. e-irt-Tn.d-fj.ev ( 219 a), impv. -jr^-trur-di (Aesch.). Also a fut. TTIÔ-W shall obey and aor. partic. 7rt^<rds obeying, trusting, as
(
if
from a
pres. *iri6tw obey.

*ir<-Kpu,
193; probably for

(
16) comb, shear (poetic), also a

1st aor.
eTrcâ,
denominative
195, 4
292, 2)
Tre/trw (-<?<>),
1st aor.
pass.
theme
7re/>-,
Trap-,
14, 1) pierce (Ionic

(
aor.
(
cireipa., pf.
mid.
Trt-Trap-ftai
and poetic), 1st 224, note), 2d aor. pass. tTrdprjv

fut.
232, 2).
292, 6
cf.
TrAas wear) bring near (Ionic and poetic),

212, 1), 1st aor. eTrAao-a, also epic
pi. 6-^X17-1/7-0 (
and
3d sing.
twXAeriv
7reX-w (
Tr{-ir\r}-fj.ai
TreXcD (
2d aor. mid.
pf.
e-ir\rj-fo
(cf.
and 3d
38,
207 a) approached,
(?7reXctcrlV
(
mid.
1),
1st
aor.
pass.
189)
and
(
;
38).
TreX-, ?rX-,
193
alent of
Trtpe-u
(
el/j.1
14) and Tr^Xo/xat (lit. go, come) be (poetic equivor yiyvo/j.ai), 2cl aor. etr\ov, mid. eir\6fj.Tiv ( 208).
?rep0-, 7rpa6-,
193
theme
(with W/XTO/ACU as pass.,

203), 2d aor.
<rcu ? ( (
eirpadov
14, 1 38) sack (poetic), fut. TTÔ-W 515, 1), 1st aor. eTre/xra (for *e-irep6-<ra, 38). (Doubtful is infin. Tr^pBai, for *Trepd;
30
35).
Tre/aciw
196, 3; Trepa<r- ?) seZZ (poetic), fut.

(
(cf.
212, 1), 1st

(
aor.
e7r^paa-(o-)a
201 a),
pf.
mid. partic. TreTrp^j/os
38,
Mss.
408
LIST OF VERBS
729

ire'T-ofjiai (
193, 2;
theme
208).
TTCT-, TTT-,
14) fly, fat. irrô-ojiai

1st aor.
38),
2d
aor. eirronTiv (
irTT
(
195, 1
27, 1
(
,
TTCTT-)
cook, fut.
irt|/o),
ir\|/a,
pf mid. irir|Aficu
.
247), 1st aor. pass,
lire'êriv,
vbl. ireirros.
196, 5;
theme
7077-,
Tray-,
2d
pf. irinf|'ya be fixed (
13), Jix, fut. irrj^w, 1st aor. 494, 3), 2d aor. pass, as iutrans.
(of.
iriaivw (
514) iirfryi|v ( 232, 1). 292, 8) fatten, fut. mavw, 1st aor. liriava (
247). 193, 3; for
(
204, note 2), pf.
mid. irira<r(i,
aor.
(ev-)ir\tio-a, lit
pf. (e/x-)irir\T]Ka, pf.

(ev-)4ir\Vj<rfrlv (
(e/x-)iri|iirpT]ju
Trpr/-,
mid. (fjL-)irtir\i\<r\i.a.i ( 189), 1st aor. pass. 189), vbl. (e/îrXtjo-Tfos ( 189). 193, 3; for *7ri-Trprj-fj.i with sympathetic /x; theme
13) ftwm, fut.
(e/A-)irp^jo-a>,
TTpa-,
1st aor. (ev-)eirpT]o-a, pf.

(
mid.
irt-v-o)
(e/x-)ire'irpT]nai,
1st aor. pass. (v-)irpT|<r0T]v

TTI-,
189).
196, 1
theme
also related
ciriov,
theme
188,
TTO-,
TTOO-,
13) drink,
fut. irio|xai (
(
(
216), 2d aor.
1st pf. ireirwKa, pf.

(
mid.
irTrop,ai
188, 1), 1st aor. pass. 188, 1).

197, 1;
7T/oa-)
1^66^
1), vbls. TTO-TOS, iroreos
iri-irpa-o-Kw (
sell,
1st pf. ireirpaKa, pf.
mid.
irirpafj.ai,
(
1st aor. pass.

irf-irT-w (
!irpaJ0Tiv,
other forms supplied by other verbs

14,
164).
38, 1)
193, 3
theme
(TTOT-), TTCT-, TTT-,
and
TTTO)- (TTTY)-),
fall, fut. ir<rovnai (for *7rereo/xat),
2d
aor. eirco-ov (for *e7reroi/), 1st
pf. ir-irTtt-Ka (reduplication contrary to
178, 1).
if
i,
poetic fut.
TTT-ri<TOfj.aL (
190),
2d aor. ^rt]v (as

tirTd/j.r)v
from stem
TTTO-,
inflected like Zarrjv,
257) and mid.
(like tirpiawv,
257)
poetic also are Trordo/aai and Trorô/xat ( 292, 2 and 3), regular. 193, 2) learn (poetic) = irvv66.vona.i. (
slew, see [0ep-]. indicated, see <f>pdfa,
,
epic
2d
aor.
3d
sing. KaT-t-irrjK-To
207 a), poetic
is.
1st aor.
pass. eTr^x^v.
Trl\-vr)-/ju (
196, 3)
approach (epic), only pres. and impf.

ir(0"i'-> cf.
7riw-<r/cw (
(
,
TT^W) ??iê rozse, epic 1st aor. 201 a), pf. mid. Trtirvv/j.ai am wise ( 535) with partic. Trfirvv^vos irise. epic 2d pf partic. Tre-Ti-TTj-ws ( 220), in Attic poetry contracted to
;
.
197
theme
29]
LIST OF VERBS
409
1st aor. eirXcura,
(

(
195, 1
TrAar-) mold,
form
(fut. 7rAao-eo),
pf.
mid.
ire'irXao-jiai (
(
189, note), 1st aor. pass. 4irXd(r0T]v 189, note).
189,
note), vbl. irXao-Tos
irXeW
7rAo/c-, TrAt/c-, TrAa*-, 14, 1) plait, knit (fut. 219, 1 and 3), pf. mid. 7rAea>), 1st aor. cirXef-a, 2d pf. ire'irXoxa ( ire'irXe^cu, 1st aor. pass. eirXe'x0T]v, 2d aor. pass. eirXaKTjv ( 232, 2).
(
193; theme
irX&>
193, note; 199, 2; TrAev-, TrA^, 14, 2; 21) ( or irXevo-oiinai ( 214), 1st aor. eirXevo-a, 1st pf.
n-e'irXXKr|ji<u
sail, fut. ir\cv<ro|iai
ire'irXevKa, pf.
mid.
189) (1st aor. pass. eVAevo-^v,
189, late), vbl.
irXevo-reos
irXifJTTw (
(189).
;
195, note 2
irXT)a,
theme
TrAr/y-, vrAay-,
13)
strike, fut. irX^jw, 1st
aor.
2d
pf. irfirXTfya,
pf.
mid.
irir\T|-y|iai,
2d
aor.
pass.
4irMj'Y T |v
(contrary to
232, 1).
232, 1), but in composition
regularly
-TrXdYT,v (
n-Xiivw
(
195, 4) wash, fut. irXvvw, 1st aor. eirXvva ( irc'irXvfJLai, 1st aor. pass. 6irXii0Tjv.
(
204), pf. mid.
193, note; 199, 2; TTVCV-, TTVV-,
fut. irvv<roncu
and
-irvcvo-ovjiai
14, 2; 21) breathe, blow, 214), 1st aor. eirvcvora, 1st pf.
irvf-y-w
193;
irvly-,
irviy-,
13) choke, fut.

(
irv|<o, 1st aor. cirviâ, pf.
mid. ir&rviypai, 2d aor. pass. lirv(^T\v wo6(-w) desire, has forms both with
iro0T|<ra>
232, 1).
and
rj
(cf.
188), as fut.
ir60<ra.
or iroOeVojxai
507), 1st aor. lir60T]<ra or
196, 3) spread (poetic)

TTLT-VW
TrAcifw
( (
196, 1) fall (poetic)
Triirrw.
ZO/ULCLI
195, note 1) cawse to wander (Ionic and poetic), fut. mid. 7r\dyshall wander, 1st aor. tTrXayfc, 1st aor. pass. tir\dyxO r1 v wan(
dered
158, 3).
(
TrXdrro;, Ionic tr\a(T<TU

,
epic also ?rXe/w.
22), epic 1st aor. e7r\a<r<ra ( 201 a). Ionic and poetic TrXcico, fut. TrXwcroât
507),
1st aor. eTrXoxra,

,
2d aor. eTrXwf ( 209), 1st pf. Tr^TrXw/ca, vbl. TrXwros. epic plupf. with variable vowel (^n-ArXiryop, poetic and rare is
Tr\rjx^'rl v
-
1st aor. pass.
ew, epic also -rrvelw,
epic 2d aor. 3d sing.
&/J.-TTVVTO
209) and irnpv.
(MSS.
[root
&/J.TTVV).
is TTOO) (
do, poetic
Trop-, irpu-,
21).
38, 1] give, allot (poetic),
2d
aor.
e-rropov, pf.
mid. 3d
sing. TT^r/awrat it is fated,
and
partic.
410
LIST OF VERBS
729
irpdrTw
irc'irpaYa,
195, note 2; Trpdy-) do, fut. irpoa>, 1st aor. eirpafja, 2d pf. rarely ireirpaxa ( 219, 1), 1st aor. pass, cirpdxe^v, vbl.
(
irpaK-T&s
[root
25).
&M#, only
7r/oia- (cf. Trepi/ry/xi)]
2d
aor.
eirpidjjLt]v
(see
257 and
211, note).
irpto> (
193) saw, 1st aor.

rpf<r0tiv (
eirpwra, pf.
mid.
irîrpio-fiai (
189), 1st aor.
pass.
189).
irrdp-vv-(icu (
196, 5) sneeze,
;
2d
aor. eirrapov.
ITTÔ-O-W (
195, 1
(
theme
219, 1).
;
TTT^K-, TrraK-,
13) cower, 1st aor. eimâ, 2d
pf.
irrvo-o-o)
limixa
(
195, 1
(
TTTVX-) fold, fut. irrfgtt, 1st aor. lirrvga, pf.
mid.
eimryjuu
irvv0dvon<u
(
247), 1st aor. pass. eirrvx^Tiv. theme TrevQ-, 7rv0-, 196, 2 14, 2) '/earn, inquire, fut.
;
irevo-ofiai
ire'irvo-jiai
(for *veu$-aofuu,
(
30),
2d
aor.
irv06|iTjv
158, 3), pf.
189, note), vbl.
pair(
194
pa<jf>-) stitch,
fut. pcu|/, 1st aor.
ppa\|/a, pf.
mid.
cppajijiai
27, 1),
2d
aor. pass.
Ippd^v,
vbl. pairros.
pdrrw
p'o> (
apdrrw
q.v., fut.
;
193, note
(-
theme pev,
pd|w, 1st aor. eppoa, 1st aor. pass. ppdx6T]v. 14, 2 pv-, 21) y?ozo, fut. pcvo-ojiai and
;
pv-rja-o/juu
519, note 2), 1st pf. IppvTjKa
190),
2d
aor. pass, as
intrans.
514)
ippvi\v, vbl. pvros.
TT/odrTw,
TTT-ffffcrd}
Ionic
(Ionic
irp-f)<Tff(a
15 a; 22).
and poetic also TTTÔTO-W), poetic 2d aor. eirraKov ( 208). Homer has also from theme wra-, 2d aor. dual TTT^-T^J/ ( 209) and 2d pf. partic. -n-e-Trr^-ws ( 220). pound (Ionic, poetic, and late), 1st aor. eTrrto-a, pf. mid. e7TTta-/xai
(
189 note), 1st aor. pass.
lirTlaQ-riv (
189, note).
paivu (for *pav-iu),

epava
(
Homer
3d
pat-(t)
195, 4) sprinkle (Ionic and poetic), fut. pavw, 1st aor. 204, note 2), pf. mid. eppafffj-ai ( 247), 1st aor. pass. eppdv6r]j>. has also forms as if from root paS- 1st aor. eppava-a, and pf.
:
pi.
fppdS-arai, plupf. tppddaro
226 a).
193) strike (poetic), fut. pa&rw, 1st aor. eppai<ra, 1st aor. pass.
195, 2
tppalffd-nv (
p^w
189). for *(fipcy-iu,
2 a,
cf.
e^Sw and 6^70^ work) do (poetic),
fut. p^|w, 1st aor. cppei-a
and
6/>ea, 1st aor. pass, partic. pex#ei's, vbl.
729]
LIST OF VERBS
411
[Attic principal parts in full-faced type. bottom of the page.]
[root pry-] pf. see etpco.

pr^-vv-iu
(
tpT]Ka
have said, pf. mid.
ctpiuiai. 1st aor. pass. ippT\Qi\v,
196, 5
theme
prry-,
pay-,
13,
pf.
and a stronger form pwy-)
break, fut. pVjgw, 1st aor.
cpp-r]ga,
2d
cppwya
cppd-ytiv
m
(
broken
494, 3),
pf. mid. (rare) epprwiuu, 2d aor. pass,

pi-yw(-do>?) shiver, in pres. contracts to
to
and
232, 1). o instead of ou
and
01;
as opt. piyonyv, infin.

ippi-yoxra.
piyo>i/,
cf.
SriAw (
250), fut. pi-y<r, 1st aor.
ptiTT-w (
194;
plTT-;
pW-,
pf.
13)
and
(
piirrw
(-e'o>,
190) throw, fut. ptyw,

(
1st aor.
cppuK 2d
<i'ppi<j>a
219, 1), pf. mid. tppiixjuu

1st
aor. Ippoxra, pf.
27, 1),
2d
aor. pass. IppC^v.

(
PWV-VV-JJLI
(partic. eppco/xeVos strong,

o-erjv (
196, note) strengthen, as
mid.
eppcojicu
an adjective),
1st aor. pass.
ppw-
189).
o-aipw
195, 4
theme
vrjp-, <rap-,
13) clean
off,
2d
pf. <r^<nipa (
535)
show
<ra\irio> (
O-O.TT&) (
the teeth, grin.

;
195, note 1 <ra\7nyy-) sound a trumpet, 1st aor. io-dX.in.-yga. 195, note 2; <ray-) pack, load, 1st aor. co-oga, pf. mid. o-cVa-yncu. 196, note) extinguish, fut. <rf&ra> ( 188), 1st aor. eo-peo-a <rpv-vv-jjLt (
(
218, 2) intrans. have gone out 188), 1st pf. (dTr-)eo-pTiKa ( 494, 3), 1st aor. pass. lo-peVOriv, and 2d aor. pass, as intrans.
514), (dTr-ô-ptjv went out.
>)
shudder (poetic),
;
fut. pryâ-w,
1st aor. tppiyr)<ra,
2d
pf.
535). ptTTTw, poetic 1st aor. pass. tpptyByv.

(
p6ofj.ai (
190
193) defend, protect (poetic)
epv/j-ai,
q.v., fut.
(
pv<ro/j.ai,
1st
?.or.
209), 3d pi. pt-aro 167 d ; 171 a), pf. mid. etpv/jiai ? (referred also to UpvfMt). ( pvir6u soil, epic pf. mid. partic. pe-pvirta-^vos (contrary to 178, 1). Also a pres. pvirdw be dirty (cf. 292, 1 and 3).
fppi><rd/j.7)v,
2d aor. mid. 3d
sing.
tp(p)vro
(ra6w
(poetic), 1st aor. eo-Tjm ( 204, note 2). safe) save (poetic), fut. trawcrw, 1st aor. t<rduo-a, 1st aor. pass. taaA6-r}v (epic. pres. subj. 2d sing. <ra$s (cf. Mss. 0-67/5, 170, 2 Mss. <r6w, 0-677, o-dot), 3d pi. o-awa-t 170, 2 <r6ois), 3d sing, o-ay (cf.
(
;
195, 4
;
(TOP-)
fawn upon
292, 1
cf. crdos
cf.
199 b), epic. impf. 3d sing, adov ( 171 a Mss. o-dw, (Mss. (r6wo-t, cf. 199 b), epic impv. 2d sing. <rdov (for *o-aoe Mss. <rdw, cf. 199 W.
;
;
412
LIST OF
VERBS
Ionic
729

(T/3-(D (
(
o-ei-co
193) more often

158, 3).
<r'po|i.0T]v
(
(
193) shake, fut. 189) and

(
creitrco.
etc.,
regular, but pf. mid. cr<ri<rnai

( 213), 1st aor. 247), 1st aor. pass.
<rt)|iaCvtt
189). 292, 8; cf. o-^/xa sign) shoiv, fut. o-tijiavw

<r<nf)jiao-fi.ai (
1st aor. pass. eo-t<r0Tiv (
<TT)nt]va (
(TT|[J.dv9T|V.
o-îr-w
193, 1
theme
494, 2),
0-7777-, aa-rr-,
13) rot (fut.
tnji/>a>),
2dpf.
<r^<ririra
be rotten (
o-KoLir-Tw (
(
aor. pass, as intrans. 194; O-K<X<-) c%, fut. O-K<X\|/W, 1st aor.
o-Kafjtp.ai (
2d
514)
eo-dirqv.
c<rica\|/a,
2d
pf.
rKcu|>a
219, 1), pf. mid.
247), 2d aor. pass. (KUT-)<TKCU|>T]V.
o-KeSdv-vv-ju (
co-K&cura, pf.
(
212, 1), 1st aor. 196, note) scatter, fut. o-iceSw (cf. mid. e<ri'8a<rnai ( 189), 1st aor. pass. eo-KtSdo-Oriv
O-KCTT-) view (in Attic prose the present is usually 164) by <rKoirw(-co), regular), fut. <rKoJ/o[iai, 1st aor.
;
189).
o-icir-Tonai (
194
(
supplied
<TK6x|/d|JLTlV (
158, 3), pf.

o-Kr/TT-)
<TK(Jt|Jtat (
247), Vbl. <TKirTOS.

1st aor. eo-KTjâ, pf. mid.
o-KT|ir-Tw
194;
(
prop, fut.
o-K^\I/ft>,
<rK^4>6tiv.
194; O-KWTT-) jeer, fut. <TKw\|/o|iai ( 507), 1st aor. rK&>\|/a (pf. mid. o-/co)^/>iat, 247), 1st aor. pass. <rKw<}>0Tiv. 199, 3) smear, otherwise regular, fut. (rô-co. etc. 0-^77, etc.,
(
,
(
(
193
theme
;
172, 1 a
(o-i/ro),
(
and
o-eu-, au-, 14, 2) dm'e on, ?/r^ (poetic), aor. eacreva. 207, note 1), aor. mid. 2d sing. <r<rvo, 3d sing. ta<rv-ro 211 a), pf. mid. ecrcrvAuu be in haste partic. <rv-/jLevo<s (
535), 1st aor. pass. kvviî\v or ^0-^177 rushed (cf.

ffov/j.ai
514).
Also a
pres.
(from
*<roô/xai ?), etc.,

-/it
impv.
<rou,
o-ofodw, infin. o-ovcrOai.
(For
read.
<rivo/jLou (
)
o-eO-rat,
assumed to be a
form, perhaps o-oOrcu should be
195, 4
o-u/-)
;
injure, 1st aor.

cr/cXa-,
â-lvdfjt.'rjv
;
(Ionic).
195, 3
ajccX-,
14, 1
38) dry up (Ionic
and
(
poetic),
294,
1),
epic 1st aor. eo-^Xa (with r;. 207 a 209), 1st pf. (
;
204), 2d aor. intrans.
^K^-KCL
218, 3).
pi. to-KevdS-aTcu,
make
ready, regular, Herodotus has pf. 3d

(
plupf.
226 a).
193, 3) scatter (poetic) = <ri<eddvvvfju, q.v. (Ionic and poetic, = o-^<3), 1st aor. ea^râ, 1st aor. pass,
<Tovfj.ai.
729]
LIST OF VERBS
413
o-Teipw
195, 4;
theme
o-Trep-,
(nrap-,
(
eo-impa, pf. mid. fenrapiuu 232, 2), vbl. o-irapros. (

<rirvS-<0 (
14, 1) sow, fut. o-irepw, 1st aor. 224, note), 2d aor. pass, co-irdprjv
193),
pour
libation, fut. oroCcru

riri<r(xcu (
(for
*cr7rcj/8-o-a>,
34), 1st
aor. fern-euro, pf. mid.

<rirw(-aoj,
189, note). 188) draw, fut. <rird<r, 1st aor. fern-euro,,

ferircur|iai
(
1st pf. feriraica,

(
pf.
mid.
<rird<r0T]v
189), vbl.
<nrcurT6s (
189).
<rTX\
1st
195, 3;
aor.
ferraXjicu (
crrevattt (
O-TC'PY-" (
theme crreA.-, oroA.-, 14, 1) send, fut. O-T\ rTi\a ( 204), 1st pf. eo-raXKa ( 218, 4), 221, note), 2d aor. pass. lo-rdXr^v ( 232, 2).
; ;
213),
pf.
mid.
195, 2 193, 2
a,
(rrevay-) groan, fut. o-Tvda>, 1st aor. eo-rt'vaga.
theme
o-ropy-, arepy-,
14)
love, fut. o-T*po>, 1st aor.
rT P
2d
pf. 2o-Topâ (
219, 3).
<rTcp-<rKa)
( 197) deprive, also a pres. want, fut. <rT6p^<r, etc., regular.
(d7ro-)o-Tpw (-w,
292, 2)
and
mid.
<rTio>
(
o-Tpojjiai be deprived, be in
195, 2;
o-Tty-)
prick, fut.
(
<TT,
1st
aor.
co-riga,
pf.
mid.
25). 196, 5) spread, in prose usually <rrpiovvv|jii <rT6p-vv-|xi ( fut. o-Topco (for 212, 1), 1st aor. lo-rdpeo-a o-TOpe'o-co,
<TTl-y|JLai,
Vbl. (TTIKTOS
(
(
38, 1) q.v.,
188).
<TTp<|>-w
193, 2;
theme
o-rpo^>-,
(rrp<-,
.
o-rpa<jE>-,
14, 1) turn, fut.

.
o-Tp\|o, 1st aor.

jiat (
<TTp\|/a,
2d pf
o-Tpo<|>a (
224, note), 1st aor. pass.
o-Tp<j>9T]v
219, 3), pf mid. Ka-Tpap.(mostly epic, rare in

o-Tpd<|>Tjv (
prose), usually 2d aor. pass, as intrans. (

vbl. o-Tpeirros.
o-rpcov-vv-ju
(
514)
232, 2),
TTpa>o-a, pf.
196, note) aprend (cf. o-T6pvv(u), fut. o-rpwo-w, 1st aor. mid. eo-rptopiai, 1st aor. pass. !(rrpw0T)v.
fa
195, 2
0-707-)
drop (Ionic and poetic, rare in prose),
[fut.
<TT<|W], 1st aor. ecrraâ, pf. mid. earay/jiai, aorists pass, fffrdxdrjv (1st)
and w (
-w
(
foTdy-rjv (2d).
193, 2)
n?d
(mostly poetic),
fut. o-ret^w, etc., regular.
Also
o-Tt/SiS
(-&<0, pf. mid. ô-ri/Sât. 14, 2) 193, 2 ; o-retx-, <rrix-,

(
march, 1st
aor. eo-retô,
and epic
2d
cu,
aor. intrans. eo-Tixo"

,
208).
ffrevvrai.,
232, 2). poetic 2d aor. pass. tvTtpriv (contrary to and trreOro (poetic) se^ owe's self at, promise, threaten
(only pres. and impf.).
414
LIST OF
VERBS
729
o-vpCTTw whittle, see (rvpia> below. 193) draw (fut. <7upu>), 1st aor. eo-vpa, 1st pf. <re<rvpica, pf. mid. ( <H>p<r&r\>pnay-),
in prose
commonly
mid.
<r<j>dTT
195, note 2)
slay, fut.
<r<j>a|a>,
1st aor.
r<J>a|a, pf.
<r<j>a-yjjtai,
2d
aor. pass.
4<r4>dyqv, vbl. CTCJXXKTOS.

o-<t>d\\
(
<ra>'t
195, 3; o-<aA-) trip, deceive, fut. <r<|>aXw, 1st aor. ( 204, note 2), pf. mid. <r<t>a\|Acu, 2d aor. pass. io-^dXTjv. cf. o-ois safe) save, fut. <r<r (contr. 292, 6 (for *o-a)-iw,
;
w^Xa
from
o-awcrco,
see o-aoco), 1st aor. co-wo-a
(and
eo-oxra,
contr.
from
eo-ao>o-a,
see o-aow), pf. <ro-a>Ka

(
(and
<r<ro>Ka,
from
o-aow), pf. rnid. a-co-wo-nai
189, and
o-eo-wp-ai,
contr.
from
o-eo-aw/xat,
see o-aocu), 1st aor.

(
pass.
<rw0Tiv (contr.
from
eo-aw^r/i/,
see aaoco), vbl. <TWO-TOS
189).
Tapdrrw
515, 1), 1st
195, 1; ra/oax-) rfiûrft, fut. Tapda> (fut. mid. often pass., aor. rdpa|a, pf. mid. TCTapa-yiuu, 1st aor. pass.
1st aor. irai-a, 2d pf. ray-) arrange, fut. rdf-w, aor. 1st mid. pass. tTO.\Qi\v, vbls. 219, 1), pf. Wra^jiai,
;
195, note 2
(
TttKTOS, TttKTeOS (
(
25).
rev-, ra-,
(
195, 4;
theme
14, note) stretch, fut.
TVW, 1st aor.

(
6Tiva, 1st pf. Tt'raKa
218, 4), pf. mid. rerajiai
224, note),
w,
ffTvyri<rofji.ai,
515, 1) 190) hate (Ionic and poetic), fut. mid. (as pass. 1st aor. to-rijyrja-a, and trans. e<7Tva made hateful, 2d aor.
(
(epic) evTvyov, 1st pf. ^rijyrjKa

(

(
â-Tvy/id-rjv.
195, note 1
<rvpia.
o-vpiyy-), Attic CTU/JITTW
195, note 2) whistle, 1st
aor.
w, Ionic
and poetic
etc.
is
the rare 1st aor. pass.

%&>.
e<r<t>dx6r]v-
See
TO.-VV-W
[root T07-] only epic 2d aor. partic. Tcraydv seizing ( 208, 1 a). cf. re/i/w) stretch (poetic and 196. 5, for *TV-W-U, 14, note ( Ionic) also pres. mid. rd-w-fj-ai (pres. theme is carried into the other
;
,
tenses), fut.
pf.
ra^w
mid.
TeTdvva-/j.ai, 1st
Tapdrru, Ionic
(
ra/xWw
216), 1st aor. erdwa-a and erdwa-a-a ( 201 a), aor. pass, ^ravixrd^v. 22), epic 2d pf. in trans. ( 494, 3) T
38) be disturbed.
41),
Brjir-
[root TOK- (for *0a0,
2d
pf. Ttdyira
219, 2), epic plupf. ^re-^Trea
13)] (poetic), only 2d aor. 222 a). (
729]
LIST OF VERBS
Ionic
415
contrary to
231, 4),

1st aor. pass. Ta6Tjv (for *c-Tv-6r)v, vbls. Tares, Tare'os
(
14, note,
14, note).
t'ut. TCKp-apovficu. 1st aor. eTKfj.T]pdnT]v ( TK|xaCpojj.aiyw(/r/e, infer,
158, 3).
(dm-)T'XXa>
195, 3
theme
mid.
292, 2
reA.-, raA.-,
14, 1) cause to rise, rise, 1st
aor. (dv-)6TiXa, pf.
(ei/-)Te'Ta\(xai (
. ;
224, note).
T\W (-o for

1st aor.
(
*TeAeo--tw,
cf re'Aos end) Jinish, f ut.

(
T\<ra
188), pf. rc-HXcKa

(
189), 1st aor. pass. IreXco-etiv

196, 1
;
reXw ( 212, 1), 188), pf. mid. TereXeo-jicu 189), vbl. rctarrfos ( 189).
flit.
TCJJIW,
(
Tc'ii-vw (
re//,-, ret//,-,
14, 1) cut,
2d
aor. erejiov, 1st
pf. T^TjiTjKa (
T|i^9T|v (
218, 3), pf. mid. T6T|)|iai

(
224, 1), 1st aor. pass.
38, 1), vbl. T|U|-r<os

;
38, 1).
Tpir-o> (
193, 2
repTT-, rapTT-,
Tp<|>8Tiv.
14, 1) delight, fut. Tp\j/w, 1st aor.
1st aor. pass.
TTpaivo)
195, 4, rerpav-) Z'ore 38, 1, 1st aor. IWrpava (

(
also tenses
from theme
rep-,
204, note 2), also
erprjo-a,
pf.
mid.
TTpTi|iai (rprj-).
TTJK-W (
193, 1
theme
TTJK-,
raK-,
13) melt, fut.

2),
TTJ,
1st aor.
TT]a,
2d
pf. TcVtiKa
(
am
melted
(491,
a
2d
aor. pass, as intrans. (
514),
232, 1) melted, vbl. TTJK-TOS.
TKfj.alpo/j,ai, act. TeK(j.a.lpw set
mark
is poetic.
/
[root
re^t-,
r/i-]
r^-TfjL-ov (
,
encounter, only epic 2d aor. e-re-r u-oi' 171 a).
208,
a)
and
Ionic
and poetic rd/j-vw, 2d aor. era/jiov ( 208). epic 2d aor. mid. Te-Tapir-6iJ.rit> ( 208; 208,
and
Ta/37rwjua, 1st aor.
tTdp-n-rjv,
See also T/r^w.
la;
171 a), subj.
rercipTrw/xai
pass, also ^Tdp^dijv,
and 2d
38
;
aor.
pass.
1
(cf.
514)
with subj. 1st
pi. rpair-fjo^v (
233,
a; Mss.
(
Tpa-rreio/j-ev^).
(
195, 4) dr?/, epic 1st aor. T^p<rr]va
171 a).
(
(poetic) become dry, 2d aor. pass, as intrans.
514)
tTtpa-rjv
became dry. having seized.

See
-w
[re^t-].
See
[rory-].
TTir)(rOoi>, rert^ws, TeTirj^vos.
See
["rte-].
14, 2) make ready (poetic), fut. 2d aor. infin. (from theme TUK-) TeTVKetv, 3d pi. mid. TeTtKovTo ( 171 a), 2d pf. r^reuxa 6e rea^ ( 494, 3), pf. mid. 226 a), for 3d pi. Teri5x- ara Terrix-a, see T{-Tvy-/j.ai ( 224, note
(193,
2;
theme
rei^-, TWX-,
rei5w, 1st aor. ereâ,
Cf. Tvyx*epic 1st aor. pass. ir^Q-^v (contrary to 231, 4). rare and mostly poetic is 1st aor. pass, er^x^ 7?" W(* s melted.
,
416
LIST OF VERBS
729

TC-0TJ |u (
193, 3;
0TjKa (
theme
211,
Orj-, Oe-,
13) put (inflection
aor.
jjtai,
3, inflection
251), fut. Qô-a, 255), 1st pf. T^KO,, pf. mid. re'Oei(
40), Vbls. 06TOS,

*TI-TK-O>,
but usually supplied by KCIJUU 0TOS.

193, 3
;
eriQr\v
TIKTW (for
forth, fut. rlg<0,
2d
aor. TOKOV,
theme TOK-, 2d pf.

14, 2)
TCK-, TK-,
TCTOKCI (
14) beget, briny 219, 3), 1st aor.
pass. iri\Qi\v.
H-vtt (
196, 1
theme r-,
pf.
(
TI-,
pay,
(
fut. reto-w, 1st aor.
emo-a,
1st pf.
(
TTiKa,
mid. TT6io-fiai
189).
189), 1st aor. pass. Tl<r0T]v

1st aor. crpoxra, pf. mid.
189), Vbl. T6UTT60S
Ti-Tpw-o-Kco (
197, 1; rpo)-) wound, fut. TTpa>n<u, 1st aor. pass. Tpw8tjv. 193, 2;
1st aor.
T^Tpo<J>a
rpcoo-ca,
Tpir-a> (
Tp\|/a.
theme T/OOTT-. rpen-, rpaw, 14, 2d aor. mid. eTpairojiiiv ( 208)
1) (urn, fut.
turned, fed,
Tps'xJ/w,
2d pf
(sometimes possibly reVpaâ), pf. mid. rerpanfjiai ( 224, note), 1st aor. pass. Tp&|>0T]v and 2d aor. pass, usually as intrans.
(
514) iTpdm^v
193, 2;
232, 2) turned, vbl. rptirre'os.

rpe<^>-, rpa<^>-,
Tp<j>-co (
theme rpo<-,
14, 1
for *0po(f>-, etc.,

P
x|ra (
41) support, feed, rear, fut.
\|/a>
41), 1st aor.
41),
[root rte-] only epic 2d pf. partic. rert^s troubled, dual. mid. mid. partic. reTi'^j'os troubled.
rtXXw
(195,
rtX-) pZwcA:
(mostly poetic)
fut.
n\w,
1st aor. ertXa, pf.
mid.
rlva,
T^rtX/iat, 1st aor. pass. lTL\dt]i>.
Homer has
is
(
what
Ti-ralvu
in pres. and iinpf. rl-w ( 193) ^we rivw (with long t) due, honor (poetic) fut. rftrw, 1st aor. crlcra, pf mid. rert/^j/os. theme rav- reduplicated cf. rdvu} stretch (epic), 1st 195, 4
; ,
.
aor. tTlr-nva (
[root
204). rdXao-<ra r\a-, rciXa-] endure (poetic), fut. TXâ-o/uai, 1st aor. 257), 1st pf. T^-rXrj-Ka, also 2d pf. (raXa-), 2d aor. T\rjv (like eo-rî/,
r\rj-,
(
without suffix
r/iâ;
(
220
258)
193, 1
T/-077-,
T/tcry-)
(
er/xijâ,
2d
aor. fTfjiayov
r^rXa/xei/, opt. rerXa^j/, impv. T^r\a6i, etc. CM (poetic = Tfyvu), fut. T^W, 1st aor. 208), 2d aor. pass, to-fidy-iiv ( 232, 1).
ToptD(-6w) pierce (poetic), fut. ropri<rw, note 2) Teroprio-w, 1st aor. trbptitra,
TP^TTW, Ionic
has sometimes rpdirw,
and from redup. aor. stern ( 519, 2d aor. eropoi/ (cf. 190). poetic 2d aor. act. erpairov, Homer
(
and Herodotus have 1st aor. pass. ^Tpd<p6^v. w, epic 2d aor. (intrans.) erpcupov grew up
aor. pass.
494, 1), poetic 1st
729]
LIST OF VERBS
417
224, note), 2d aor.
2d
pf. T6T Po4a (
219, 3), pf. mid. rttpa|i|iai
^rpd^v ( 232, 2). 193; theme @ptx~i TPC'X-W ( 41) rim; other tenses supplied ( 164) from theme 8pa/u-; fut. 8pap.ov(iai, 2d aor. eSpaôv. pf. SeSpdpjKa
pass,
(
190), pf. mid. StSpdfjuâi
Tp
190), but vbl. e P KTos. ( 199, 2) tremble, 1st aor. erp<ra ( 188). 193; rpl(3-, rpift-) rub, fut. T Ptya>, 1st aor. Srpu|/a,
2d
pf.
TTpi<|>a, pf.
mid.
Terpip-iiai
Tptj>0T]v,
but
more often 2d
xw(-oa)),
aor. pass. Irpip^v.
and rpv-w wear away,
exhaust, all regular,
but see
164.
-w (
193
rpwy-, Tpay-) </naw, fut.

?
Tpop.ai
507),
2d
aor.
Tpa-
yov, pf.
( (
mid. TCTpwyK- 111 vbl. rpwKros.

196, 2;
507), 2d
theme rev^-, rv^-, 14, 2) hit, happen, fut. revf-onou aor. 6TvX ov ( 208), 1st pf. r^rv\r\Ka ( 190).
Tvir-T
194; TVTT-) strike, fut. ( tenses usually supplied (
rvmVw
190; 519, note 2), other ( or irardo-o-w; pass. 164) from ira
Tt4>-w (
supplied from irX^JTrw. 193 theme 6v<f>-,

;
41) raise smoke, smoke, pf. T^6vn(iai, 2d aor.
pass, as intrans.
viri(rx-vov|jiai (-eo/xat,
514)
196, 4) promise
;
508), fut. vjro<rx^(ro(iai, 2d
aor. virccrxojrtiv, pf. vir<rxil|Jtai

v<j>aivw
(
cf. e\o>
and
t<rx<>-
195, 4
v<aj/-)
weave, fut.
(
note 2), pf. mid.

v-
v<j>a<rfidv6Tjv, vbl.
v<j>avw,
193) rain, fut. v<rw, 1st aor.

\><rQr\v (
v<ra, pf.
mid.
vo-piai
189), 1st
aor. pass.
189).
ptx<, poetic fut. dpôî ( 507), 1st aor. tepefr ( 41). 195, 2 ; rply-} squeak (Ionic and poetic), 2d pf. re-rply-a (
"K
with Epic partic. rerptyuJs, -ywros, w wound (epic, rare) = TITPW&KU.

i
fern, rerplyvla.
Homer
,
epic also 1st aor. eri/xâ, Ionic and late is 2d pf. often uses rtrvy/jLai, ^ri/x^" (from revû) in almost the sense
T\>X.OV.
Of TTU%7;/fa,
epic
and Ionic
1st aor. erv\f/a, poetic

(
and
poetic) Teru/^cu
27, 1), poetic

uTri
2d aor. ervirov, 2d aor. pass.
pf.
mid. (Ionic
vfMi.,
Ionic
and poetic usually

27
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
418
LIST OF
VERBS
729

4>cuv
(for *<av-i<o,
j>Tiva (
(
(
195, 4; theme <av-) show, fut. 4>avu>, 1st aor. 204, note 2), 1st pf. irc'â-yKa, 2d pf. ir&jnjva have appeared 494, 2), pf. mid. ir<j>ao-(jLai (see 247), 2d aor. pass, as intrans.
514)
e4>dvT]v
appeared.
;
<|>d-<rK-&> (
<J>eC8-o|jLai (
197) say, only pres. and iinpf. see <J>TIH-193, 2 theme <a8-, <i8-) spare, fut. <j>c(<ro|iai (for *<a8;
o-o/xat,
30), 1st aor.
j>iorci|ju]v,
vbl. <j>i<r-Tos
26).
<j>p-
193, 2) carry (see

Tivcîca (
by
164), fut. supplied by ofcrw, aor. supplied 207, note 1) or 2d aor. rjvryKov (theme eveyK-), 2d pf.
179; 219, 1 and 3), pf. mid. Iv-^vev-jiai ( 224, note), Iv-^vox-a ( 1st aor. pass. -{\vt\Qi\v, vbls. oUrros, olo-Tos. Cf. [eve/c-].
(
193, 2; fovy-, <uy-,
14, 2), also rarely <j>vâv

(
(
(
196, 2)
flee, fut. <j>vojiVYa 193; (
219, note 1).
^,
</>a-,
13) say (inflection
263), fut.
1st aor.
(J>r|o-a.
vbls. <j>ar6s, <|>aTOS.
<j>0d-vw (
196, 2;
is
^0^,
<^>0a-,
,
13) anticipate, fut. ÔTJo-ojiai
507;
doubtful
257).
<|>0(pa) (
(f>Od(T(t))
1st aor. e<t>6acra,
2d
aor.
}>0T]v
(like lo-rr;v,
195, 4
theme
<j>0op-, <t>0ep-, <f>0ap-,
1st aor.
(|>0ipa,
1st pf.
<|>0apKa
14, 1) corrupt, fut. 218, 4), but commonly
<f>0epJ),
2d
pf.
8i-<|)0opa (
(cf.
219, 3), pf. mid.
<t>0apjjiai (
224, note),
2d
aor. pass.
514),
ÔAp^v
232, 2).
(j>alvw,
^T/V, cf.
(
epic also <f>aelvw appear, shine, 1st aor. pass, â^vd^v (Mss. e 199 b). Homer has also from shorter root <f>a- 2d aor. 0de For ^dveaKov see 191 b. 171 a) appeared, and fut. pf. 7re077<rerai.
4>efSoM<u, epic
2d
aor.
Tre^b^v
208
208,
la;
171 a), fut. from aor.
stem
[root
519 a)
Tre0t5?7(ro/<uu.
0e*>-, 0j>-,
208, 1 a)
0a (for $v-, and irtyvov
208 ; 14 note)] (epic), 2d aor. f-ire-^v-ov ( 171 a) slew, pf. mid. ir<?-0a-Atcu ( 224, note),
MZ
fut. pf. 7re0T7<ro/u

>,
( 228). epic 2d pi. impv. <t>tpre (for 0^pere), for 1st aor. impv. oltre see 201 b. (Herodotus has (once) 1st aor. infin. dv-oi<rai.') Ionic forms
from theme
mid.
w, epic pf.
tveiK-
are 1st aor.
^vet/ca (
207, note 1), 2d aor. yveiKov, pf.
tvrjvety/j.a.1,
1st aor. pass. -^velxO^v.

ire-<t>vy-ij.tvos
(
mid. partic.
219 a), and

211 a).
pf.
act.
partic.
e-0i;f-6Tes (as if
,
from
*0i5f-w).
(
epic 2d aor. mid. partic. 00a/xej'os
729]
LIST OF VERBS
419
<j>0i-vco
196, 1), waste, decay, fut. <j>0i<r, 1st aor.
|>8ura,
2d
aor. mid.
e4>0i(AT|v
perished, pf. mid.
<{>0ip.cu.
<j>iXw(-a>) love (inflection

<|>p<ry-vu-[u
"249), fut. <J>i\ô-w, etc., regular.
4>pdi>
<j>pa<ra> (
tell (mid. consider), fut. 30), 1st aor. f>pcura, 1st pf. ir<J>paKa, pf. mid. ire'4>pa<rfjiai 189, note), 1st aor. pass, <|>pd<r0Tiv ( 189, note), vbl. <J>pao-Tos
;
196, 5) fence = <|>pdTTa>, q.v. ( 195, 2 <f>paS-) point out, declare,
189).
(
<j>paTTw
195, 1;
theme
(
<f>pa.K-
and
<t>pa.y-,
195, note 2) fence [fut.
<|>pda> or <j>dp
ire<j>pa*y|Jiai
38)], 1st aor.
or
irc<|>ap-yp.ai (
j>apfja ( 38), pf. mid. 38), 1st aor. pass. <J>pdx0iiv, vbl. 4>paK-r6s
|>paa or
or <J>apK-r6s
<|>piTTw (
( 38). 195, 1; <piK-) shudder [fut. <pta>], 1st aor.
f>pi|a, 1st pf.
ir<j>plKa
(
am
in
a shudder
535).
t>pva, pf. mid.
ir'<j>pv-yn<u,
193)
roast, fut. <l>ptia>, 1st aor.
vbl.
<|>u\dTT&)
195, 1
<f>v\ai<-)
guard, fut.
<|>v\d|a),
1st aor.
4>v>\aa,
2d
ire4>v\axa,
.
pf.
mid.
ir<j>v\a-Yfj.ai,
1st
aor.
pass.
l^vXdx.O'nv,
pf. vbl.
4>cp-a> (
<|>c-a) (
193) mix, pf. mid.
193;
|>Uv
also <f>vpw(-aw) regular. Tre'<J>vpp.cu 13) produce, fut. <|>6<ra>, 1st aor. e4>v<ra, 2d aor. grew, be by nature ( 491, 1), 1st pf. ir^xJKa be ( 494, 3),
;
(f>v-,
<v-,
vbl.
(j>6ivw,
Homer
has 00zi/w with long
t.
(Two supposed occurrences
of a
pres. 00/w in
are easily corrected to the corFor the epic responding forms ((j)6teai, e00tro) of the aor. mid.) 2d aor. opt. (ftdiwv, etc. (for *(j>6i-i-/j,-r)i>') see For pf. 211, 2 a.
(<f>dirjs,
Homer
'4$6t.v)
3d
pi.
e-00t-aro see
226
a.
Epic
1st aor. pass. eQdidvjv
(3d
pi. e<0t-
6eV ,
233 a).
pres. infin. ^tXTj-êmi see
0tX<S, epic 1st aor.
For epic
(
mid., from stem 0i\- (cf. 199 d.
190), t-QiK-awv
204).
191 a) burn (poetic)
0X^ya>.
1
w, epic
,
2d aor.
e-ire-cfrpad-ov (
208,
a) or TrtypaSov
?
171 a).
aorists pass. (Ionic and late) ^p^^'n v l gt typvyyv 2d. epic 1st aor. H(pvp<ra ( 204 a), poetic 1st aor. pass, e^pdrjv. ;w, in Homer usually with v, in epic also 2d pf. ( 220) 3d pi. 7re-0tf-a<n,
,
partic.
7re-<t>v-(t)$
(fem. fy-Tretpwia)
1st plupf.
with variable vowel
420
LIST OF VERBS
729

507), 1st aor.
(dva-)xa-o>
exo-o-a.
195, 2; â8-) withdraw (fut. âo-o/xat,
The verb
xa/~)
is
mostly poetic
cf
"
/ceKaSov.
(
Xcupoo (
(
195, 4;
rejoice, fat.
? 1!
40
190), pf. mid. Ke'xapficu and Kcx^pi^xai ( 190), intrans. ( 514) ex *P Tl v rejoiced, vbl. x a P T s<
190), 1st pf. Kcx^p^Ka 2d aor. pass, as
XaX.w(-aco,
(
188) loosen, 1st aor. Ix^cura, 1st aor. pass. exa\dor0T]v
189).
195, 2
;
X^t w
theme
xoB-,
^~'
14) caco, fut.
"
^Htai> (f r
*X
^~
oroujom,
(cf.
30; 214), 1st aor.

199, 2;
x<ra, rarely with variable vowel

219, 3).
201 b) ex<rov, 2d
193, note;
pf. Kc'xo 8 " (
X&o
( ( (
216), aor.
xa
14, 2) joowr, fut. x' xeu- xy-, 207, note 1), 1st pf. KC'-XV-KO,, pf. mid.
theme
Xp^j
it
224, note), 1st aor. pass. e\vQi\v, vbl. X^TOS. is necessary, see 267.
193) anoint,
sting, fut.
XP^" W 1st aor. cxpura,

>
pf.
mid.
1st aor. pass. cxpto-O^v (

p't"
189), vbl.
xprT6 s
189).
(for xpw-i^w,
Kc'xpwo-Hiai (
292, 6, cf. \pw-s complexion") color, stain, pf. mid. 189), 1st aor. pass. IXPS^V ( 189).
pf.
199, 3) give oracles, fut. \pi\<ra>, 1st aor. cxpôra, 1st pf. Ke'xpT|Ka. mid. K'xpri|jLai, 1st aor. pass. 6XP^" eT v ( 189). diroxpw be suffil
cient (usually
impersonal
c -'
a-jro-^pfj)
like XP^(
^^?
^) use
m iddle
204
deponent,
158, 3),
epic 1st aor. mid.

(
3d
sing,
x^paro
171 a), epic 2d aor.
mid. Kexap^rjv
(
208,
la;
171 a).
"
196, 2
(Ionic
and
theme xo^S-, x ei/ 5-, x a ^- (for x"5-, 14, note) contain 34), 2d aor. exaSov, poetic), fut. x^" eTat (f r *x ei'5 erai
;
5
2d
xa0-/ca>
13) gape (Ionic and 2d aor. ex avov 2d pf. K^x'n va be agape ( 535). f r e pi 2d aor. mid. X^w, epic pres. rarely x" w e Pi aor ^ so *X eva
' ;
/c^x"5a Mss. (better /c<?x"Sa, 219, 3). 197 theme x"n v~i X av-t (for *x a "- <r ca> ?>
pf.
->
poetic), fut. xetpoGjucu,
>
>
as pass. ex VTO see [root xP ai<T ^~] help,

X/sato-jue- (
211 a
515,
1.
'
avert (epic), only 2d aor. XP aLff fJ ov 190), fut. xpor/i^<rw, 1st aor. ex/)a ^"/U7? (ra
-
>
a l so from
yfa, poetic xpot'^w. xPÂtai, in Ionic contract to a where Attic has

,
77
as 3d sing, xparat,
infin.
xp&vfah etc
f.
P res sub J-
xpfafu'ui etc. (cf.
199
c)
partic.
199 c).
729]
LIST OF VERBS
421
1st
(
fut. XRTJO'OH.CU,
(
510)
pW
1st
(
aor.
e\pT\<ra.\iT\v,
pf.
K'xpT]jicu,
aor. pass.
189), vbls. XPIO-TOS, XP1<rrfo

1st aor.
ex<ra,
189).
\<o (-oco)
heap up, fut.

(
\(a<r<a,
1st pf.
(
Ke'xwKa. pf.
mid.
Kexwo-p-ai
(
x<o<r9iiv
189), vbl.
x wo"s
189).
193, 2) deceive (mid. lie), fut. \|/vo-w ( 30), 1st aor. o|/v<rct 189, note), 1st aor. pass. IxJ/evo-e^v 30), pf. mid. &|rcv<r|Mu (
coo/, fut.
\J/v8-w (
(
(
\|/t>X-
189, note).
(
193)
t|/t>ci>,
1st aor.
e\|/vga,
pf.
mid.
exj/u-yp-ai,
1st aor.
cooled.
pass.
j/'w
6\|/fy(6 Tl v
an(i
2d
aor. pass, as intrans. (
514)
\|/IIXT]V
:
(/n?s, ^07, etc.,
199, 3) rub (usually in composition
as diro-ij/w),
fut.
\|nr|o-w,
etc.,
regular; pf. mid. usually supplied from
(regular),
tZ>9w
(-ceo,
190; theme
172, 2), fut.
<rw (for *o)0-o-<o,
mid. WH.CU
o>vov|iai (-eo/xat)
2 a) ^w.sA (impf. 30), 1st aor. 6<ra ( 172, 2), pf. 172, 2; 180; 189, note), 1st aor. pass. cwo-Oriv (
a>0-,
for
^w^-,
189, note), vbl. wrreos
189).
172, 2), fut. cwô-opai, aor. sup180), 1st aor. <&vr]fi.<u (
owy (impf.
eaivov/Jirjv,
plied
164) by lirpux^v
(
257), pf.
WVTJTO'S,
pass. 6v^9i]v
172, 2), vbls.
<2,
poetic fut. sometimes

wcra, pf.
wô-w
190), Ionic 1st aor.
(contracted)
mid.
ENGLISH INDEX
[THE REFERENCES ARE TO SECTIONS]
Verb forms,
to
as a rule, are not listed in the Greek index, but they are be sought in the List of Verbs ( 729).
Ablative genitive 361 ff. Absolute construction, accusative 343, 658 genitive 360, 657. Abstract for concrete 322 substan; ;
and part" 335 a; adverbial uses

of of specification 337 336 ff. of limit of motion extent 338 339 and a two accusatives with one verb 340 predicate accusative 341 subject of infinitive 342 and note 629 of swearing 344 with compound verbs 345 prepositions with verbs that 399 with 346 usually take genitive 356 note 1
;
tive suffixes 282.
Acatalectic verse 689. Accent 55 ff. position of 57 rules for 58 ff recessive accent 64
; ; . ;
accent of contracted syllables 65 of elided words 66 proclitics 69 enclitics 70 accent in declension by attraction from genitive or stems of one syllable in 3d dative 631, 1 accusative absolute 77 decl. 100; of neuter participle 129, 343 after ws and &<nrep instead of 2-3 of adjectives 117, 2 118, 3 genitive absolute 658 note. of per- Action, suffixes denoting 279. 119, 1 120, 1-2 122, 2 sonal pronouns 139, 1-2 and notes Active infinitive with passive mean1-2 of the verb 184 of infiniing 641 note. Active voice 503 endings of 166, 1 tive, participle, and verbals 185 of contract verbs 185 note of tarl 167 170 notes 1 and 2. Acute accent 56 changed to grave 262, 1.
;
;
Accompaniment, dative of
;
392.
67.
;
of Accusative, singular of Attic 2d decl. Adjectives, declension of 116 ff. in 3d decl. 97 of -oi-stems 1st and 2d decl. 117; contract 118 92, 3 in Hdt. 112 a; Epic -e?a for -w of two endings 119; of 3d decl. 123 a; plural of 1st decl. 84 note 120 ff. of 1st and 3d decl. 122 ff.
; ; ;
;
of stems in
-i-
and
-v-
110,
4;
of
110 e; plural of
/3oGs
111 c;
comparatives 121, 2. Accusative case, syntax of 328 ff. d irect object 329 ff. cognate 331 ff.;
; ;
stems in -vrstems in -v- 123 125 of one ending 126 of irregular declension 127-128 comparison of adjectives 132 ff. in -wv
;
; ; ; ;
and
135
;
-ovs
133
by
/uaXXoi/,
/maXia-ra
of
part
affected
335;
"whole
422
irregular comparison
136
ENGLISH INDEX
correlation of pronominal adjectives 151 numeral adjectives 152;
;
423
flexive 469
formation of adjectives 287-289 syntax of adjectives 419 ff. agreement of 420 ff. predicate 421 ff. used substantively 424 with adverbial force 425 comparative 426 superlative 427 position of with article 451 ff objective genitive with 351 367 partitive genitive with 357 genitive of sepadative with ration with 362, 2 376 note ; 392, 2 infinitive with
;
our6s 474 possessive demonstrative 480 relative ff. interrogative 489 indefinite 491 agreement of verbs 495.
;
;
476 483
Alphabet
;
1.
Alternative questions, direct 574 and a indirect 579 and a.
Anaclasis 711 note.
Anacoluthon
717,
1.
Anacrusis 706.
Analogy, in word formation 275

283, 1
;
284, 1
;
287, 5
292.
Anapaest 683
703
ff.
;
anapaestic rhythms
641.
709, 2.
Adonic verse
708,
1.
;
Advantage, dative ôf 377 note 1 378. Adverbial use of prepositions in Homer 398 a adverbial force of adverbial appositive 318 note accusative 336 ff. adjectives with adverbial force 425 adverbial in;
Anastrophe 68. Antecedent 460
not implied 461 expressed 486. Antepenult 51. Anticipatory subjunctive 555 note 562 a in questions 576 a.
; ;
Antistrophe 691.
finitive 642.
Antonomasia
;
322.
:
Adverbs, form of 137

; ;
First aorist, comparison Aorist tense 161 note inflection of of 138 correlation of pronominal formation of 201 numeral adverbs 152 for206 in -a in Homer 195, 2 a in 151 with variamation of 290. -ova, in Homer 201 a attribuble vowel 201 b in -p<ra in Homer Adverbs, syntax of 429 ff 06 and Second aorist, reduplicative = adjective 429, 1 204 a formation tion of 183 208, 1 a 431-435; Av 436-439; use of tf with comparative adverbs 426 note of 207 ff. inflection of 210 ff. 3 430 partitive genitive with 360 207 note 1 epic peculiarities 211 a and note; genitive of separation 207 a; 208, la; 210 a dative with 392, 3 with 362, 3 subjunctive of, in Homer 211, 1 a in Herodotus 211, 1 b; epic optaadverbs with circumstantial partive of -i- and -u-stems 211, 2 a ticiple 654 ff. Aeolic dialect, Introduction, page First aorist passive, formation of 12 Aeolic forms in Homer 139 a inflection of 233; 245: 231; 199 d. Second aorist passive, formation of 232 inflection of 233 246. Agent, suffixes denoting 278 genitive of 372 516 dative of 380 Aorist, use of 528 ff. inceptive 529 rendered by present 529 note 516, 1 516 a accusative of 516, 1. of substantives gnomic 530; of the future 531; Agreement 314 in other modes than indicative of adjectives 420 ff. of 317 ff. rein indirect discourse 551 543 ff. pronouns 462 personal 466
ft'.
;
424
ENGLISH INDEX
middle as passive 515, 1 and aorist indicative in subordinate
3.
aorist
clauses not changed in indirect
484 of verbs 590 notes 1 and 4. adverb - adAttributive, the 302

;
;
of pronouns 465
501
discourse 675,
Aphaeresis 717, 2. Apocope 43 note 3. Apodosis 600 apodotic

;
attributive posijective 429, 1 tion of adjectives 451 ff. of atrds attributive participle 650 475, 1
; ; ;
;
5<?
601 note.
Apparent compounds
Apposition 317
ff.
;
297.
genitive case in
with adjective 420 apposition note; with possessive pronoun 477 note.
Arsis 684.
Article,
6, ^,
rendering of 650 note 2. Augment 171 ff. omission of 171 a syllabic 172 doubling of liquids after 172, 1 a temporal 173 of compound verbs 174 of denominative verbs 175 double augment 172 note 1 175 note of pluper; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
r6,
a.
declined 144
of 443
;
epic
fect 176.
forms of 144
Article, syntax
ff.
use as
Bacchius683 Bacchiac rhythms 713.

;
a demonstrative 443
;
in
Homer
;
Basis (metrical) 707 note
1.
443 a with proper names 446 Brachylogy 717, 4. smooth for rough in with possessive force 447 generic Breathings 8 Ionic 8 a with predicate substantive 448 always rough with p and v 9 10. 449 position of article 450 ff. Bucolic diaeresis 701, 1. attributive 451 predicate 453 with with /^cros, dKpos, etc. 454 with demonstra- Caesura 690; masculine and femiTras and #Aos 455 nine 701 note. with limiting tive pronouns 456 Homeric 76 a-c. predicate position Case endings 76 genitive 457 modified 458. Cases, formation of in 3d decl. 95 ff. nominative Articular infinitive 636 and a. Cases, syntax of 323 ff accusative vocative 327 325 Asclepiadean verse 708, 6. dative 328 ff genitive 347 ff. Aspiration, rejection of 40 44, 4 a in Ionic 41 a in 373 ff. transfer of 41 prepositions with the cases 398 ff. elision 44, 4. Catalexis 689. Assimilation of consonants 25 27 in contracted verbs in Causal clauses 598. 31 33 dative of Homer 199 b-c. Cause, genitive of 366 391 and note implied by circumAssociation, dative of 392.
; ;
;
Asyndeton 717, 3. Attempted action 523
stantial participle 653, 4.

;
Charge or penalty, genitive of 367. Chiasmus 717, 5. Attic dialect, Introduction, page 12 Attic 2d Choliambus 698 note. 77 for original a in 15 choriambic 683 in Ionic 92 a Attic re- Choriambus decl. 92
527.
; ; ; ; ;
duplication 179 augment of 176 a Attic future 215.

;
rhythms 710. Chronology 725
ff.
Attraction 316
of adjectives 631, 1
Circumflex accent
56.
ENGLISH INDEX
Circumlocution in wishes 587 note 1 588 note. Circumstantial participle 652 ff. adverbs with translation of 653 654 ff. in genitive and accusative
; ;
425
Conclusion
(of
condition).
See
absolute 657-658. Cognate accusative

in the passive 340
;
331 512
retained
515 note.
Apodosis. Conditions 599 ff. simple 602 less vivid 605 more vivid 604 contrary to fact 606 general 608 ff. summary of conditions 611 variations in 612 implied conditions 614 implied in parti; ; ;
Cognate mutes 12, 2. Collectives 315 321 verbs with 500. Colon 686.'
;
ciple 653, 6.
;
agreement of Conjugation of -w verbs 237

verbs verbs 258
-lit
ff.
of
251
ff.
ff.
of irregular
Commands
582 ff. course 678 note.
in indirect dis-
Common Greek (Koivfy Introduction,

page 12
;
common, quantity
;
of
gender 78 note. syllables 54 Comparative degree, syntax of 426.

Comparatives, declension of genitive with 363 426, 2.
;
121
Comparison
134
;
of adjectives 132 ff. by -repos, -raros 132 by -tajj/, -KTTOS

; ;
by
fj.a\\ov,
/xdXtara
;
135
Conjunctions, syntax of 440 ff. Conjunctive mode.. See Subjunctive. sounds of 11 all Consonants 12 sounded 11 note double consoconsonant changes nants 12, 3 22-37 doubled consonants 22-24 with vowels 38in Homer 22 a 39; with i 39 final 48. Construction according to sense 315 with collective substantives 321 500 with neuter words, etc. 422
;
Compensative lengthening
Context, meanings of tenses from 524 527 530 time 518 523 Complementary infinitive 638. implied by 541 544 547. Contract adjectives 118 participles, Complex sentences 313. declined 130. Compound negatives 433. Contract verbs, accent of 185 note Compound sentences 312. in Homer 199 inflection of 199 Compound verbs, augment of 175, 1 accent in Herodotus 199 e a-d reduplication of 181 paraof 184, 1 accusative with 345 digms of 248-250 contraction of dative with verbs of two syllables in -tw 199, 2. genitive with 370 394 some transitive by composi- Contracted substantives in 1st decl. tion 493, 2. 88 in Ionic 88 a in 2d decl. 91. Compound words, formation of Contracted syllables, accent of 65. 294 ff. inflection of 294, 1 ap- Contraction of mode suffix. See parent compounds 297 compound 160, 2. verbs 298 meaning of compound Contraction of names in -K\er)s 108 words 300 accent of 300 note. and a. Concession, implied by circumstan- Contraction of vowels 18 table of tial participle 653, 7. 715; contraction of three vowels Concessive clauses 617. 19 note 1.
16.
;
irregular comparison 136 parison of adverbs 138.
com-
464.
426
ENGLISH INDEX
Co-ordinate mutes 12, 2. Copula 307 omission of 308. Coronis 43. Correlation of pronouns 151. Crasis 43 accent in 66 note. Cretic 683 Cretic rhythms 714. Customary action 520, 1 ; 526, 1
;
;
Degree of difference, dative of 388.

Demonstrative
adjectives
Deliberative questions (subj.) 577. pronouns 144 ff.
and adverbs 151

;
pro-
568.
Cyclic feet 682,
6.
Dactyl 683
709, 1 709.
;
dactylic
dactylo-epitritic
Daric, value of 724, Dative case, accent of 77, 2 in Attic 2d decl. 92, 1 dative plural, end; ;
rhythms 700 ff. rhythms Depriving, genitive after words of 362 note two accusatives after 340. 1. Derivative words 269 ff. See Suffix.
;
;
article nouns, syntax of 480 ff. with 456 and note. Denominative verbs 165 291-292 formation of 292 not compounds 298 note. Denominative words 269. Deponent verbs 158, 3 508.
;
;
Descriptive genitive 352. Desiderative verbs 293.

Diaeresis 7
;
ing of in
in
Homer
90 c
; ;
76 b
99 a
of
decl.
;
of
in versification 690.
1st decl. in Ionic
84 b
of
2d decl.
99
;
Dialects, Introduction, pages 11-12.
Homer
c.
3d
Digamma.
See Vau.
2.
Homeric 99 a
111
106 b-c
of /Sous
Dimeter 686,
indiDative case, syntax of 373 ff. rect object 375 of interest 377 of advantage or disadvantage 378 of possession 379 of agent 380 of ethical (or emotional) 381 of place 384 and a reference 382 of time 385 instrumental 386 of means 387 of degree of difference 388 of manner 389 of of cause 391 of respect 390 with subaccompaniment 392 with compound stantives 393 verbs 394 and note prepositions with 395 399.
;
Diminutives, suffixes forming 283. Diphthongs 5 improper 5, 1

;
sounds of
14,
interchange of how contraction of 19

6,
; ;
1-3
augmented stems in 3d
173, 1 decl. 111.

;
diphthong
Dipody
686,
1.
Direct questions. See Questions. 377 Disadvantage, dative of 378 notes 1 and 2.
;
Dochmiac rhythms
712.
Doric dialect, Introduction, page 12; of the drama 680 note Doric
;
future 214.
Double consonants 12, 3. Days, names of 727 divisions of 728. Doubled consonants 22-24. Declension of nouns 75 of substan- Drama, Doric of 680 note. tives 78 ff. First declension 80 ff. Dry measure 721. Second declension 89 ff. Homeric Dual, forms of 74 note 1 ending of genitive and dative of 2d decl. peculiarities 90 a-c Third declension 93 ff. in Homer 90 b accent of nomiirregular declension 114-115 declension of adjectives native in 2d decl. contracts 91, 2 116 ff. of pronouns 139 ff. of epic form of in genitive and dative numerals 155. 3d decl. 99 b feminine of 117, 3.
;
;
ENGLISH INDEX
Elegiac distich 702.
Elision 44
;
427
in
Homer
44 a
44, 2 a
1
in formation of
elision 52 a.
compounds 295,
;
accent of elided words 66

Ellipsis 717, 6.
half
Emotional dative 381.

Enclitics 70
;
accent
1.
when
retained
244 future peruse of 538. Future tense (active), formation of, 212 ff. of liquid verbs 213 Doric 214 Attic 215 without suffix 216 inflection of 217 238-239. Future, use of 532 ff. implying permission or command 583 note
; ;
inflection of 229
;
fect active 230
71
enclitic
forms
of personal
periphrastic 533
future mid;
pronouns 139,
Endings, personal. See Person. Epic case endings 76 a-c. Epic dialect, peculiarities of. See footnotes throughout the book. Epic Shortening 52 a.
Epitrite 709. Epode 691.
dle as passive 515, 1 and a aoristic future 519 note 2 519 a future
;
:
present conditions 602 note 2 future and future perfect in other modes than indicative 548 ff. in indirect disin
; ;
indicative
course 551.
Era, the. See Year. Ethical dative 381.
Eupolidean verse 708, 6. Exclamations, genitive in 366 note Homer 609 a 610 a. use of relatives in 488 note. Generic article 448. Exhortations 582 ff. Expectation, future infinitive with Genitive absolute 369 657
;
;
; ;
Gender, general rules for 78 indicated by 6, 17, r6 79 rules for, in 3d decl. 94. General conditions 608 forms of, in
;
trans-
verbs of 549, 2. Extent, accusative of 338.

Fact, statements of 562 discourse 676.
Fearing, clauses of 594.
;
in indirect
substantive not expressed with 657 note 1 irregular use of 657 note 2. in Attic Genitive, accent of 77, 2
lation of 657, 1
; ;
;
Feet 683.
Feminine caesura 701 note.

Figures of syntax 717. Final clauses 590 ff purpose 590 result 595. fearing 594 uses of 552 Finite modes 159
.
2ddecl. 92, 1 singular of 1st decl. in Homer masculine 87 note 87 a of 2d decl. in Homer 90 a of steins in -v- 110 d genitive
;
ff .
(and dative) dual, ending in 2d Homer 90 b in 3d decl. 99 b genitive plural 1st decl. acdecl. in
;
ff.
cent of 84
ending in
-i-
Homer 84
3
; ;
See Modes.
First person.
of stems in
and
-v- 110,
of
of
See Person.
adjectives in Ionic 117, 1 a

of, in
accent
;
Fullness, suffix -evr- denoting 289, 1. forms of Future conditions 603 ff.
;
adjectives in -us 122, 2 ai)r6s in Ionic 140 a.
in Homer 604 a, b 605 a. Future passive, formation of 234 245 246, 1. inflection of 234, 1 Future perfect, formation of 228
;
; ;
Genitive case, syntax of 347 ff. subjective 349 possessive 348 of objective 350 descriptive 352
;
; ;
value 353
partitive 354-360
of
428
place 358 and a-b
ENGLISH INDEX
of time 359 233, 3 uses of the imperative 560 in commands 583 with adverbs 360; of separation in prohibitions with comparatives 584 362 and a imperative in indirect discourse 678 note. 363 with verbs of inferiority and of source 365 Imperative, tenses of 539 ff. pressuperiority 364 of cause 366 of exclamation 366 ent 540 aorist 543 perfect 546. of charge or penalty 367 note See PresImperfect, formation of. two or more genitives with one ent system augment of 171 use word 368 with compound verbs of customary action of 526 ff. 370 prepositions with 371 399 of attempted action 527 526, 1 of agent 372 article with limiting translated by present 527 note in condition contrary to fact 606 in genitives 457. Gentile (or place name) suffixes 286. Homer 606 a not changed to in indirect discourse Glyconic verses 708, 3. optative Gnomic aorist 530; in Homeric 675, 1. similes 530 a. Impersonal construction, origin of Grave accent 56. 305 note; with infinitive 634; with verbal adjective 665. Half elision 52 a. Improper diphthongs 5, 1 sounds
;
; ;
717, 7. Herodotus, dialect
Hendiadys
of 6,
of.
1.
See foot-
Improper prepositions, use

genitive with 418 note. Inceptive aorist 529.
of 418
notes throughout the book.
Hexameter, dactylic 701.
Hexapody
Hiatus 42
of 643.
;
686, 1. in verse 688,
1.
Hindering, construction after words

Historical present 525.
Homer, books
of,
how numbered
"Incorporation," with relative pronouns 485 with ovdels fans ov and davftao-Tos 6Vos 485 note 1 with ofoj, &ros, etc. 485 note 2. 150 adIndefinite pronouns 148 projectives and adverbs 151
;
;
156 note. See also Epic. nouns, syntax of 491. Hoping, future infinitive with verbs Indicative mode, endings of 166, 2 of 549, 2. uses of 553 in statements of fact
;
Hortatory subjunctive 585. Hypallage 717, 8.
Hyperbaton 717, 9. Hypotaxis 717, 10. Hysteron proteron 717,

;
562; potential indicative 565; in quesfuture with ov 569, 2 tions 576 potential in questions
11.
576 indicative in hopeless wishes with &v (potential) of re588 current action 568 simple indica;
Iambus 683 Iambic rhythms 697 ff.

707, 2. Ictus 684.
tive instead of potential optative instead of potential indica564

;
tive 566-567
future indicative in
;
Imperative mode, endings of 167 and note 4 perfect imperative 221, 2 aorist passive imperative -TI for -0i
;
purpose clauses 590 note 3 past tense in unattained purpose 590 future in relative clause note 4
;
ENGLISH
of purpose 591 ; in object clauses 593 ; in clauses of fearing 594
IX I) EX
429

583 note 2
;
in wishes 587 note 3

;
note
present or past in clauses

;
of purpose 592 TOU 352, 1 note
of purpose with
63i),
note
with
;
origin of this in result construction 594 note

;
of fearing 594, 1
adjectives and substantives 641 adverbial use 642 after words of

;
clauses 595
597
in causal clauses
598
more
in simple conditions 602 ; in vivid conditions 604 in con; ;
ditions contrary to fact 606 without & v in conditions contrary to

fact
607
ff.
;
in
608
in relative
; ;
clauses 619
general conditions and temporal 621 622 past tenses

;
hindering 643 of suggestion 644 with wo-re 595 with l<$ y, e<f>' $re 596 with irpiv 627 after a comin parative 426 note 5 645 note indirect discourse 646 671 with &v 647 instead of participle 660, 1 note 661 note 3 in relative
; ;
of, not changed in indirect discourse 675 equivalents of indica;
clause in indirect discourse 671 note.

Inflection,
tive
in
1.
simple
conditions
ff.
602
note
Indirect discourse 668

ples of 670
ff.
;
princiinfinitive in 551
;
;
; ;
general 73 ; of nouns of 74 substantives (general) 78 ff. of adjectives 116 ff. of pronouns 139 ff. of verbs 157 ff.
; ;
;
646 671
661 verbs not inchanged to optative 674 ff. serted statement of fact 676 imindirect discourse 677 plied
; ;
671
participle in 551
;
294, Inseparable prefixes 299.
of
compound words
suffix
1.
optative in 673
Instrument,
281,
1.
-rpo-
denoting
Instrumental dative 386

Intensive pronoun avr6s. in Greek Index.
ff.
See avrbs
summary
' ;
678.
' ;
' Indirect questions 578 ff. yes or no ' 578 alternative 579 word
;
Interchange of vowels 13 13 a 14 of diphthongs 14, 2 of quantity 17.

;
;
580
modes
in 581
673
ff.
See
Interest, dative of 377.
also Questions.
Indo-European group of languages, Introduction, page 11.

Infinitive 159, 1 endings of 167 accent of 185, 1 ; acepic 167 e
; ; ;
Interrogative pronouns 148 adjectives and adverbs 151 ; pronouns,

;
syntax of 489
ff.
Intransitive verbs 493
tenses 494.
;
cent of epic form 185, 1 a tenses of 539 ff. 541 present 540 aorist 543 547 perfect 546 future 548 ff. future infinitive as substantive 549 Uses of 628 ff subject accusative 342 629 subject not expressed 630 agreement of predicate words 631 negative with 633 personal and impersonal construction 634 use as a substantive 635 ff. in commands
; ;
Ionic dialect, Introduction, page 12 contraction infre?/ for a in 15 a

;
quent in 18 a
44, 4 a. Ionic feet 683
;
aspiration in 41 a
711.
rhythms
.
Iota class of verbs 195.
Iota subscript 5, 1 Irrational syllable 682, 5. Irregular substantives 114-115

jectives
127 comparison verbs 164 conditions 612.

;
ad136
;
Iterative
forms 191
b.
430
ENGLISH INDEX
156.
Koppa
middle depo12, 2 nents 158, 3. Labial mutes 12, 2 before ^ 27, 1 with a 28 labial stems in 3d decl. Middle voice, ending of 166, 1 167 170 note 3 101 ; labial verbs, formation of 504 translation of tenses of 203 506 in future only 507. 219, 1 231, 1 Mode of the verb 159. See Indica247, 1. Linear measure 718. tive, Subjunctive, Optative, ImLingual mutes 12, 2 before another perative, Infinitive, and Participle. before Mode suffixes 160 and a contracted lingual 26 before /* 27, 3 a 30 assimilated in Homer 30 a with vowel of stem 160, 2 170, lingual stems in 3d decl. 102-103 2-3; 200, 1 211, 1-2 233, 1-2. of lingual verbs, formation of tenses Modes, uses of the finite 552 ff. of 203 of participle infinitive 628 ff 218, 1 231, 1 247, 3. doubled after aug648 ff. Liquids 12, 1 ment 172, 1 a liquid stems in Modern Greek, Introduction, page 12. 3d decl. 104 liquid verbs, present Molossus 683 footnote. 1st aorist of 204 of 195, 3-4 in Money, table of 724. Homer 204 a epic 2d aorist of Months, names of 726, 1 divisions in Homer 207 a future of 213 of 727. 213 a 1st perfect of 218, 3 in- Mood. See Mode.
; ;
;
Metre 681 ff. Middle mutes
flection of future 239.
Mora
682,
1.
Liquid measure 720.

Litotes 717, 12.
Movable consonants 45-47.

Mutes, classified 12, 2 changes in mutes before mutes 2525-34 26 smooth in Herodotus 44, 4 a. Mute verbs. See Labial, Lingual,
;
;
Local adverb endings 137, 2 and a. Locative case 76 note locative dative 383 ff.
;
Logaoedic rhythms 707, Lyric rhythms 705 ff.
1.
Palatal.
Manner, dative
Negatives 431 ff. strengthened 433 negative sympathetic 434-435 circumstantial participle 653, 3. wishes 589 negative with infiniin indirect discourse Masculine for feminine in first pertive 633 son plural in tragedy 423 note 670, 3. masculine caesura 701 note. Neuters, nominative, vocative, and neuaccusative alike 74 note 3 Material, adjective suffixes denoting 288 genitive of 352 note. ter words of 3d decl. 95 neuter Means, suffix -rpo- denoting 281, 1 plural, agreement of verb with
; ;
of 389
implied by
-10-
by
dative of 387 implied circumstantial participle 653, 2.

284, 1
;
;
498.
Measure, genitive of 352 note. Measures 718 ff. Metathesis 38 of quantity 17.
;
Nominative singular in -TO. (1st decl.) 85 a in 3d decl. 96. Nominative case, syntax of 325-6 in address and exclamations 326
; ;
Metonymy
717, 13.
note.
ENGLISH INDEX
431
Nouns
(substantives
ff.
and
adjectives),
tion of tenses of 203

1
;
219, 1
231,
inflection of 74
247, 2.
Noun
stems, changes
of, in
derived
Parataxis 717, 15.
words 274.
Nu
class of verbs 196.
Paroemiac 703, 1. Paronomasia 717,

See Singular,
;
16.
Number
of the verb.
Paroxytone
Participles
62.
;
declension of 159, 1 accent of endings of 167 tenses of 539 ff. notation 156. 185, 1 present, 542 545 per540 aorist 543 future 548 550 in infect 546 Object, direct 329 indirect 375 ff. direct object sometimes retained direct discourse 551. attribwith passive 515, 3. Participle, syntax of, 648 ff. as predicate adjective utive 650 Object clauses 593 and a. ad651 circumstantial 652 ff. Objective genitive 350. verbs with 654 ff. genitive and Olympiad 725. endaccusative absolute 657-658 supOptative mode, suffix of 160 170 notes 2-3 plementary participle 659 ff. in ings of 166, 4 with indirect discourse 661 671 accent of, see 160, 2 optative of &v 662 with e X w = perfect 536, 2. 2d aorist of -t- and -u- stems 211, 2 a of the perfect 221, 1 227 Partitive apposition 319. of the aorist passive 233, 2. of place Partitive genitive 354 ff. with adverbs 358 of time 359 Optative mode, uses of 557 ff. powithout &v tential (with &v~) 563 360 and note; predicate position in Homer 563 a, b of 355 note. optative in in hopeless wishes Passive aorists and futures 231 ff. wishes 587 in purpose clauses Passive deponents 158, 3. (epic) 588 a 590 by attraction 590 note 1 in Passive voice, endings of 166, 1 in causal Passive voice, uses of 509 ff. of deobject clauses 593 in conditions clauses 598 note ponent verbs 510 object of active in relative and tem605 610 becomes subject of 511 cognate in indirect accusative retained with 512 515, poral clauses 624-627 discourse 670, 1 673. 2 note supplied by active verb 513 middle present Optative, tenses of 539 ff. origin of 514 ff. 540 aorist 543 perfect 546 fuas passive 515, 1 of intransitive ture 548 in indirect discourse verbs 515, 2 agent with 516.
Dual, Plural.
Numerals 152
declension of 155
129
551.
Oxymoron
Oxytone
717, 14. 62.
Patronymics 285. Pause (metrical) 682, 9-10. Pentapody 686, 1. Penult 51.
Perfect active participle, declension
fj.
Paeons 683 footnote. Palatal mutes 12, 2 before

;
with
decl.
ff
29
;
palatal stems
27, 2 ; in 3d
of 131.
101
palatal verbs, forma-
Perfect (and pluperfect), use of 534 ff. perfect with present mean;
432
ENGLISH INDEX
dative of 384
ing 535 ; periphrastic 536 of fuin other modes ture time 537 than indicative 546 ff in indirect
;
; .
339
toward ; place locative case 76 note.

717, 17.
which
Pleonasm
;
formation 244 247 ; Ionic, 3d plural 226 a. Perfect, reduplication of 178 ff. first perfect system, formation of, 218 inflection 221 242-243 second perfect system, formation of, inflecwithout suffix 220 219 243 258. tion 221 future Periphrastic perfect 536
of 224
;
discourse 551. Perfect middle system,
Pluperfect active, formation of 222 and a inflection of 223 226 and

;
inflection of 225
242-243.
Pluperfect,
augment
of 176.
Pluperfect, use of 534 ff .; not changed to optative in indirect discourse

675,
note.
1.
Plural for singular,
first
person 495
533.
Poetry, kinds of 680. Position, syllables long by 53. Possession, dative of 379.
;
Perispomenon 62. Person of the verb 166

;
Possessive genitive 348 substantive sometimes omitted with 348 note personal endings 167 First person, singular possessive force of article 447. 170 notes Possessive pronouns 143 syntax of 170 a endings 167 1-2 dual endings 167 and note 1 476 ff. plural endings 167 and note 2 Postpositive words 452 note. Second person, singular endings Potential indicative 565; in ques167 167 a 170 notes 1 and 3 tions 576 as apodosis of conin 170 c dual endings 167 dition contrary to fact 606 plural not changed endings 167 Third person, singuprotasis 612 note lar endings 167; 170, note 1; to optative in indirect discourse 170 a dual, endings of 167 167 b 675, 2. 565 a withplural, endings of 167 and notes Potential optative 563 3-4 167 c-d 170 notes 1-2 of in questions 576 out &v 563 b perfect and pluperfect 226 and a. implying wish 587 note 2 as apoPersonal construction with infiniin protasis 612 note dosis 605 tive and participle 634; with in indirect discourse 671 678, 1. verbal adjectives 664. of sentence 306 Predicate 302 Personal pronouns, declension of verb omitted 308 predicate en139 in Homer 139 a in Herodolarged 311 not repeated in comtus 139 b syntax of 466 ff somepound sentence 312, 1 genitive times not expressed in nominative in predicate 348, 1 352, 1 355, 2. 467 ; sometimes reflexive in Homer Predicate adjective 421 ff. 470 a adjectives genitive case of = pos- Predicate position of sessive 477. 453 ff. of aur6s 475, 2. Pherecratean verses 708, 2. Predicate substantive, agreement of 320 agreement of verb with 501 Philosophical imperfect 527 note.
; ; ;
;
how Place, suffixes denoting 284 expressed 396 genitive of 358

; ; ;
article
with 449.
Predicate words, agreement of 631.
ENGLISH INDEX
Prefixes, inseparable 299.
433
139 a in Herodotus 139 b ai>r6s 140; reflexive 141 apocope 43 note 3 reciprocal anastrophe 68 originally adverbs 142; possessive 143 demonstrative 298 a. 144 ff. interrogative and indefinite 148 relative 149-150 correlation Prepositions with the accusative 346 399 with the genitive 371 of pronouns 151. 399 with the dative 395 399 Pronouns, syntax of 459 ff. agreewith adverbs 429 note. ment of (general) 462 ff. attraction 465 Prepositions with the cases 398 ff. personal pronouns 466 ff. reflexive 469 ff. aur6s474attached to verb 398 note 1 re475 demonpeated with verb and substantive possessive 476 ff. 398 note 2 strative 480 ff. relative 483 ff. peculiarities in the use of 398 note 3 adverbial use interrogative 489-490; indefinite 491 aXXos and Vepos 492. of, in Hoiner 398 a infinitive with 11 of Greek 638-640. Pronunciation 4 6 Present tense, reduplication of 182 proper names in English 716. 193, 3 197, 1 formation of 192 ff Proparoxytone 62.
;
Prepositions,
r class 194 i simple class 193 Properispomenon 62. v class 196 class 195 an class Protasis 600. inflection of present 198 197 Punctuation 72. -w form 198 contracts 199 -/jn Purpose, how expressed 590 ff. by form 200 paradigms 237 248-254. participle 653, 5. Present tense, use of 520 ff. of a continued state 521 with adverbs Quality, suffixes denoting 282. of attempted ac- Quantity 52-54 like ir<Xcu 522 in Homer 53 a, b ; 54 a interchange of 17. with future meaning tion 523 in other Questions, direct 570 ff. 524 historical 525 yes or no alternative rhetorical 573 571 modes than indicative 541 in inmodes in direct 574 word 575 direct discourse 551. 576 and a deliberative 577 indiPrimary tenses 161, 1; 517; endmodes in indirect rect 578 ff. 170 notes 1-3. ings of 166, 2 use of relatives in 581 673 ff. Primitive words 269 primitive verbs indirect 490 580. 165 291 formation of tenses of 186 193, 1-3 218, 4 219, 2-3 in adjectives 219 a 224 note 231, 4 232, 1-2. Recessive accent 64 in verbs 184. 121, 1 120, 1-2 Principal parts of verbs 162, 2.
;
Proceleusmatic 683 footnote.

Proclitics 69.
Prolepsis 717, 18.
Prolonged syllables 682, 3-4.

Promising, future infinitive with verbs of 549, 2. Pronouns, declension of 139 ff. perin Homer sonal pronouns 139
; ;
Reciprocal pronoun 142. Recurrent action 568. of the perfect Reduplication 177 ff. 178 Attic 179 and a with e- beof compound fore a vowel 180 of the present 182 verbs 181
; ; ;
193, 3
197, 1
of the 2d aorist
a.
183
208, 1
and
BABBITT'S GR. GRAM.
28
434
ENGLISH INDEX
Reference, dative of 382. Separation, genitive of 362. Reflexive pronouns 141 in Homer Sibilant 12, 1. 141 a. Singular verb with plural subject 498. Reflexive pronouns, syntax of 469 ff. 496, 1 in- Smooth breathing 8. in Homer 470 a direct 470 3d person for 1st or 2d Smooth mutes 12, 2 for rough 40 direct 471 41 44, 4 a. 471 note 1 plural for reciprocal 471 note 2; avr6s with 473. Source, genitive of 365. Relative clauses 618 expressing Specification, accusative of 337 dative of 390. purpose 591 implying result 597 implying cause 598 implying con- Spondee 683 spondaic verse 701. 622 of anticipation Square measure 719. dition 621 in epic poetry Statements 561 ff. 624 ; general 625 623 and a 563 a. 625 a. Relative pronouns 149 adjectives Stater, value of Cyzicene 724, 1. of pronouns 139 note Sterns 73, 1 and adverbs 151. of verbs 163 Relative pronouns, syntax of 483 ff. changes of stems in derived words 273-274. attraction of 484; "incorporation " of 485 antecedent not ex- Strophe 691. not expressed 486 relative not repeated Subject of sentence 304 not 487. pressed 305 enlarged 310 dative repeated in compound sentence Respect, accusative of 337 in nominative case 325 of 390. 312, 1 agreement of verb with 495 ff. Result, how expressed 595 ff. Result of action, suffixes denoting Subject of infinitive 629; not ex;
280.
Rhetorical questions 573.
pressed 630 agreement of predicate words with 631.

;
Rhythmical
series 686.
ff.
Rhythms 693
;
Romaic, Introduction, page 12. Roots 270 changes of, in derived words 272.
Subjective genitive 349. Subjunctive mode 159; sign -w- or 160 with short vowel in -T\;
Homer
160 a; 211,
a; endings
Rough breathing Rough mutes 12,
8.
of 166, 3; of 2d aorist in 211, 1 a in Herodotus 211,

;
Homer
1
of
2.
the perfect 221,

; .
227
of aorist
Sampi
156.
passive 233, 1 233, la: Tenses of 539 ff ; present 540 aorist 543
;
Second aorist. See Aorist. Second perfect. See Perfect. Second person. See Person.
Secondary tenses 161,
ings of 166, 2
;
perfect 546
/u,??
and
; ;
fj.r)
with Uses of 554 ff with ov ov 569, 1

.
1 517 end170 notes 1-3.

;
;
in deliberative questions 569, 2 in prohibitions 584 ; in ex577
hortation 585
in purpose clauses
;
Semivowels
12, 1.
.
590
;
Sentences 303 ff compound 312
simple 309
ff
in object clauses 593, 1 in clauses of fearing 594 in con;

;
complex
313.
ditions 604
609
in relative
and
ENGLISH INDEX
435
625-627 Tau class of verbs 194. temporal clauses 623 changed to optative in indirect dis- Temporal clauses 618 626 and a 627 and a. course 673. Tenses of the verb 161 primary Substantives, declension of 78 ff. and secondary 161, 1 tense sysformation of 276-286; have no tems 162 formation of 186 ff. distinction of person 314 note apposition Tense stems 162 formation of 186 ff Syntax of 317 ff. 317 ff predicate substantive Tenses, use of 517 ff. primary and 341 320 326 secondary 517 meanings of from peculiarities in context 518 tenses of indicative, the meaning of 321-322 genitive of with 348-355; dative with 393; present, future, etc. 519 ff. other modes 513 ff. See Present, infinitive with 641. Substantive use of adjectives 424. Future, Aorist, Perfect, PluperSubstitution (metrical) 685. fect, Future Perfect. trochaic 695 ad- Tetrameter 686, 2 Suffixes, substantive 277-286 iambic catalectic 699 anapaestic jective 287-289 adverb 290 verb
;
292-293. Suggestion, infinitive of 644. Superlative degree, syntax of 427

genitive with 355, 1. Superlative ending -raros 132
134.
704.
Tetrapody 686, Tetraseme 682,
1.
4.
-to-ros
Supplementary participle 659
ff.
Suppositions. See Conditions. Swearing, accusative of 344
fu-
ture
549,
2.
infinitive
with
verbs
of
Syllaba anceps 688.

Syllables 49
;
division of
words into
;
Homeric quantity of 52-54 54 a propeculiarities 53 a, b

50
; ; ;
Theme of verbs 163. Thesis 684. Third person. See Person. Time, how expressed 397 accusative of 338 genitive of 359 dative of 385 implied by circumstantial participle 653, 1 reckoning of 725 ff. Tmesis 298 a. Transitive verbs 493 tenses 494. Tribrach 683. Trimeter 686, 2 iambic 698.
;
longed 682, 3-4.
Syncope
20.
;
Synizesis 19 note 2
words 43 note Syntax

315
ff.
2.
;
Tripody 686, 1. Triseme 682, 3. between two Trochee 683 694 ff. 707,
;
;
trochaic
2.
rhythms
301
;
ff.
of
substantives
;
of prepositions 398 ff. of adverbs of adjectives 419 ff.

;
Ultima 51. Unreal conditions.

contrary to
fact.
See Conditions
429
459
of conjunctions 440 ff. of pronouns of the article 443 ff.

ff.
; ;
;
ff.
of verbs 493
;
ff.
;
System, tense 162 metrical, 692 anatrochaic 696 iambic 699, 1

;
Value, genitive of 352 note 353. Variable vowel 169. Vau 2 and 2 a. See also p in the
;
paestic 703,
2.
Greek Index.
436
ENGLISH INDEX
Verbal adjectives 159, 2 accent of Vocative case, syntax of 327. formation of 235 syntax Voice of the verb 158 502 ff. 185, 2 active 503 'middle 504 ff. of 663 ff. agent with 666. passive 509 ff. See Active, Middle, Verbs 157 ff voices 158; deponent and Passive. verbs 158, 3; modes 159; tenses 161 principal parts 162 irregu- Vowels, short and long 3 sounds of 4 lar verbs 164 4, 1 primitive and interchange of short and long 13 long for short in denominative verbs 165 291-292 Homer 13 a interchange of short person and number 1 66 personal forms of inflection 14; contraction of 18; table of endings 167
; ; ; ;
168 ff. augment 171 ff. redupliaccent 184-185 cation 177 ff. formation and inflection of tense stems 186 ff. synopsis of TrcuSetfw 236 paradigms of -w verbs 237 ff paradigms of -/u verbs 251 ff. irregular -fj.i verbs 259 ff formation desiderative 293 of 291-292 compound 298 verb of predicate
; ;
contractions 715 contraction of three vowels 19 note 1 omission of 20 21 long form before a suffix 274 note lengthened in
; ;
forming compounds 296. Vowel verbs, formation of tenses of 187-189 aorist of 202 207 per; ; ;
fect of 218, 2 future perfect of 228 aorist passive of 231, 2 ; in; ;
flection of 236 ff. verb has no disnot tinction of gender 314 note expressed in conditions 615 616. Waterclock 728. Verbs, syntax of 493 ff. transitive Weights, table of 723. and intransitive 493 ff agreement Whole and part construction 335 a. use of Wishes 586 ff. voice of 502 ff. 495 ff. tenses 517 ff. uses of finite modes Words, formation of 268 derivative infinitive 628 ff. 552 ff. partiword groups 271 com269 ff. ff. verbal 648 adjectives ciple pound words 294 ff. word ques663 ff. list of verbs 729. See Questions. tions. Verse 687 ff. Versification 679 ff. name of 725 divisions of 726. Vocative, often like nominative 74 Year, Yes or no questions. See Quesnotes 2 and 3 sing, in 1st decl. tions. masculine 87 in 3d decl. 98 like nominative 98, 1 peculiar vocatives 104 note Zeugma 717, 19. 107, 1.
omitted 308
'
'
'
'
GREEK INDEX
Verb forms, as a rule, are not listed in this index, but they are to be sought in the List of Verbs ( 729).
a,
sound of 4
jacent consonants 14, equivalent of v 14 note

1st decl. 82
;
developed from ad1 vowel

; ;
-atos,
as suffix 275.
aipovfjia.i
short in
al<T0dvo/j.at,
at'<rx/>6$,
choose 506. construction with 669,
3.
absorbs short vowel

1.
compared
134.
1
;
117,
1.
ata-xflro/tat,
with partic. 660,
with
d-privative 299,
infin. 660, 1 note,

2.
;
a,
d-conjunctive 299, = 77 in Attic 15

for a
1st decl. after
-a/cis,
;
a in Ionic 15 a
15, 1
;
;
d/cotfw,
adverbial suffix 290, 4. construction with 669, 3

;
with
513.
by compensation
e, t,
in
;
genitive 356
e5
(xaKws)
d/coua>
or
/>
83
86
in
fern, of adjectives 117, 1.

-a-,
&Kpos, position of article a\yeiv6s, compared 136.
with 454.
substantive suffix 277,

ff.
2.
-a declension 80
,
dXXd in apodosis 601 note. dXXd ydp 441 note 2.

d\\r]\wv, declined 142.
d"XXo0i 137, 2.
<SXXos,
sound of
6, 1.
ay ad6s, compared 136. Aye, dyere, with subj. and impv. 582
note.
Ayvvfj.1.,
declined 140
idiomatic uses
of 492 notes.
augment
180
a.
;
172,
cation
494,
3.
perfect
redupliintransitive
;
d"XXo rt
?;
in questions 573 note.

1.
d"XXws re Kat 441 note
&>,
ayxov 418
.-a5d-, -a5-,
as improper preposition 418; with circumstantial participle 655.
patronymic suffixes 285, 2. -afw, formation of verbs in 195, 2 ;

292,
6.
d/xaxet 137, 1. d/j.eiv<}v 136.

&fjL/j.es
139
a.
A0ij?afe 137, 2. at, sound of 6.

at (for ei) in
at',
d>6s 143 a. d/xovw, construction with 378.

;
af K e
(Epic)=
-at final,
587 a 600, 1 a. 442 b. effect on accent 63 elision

et',
Homer
&v
of 44 a.
at'5t6s,
declined 109.
2 a.
in 292, 8.
Ai'0io7TT}as 114,
-ati/w,
formation of verbs
use of 400 and a. dj/ci 43 note 3. &v, use of 436 ff. position of 439 note 1 repeated 439 note 2 with future indicative (Hm.) 563 a not used with e5et, \pr\v, etc. 567 607 in purpose clauses 590 note 2
afjL<f>l,
av for
437
438
GREEK INDEX
148 note
au,
1.
subj. 604 a ; 609 a with infinitive 647

;
not always used with dependent 623 a 625 a with participle in indirect discourse 439 662
;
sound of
6.
avTf],
auri/ca
See o&ros. with circumstantial participle
dv
670, 2. tdv 438 note.
655.
avr6s, declined 140 ; as 3d personal pronoun in Attic 140, 1 ; syntax of 474 ff. ; with reflexives 470 a ;
dv-, inseparable prefix 299, 1. -av%-, present suffix 196, 2. dvd, use of 401 and a. dvdjKTj eo-ri with infinitive 641.
473
avddvu, augment 172, 2 tion 180.

Avev 418.
dvtx<>>,
,
reduplica-
in Homer 475, 1 a and 3 a idiomatic uses 475, 3 notes in genitive case with possessive pro;
;
nouns 479.
141, 1. 418.
augment
,
of 175 note.
declined 105 and a. augment 172, 2 and note 1
-dw, formation of verbs in 292, 3. -aw, verbs in (Homeric) 199 b ; 292,
reduplication 180.
a.
use of 402 after comparative 426 note 5 dvrlov 418. dvixrds quickly 653 note 2.
dvrl,
; ;
P,
/Satpw,
o>w,
<5lios
compared
138, 1. with genitive of value 353,
See Labial Mutes. 1st and 2d 211 a future transitive aorist of 494, 1
sound
of 11.
/3a.Tov
1.
494 note
/3a<riXetfs,
plp-qica.
535.
do
becomes ew 17. ao, aw, sometimes changed in Herodotus 199 e.

d7r6,
declined 111 and a; with-
to
eo, ew,
out article 446 note. /SeXrW, jSArio-ros 136.

/SouXetfw,
/Sous,
use of 403.
vocative 104 note. touch 506.
,
d7ro5t'5o/u sell 506.
BoppSs, declined 88. meaning of middle 506.
declined 111 and
c.
dp??j/,
dpa in questions 571, 1. declined 115, 2. "Ap^s, declined 115, 1 and a. dpi-, inseparable prefix 299 a.
136.
y,
sound of 11
11, 1.
nasal,
sound
of
See also Palatal Mutes.
7dXa
103.
7a/i<, meaning of middle 506. 7dp, Kal ydp, dXXa 7dp 441 note 2.
7a0-T?7p,
as adverb 336.
declined 105 and
a.
653 note
dV<rct
2.
148
a.
-77-, present of verbs with in 195 note 1 perfect

;
themes middle
oVtra (relative) 150 a.

&<TTV,
247, 2.
yeydr-rjv
;
declined 110 and d.
-area, -arc, 3d plural 200 c ; 226 a.
ending 167 d
7epcu6s,
-71-
219 a. comparison of 132,
2. 2.
oVe 441 a
d>ep 418
with participle expressing

1.
cause 656,
a.
apparently = -TT- 195 note yiyvonai as copula 307. 7i/-, reduplication of 178 note. 76, declined 115, 3 and a.
GREEK INDEX
s,
439
5iw5e/ca 155
declined 111 and b.
',
a-b
152 b.
7pd0oyu.cu indict 506.
5w, contraction of 199 note.

4.
,
declined 115,
8,
sound
19, 1
;
of 4
sound of
Mutes.
11.
See also Lingual
in tense
absorbed before formation 190.

a.
01
139.
daveifrfj.a.1
borrow 506.
5.
-<fo
for -eta in
rja 17.
Herodotus 123
5s, declined 115,

5<?
ea for
in apodosis 601 note.
-5e,
adverbial ending 137,
2.
eat
ea contracted to a 91, 1 106, 2. contracted to at 118, 1 120, 3.

; ;
dtdotica
fear 535.
inflection of 254.
t&v
= el
&v 438 note
use of in conff.
delKvv/j.1,
SetVo,
148 note 2. like 418 a. 106 c. 114, 2 a.
ditions 600, 1. eavrov 141 ; syntax of 469
tyyvs 418. <?7u>, declined 139.
?5, without
%dvv.
ee,
S.v
567, 1
607.
5^, 5?) Trore, added to indefinite relatives 151 note.

577X65
et'/At,
See
5oo>.
construction with 669, 3

;
personal 634
did,
660 note.
-Sip, adverbial suffix 290, 2.
contraction of 18, 139 a. ^s 149 a. Wtv 139 a.

e
3.
use of 404.
^0i'o>,
augment
172,
reduplicafor
e
dia yvvaiKuv 355, 1. of StSwjut, inflection of present 252 aorist 256 ; contract forms 5i8ov,
;
tion 180.
et,
sound of 6 and
compensation
in wishes 587 a
;
6,
by
16, 1.
tdidovs, etc. 170,

dova-i
200 b
56s
4 170, 4 a 170 note 1.

;
5t-
et,
after
;
words of
wondering 598,
;
in conditions
SiKtifw,
8iK-nv
meaning
;
of middle 506.
336
418.
6* el
5t6n in causal clauses 598. 5t' X a 418 a. 5/tu>s, declined 115, 7. 5oto, 5otc 155 a. 5o/c<2, construction with 669, -So?, adverbial suffix 290, 1. d&pv, declined 115, 6 and a. 56s 170 note 1.
SOT;, dv/j.ev
601 with subjunctive in 604 a 609 a. ydp in wishes 587 588.

;
Homer
5t n-h 616, 3.
elSov,
augment
172, 2.
;
2.
eWe in wishes 587 588. i\-r]\ov6a 219 note 1.

e?A770a, eZXyxa, cfXo%a, et/xaprat 178,
2.
etXoi',
ei pfi
e!/u.i,
augment
172, 2.
(optative) 211, 2 a. Siâ/xcu, accent of optative 200 note. dvo'icri 155 b. 5tfo, declension of 155
;
616, 1 ; et /XT) 5tct 616, 2. inflection of 261 future

;
;
mean-
inseparable prefix 299, 3. Sow, inflection of 2d aorist edvv 257 1st and 2d aorist of 5077 211, 2 a
SIKT-,
;
ing of present 524 note 524 a.

et>t,
in
Homer
of
inflection
1.
of
262
accent
262,
etVctKis,
494,
1.
efraros 152 a-b.
440
GREEK INDEX
<?/c 47 use of 407 ; sometimes accented in Homer 68 a. 607. ttfv, without Av 567, 1
tivi
elo
406 a. 139 a.
as suffix 275.
;
^|,
-etos,
elTrov
construction with in 208, 1 indirect discourse 669, 1 with

;
^w
eo,
418.
infinitive
669 note.
to eu in
eo, cou,
contraction of 18, 5 Hdt. 170 c.
contracted
a.
etprjKa 178, 2.
contraction of in Ionic 18
declined 155. of 405 and a sometimes ei's, use accented in Homer 68 a ets 8 KC - until 618 a.
efs,
; ;
eo, eo>,
from
a.
a.
ao, aw, in
Hdt. 199
e.
eot
e6s
139 143
eir^v, tireiddv
438 note.
eto-a,
augment
418.
172, 2.
in causal clauses 598.
efo-w
with circumstantial participle 655. use of 408.

,
elra
with circumstantial participle
655.
formation of verbs in 292, 2 a. efos 442 b. See #. e*/c. e/cds 418 a. e/ceZVos, declined 146 ; use of 480 ff. e^n 418 a.
-etw,
ô-Tci/iou,
accent of subj. and opt.

of 172, 2.
172, 2
200 note.
,
augment
,
augment
redupli-
cation 180.
e>7rw,
418.
,
augment
172,
reduplicaadjec-
declined 129
eK&i> eivat 642, 1.

;
tion 180.
-e<r-,
d.TTWv, e*Ad%t<rTos 136
eXarrorwith comparatives 426 note 4.
substantive suffix 277, 3
tive suffix 287, 2.

-eo-t,
=
,
march 493, 1. augment 172, 2

172, 2
;
reduplica-
eo-<n(i'),
dative plural ending (epic) 99 a. dative plural ending (epic)

;
tion 180.
>,
76 b
reduplication
99
220.
a.
augment
t<rTafj.ei>
180.
efJLdVTOV 141.
,
eVtfep 139 a. e>6s 143.
stand 535. accent of 262, 1. (VO or 486 note.
w,
s,
augment
os,
of 172, 2.
e>ou 139.
/j.7rpo<r0et>
declined 131 and note.

article
418.
;
with 454.
eV,
use of 406 and a sometimes accented in Homer 68 a e> rots 427 note.
;
idiomatic uses of 492 notes.
eu,
-eu-,
sound of 6. stems in 111 and a

use of 477
a.
contracted
fvavrlov, eveKa 418.
111, 2.
eD (Ionic),
-eu-,
<êp0e(>) 418 a.
M 406
evdavra 41
a.
a.
substantive suffix (agent) 278,

;
gentile suffix 286,
1.
-err- adj. suffix (fullness) 289, 1. e^ros 418.
with circumstantial partic. 655. eure 442 a.

eufltfs
GREEK INDEX
-6i/w,
441
^0'
formation of verbs in 292, 4. yre 441 a t<p' y, ^0' yre, use of

; ,
775^5,
compared
134.
596.
compared
;
134.
1
;
in questions 574 a. 77X^0$ 151. T7/xcu, inflection of 265.

77^, 776,
yv 267
without &v 567,

; ;
607.
^0.0 103,
77/xets
1.
e%w, augment of 172, 2 meaning of middle 506 with participle = = be 493, 1. perfect 536, 2 with exo>v persistently 653 note 2 653 note 3. ew for do or 770 17.
;
139.
.
-fl^v
r}5t
441
b.
137, 2 a. 143.
lid 266.
77/xt-,
inseparable prefix 299,
4.
-^w,
<?<2,
formation of verbs in 292,
2.
augment
618 note.
172, 2.
2u>s
^t^, T^WI/ 139 note 2. Tâto-us, article with 454. 7^/ios 442 a. T> = tdv 438 note.
Tjvlica.
prevents elision in p 2 and 2 a forming compounds 295, 1. (numeral) 156.

;
151.
T7J/IOX6V- in
770
Homer
17.
114, 2 a.
becomes ew
442 b.
1.
yos
I 12, 3
fa-,
;
sound of
11.
7>ap 103,
77/3ws
-775,
inseparable prefix 299 a. Zetfs, declined 115, 8 and a.

f<3,
'RpaK\rjos 108 a.
113 and
a.
contraction of 199,
of 4
3.
adjectives in 120
and
a.
777-1?.
t],
See
&rrts.
sound
note
;
as long
form of a 13
;
T^TTWJ/ 136.
771;,
Attic
a.
original a 15
in
Ionic 15
-77
r)x<4
;
;
-rj
sound of H2.
6, 2.
77
in 1st decl. 83 in Ionic 83 a feminine of adjectives 117, 1. from a in 1st aorist of liquid verbs 204 note 2.
77165,
declined 109
11.
a.
0,
sound of
6 in tense
6a.v6.rov
-7?-,
TI
77,
77,
subjunctive sign 160. 571 a questions 571, 1 574 a. use of with comparative 426, 2 and notes interrogative 574 a 7} /card 426 note 5. See 6 and 86e. ijde.
in
; ;
; ;
See Lingual mutes formation 191 a. Kpiveiv 367 note.

2.
41.
&v boldly 653 note

134.
-fop,
case
ending in
Homer
2
c.
76 a
adverbial ending 137, 2. -0i, adverbial ending 137,

perative ending 167
43.
;
im-
77,
7]
sound
151
;
of 6,
1.
200
with superlative 428.

ed 17.
770
becomes
41
-7701
iiyovfjuii,
77^77
contracted to -77 in Hdt. 170 c. construction with 669, 2. with circumstantial partic. 655.
declined 101. declined 105 and
a.
;
vw,
meaning
of middle 506
40.
442
GREEK INDEX
K,
i,
sound of 4 subscript 5, 1 contraction of 18, 1 ; dropping of .21

; ; ;
sound
tus
of
11
b.
for
IT
in
HerodoPalatal
in aorist
151
See
also
with consonants 39, 1-4. -i, locative ending 76 note. -i- stems in 3d decl. 110
Mutes.
,
1st perfect suffix 218
proper
199
;
205.
e-nfMi, inflection of
names
-i-,
110, 2.
(cf.
optative suffix 160, 1
J,
icai
;
5^
/cdf,
meaning
265, 1. of 441 note
233 note).
i
class of verbs 195.
-i%-, denominative verb suffix 292. -i, added to demonstrative pronouns,

147.
fa
yap 441 note 2. Kal ravra with participle expressing concession 656, 2 and a Kal rauTd 312 note /ecu rbv
1
Kal
/cd/7re/3,
443,
a.
,
3.
one 155
compared
a.
136.
-m-, -m-, substantive suffixes 282, 1-2.

-id-,
Kd\os 92
*d\6s,
KO.V
-i5d-, -id-,
tdios
gentile suffix 286, 1. patronymic suffixes 285,
compared
KO.I KO.I
136.
1.
1.
for
tv
43 note
with possessive genitive 348,

a.
2.
KO.V
for
tav 617.
a.
idpds in Ionic 102

tep6s
Kdpa,
,
icdprj
-tfw,
with possessive genitive 348, 2. formation of verbs in 195, 2

;
declined 115, 9 and use of 409. with genitive 370.

inflection of 264.
292, 6
-177-,
future 215.
(cf.
optative suffix 160, 1

;
199
146
K^KT-r}fj.ai
,
a.
note
Irifjii,
233 note).
;
augment
tion of 180
t6i
of 172, 2 ; reduplicainflection of 260.
possess 535. declined 115, 10;

a.
103, 2
and
a; 106.
41
KIS,
with imperative 582 note.
-t/co-,
declined 110, 2. K\aiuv to one's sorrow 653 note 2. K\<?d 106 a. iva in purpose clauses 590. -iro-, adjective suffix (material)288, 2. -K\^;S, names in 108 and a. -to-, diminutive suffix 283, 1 place K 66ev 151 b. suffix 284, 1 adjective suffix 287, 5. Kotfi? (common dialect), Introduction, page 12. -KTKO-, HTKO.-, diminutive suffixes 283, 2. KOIOS 151 b. -w/c%- present suffix 197. i(TTa<Ti 167 note 3 (rrrjerov ripvs, declined 115, 11 a. i<TT-r)/j,i, inflec:6<ros, /COT^, KOV 151 b. 211, 1 a ffrfafjiev 211, 1 b
adjective suffix 287, 6. t'Xews, declined 119 and a.
;
;
; ;
tion of present 253 of 2d aorist 257; 1st and 2d aorist of 494, 1

;
KpelrTuv 136.
Kpt/j.afj.a.1,
accent of subjunctive and
perfect intransitive 494,
3.
;
optative 200 note.
s, superlative ending 134 frequent in poetry 134 b. ^w, declined 110 and e. uv, comparative ending 134 frequent in poetry 134 b.
more
icupcS,
supplementary participle with 660 note.

declined 115, 12. 106 C.
Ktiwv,
;
more
151 b.
GREEK INDEX
X,
443
sound
)
of 11.
See Liquids.
a.
/terd,
\ct76s, \cryw6s
92
2.
/xeTou 418
reduplication of
418.
use of 410 and a. with circumstantial par;
Xo7x a " w
\6.9pq.
Xa/A/3dj>a>,
ticiple 655.
perfect 178, 418.
\avdavw,
supplementary participle \aduv = secretly with 660 note 653 note 2.

;
Xa6s 92 a.
Xos, declined 115, 13.
syntax of 431 ff. instead of oi> 431 note (apa ^77, yuwi>) in in wishes questions 572, 2 589 after 6/>w, O-KOTTW, etc. 593 note 6'n /XT?, offov 625 note /*7j 6n 442 note /^ oy 432 435
,
;
^ w
X^yaj (collect), reduplication of perfect 178, 2.
and
,
note.
X^yw (say} construction with, in

direct discourse 669, Xfya> nvd 330.
Xe/
1
;
in-
declension of 155, 1. declined 105 and a.
e5 (KO/CWS)
fj.rjTpoKT6vos, /jL-rjTpbKTovos
-fMi
fail 493,
1.
personal ending 167 note 1.
300 note. 170 a 170

;
\i8oj36\os, Xt06/3oXos
300 note.
7.
-/xt
verbs, inflection of 170

ff.
;
paraff.
;
-XXw, formation of verbs in 292,

-Xo-,
adjective suffix 287, 9. \oyoypd<f>os, \oyoiroi6s 300.

136.
irregular 259 like contract verbs 170, 4 and
digms 251
/jiLa.
a.
See
els.
/niya, /jLiyda
/u/cp6s,
418
a.
;
jx,
sound of
11.
See Liquids.
3.
=
fjnv
compared 136 almost 642, 1 and

b.
/xtKpoO
(5etV)
note.
-/to-,
-/tafrw,
substantive suffix 280, verbs in 292, 8 note.
139
fju<rdov/j.ai
hire 506.
2.
comparison of 138, 2. /xaXXov, fj.d\HTTa, in comparison of

,udXo,
-/to-,
-/j.oi>-,
adjective suffix 287, 3.
adjectives 135. /id/??, declined 115, 14

-/tar-,
fjiov
139.
and
a.
-/t?r-,
perfect middle of themes in

ov 572
substantive suffix 280, 1. /x<fyos, declined 127 compared 134. -/j-effov, dual ending 167 note 1. /xeiW 136 /tetbi' with comparatives
; ;
247, 1. /j.>i> in questions 572, 2 note.
/tcDi/
426 note 4. /tAos, declined 124.

/iAi 103.
/iAXw
with
infinitive
533
with
/j.t/j.vrjfjLa.1
future infinitive 549, 1. remember 535 subjunctive and optative of 227 note.
;
-(j.evcu, -fj.ev,
infinitive
ending (epic)
-[jLtff8a,
accent of 185, 1 a. ; 1st plural ending 167 note 2. JUNTOS, position of article with 454.
167 e
sound of 11 (see Liquids) replaced by a 14 note changes in before other consonants 31-34 assimilated 33 dropped before <r 34 dropped in dative plural 3d v movable 45. decl. 99 -v 3d plural ending for -vav 167 c 170 b 233 a. v class of verbs 196.
v,
; ;
j/a,
vt]-
va.vs,
present suffix 196, declined 111 and b.
3.
444
GREEK INDEX
-ot final, effect
present suffix 196, 4. VT\-, inseparable prefix 299 a. 1/7765 92 a. j/TjCs, i>T)6s 111 b. VLV 139 note 1.
V f%-,
-j/o-,
-oi-stems 112
of (pron.)
on accent 63. and a.

;
adjective suffix 287,
7.
-j>%-, present suffix 196, 1.

j/o/xi'û,
v6cr<t>i(v}
J/T
construction with 669, 418 a.
2.
139 ol (adv.) 151. See dvoiyu. o?5a, inflection of 259 meaning of 535 construction with 669, 3. Oidlirovs, declined 115, 15 and a. -ouv in dual of 2d decl. (Homer) 90 b.
otyu.
;
;
of/caSe 137, 2.
dropped in dative plural 3d

99,
1.
decl.
ot/cetos
with possessive genitive 348,

137, 2. 137, 2 a.
2.
adjective stems 125. -W-, present suffix 196, 5. v& 139 vutrepos 143 a.
-J/T-,
;
of/cot
137,
1.
-oio,
| 12,
%uv.
3; sound of 11. See fl-i/p. w, contraction of 199 note.
o,
sound of 4; absorbed before

;
01
ending of genitive singular 2d decl. in Homer 90 a. ofo/xcu, construction with 669, 2. atwith superlative 428 ofos 151 of6s re traction of 485 note 2 ofOP, ofa, with participle 441 a expressing cause 656, 1.
;
; ;
-o-,
19,1. substantive suffix 277, 1 adjective suffix 287, 4 adjective suffix

;
ois,
declined 115, 16 and

(5etv)
a.
OK66ei>, 6/rotos, 6/c60-os, &'KOV,

6Xt-yoi;
OKWS 151 b.
1
almost 642,
and
2.
(material) 288,
6- relative
6,
77,
1.
note.
flXXu/iu,
;
stem
151.
1st
and 2d perfect
with 455.
of 494,
demonstrative in Herodotus 144 b as relative in Homer 149 a in Herodotus 149 b use with appositive in Homer 31 7 a epic uses of 443 a as a relative 443 b o $ dt 443, 1. See Article. likv 6 re in causal clauses (epic) 598 a. 6', oa contracted to a 118, 1. use of 480 ff = a 65e, declined 145 possessive 482 note.
declined 144 in Homer 144 a
r6,
;
5Xos, article
ofjiws
with circumstantial partic.655, 1. accent of 211 note.

,
114,
2.
oo,
contraction of 18,
3.
-oo,
ending of genitive singular 2d decl. in Homer 90 a.

(flow)
dlo
149
a.
OTTTji^/ca,
6^77,
07T77X//COS,
oirdOev.
STTO,
OTroZbs, 67r6<ros, 67r6re, OTTOU
151.
6irLff8ev
418
etc.
65ous 102.
O'TTTTOIOS, btnr()re\
151
a.
contraction of 18, oet, contraction of 19,

oe,
077,
5.
2.
;
contraction of 19, 2
170, 2.
dis-
SOcv 151.
oQotveKa,
introducing indirect
1 b.
;
with subjunctive or future indicative in commands 583 note 3 with future indicative in purpose clauses 590 note 3 in object clauses 593 oVws /XT?, instead of
151
; ;
course 669,
ot,
fj.^
sound of 6
absorbs
or o 19,
1.
ts,
594 note, declined 115, 17.
GREEK INDEX
6pu>,
445
augment
of 172, 2
;
reduplication of 180
os,
6'
and note 1 with and

;
subjunctive 593 note,

77,
(relative) 149.
a.
1
;
618 a 8<j>pa and 6<ppa Ke in purpose clauses 590 a, b. ou% 6n 442 note. -6w, formation of verbs in 292, 1.
60/xx
;
6s 6s
as demonstrative 144
(possessive)
143 and
a.
use of
IT,
sound
of 11 in
143 a
6s, 6<ros,
478 and
etc.,
relatives
Homer
doubled in general 151 a. See
referring to indefinite
Palatal Mutes.
14 note. declined 115, 19. TrciXcu with present tense 522. Trapti, use of 411.
Trdtfos
TTCUS,
7rci/>os
antecedent 488.
60-os
151
attraction of 485 note 2
foov
(J.-/I
625 note.
;
6a"m, declension of 150 ov 485 note 1.

&TO.V
ovdels 6<rris
438 note.
6re 151.
6rt,
627 a. declined 125 7ra<ra 125 note 1.

?ras,
article with 455.
with superlative 428 in causal clauses 598 introducing indirect

; ; ;
dcrxv 513. declined 105 and

-
a.
discourse 669
6rts,
6n
^ 625 note.
3
for o
in
Homer
1 14,
a.
6Veo, 6rrt, etc., in
Homer and
,
112.
1st
Herodotus 150 a-b.

o'rou,
6ry 150,
1.
Iletpcueus,
ou,
sound of 6 and
6,
by
ff.
;
compensation 16, 1. ou, owe, oux 46 ou, syntax of 431

;
and 2d perfect of 494, declined 111, 2. declined 110. 219 a.

a.
2.
trust 535.
?rep
ou (ap ou, ou /j.rj OVKOVV) in questions 572, 1 432.

/*ij
; ;
instead of
431 note
with participle 656, 2

103, 2.
,
irtpav 418.
o5, of, I,
declined 139
use of, Homer 472 a.

;
1-2
accent of 139, in Attic 468 472 in

; ;
use of 412 and
a.
am
7T7?,
7TT7
535.
151.
oB
(where) 151.
137,
1.
jrriyvv/ju,
TTTjXl'/COS,
perfect intransitive 494,

Tlfvllftl
3.
ov5a/jt.ov
151.
ouSei's,
declension of 155,
1.
ouSets
7T77XUS,
irLcrvpes
declined 110 and d.
6(ms ou 485 note

oijdeos
GUI',
106
c.
added
to indefinite relatives 151
note.
oiW/ca, introducing indirect discourse
152 a. feminine of TrX^ws 119, 2. TrXetW (TrX^wv), TrXeto-ros 136; TrXe'oi/ with comparatives 426 note 4.
TrXâ
,
contraction of 199,
ir\-rjffiov
2.
669, 1 b.
ous,
418.
ouros, declined
declined 115, 18 and a. 145 use of 480 /ecu ouros 312 note.
;
ff.
TTO-
declined 115, 20. interrogative stem 151. irbdcv, irodtv 151.

|,
OUTWS, with circumstantial participle
TTOl
137,
1.
655,
1.
TTOi, TTOt, TTOiOS, TTOtOS,
151.
446
GREEK INDEX
e5 TToitD
7roi<2,
?r6Xts,
nva, etc. 330. declined 110 and a-c.
1st
and 2d
aorist of 494,
1.
(reavrov 141.
<r/r,
TroXireuw,
meaning
of
middle 506.
lost at the
a.
beginning of some
A 137, 1. declined 127 and a .tfs,
words 36
;
com-
-<r0a,
pared 136.
I16(7ei5ov,
-<rdu<ra.v,
vocative 104 note.

TTOT^ 151.
a.
J
7r6cros, 7ro<r6s, 7r6re,
TTOT*
414
TTOU 137, 1
>,
7TOU, TTOV
151.
personal ending 167 a. imperative ending 167 note 4. dative -<ri, locative ending 76 note plural ending 99 and a 3d person ending 167 170 a 170 note 1. -<ri-, substantive suffix (action) 279, 2.
;
;
declined 128.
negotiate 506. declined 115, 21.
;
-o-m-,
3.
s,
114, 3. -0-K%-, iterative suffix 191 b.

0-tros, (TITO.
<r/co7rcD
627 and a
t,
irpLv
Trpial/j.r)v,
;
$ 627 note. accent of 211 note.

TOV 443, 4.
a.
.
.
<r/c6Toj,
o-6s
with yd] and subj. 593 note. declined 114, 1.

137,
1.
wp6, use of 413 7r/o6s, use of 414

irpbadev
.
.
irpb
143.
and
(T-jrovdrj
.
irplv,
irpbrepov
irpLv,
<r(r,
in
Homer
30 a
35 a
in 1st
irpbrepov % 627, note.

irporL
aorist 201 a.
ffrddiov, ffrddioi 114, 3.
crtf,
414
a.
TTPV 137, 1.
TTU/J,
declined 115, 22.

7TWS 151.
ffVfjLfjuya
tri/j/,
declined 139. 418 a.
7TUJS,
use of 415 and
a.
-0-vra-,
substantive suffix (abstract),

diretv 382 642, 1. construction with 661 note
;
q 9
p,
156.
282, 4.
ffvve\6m
sound of
11.
o-i^j/otSa,
2.
p (initial),
sound of 11, 2; rough breathing of 9 doubled 23. See

;
o-Gs,
0-06
declined 110. 139 note 1.
Liquids.
pg.8ios,
-po-,
a-0ets 139.
compared
136.
8.
o-0^repos 143
<r<t>t<av
use of 478.
adjective suffix 287, pp for ps 24.
(Ionic), use of 477 a.

a.
<r06s
<r<j>6
143
139.
<r,
s,
form
of 1, 2
sound of 11
;
;
-s
<r
disappearance of 35-37 changed to rough breathing 36 doubled in future and aorist in Homer 201 a. imperative ending 170 note 1. in perfect middle and aorist passive 189.
143 a. 170 note 1. declined 107 114, vocative 104 note.

, ;
1.
T,
sound of
11.
See Lingual Mutes.

95.
-T final
;
dropped
-a-
Ionic 106 a-c

(TO.VTOV 141, 1.
stems in 3d decl. 106-109 108 a ; 109 a.

;
in
T class of verbs 194.

-ret,
in
nominative ending of 1st Homer 85 a.
decl.
GREEK INDEX
-ret-,
447
substantive suffix (agent) 278,
4.
T60et> 151.
-ra-, gentile suffix 286, 2.
raL 144 a.
Tot (dative singular) 139 a. rot (nominative plural) 144 a.

Toti>, Toto
TO?OS,
TdXas, declined, 124.

-TCITOS,
144
a.
superlative ending 132.
Toi6(rSe,
TOIOUTOS 151
use of
43.
s,
482.
134.
-Top-,
a.
compared
144
re, epic
-re,
3
a.
To/<r5e<rt, Toi(T5eo'<ri,
use of 441
TOitrt,
substantive suffix (agent) 278, rouride 145 a. rria-t 144 a-b.
adverbial suffix 290,
3.
Tedvavai. 220.
-TOS,
retv 139 a.
-retpa, feminine
rbv Kal rbv 443, 2. ending of verbal adjective 235. use of T6<ros, T0(r6<r5e, TOO-OUTOS 151
;
substantives in 282, 2. TeXeuTwi/ finally 653 note 2. Teo, TeWi, reu, etc. 148 a.
T<?OS
482.
T6Te 151
T6Te with circumstantial
143
a.
participle 655. TOO zz TtWS 148.

TOUTO.
Tpeis,
-Te'os,
ending of verbal adjective 235.

2
Te'pas, 103,
and
a.
See OIJTOS. declension of 155.
-Tepos,
comparative ending 132.
Tpe"0w 41.
Tpia, Tpiwi', rpiffi 155. substantive suffix 278, 4.
reV trapes, TeV<repes 152 a-b. TeYrapes, declension of 155. TeV TeW, etc. 148 a.
TTJ-Se,
-Tpt5-,
Tpixos 41.
-Tpo-,
TT/Xt/coCros, TrjXt'Kos, TTjXiKxScrSe,

TT]l>iKd5e,
1.
Tt]V\.KO.,
TTJVLKaVTa 151.
2.
T?)Xe
418
a.
Tpbirov (adverbial accusative) 336. Tpcis, declined 115, 23.
-T7JP-,
TT
Ionic
cro-
22
apparently from
1
-Tiptop 284, 1. T 7)0-4 144 a-b.

-TTJT-,
7t 195 note 2.
-TTW, formation of verbs in 195,

292,
5.
substantive suffix 282, 3. Tt. See TS rl na.6(S)v, rl iraduv 653 note 4.

;
rvyxdvoj supplementary with 660 note.

Ttfj/Tj
participle
-TI-,
-TiS-,
substantive suffix (action) 279, 1. substantive suffix (agent) 278,

of
139
a.
Tip
TlVt, TLvL
148.
gentile suffix 286, 2. Tidrjfju, inflection of present 251

;
TWS 151.
;
-TWO-O.V,
4.
imperative ending 167 note
aorist
255
contract forms
170, 4
;
erl;
0eis, Tc0otro, etc.
170, 4 c
200 a;
40.
T/S,
TiMo-t
200 b;
;
v,
initial alsound of 4 and 4, 1 ways with rough breathing 10

;
;
accent of 148, 1 TIS, added to relatives 150 and note use and rendering of 491 notes. TO-, demonstrative stem 151. See 6 and 6'5e. T6, T65e.
TIS
;
148
dropping of
18, 1.
-u-,
21
contraction of
1.
adjective suffix 287,
-v-
decl. 110, 1. vSup, declined 115, 24.
stems in 3d
448
sound of
GKEEK INDEX
6.
vi,
vt6s,
declined 115, 25 and a. fats 139 v/ias, vfuav 139 note

;
2.
143.
contraction of 199, 3 dative with 387 note xp^/xei/oj with 653 note 3. X/9c6s in Ionic 102 a.
X/ow/tai,
;
;
s
,
V7r6,
139 a. 143 a. formation of verbs in 292, use of 416. use of 417.

11.
4*
12, 3;
sound
of 11.
9.
w, sound of 4. -w- stems in 92
-w- (or w/r)
stems
113 and
<|>,
a.
sound of
See Labial Mutes.
-w-,
subjunctive sign 160.

6, 1.
0aj>o>,
inflection of perfect middle 247 ; perfect intransitive 494, 3 ; Qalvofjiai as copula 307.
V,
sound of
sis of
-w verbs, inflection of 169
236
synopparadigms of 237 ff.

; ;
with imperative 582 note. o0ui, augment of 172, 2 tion of 180. accent of inflection of 263 construction with in in- #*, declined 129. 263, 1
i,
;
reduplica-
direct discourse 669,

00dj>o>,
1.
-wv-, place suffix 284, 2.

;
sometimes accented in supplementary participle with ws 151 Homer 68 a as improper prepo660 note; 00d<ras = before 653 sition 418 note 2. with superlative 428
; ;
00tVo (optative) 211, 2 a. -0i(i'), epic case ending 76 c. 135. 0t\os, comparison of 132, 2
001/0?*',
;
in wishes 586 a
;
0uX<iTTa>,
0tfw,
1st
meaning of middle 506. and 2d aorist of 494,

;
purpose clauses 590 in causal clauses 598 accusative absolute after 658 note ws with participle 656, 3 with par; ;
;
in
future transitive 494 note

fect intransitive 494, 3.
0<Ss 103, 2
per-
and
a.
X, sound of 11.
See Palatal Mutes. with impunity 653 note 2. ivfor the sake 0/336 418. declined 115, 26 and a.
;
in indirect discourse 661 note 4 introducing indirect discourse 669 ws 7Tos etVefV 642, 1 ws ct, ws ef re with participle in Homer 656, 3 a. actiffirep with participle 656 note cusative absolute after 658 note
ticiple
;
&<rirep
&v
;
el
616,
4.
;
&<TTf
441 a expressing result 595 ff. with participle in Herodotus 656,

1 a.
211 a. declined 111. pt 267 xPW without &v 567,

^w, CXVTO
ovs,
;
wu,
1
;
diphthong in Herodotus 5
a.
a.
wur6s 140
607.
#0eXoi> in wishes 588
and
a.
Babbitt
A grammar of Attic and Ionic Greek.
PA 258
.B25<

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A GRAMMAR

ATTIC AiND IONIC GREEK

FRANK COLE BABBITT,

PROFESSOR OF THE GREEK LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE IN TRIXITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

FREDERICK DEFOREST ALLEN

DEFOREST ALLEN, Ph.D., Professor

1897, occurred the sudden death of FREDERICK of Classical Philology in

published writings. Shortly before his death he invited

FEANK COLE BABBITT.

lore about the vocative of

these facts easier of acquisition and comprehenconsiderable experience in elementary teaching

even to very young pupils

that explanations are extremely useful, and I am persuaded that an

The work was begun

in collaboration with the late Pro-

has ever taught

Greek prose composition.

servative text of the

like that of Cauer,

works commonly read

By progress. the rest of the matter, the

helpful suggestions and corrections.

obliged to include in a general

be grateful for corrections and suggestions from

FRANK COLE BABBITT.

conscientious teacher will find answered in this

many perplexing The following

questions which will contains the titles

(Bibliothek indogermanischer Grain-

MEISTERHANS, K. Grammatik der attischen S. XIV. + 288. 8vo. Berlin, 1900.

of the results are

Syntax of Classical Greek from Homer to N. Y., 1900. Svo.

(Clear and accurate in statement, and remarkable for the excellent

and arrangement of examples.)

GOODWIN, WM. WATSON.

(Deals fully and thoroughly with the syntax of the verb.)

and consideration of the evidence relating to

the pronunciation of ancient Greek.)

SMYTH, HERBERT WEIR.

The Sounds and

(Thoroughly accurate and

(Deals more particularly with Homeric syntax. but very conservative.)

The Greek Language

WRITING AND SOUND

..... ..... ....

Tense Person and Number Personal Endings

Reduplication Accent of the Verb

Interchange of Vowels Contraction of Vowels Omission of Vowels

Consonant Changes Consonants with Vowels

Rejection or Transfer of Aspiration

Hiatus (Crasis and Elision)

133 145 151

Paradigms of -w Verbs Paradigms of -/ Verbs Second Perfect without Suffix

Formation of Substantives Formation of Adjectives Formation of Adverbs Formation of Verbs

Irregular Declension Adjectives First and Second Declensions

Compound Words Meaning of Compound Words

Comparison Adverbs Pronouns Numerals