This document presents a study comparing the performance and emissions of a diesel engine using biodiesel from jatropha and karanja seeds. It finds that mechanical extraction of oil from the seeds using an expeller developed by IIT Delhi was more efficient than traditional methods. The oxidation stability of jatropha biodiesel was found to be slightly better than karanja biodiesel. Tests of the biodiesel blends in a diesel engine showed similar performance to diesel in terms of brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of CO, THC, NOx and smoke were also comparable or lower than diesel.
This document presents a study comparing the performance and emissions of a diesel engine using biodiesel from jatropha and karanja seeds. It finds that mechanical extraction of oil from the seeds using an expeller developed by IIT Delhi was more efficient than traditional methods. The oxidation stability of jatropha biodiesel was found to be slightly better than karanja biodiesel. Tests of the biodiesel blends in a diesel engine showed similar performance to diesel in terms of brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of CO, THC, NOx and smoke were also comparable or lower than diesel.
This document presents a study comparing the performance and emissions of a diesel engine using biodiesel from jatropha and karanja seeds. It finds that mechanical extraction of oil from the seeds using an expeller developed by IIT Delhi was more efficient than traditional methods. The oxidation stability of jatropha biodiesel was found to be slightly better than karanja biodiesel. Tests of the biodiesel blends in a diesel engine showed similar performance to diesel in terms of brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of CO, THC, NOx and smoke were also comparable or lower than diesel.
This document presents a study comparing the performance and emissions of a diesel engine using biodiesel from jatropha and karanja seeds. It finds that mechanical extraction of oil from the seeds using an expeller developed by IIT Delhi was more efficient than traditional methods. The oxidation stability of jatropha biodiesel was found to be slightly better than karanja biodiesel. Tests of the biodiesel blends in a diesel engine showed similar performance to diesel in terms of brake thermal efficiency and brake specific fuel consumption. Emissions of CO, THC, NOx and smoke were also comparable or lower than diesel.
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694 J SCI IND RES VOL 70 AUGUST 2011
Journal of Scientific & Industrial Research
Vol. 70, August 2011, pp. 694-698 *Author for correspondence Tel.: +91 11 26591260; Fax: +91 11 26591121 E-mail: [email protected] Comparative study of performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with jatropha and karanja biodiesel Lalit Prasad 1 , Subhalaxmi Pradhan 2 , C S Madankar 2 , L M Das 1 * and S N Naik 2 1 Centre for Energy Studies, 2 Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India Received 04 May 2011; revised 14 June 2011; accepted 16 June 2011 This study presents extraction of oil by mechanical expeller and solvent extraction technique from jatropha and karanja seeds. Physico-chemical properties of extracted oil, jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) were tested for their suitability in diesel engine. Mechanical extraction efficiency with expeller developed by IIT Delhi was found to be better (jatropha, 87%; karanja, 86%) as compared to traditional expeller (67-69%). Induction periods (oxidation stability) at 110C were found to be: JOME, 1.76; and KOME, 2.24 h. Calorific value of JOME (38.65 MJ/kg) and KOME (40.75 MJ/kg) was comparatively lower to base diesel (44.50 MJ/kg). Comparative performance (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption) and emission (CO, THC, NO x and smoke opacity) characteristics were tested in 4.4 kW, single cylinder, compres- sion ignition engine with constant speed (1500 rpm). Keywords: Biodiesel, Esterification, Oxidation stability, Transesterification Introduction Biodiesel as an alternate diesel fuel has attracted considerable attention around the world due to its renewable, biodegradable, eco-friendly and non-toxic nature 1,2 . Different tree borne non-edible oil seeds (jatropha, karanja, mahua, simaruba, castor and neem) have been identified as a potential source for biodiesel production in India. Crude oil consumption has continued to rise @ 4.8% per annum since 2005 3 . A National Mission on Biodiesel identified Jatropha curcas as the most suitable tree-borne oilseeds 4 . Indian approach to biofuels is based solely on non-food feedstocks to be raised on degraded or wastelands, thus avoiding a possible conflict of fuel vs food security 5 . One of the major technical issues facing biodiesel is its susceptibility to oxidation upon exposure to oxygen in ambient air 6 .
Stability of karanja oil methyl ester (KOME) has been improved by adding different antioxidants 7-9 [tert-butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), tert-butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), pyrogallol (PY), propyl galate (PrG) and tert-butyl hydroxyl quinone (TBHQ)]. Oxidation stability describes degradation tendency of biodiesel and is of great importance in the context of possible problems with engine parts. During degradation, main oxidation products (peroxides and hydroperoxides) form shorter-chain compounds such as low molecular weight acids, aldehydes, ketones and alcohols 10-11 . This study presents oil extraction from jatropha and karanja seeds by solvent extraction and mechanical expression designed and fabricated by IIT Delhi 12 , preparation of biodiesel [jatropha oil methyl ester (JOME) and KOME] and physico-chemical analysis of oil as well as methyl ester, besides comparative performance and emission study of biodiesel blends (B15) of JOME and KOME and diesel in single cylinder compression ignition (CI) engine. Experimental Section Oil Extraction and Characterisation Jatropha and karanja seeds were collected from IIT campus, New Delhi, India. Seeds were cleaned manually to remove all foreign materials, sun dried and then dried in hot air oven till free from moisture. Seeds were decorticated manually to obtain kernel. For oil content determination 13 , grounded samples were extracted by soxhlet apparatus using petroleum ether (b.p. 60-80C). 695 PRASAD et al: DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH JATROPHA AND KARANJA BIODIESEL Both types of seeds (50 g each) were grounded separately for 1 min, and sieved (sieve, 2 mm). Extract was concentrated in rotavapour; residual oil was cooled and weighed. Fatty acid Composition of Seed Oils Fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) 14 . GC analysis was carried out against standard FAMEs (sigma make) on a Varian CP-3800 Gas Chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a 30 m 0.25 mm WCOT column coated with 0.25 mm film thickness of polyethylene glycol (PEG) supplied by J &W (Carbowax column). Helium was used as carrier gas (flow rate, 1.0 ml/ min) at a column pressure of 22 KPa. Each sample (0.2 l) was injected into injection port of GC using a split ratio of 50:1. Compound separation was achieved following a linear temperature program of 160C (1 min), 160-240C (4C/ min), and 240C
(23 min); total run time was 45 min. Composition (%) was calculated using peak normalization method assuming equal detector response. Peaks were identified by co-eluation of standard FAME samples procured from Sigma-Aldrich and analyzed in the same GC conditions. Transesterification of Oil FAME of both types of oils was prepared by acid and alkali catalyzed reaction due to high acid value of oil 15 . Acid catalyzed pretreatment was conducted at 55C with methanol (CH 3 OH)/oil at a molar ratio of 6:1 and an acid (conc. H 2 SO 4 ) of 0.5% w/w of oil. Reaction was continued till acid value was lowered and remained constant. Acid catalyst was removed before alkali- catalyzed transesterification. Reaction for preparation of FAME of both types of oils was carried out with CH 3 OH/oil at a molar ratio of 6:1 and catalyst (solid KOH pellets; conc. 1% w/w of oil) at 65C and stirring rate of 600 ppm 15 . Reaction mixture was separated in a separating funnel and upper FAME layer was washed with hot distilled water (70-80C) until resulting water from washing remains neutral. Moisture was removed from biodiesel by drying at 90-100C under vacuum and passing FAME layer over anhydrous sodium sulphate. Fuel Characterization and Stability of Biodiesel Fuel properties (density, viscosity, flash point, cloud point, pour point, water content etc.) of biodiesel were determined as per Bureau of Indian standards test method (IS-1448). Biodiesel ages more quickly than fossil diesel fuel due to chemical structure of fatty acid alkyl esters. Saturated fatty acid alkyl ester increases stability whereas unsaturated fatty acid alkyl esters reduce stability. Oxidation stability of both JOME and KOME was measured with a Rancimat 743 (Metrohm, Switzerland) instrument. Oxidation period was measured at air flow 10 l/h with the heating block set at 110C. Experiments were conducted in duplicate and mean value of induction period was measured. Performance and Exhaust Emissions in Engine Comparative engine performance and emissions characteristics of JOME B15 and KOME B15 were tested in a Kirloskar make single cylinder, 4-stroke, water- cooled diesel engine (rated power output 4.5 kW at 1500 rpm). Different exhaust emissions from engine were studied keeping varying engine load (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) conditions. Each reading was replicated thrice to get reasonable values. Engine exhaust emissions were measured by AVL 437 Smoke Meter & AVL Di-gas Analyser. Results and Discussion Oil Yield and Physicochemical Properties Mechanical extraction efficiency with expeller developed by IIT Delhi was found to be better (Table 1) as compared to traditional expeller. Important physico- chemical properties of jatropha and karnja oils, Table 1 Oil yield and extraction efficiency of jatropha and karanja seeds Process Jatropha oil Karanja oil Yield, % Efficiency, % Yield, % Efficiency, % Solvent extraction 34 100 32 100 Mechanical expeller 23 66.67 22 68.75 (traditional) Mechanical expeller 30 86.95 27-28 85.94 (developed by IIT Delhi) 696 J SCI IND RES VOL 70 AUGUST 2011 respectively, were determined as follows: density, 0.92, 0.91 g/cc; viscosity 40C , 34.8, 31.5 cSt; acid value, 9.86, 11.28 mgKOH/g; iodine value, 98.0, 86.6%; saponification value, 189.7, 188.3 mg KOH/g; and unsaponifiable matter, 1.60, 2.4% (w/w). Fatty Acid Composition of Oils Fatty acid compositions of jatropha oil and karanja oil, respectively, were found as follows: palmitic, 14.1; 11.6; stearic, 4.3, 7.5; oleic, 34.3, 51.5; linoleic, 29.0, 16.0; linolenic, 0.3, 2.6; and others, 18, 10.8%.Thus saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) contributes 18.4% in jatropha oil and 19.1% in karanja oil. Saturated fatty acids increase ignition quality (cetane number), stability and cloud point of fuels. Unsaturated fatty acids (oleic, linoleic and linolenic) were: JOME, 63.6; and KOME, 70.1%. Due to higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in KOME compared to JOME, induction period for KOME was found 2.24 h, while for JOME it was 1.76 h at constant temperature of 110C. Fuel properties of test blends (Table 2) were tested before engine study. Engine Study Performance Comparative performance studies of JOME B15 and KOME B15 with base diesel were carried out in single cylinder CI engine. Variation in brake thermal efficiency (BTE, Fig. 1) and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC, Fig. 2) were plotted to ascertain suitability of test blends for engine application. Performance characteristics were conducted at varying load (0-100% in five consecutive steps) on engine. As load increases, BTE of JOME B15 and KOME B15 blends increases as expected in the base diesel. Test blends of both JOME B15 and KOME B15 show marginally lower BTE compared to base diesel. However at 50% load, thermal efficiency of karanja biodiesel blends were observed almost same as base diesel. KOME B15 gives better thermal efficiency compared to JOME B15 at all loads. Calorific value (38.65 MJ/kg) of JOME is lower compared to KOME (40.75 MJ/kg). This effect leads to decrease of marginal BTE of all blends of JOME. Test blends of JOME and KOME exhibits marginally higher BSFC compared to Table 2Fuel properties of dieselbiodiesel blends of methyl ester of jatropha and karanja oil Fuel Calorific value Density 15C Viscosity 40C Flash point Cloud point Pour point blend (ASTM D420) (ASTM (ASTM D445) (ASTM D93) (ASTM (ASTM D97) MJ/kg D4052) cSt C D2500) C g/cm 3 C Diesel 44.50 0.83 2.85 77 -4 -9 JB 100 38.65 .88 5.18 151 5 1 KB 100 40.75 .87 4.93 147 6 2 JB15 43.62 0.84 3.36 90 -1.3 -2.7 KB15 43.94 0.84 3.38 89 -1.4 -2.4 Fig. 1Brake thermal efficiency for diesel and biodiesel blends Fig. 2Brake specific fuel consumption for diesel and biodiesel blends B T E ,
% Load, % Load, % S F C ,
g / k W h 697 PRASAD et al: DIESEL ENGINE FUELED WITH JATROPHA AND KARANJA BIODIESEL base diesel, attributed to low heating value and thereby more quantity of fuel is required for same quantity of power output. The same power output is due to lower calorific value of diesel-biodiesel blend fuel. However, trend of variation is same as base diesel. Exhaust Emissions In diesel engine, major pollutants [smoke, unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)] are predominant. Different exhaust emissions [unburnt HC and NOx, and carbon monoxide (CO)] from engine were measured for biodiesel-diesel blends with base diesel. HC emissions for both the test blends were lower compared to base diesel (Fig. 3). However, in case of KOME B15, HC emissions were less than JOME B 15, possibly due to complete combustion of fuel leads to higher thermal efficiency of KOME B15 in comparison to JOME B15 at all loads. Up to 50% loads, emissions of NOx was lower (Fig. 4); in all cases, this can be attributed that combustion efficiency of biodiesel is higher than that of diesel, as also reported 16 , resulting in lower combustion chamber temperatures and lower NOx formation. However, at higher loads, there was marginal increase of NOx for both types of test blends. At partial and higher loads, CO emissions show (Fig. 5) no rising trend and remain stable upto higher loads. Smoke for both the test blends were reduced significantly at all loads (Fig. 6). Presence of oxygen atoms in the straight vegetable based Fig. 3Hydrocarbon for diesel and biodiesel blends Fig. 4Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) for diesel and biodiesel blends Fig. 5Carbon monoxide (CO) for diesel and biodiesel blends Fig. 6Smoke for diesel and biodiesel blends Fig. 7Oxygen in exhaust for diesel and biodiesel blends Load, % C O ,
% Load, % S m o k e ,
% Load, % O 2 ,
% H C ,
p p m Load, % Load, % N O x ,
p p m 698 J SCI IND RES VOL 70 AUGUST 2011 alky ester helps to combust fuel completely and reduces smoke substantially. Oxygen content in exhaust emissions was higher for both types of test blends (Fig. 7). Conclusions Efficiency of IIT Delhi developed expeller was found to be > 85% of total oil content. Major fatty acid found in two types of oils was oleic acid (C18:1) [jatropha (34%) and karanja (52%)] followed by linoleic acid (C18:2) [jatropha (29%) and karanja (16%)]. Straight vegetable based fuel oxidized in short periods. Induction time for KOME was found to be higher (2.24 h at 110in:C) than JOME (1.76 h at 110C). Both test blends (JOME B15 and KOME B15) showed performance close to diesel. Therefore, these blends can be used in IC engine. However, KOME B15 showed better performance at all loads (zero to full loads). Marginal lower BTE can be attributed to lower calorific value of test blends. Lower HC and smoke opacity emissions of biodiesel blends are added values from environmental point of view. Acknowledgement Authors thank financial support under RC-UK DST, India (EP/G021937/1) funded project. References 1 Satyarthi J K, Srinivas D & Ratnasamy P, Estimation of free fatty acid content in oils, fats, and biodiesel by 1 H NMR Spectroscopy, Energy & Fuels, 23 (2009) 2273-2277. 2 Parawira W, Biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas: A review, Sci Res & Essays, 5 (2010) 1796-1808. 3 Global Agriculture International Network Report, India Biofuels Annuals (U S Department of Agriculture, USA) 2009. 4 Report on the committee on development of Biofuel, 2003 (Plan- ning Commission, Govt of India, New Delhi) 2003; http:// www.planningcommission.gov.in/reports/genrep/cmtt_bio.pdf 5 National Policy on Biofuels (Govt of India, Ministry of New & Renewable Energy, New Delhi); http://www.mnre.gov.in/policy/ biofuel-policy.pdf 6 Knothe G, Review: some aspects of biodiesel oxidative stability, Fuel Process Technol, 88 (2007) 669-677. 7 Das L M, Bora D K, Pradhan S, Naik M K & Naik S N, Short communication Long-term storage stability of biodiesel produced from Karanja oil, Fuel, 88 (2009) 2315-2318. 8 Bora D K, Das L M & Babu M K G, Storage stability of mahua oil methyl ester, J Sci Ind Res, 68 (2009) 149-152. 9 Schober S & Mittelbach M, The impact of antioxidants on biodiesel oxidation stability, Eur J Lipid Sci Technol, 106 (2004) 382-389. 10 Tang H, Abunasser N, Wang A, Clark B R, Wadumesthrige K et al, Quality survey of biodiesel blends sold at retail stations, Fuel, 87 (2008) 2951-2955. 11 Karavalakis G, Stournas S & Karonis D, Evaluation of the oxidation stability of diesel/biodiesel blends, Fuel, 89 (2010) 2483-2489. 12 Pradhan R C, Design & Development of low cost post harvesting equipment for Jatropha, Ph D Thesis, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India (under review). 13 AOAC, Official methods of analysis, 14 th edn (Association of Official Analytical Chemists Washington DC) 1994. 14 Hammond E W, Gas liquid chromatography, in Chromatography for the Analysis of Lipids , edited by E W Hammond (CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL) 1993. 15 Meher L C, Vidya Sagar D & Naik S N, Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterfication : A Review, Ren Sust Energy Rev, 10 (2006) 248-268. 16 Atadashi I M, Aroua M K & Aziz A A, High quality biodiesel and its diesel engine application: A review, Ren Sust Energy Rev, 14 (2010)1999-2008.
Experimental Studies On The Combustion and Emission Characteristics of A Diesel Engine Fuelled With Used Cooking Oil Methyl Ester and Its Diesel Blends