DRILLING ENGINEERS NOTEBOOK SEPTEMBER 1991 {CORRECTED MAY 1992) SHELL INTERNATIONALE PETROLEUM MAATSCHAPPILJ B.V. TRAINING DIVISION DRILLING ENGINEERINGTHINK SI Base units In SI there are 7 base units from which all the other units can be derived or computed. ‘The 7 base units are: Quantity Name of Unit 1. Length metre 2. Mass kilogram 3. Time second 4. Electric ampere current 5. Temperature kelvin or degree Celsius 6. Amountof mole substance 7. Luminous candela intensity Supplementary: Plane angle radian Solid angle steradian ‘Symbol kg o c mol ed rad st Used alone or in combinations these base units enable us to make any measurement we need in any field of endeavour. Quantity Area Volume Velocity Acceleration Density Frequency Force Pressure Energy Power Electric potential Derived units Name of Unit square metre cubic metre metre per second metre per second squared kilogram per cubic metre hertz newton pascal joule watt volt m/s? kg/m? Hz N Pa (N/m?) J (Nem) W u/s) VA) AdTHINK SI Prefixes The value of most SI units can be changed with the simple placing of a prefix in front of the unit name. Prefix Symbol = Value _—_—Factor giga G 1000000000 10” mega M 1.000000 10° kilo k 1000 10° hecto bh 100 10? dece da 10 10 decid 04 10" centi ¢ 0.01 10? milli om 0.001 108 micro 0.000 001 108 Examples one gigapascal 1 GPa~ 1000000000Pa one kilometre 1 km = 1.000 m one decanewton1 daN= 10 N one milligram 1. mg = 0.001 g one micrometre 1 wm = 0.000 001 m one square kilometre 1 km? — 10° m? ‘one cubic megametre 1 Mm? ~ 10°* m? Force, Work, Torque and Power Mass is the quantity of matter in an ‘object and is constant as well ‘on earth as in space Units of mass: kg kilogram ‘metric tonne 1 t=1 000kg Force F=mxa Force = mass x acceleration Unit of force: N newton (N= kg.m.s?) Practical use: daN decanewton KN kilonewton MN meganewton Work — Energy is force x distance (N.m) Unit of work : J joule Practical use: kJ kilojoule MJ megajoule Torque Unit: N.mnewton metre! Power is the work per unit time Unit of power: W watt Practical use: kW kilowatt MW megawatt A2THINK SI Normal notation - Telex notation Normal Telex Normal Telex 6 6 m M M MA kg KG k K s s h H A A da DA kK K d D c ceL c c mol MOL. m M cd cD " u rad RAD sr SR Hz HZ min MIN N N h HR Pa PAL = d{day)-D J J a ANN w w . DEG v v L L Q oHM ot TNE D (darcy) DA Examples of Telex Notation 6x 10? my > 6000 Iv? 855 kg/m* 7 855 KG/M? 7020kKPa = = 7 020 KPAL 10 mPa = 10 MAPAL Do NOT use: bbl, cut, “API, psi, Ie, HOR, AC, yl, Jf, gél, ip, gal, loha 36n, short tof, 2, OR. But use SI: mS, kg/m, Pa, kPa, MPa, kg, N, daN, KN, MN, m, dm, cm, mm, m%, L, t, °C, K. in TELEX notation: M3, KG/M3,PAL, KPAL, MAPAL, KG, N, DAN, KN, MAN, M, DM, CM, MM, M3, L, TNE, CEL, K. ASby CONVERSION FACTORS a = T To Metres 1 From 1 metre 1 1 kilometre 1x10? Tinch 25.4 x 10° 1 foot 304.8 x 10° 1 mile 1.609 x 10° (statute) 1 mile 1,853 x 10° (nautical) LENGTH (I) Kilometres Inches Feet tate) tneuteal 1x10? 39.37 3.281 621.4x10° | 539.6 x 10° 1 39.3710" 3.281 x10" | 6214x107 | 539.6x 10% 25.4 x 10° 1 83.33x10° | 15.78x10% | 13.71x 10% 304.8 x 10° 12 1 189.4% 10° | 164.5 x 10° 1.609 63.36 x10} 5.28 x 10° 1 868.4 x 107 1.853 72.96 x 10° | 6.08 x 10° 1.182 1sv yoy yoyo yo yoyoy yoyo yoy CONVERSION FACTORS MASS (m) To + 7 Tons Tons Tons a, Kilogram Pounds (metic) (long) (sho) 1 kilogram 1 2.205 1x 10% 984.2 x 10° 1.102 x 10% 1 Pound 453.6 x 107 1 453.6 x 10% 46.4 x 10-5 500 x 10% 1 ton (metric) 1x 108 2.205 x 10° 1 984.2 x 10° 1.102 1 ton (long) 1.016 x 108 2.240 x 108 1.016 1 112 1 ton (short) 907.2 2x 108 907.2 x 10% 892.9 x 10° 1ov CONVERSION FACTORS “AREA (??) ~ To = Square Square Square | From > metres centimetres Hectares feet 1 square 1 10 x 10° 100 x 10° 10.76 247.1 x 10° metre 1 square 100 x 10% 1 1x 10% 1,076 x10 | 24.71 x 10% centimetre 1 hectare 10 x 10? 100 x 10° 1 1.076 x 10° 2.471 1 square 92.9 x 10° 929 9.29 x 10° 1 22.96 x 10° foot 1 acre 4.047 x 10° | 40.47x 105 | 404.7x107 | 43.56 x 10° 1 |Ly ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) CONVERSION FACTORS VOLUME (I*) Cubic Cubic Cubic Cubic Gallons Gallons Barrel | From —~~._| Metres | decimetres | centimetres feet timp) (US liquid) arrels 1 cubic metre 1 1x 10° 1x 10° 35.31 220 264.2 6.29 1 cubic 1x 108 1 1x10 | 35.31x10% | 220x109 | 264.2x 107] 6.29x 10° decimetre 1 cubic 1x 108 1x10? 1 35.31x 10° | 220x 10° | 264.2x 10% | 6.29x 10° centimetre 1 cubic foot 28.32x10° | 28.32 | 28.32 x 10° 1 6.229 7.481 178.1 x 10° [1 gallon imp) | 4.546x 10°} 4.546 | 4.536 x 10? | 160.5 x 10° 1 1.201 | 28.59x 109 1 gallon 3.785x10°| 3.785 | 3.785 x 10? 133.7 x 10° | 832.7 x 10° 1 23.81 x 10° (US liquid) 1 barrel © 159 x 108 159 159 x 10° 5.615 34.97 42 1By CONVERSION FACTORS FORCE (mit *) To + | Newtons Dynes Kilogram Poundals Pounds. 1x103 daN From Force Force 1 Newton 1 400x10°| t02x10°| 7.233 | 2248x10°| 041x109 1 Dyne 10 x10° 1 1.02 x10° | 72.33x 10° | 2.248x 10° 1x 109 1 kilogram 9.807 | 980.7 x 10° 1 70.93 2.205 0.981 x 10° force Jpoundal | 138.4x 10°| 13.84x 10 | 14.1010" 1 31.08x 10°) 1388x108 tpoundforce} 4.448 |aaasxto |453.6x10 | 32.17 1 0445x 10° 1x103 daN. 10x 103 | 1x 10° | 102x108 | 7293x103 | 2248x102 1 2 2 NOTE: 1) Conversion factors based on g=9.807 m/s = 32,174 ft/s 2) Pound signifies pound (avdp)ev ) ) } ) ) } ) ) ) CONVERSION FACTORS POWER (m.l? t%) watts Kilogram Foot Horsepower | Horsepower | British Thermal FROM metresisec | Pounds’sec | (metric) (british) Unitsisec 3 3 € wat 1 1.02 0.7376 1.a6xt0 | 1841x10 | geexr0) 1 kitogram 3 3 3 meteisec 0.9807 1 0.7233 199000" | 1.915x10° | g2.97e10 1 Foot 3 3 3 poundisec 1.386 1.383 1 1843x10" | 1.818x10 1286x109 1 Horsepower (metre) 7355 75 512.5 1 986.3 697.2410 1 Horsepower 3 ‘omiish) 7437 760.4 550 1018 1 70710 1 Brtish Thermal Unitisoc 10.055 1076 778 1438 1415 1 NOTE: (1) Conversion factors based on g =9.807 mvs? = 32.174 WP (2) Pound signifies pound (avaip) (3} Horsepower { metric) = Chevel vapeurow CONVERSION FACTORS PRESSURE (m.|".t®) T “~~ To + | Newtons/ | Kilograms/ Metres Inches Metres Inches Pounds/ ™ m? so Bar Water Water | Mercury , Mercury | SQ Inch 4 From (pascals) | centimetre Column Column Column Column (psi) 1 Newton/m? 1 10.20 x 10*| 10x 10% /102.1 x 10°|4.018 x 10%) 7.501 x 10°|295.3 x 10*/ 145 x 10° (pascal) 1 kilogram/ 98.07 x 10% 1 980.7 x 10%} 10.01 394.1 735.6 x10") 28.96 14.22 SQ centimetre 1 bar 100 x 10% 1.020 1 10.21 401.8 |750.1x 10°) 29.53 14.5 1 metre 9.8x 10° |99.91 x 10%] 98 x 10% 1 39.37 |73.49x 10") 2.893 1.421 water column 1 inch 248.9 |2.538 x 10°|2.489 x 103] 25.4 x 10? 1 1.867 x 10°|73.49 x 10% / 36.09 x 10% water column 1 metre 133.3 x 107 1.36 1.333 13.6 $35.7 1 39.37 19.34 mercury column 1 inch 3.386 x 10° |34,53 x 10°|33.86 x 10°/345.7 x 10% 13.61 25.4 x 107 1 491.2 x 10% mercury column 1 pound/ 6.895 x 10°|70.31 x 103|68.95 x 10°|703.7 x 10° 277 51.71 x 103} 2.036 1 SQ inch (psi) NOTE: 1) Conversion factors based on g = 9.807 m/s? = 32.174 ft/s? 2) Pound signifies pound (avdp) 3) Density of water at 15°C under atmospheric pressure = 999.13 Ka/m? 4) Density of mercury at 0°C under atmospheric pressure — 13595.5 Kg/m? ' )Lev , ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) \ ) ) CONVERSION FACTORS HEAT. ENERGY AND WORK (m.I°t” ) To => oes Kilowatt | Kilogram | Kiogram | Foot. Horsepower Horsepower aa newton- jours jours ermal 4 From meters) | ‘ours | Calories | Metres | Pounds | metric) | (British) Units 1 joule 1 277.8x 10'| 238.9x 10°} 102x 10° | 737.6 x 10°] 87.7 x 10°| 372.5x 10"| 948 x 10° inewton- metre) 1 kilowatt 3.6 x10" 1 0.860 357.1 2.655 x10") 1.96x10°|1.341x10" | 3.413 Hour 1 kilogram 4.187 x 10°) 1.163 1 426.9 | 3.087 x 10°] 1.581 10'|1.559x10*| 3.968 calorie 1 kilogram, 9807 | 2.724x10°|2.343x 10°) 1 7.233 | 3.704 x 10°| 3653x 10°|9.297 x 10 metre 1 footpound 1.356 [376.6 x 10°|325.9 x 10°| 138.3.x 10° 1 |512.1x 10°] 505.1 x 10°] 1.285 x 10% 1 Horsepower | 2.648x 10° | 735.5 632.5 270.x 10° | 1.953 x 10° 1 986.3 x 10'] 2.51x 10° hour (metric) 1 Horsepower | 2.685x 10% | 745.7 641.3 [2737x10*| 1.98% 10°] 1.014 1 |2545x 103 hour (British) 1 British 1.055 x 10°] 293x 10° | 262x10°| 107.6 778 |398.4x10"| 3929x105 1 thermal unit NOTE: 1) Conversion factors based on g = 2) Pound signifies pound (avap) 3). Kilogram calorie signifies “maan kilogram calor 807 mis’ = 32.174 ftis 4) British thermal unit signifies “mean British thermal unit"