CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

RELATED LETERATURE
According to Wikipedia Shoe polish (or boot polish), is a waxy paste, cream, or liquid used to polish, shine, and waterproof leather shoes or boots to extend the footwear's life, and restore, maintain and improve their appearance.Various substances have been used as shoe polish for hundreds of years, starting with natural substances such as wax and tallow. Modern polish formulas were introduced early in the 20th century and many of those original formulations are still in use today. Today, shoe polish is usually made from a mix of natural and synthetic materials, including naphtha, turpentine, dyes, and gum Arabic, using straightforward chemical engineering processes. Shoe polish is usually flammable, can be toxic, and, if misused, can stain skin. It should be used in a well-ventilated area with care taken to protect clothes, carpet and furniture.The popularity of shoe polish paralleled a general rise in leather and synthetic shoe production, beginning in the 19th century and continuing into the 20th. The World Wars saw a surge in demand for the product, in order to polish army boots. According to Yaho.com Kiwi is the brand name of a shoe polish, first made in Australia in 1906 and as of 2005 sold in almost 180 countries. Previously owned by the Sara Lee Corporation since 1984, it was sold in 2011 to SC Johnson[1]. It is the dominant shoe polish in some countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States, where it has about two-thirds of the market.The polish was developed in Australia by William Ramsay who named it Kiwi after the flightless bird endemic to New Zealand, the home country of his wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay. Its success in Australia expanded overseas when it was adopted by both the British and American armies in World War I. According to Wikipedia an oil is a substance that is in a viscous liquid state ("oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer, and is both hydrophobic (immiscible with water) and lipophilic (miscible with other oils, literally). This general definition includes compound classes with otherwise unrelated chemical structures, properties, and uses, including vegetable oils.
1. According to Wikipedia cooking oil is purified fat of plant origin, which is liquid at

room temperature. Some of the many different kinds of edible vegetable oils include: olive oil, palm oil, soybean oil, canola oil, pumpkin seed oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, grape seed oil, sesame oil, argan oil and rice bran oil. Many other kinds of vegetable oils are also used for cooking. The generic term "vegetable oil" when used to label a cooking oil product refers to a blend of a variety of oils often based on palm, corn, soybean or sunflower oils. Shoe polish (or boot polish), usually a waxy paste or a cream, is a consumer product

used to shine, waterproof, and restore the appearance of leather shoes or boots, thereby extending the footwear's life. In some regionsincluding New Zealand "Nugget" is used as a common term for solid waxy shoe polish, as opposed to liquid shoe polishes. Various substances have been used as shoe polish for hundreds of years, starting with natural substances such as wax and tallow. Modern polish formulae were introduced early in the 20th century and some products from that era are still in use today. Today, shoe polish is usually made from a mix of natural and synthetic materials, including naphtha, turpentine, dyes, and gum arabic, using straightforward chemical engineering processes. Shoe polish can be toxic, and, if misused,canstainskin. eHow 2. Home & Garden 3. Housekeeping 4. Homemaking
5. Uses for Shoe Polish

By Krista Sheehan, eHow Contributor

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According to Krista Sheehan Although many people are familiar with the conventional use of shoe polish to shine leather shoes and boots, there are also a few unconventional uses of shoe polish that many people are unaware of. Shoe polish can be used to stain and shine more than just your shoes According to Ask.com the first shoe polish to resemble the modern varieties (aimed primarily at inducing shine) was Kiwi. Scottish expatriates William Ramsay and Hamilton McKellan began making "boot polish" in a small factory in 1904 in Melbourne, Australia. [8] Their formula was a major improvement on previous brands. It preserved shoe leather, made it shine, and restored color. By the time Kiwi Dark Tan was released in 1908, it incorporated agents that added suppleness and water resistance. Australian-made boot polish was then considered the world's best. Black and a range of colors became available, and exports to Britain, continental Europe, and New Zealand began. Previously owned by the Sara Lee Corporationsince 1984, Kiwi was sold in 2011.Ramsay named the shoe polish after the kiwi, the national bird of New Zealand; Ramsay's wife, Annie Elizabeth Meek Ramsay, was a native

of Oamaru, New Zealand.[9] It has been suggested that, at a time when several symbols were weakly associated with New Zealand, the eventual spread of Kiwi shoe polish around the world enhanced the Kiwi's popular appeal and promoted it at the expense of the others. A rival brand in the early years was Cobra Boot Polish, based in Sydney. Cobra was noted for a series of cartoon advertisements in The Sydney Bulletin, starting in 1909, using a character called "Chunder Loo of Akim Foo." Chunder is Australian slang for vomit, and possibly originated through the rhyming slang of Chunder Loo and spew (another slang word for vomit).

According to Yahoo answers shoe polish is a product used to shine, polish, and protect leather footwear. Polishing shoes will increase their life span, and lead to a more attractive appearance. It comes in various forms, including wax, paste, cream, and liquid, and can be applied in many different ways.Shoe polish has been in use for centuries, but the modern version has only been available since the early 1900s. Prior to the 20th century, shoe polish was made of only natural ingredients, including tallow and wax, but this formula has changed in recent history. Today, most shoe polishes still contain wax, but also include various chemicals including turpentine, naptha, and dye, and natural substances such as lanolin and gum arabic. Lanolin is a byproduct of wool obtained during the shearing process, and is added to waterproof the shoes and bond otheringredients together. Gum arabic, obtained from the acacia tree, is used to increase the thickness of shoe polish. Shoe polish is applied to leather footwear using a cloth or brush, and is then rubbed in vigorously to ensure an even coat. Buffing is also necessary, and sometimes several coats will be needed to achieve the desired shine. A common method of shoe polishing is known as the spit shine, and involves rubbing the polish into the shoe with a drop of water, or in some cases, actual saliva. This technique is typically associated with military organizations, and creates a very high-gloss finish.

According to Wikipedia Shoe polish products are low-value items that are infrequently purchased, as a single can might last several months for even the most frequent user. Consumer demand is inelasticand largely insensitive to price change, while sales volumes are generally low. In the shoe polish market as a whole, some 26% of turnover is accounted for by pastes, 24% by creams, 23% by aerosols, and 13% by liquids. In recent years, the demand for shoe polish products has either been static or declined; one reason is the gradual replacement of formal footwear with sneakers for everyday use. There are numerous branded products available, as well as generic store brands. There are two chief areas of shoe polish sales: to the general public, and to specialists and trade, such as shoe repairers, and cobblers. The sales percentages between the two outlets are roughly comparable.

Kiwi remains the predominant shoe polish brand in most of the world, being sold in over 180 countries. Today, it is manufactured in Australia, Canada, France, India, Pakistan, South Africa, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Other leading brands include Kelly's, Shinola, Lincoln Shoe Polish, Meltonian, Angelus, and Cherry Blossom. Kiwi was acquired by the American company Sara Lee following its purchase of Reckitt and Colman in 1991 and Knomark with its brand Esquire Shoe Polish in 1987. The Federal Trade Commission ruled that Sara Lee had to divest its ownership of these companies in 1994 to prevent it from becoming a monopoly. Since this ruling, Sara Lee has been prevented from acquiring any further assets or firms associated with chemical shoe care products in the United States without prior commission approval. TheCompetition Commission in the United Kingdom investigated the potential monopoly of Sara Lee in the shoe care industry. Empty shoe polish bottles can be used to create graffiti, by dumping out the polish inside and filling it full of ink or paint. They are used as a cheap alternative to markers designed for graffiti, and are much more widely available. According to Ask.com Shoe polish consists of a waxy colloidal emulsion, a substance composed of a number of partially immiscible liquids and solids mixed together. It is usually made from ingredients including some or all of naphtha, lanolin, turpentine, wax (often Carnauba wax), gum arabic,ethylene glycol, and if required a colourant, such as carbon black or an azo dye (such asaniline yellow). It typically has a specific gravity of 0.8, is negligibly soluble in water, and is made of between 65 and 77% volatile substancesusually naphtha. The high amount of volatile substances means that the shoe polish will dry out and harden after application, while retaining its shine. Lanolin, a hydrophilic grease from wool-bearing animals such as sheep or goats, acts as both a waterproofing wax and a bonding agent, giving the shoe polish its greasy feel and texture. It prevents the naphtha from evaporating until the polish has been spread and buffed into a thin film on the leather surface. An essential ingredient in shoe polish is a thickener; without this, the polish would be too runny, making it difficult to use. Gum arabic, a substance from two subSaharan species of theacacia tree, is commonly used to increase the viscosity of the product. According to Answer.com Shoe polish is applied to the shoe using a rag, cloth, or brush. Shoe polish is not a cleaning product, and therefore the footwear should be both clean and dry before application. A vigorous rubbing action to apply the polish evenly on the boot, followed by further buffing with a clean dry cloth or brush, usually provides good results. Another technique, known as spit-polishing or bull polishing, involves gently rubbing polish into the leather with a cloth and a drop of water or spit. This achieves the mirror-like, high-gloss finish sometimes

known as a spit shine or bull which is especially valued in military organizations. It must be mentioned that those in the military do not use actual "spit" to spit shine their boots and shoes. Spit contains enzymes that break down the polish so that it does not shine, but remains dull. Polishes containing carnauba wax can be used as a protective coating to extend the life and look of a leather shoe. Shoe polish may be purchased pre-soaked into a hard sponge, which can be used to buff leather without needing to apply any additional polish to either the leather or the sponge. This is usually known as an applicator. A number of companies that manufacture shoe care products also sell a liquid shoe polish in a squeezable plastic bottle, with a small sponge applicator at the end. To decrease its viscosity, bottled polish usually has a very low wax content. There are many products closely related to shoe polish, but not strictly considered as such. Other chemical products may be used to clean and shine shoesin particular whiteners for white shoes, and a variety of sprays and aerosols for cleaning and waterproofing suede shoes. A banana peel can also be used to effectively shine shoes. Although shoe polish is primarily intended for leather shoes, some brands specify that they may be used on non-porous materials, such as vinyl. The polish is generally the same colour as the shoes it will be used upon, or it may be neutral, lacking any intrinsic colour.

RELATED STUDY Shoe Polish Cold Pressed Nut Oil, Olive Oil, Walnut Oil, or Beeswax. Apply oil to leather product and buff with a chamois loth to a shine. Lemon Juice. Lemon juice is good polish for black or tan leather shoes. Follow by buffing with a soft cloth. Vinegar. Remove water stains on leather by rubbing with a cloth dipped in a vinegar and water solution. Petroleum Jelly. A dab of petroleum jelly rubbed into patent leather gives a glistening shine and prevents cracking in the winter. Vinegar. To shine patent leather, moisten a soft cloth with white vinegar and wipe clean all patent leather articles. The color of the leather may be slightly changed. Art-Gum Eraser and Sandpaper or Emery Board. Dirt marks on suede can be rubbed out with an art-gum eraser. Then buff lightly with sandpaper or an emery board. " Source:

Olive oil is an excellent alternative to shoe polish. Just spray a little on your shoes, leave it on for a couple of minutes, buff them with a soft cloth and you are good to go. Squeeze a few drops of lemon in it to get that extra shine. Olive Oil and Lemon: Olive oil is an excellent alternative to shoe polish. Just spray a little on your shoes, leave it on for a couple of minutes, buff them with a soft cloth and you are good to go. Squeeze a few drops of lemon in it to get that extra shine. Walnut Oil/Vegetable Oil: These are other reliable options for polishing your shoes. You can directly apply them on your shoes and rub them in with a soft rag, and then buff some more with a soft cloth to get your shoes to shine. Banana Brilliance: Try using the peel of a banana to get your perfect shine. Rub the inside of the banana peel on to your shoes, then clean it with a tissue or a soft cloth. Buff it, and your shoes will shine. Rubbing Alcohol: Yes, and who would've thought? Dab some rubbing alcohol onto your shoes and wipe it with a cotton ball, making small circles with the cotton. Then buff with the soft rag, to see your reflection in your shoes (a slight exaggeration, of course, but they will be SHINY)! Linseed Oil and Vinegar: This mixture in the ratio 2 parts to 1, will not only give your shoes the shine, but will also help in keeping the leather supple. Try it on a small patch first, though. Flower Power: If you have a hibiscus plant in your balcony or garden, excellent! This flower can be used as a natural alternative for shoe polish. Just rub the flower onto the shoe and then clean it off with a cloth. Buff with a rag to get your shoes to shine. Oregano Leaves: Oregano leaves contain essential oils that are good for treating leather, since they contain anti-bacterial and antifungal agents, which makes them an excellent alternative for shoe polish. Though this is pretty uncommon, it's worth trying!