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Taxonomies of The Cognitive Domain

1. The document compares Bloom's original taxonomy of cognitive skills from 1956 to the revised taxonomy created by Anderson and Krathwohl in 2000. 2. Both taxonomies include categories from lower to higher order thinking skills: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. However, the revised taxonomy reordered some categories and modified category names and definitions. 3. The main changes were moving evaluating above creating, renaming synthesis as creating, and better defining the cognitive processes within each category with more verbs.

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60 views

Taxonomies of The Cognitive Domain

1. The document compares Bloom's original taxonomy of cognitive skills from 1956 to the revised taxonomy created by Anderson and Krathwohl in 2000. 2. Both taxonomies include categories from lower to higher order thinking skills: remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating. However, the revised taxonomy reordered some categories and modified category names and definitions. 3. The main changes were moving evaluating above creating, renaming synthesis as creating, and better defining the cognitive processes within each category with more verbs.

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Taxonomies of the Cognitive Domain:

Bloom's Taxonomy 1956 Anderson and Krathwohl's Taxonomy 2000


1. Knowledge: Remembering or retrieving previously
learned material. Examples of verbs that relate to this
function are: 1. Remembering: Retrieving, recalling, or recognizing knowledge
from memory. Remembering is when memory is used to produce
know define record definitions, facts, or lists, or recite or retrieve material.
identify recall name
relate memorize recognize
list repeat acquire

2. Comprehension: The ability to grasp or construct


meaning from material. Examples of verbs that relate to
this function are: 2. Understanding: Constructing meaning from different types of
functions be they written or graphic messages activities like
restate identify illustrate interpreting, exemplifying, classifying, summarizing, inferring,
locate discuss interpret comparing, and explaining.
report describe draw
recognize review represent
explain infer differentiate
express conclude

3. Application: The ability to use learned material, or to


implement material in new and concrete situations.
Examples of verbs that relate to this function are: 3. Applying: Carrying out or using a procedure through
executing, or implementing. Applying related and refers to
apply organize practice situations where learned material is used through products like
relate employ calculate models, presentations, interviews or simulations.
develop restructure show
translate interpret exhibit
use demonstrate dramatize
operate illustrate

4. Analysis: The ability to break down or distinguish the


parts of material into its components so that its
organizational structure may be better understood. 4. Analyzing: Breaking material or concepts into parts,
Examples of verbs that relate to this function are: determining how the parts relate or interrelate to one another or
to an overall structure or purpose. Mental actions included in
analyze differentiate experiment this function are differentiating, organizing, and attributing, as
compare contrast scrutinize well as being able to distinguish between the components or
probe investigate discover parts. When one is analyzing he/she can illustrate this mental
inquire detect inspect function by creating spreadsheets, surveys, charts, or diagrams,
examine survey dissect or graphic representations.
contrast classify discriminate
categorize deduce separate
5. Synthesis: The ability to put parts together to form a
coherent or unique new whole. Examples of verbs that
relate to this function are: 5. Evaluating: Making judgments based on criteria and
standards through checking and critiquing. Critiques,
compose plan propose recommendations, and reports are some of the products that
produce invent develop can be created to demonstrate the processes of evaluation. In
design formulate arrange the newer taxonomy evaluation comes before creating as it is
assemble collect construct often a necessary part of the precursory behavior before creating
create set up organize something.
prepare generalize originate
predict document derive Remember this one has now changed places with the last one
modify combine write on the other side.
tell relate propose

6. Evaluation: The ability to judge, check, and even


critique the value of material for a given purpose.
Examples of verbs that relate to this function are: 6. Creating: Putting elements together to form a coherent or
functional whole; reorganizing elements into a new pattern or
judge argue validate structure through generating, planning, or producing. Creating
assess decide consider requires users to put parts together in a new way or synthesize
compare choose appraise parts into something new and different a new form or product.
evaluate rate value This process is the most difficult mental function in the new
conclude select criticize taxonomy.
measure estimate infer
deduce This one used to be #5 in Bloom's known as synthesis.

Visual Comparison of the two taxonomies

Bloom et al 1956 Anderson & Krathwohl et al 2000

Source: Leslie Wilson, Professor Emerita, Curriculum & Instruction, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point.
http://www.uwsp.edu/education/lwilson/curric/newtaxonomy.htm - accessed on April 23, 2009

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