1.

(a)

(i)

Atomic number: number of protons ( in the nucleus) (1) Mass number: [Total/sum of the)numbers of protons plus/and neutrons (1) 2
+ 23 +

(ii)

Na or
79 81

11

Na or a sodium ion
+

(b)

(i) (ii)

( Br Br ) or ( 79Br81Br ) 50:50 or equivalent (1)

1 2

Some working or justification (1) e.g. Because the two peaks at 158 and 162 are the same height (1) the relative abundance of each must be 50%(1)

(c)

The heat /energy/ enthalpy change/ released per mole of electrons (1) for addition to 1mol of gaseous(bromine) atoms (1) Br(g) + e Br (g) (1)

The word gaseous may be omitted provided the state symbol is present on both sides of the equation / vice versa (d) (i) The heat /energy/ enthalpy change/needed per mol of electrons (1) for removal from 1mol of gaseous(neon) atoms (1) The equation is not asked for but can be used to score the second mark above. 2 Ne(g) e Ne (g) (ii) (The first ionisation energy increases as) the nuclear charge increases (1) (Inner shell) shielding remains the same (as nuclear charge increases)/ electrons removed from same energy level/shell (1) 2 there is less inner shell shielding in Ne (1) Although there is an increase in the nuclear charge from Ne to Ar (1) OR atomic radius for Ne is smaller than for Ar/ the outer (2p) electron in Ne is closer to the nucleus than the (3p) electron in Ar (1) 2
[15]
+

(iii)

2.

(a)

H 11.1 / 1 = 11.1 1.5

C 88.9 / 12 (1) = 7.4 1 (1) 3

Empirical formula C2H3 (1) (b) HI has more electrons (1) has greater induceddipoleinduced dipole / vdW forces (1)

.. P (c) (i) pyramidal H H Need to show evidence of three dimensional or state it is pyramidal with two dimensional diagram (1) 3 bond pairs and 1 lone pair to get as far apart as possible (1) 2 H

H (ii) tetrahedral H H A l H

Need to show evidence of three dimensional or state it is tetrahedral with two dimensional diagram (1) 4 bond pairs around aluminium as far apart as possible (1) 2 (d) Amount of phosphine = 3.33 10 mol Number of molecules of phosphine = 6.0 10 3.33 10 = 2.0 10
20 23 4 4

= 8.0/24000 (1)

(1)

2
[11]

3.

(a)

(i) (ii)

The enthalpy / heat / heat energy change / released when 1 mol of benzene is formed (1) from its elements (1) under standard conditions 2 The enthalpy / heat / heat energy change when 1 mol of benzene burns (1) in excess oxygen / burns to form carbon dioxide plus water / is completely oxidized under standard conditions (1) The second mark is not awarded if standard conditions are not mentioned in part (i) or (ii). 2

6C + 3H
(b)

C 6H H 2 6C O
2

H 1 + 3H 2O

For correct cycle shown (1) or equivalent equations H1 = 6 (394) + 3 (286) = 3222 kJ (1) for either showing calculation or answer 1 Hf = 3222 (3273) = +51 kJ mol (1) 3

(c)

Benzene has electrons delocalised (1) Therefore bond energy NOT that of CC or C=C lo c a lis e d (1 ) E n e rg y +215 +51 6 C (s) + 3 H 2(g ) 4 D e lo c a lis e d ( 1 ) c o n s e q u e n tia l

(d)

(i) (ii)

rate = k[benzene][bromine] rate would be decreased (1) Ea of rate determining step (or the idea of it) would be increased (1)

1 2
[14]

4.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii)

electron configuration or 3d 4s or 4s or number of outer electrons 26 protons, 26 electrons, 30 neutrons all 3 (2) any 2 (1)

1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1

atoms (of same element) with same number of protons or same atomic number different number of neutrons or mass number

(b)

(i)

A ionisation not vaporisation B acceleration C deflection D detection

(ii)

(5.8 54) + (91.6 56) + (2.2 57) + (0.33 58) 100 = 55.87

1 1
[11]

5.

(a)

(i) (ii)

number of protons (in the nucleus)/ proton number (1) not number of electrons or number of protons in an element (1) Electronic configuration differs from previous element by an electron in a d (sub) shell or orbital / d-shell is filling / d electron is last electron (1) Allow outer electron is d / highest energy electron is d 1 1 Forms at least one ion/compound with partially full / incomplete d sub shell (1)

(iii)

(b) (c)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d or 3d 4s (1) (i)

The heat/energy/enthalpy change needed to remove one mole of electrons (1) from (1 mole) of gaseous (chlorine) atoms (1) Correct equation i.e. Cl(g) Cl (g) + e can score second mark.
+

(ii)

Increasing slopes (1) Jump after 7 (1) Jump after 15 (1) Ignore small jumps in the correct places. The points do not need to be joined. 3

(d)

There are several way of doing this calculation; the following is one way. All other valid ways score full marks 43.7/55 = 0.795 56.3/35.5 = 1.59 (1) 0.795/0.795 = 1 1.59/0.795 = 2 (1) MnCl2 (1) This is a stand alone mark or MnCl2 and some correct working (3) Note: If a candidate gets a formula MnClx where is between 2 and 7 because they have made a chemical error, they can score a maximum of 1 mark. If the error is mathematical they can score a maximum of 2 marks 3
[12]

6.

(a)

(i)

Fast/high energy/fired/bombard/electrons (electron gun) strike sample atoms Knocking out/ remove electron from sample atom 2 1 Electric field/charged plates/negative plates

(ii)

(b)

(i) (ii) (iii)

65

Cu

1 1 2
[7]

(2)(different) isotopes (63 69.1) + (65 30.9) divided by (69.1 + 30.9) (1) = 63.6/63.62/63.618 (1)

7.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Number of protons + number of neutrons (1) (weighted) average / mean mass of one atom (1) relative to one twelfth the mass of carbon-1 2 (atom) / on a 12 scale in which C = 12 (1) atoms with same atomic no/ same no of protons/ same element (1) but different numbers of neutrons / mass number (1)

(iii)

(b)

(24 0.7860) + (25 0.1011) + ( 26 0. 1129) (1) 24.33 (1)

2
[7]

8.

(a)

(Heat) energy / enthalpy change needed/required per mole (1) to remove an electron (1) from an atom of magnesium in the gas phase (1) For three marks to be awarded there must be some reference to magnesium in the written answer or in an equation. (i) Two/big jumps show three/new/different shells present (1) 2 electrons with lowest I.E. in outer shell / first two electrons in outer shell / idea of order of removal (1) then 8 then 2 / shows it is 2.8.2 (1) Reference to s and p type electrons loses final mark because data does not show this. The use of orbital/sub shell rather than shell should be penalised once only.
2 2 6 2

(b)

(c)

(i) (ii)

1s 2s 2p 3s (1) Same number of electrons (in all magnesium isotopes) (1) outer electron structure determines chemical properties (1)

1 2
[9]

9.

(a)

B + C l + (1 ) C l
Must show all the outer electrons around the chlorine Do not have to be and + 1

C l

C l
(b) (i)

C l B Cl
(1) 1

(ii)

The (three) bonding (electron) pairs (1) repel as far apart as possible / position of minimum repulsion (1) not stand alone not just equal repulsion Power (of an atom) to attract (the pair of) electrons (1) in a covalent bond / bonding pair (1) Bonds arranged symmetrically /molecule symmetrical /bond polarities directional/ are vectors (1) Bond polarities cancel (1) Could be shown as a diagram Note: The answer to (b) is consequential on the answer to (a) in the following situation If the candidate puts a lone pair of electrons on the boron

(c)

(i)

(ii)

the shape mark can be given for a clear, 3-D diagram of a molecule with the same shape as ammonia the explanation will need to refer to both bond and lone pairs of electrons
2
[8]

10.

(a)

Proton + 1 (1) Electron 1/1800 1/2000 or negligible (1) Neutron charge 0 / no charge (1) Correct p n e in both C and H (1) Notes there are 4 H (1) Correct summation i.e 10p, 10e, 6n (1) If no or inadequate working 1 mark for 10 p & 10 e 1 mark for 6 n.

(c)

(1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p (1)
37 +

(d)

Cl charge(stand alone) (1) 37 (1) if incorrect number of protons / mass number shown max 1 for charge

(e)

(i)

S(g) + e S (g) species and charges (1) state symbols in part (i) and (ii) equations (1) S(g) S (g) + e or
+ +

(ii)

S(g) e S (g) (1) Species and charge (1) No need to show negative charge on electron. If use X in place of S penalise once only (f) Chlorine nucleus has greater charge / is more positive / has greater number of protons (1) outer electron / electron being removed, is in same shell / has same shielding (1)

2
[14]

11.

(a)

(i) (ii)

(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 4s (1) 7 (1) Ca + Cl2 CaCl2 (1) Ionic (1)

1 1 1 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

(iii)

C l

C a

C l

1 mark for correct number of electrons on each ion (1) 1 mark for correct charges on each ion (1) 1 mark for correct ratio of ions (1)

3
[7]

12.

(a)

Protons 3 (1) Neutrons 4 (1) Electrons 2 (1) Relative atomic mass =

(b)

(6.02 7.39) + (7.02 92.61) (1) 100

6.95 (must be three s.f.) (1) (c) Dip Pt / nichrome wire in solid and place in hot/blue flame (1) Na salt gives yellow colour (1) Li salt give deep / magenta red / crimson colour (1)

3
[8]

13.

(a)

Magnesium ions are arranged in a regular lattice (1) surrounded by a sea of / cloud of / delocalised electrons (1) which can move through the solid when a potential is applied (1) At room temperature the ions are in a fixed position / in a lattice (1) as heat applied the ions vibrate more (1) eventually ions have enough energy to overcome electrostatic attraction (1) ions break free are able to move as solid melts (1) Solid has ions in fixed sites / cannot move (1) molten has ions free to move and carry current to electrodes (1)

(b)

(c)

2
[9]

14.

(a)

(i)

Energy / enthalpy change per mole (1) required to remove an electron (1) from / mole of gaseous atoms (1) The nuclear charge on K is greater than on Na (1) the outer electron is further from the nucleus (1) but there is more shielding around K than Na (1) 4.56 / 71 (1) = 0.0642 (1)mol Answer from (i) 2 (1) = 0.0321 mol Answer from (ii) 24 (1) 0.771 dm
3 3

(ii)

3 2 1 1 1
[11]

(b)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Answer from (iii) 3/2 (1) 1.16 dm

15.

(a)

(i)

(46 8 + 47 7.3 + 48 74 + 49 5.5 + 50 5.2) 100 Method (1) Correct answer to three significant figures (1)

= 47.926 = 47.9 2 1

(ii) (b) (c) (i) (ii) (i) (ii)

mass spectrometer 1s 2s 2 p 3s 3 p (1) 4s 3d reduction or redox 940 2 110 = +720 kJ mol Method (1) Value (1) Sign and units (1)
1 2 2 6 2 6 2 2

OR 3d 4s (1)

2 1 1

Transition metals /elements OR d block

3 1 2
[13]

(iii) (iv)

Hess / Law of Conservation of Energy First Law of Thermodynamics Carbon monoxide / CO is produced (1) which is toxic / poisonous (1)

16.

(a)

(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)

Description of asymmetry of electron/charge cloud hence attractive forces between neighbouring induced dipoles NCl3 / chlorine because more electrons NF3 because F more electronegative (than Cl) Van der Waals forces more significant/greater than permanent dipole-dipole interactions

1 1 1 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

N(g) + 3F(g) in top right-hand box N2(g) + 1 F2(g) in lower box.

4 7 3 + (3 7 9 ) 1 2 5 (k J m o l 1) (1 ) = (+ ) 7 1 0 (k J m o l 1) A C C E P T 7 1 0 a lo n e (1 )

Arrows in correct directions and labelled with correct data (iii) H

2
1

for [NF3(g)] N (g) + 3F (g) = 710 ( 125) = (+) 835 (kJ mol

) (1)

E (N F) =

835 1 = (+) 278 kJ mol (1) 3

Penalise 4 or more SF Penalise incorrect units

17.

(a)

(i)

Weighted average (mass) of 1 atom (1) 12 on a scale in which 1 atom of C = 12 units / compared to 12 1/12 atom of C (1) Atoms of same atomic number / same proton number (1) which differ in the number of neutrons (1) (in the nucleus)

(ii) (iii)

Number of protons plus / and neutrons or nucleons in a nucleus / an atom. 1 2

(b)

(i)

Concept of high energy electron collision: Electron bombardment / gun / acceleration / fired (1) knocks off electron / equation showing electron being knocked off (1) Positive, +, S
+

2 1 1

(ii) (iii)

Voltage differential across plates / charged plates [plural] / electrostatic field / electric field

(c) (d)

[95.0 32 + 0.76 33 + 4.24 34] / 100 (1) = 32.0924 = 32.09 (1) NOT 32 or 32.10 1s2s2p 3s3p
6 4

2 1
[12]

10

18.

(a)

Trend - boiling point increases down the group / from He to Xe or Rn (1) Reason number of electrons (and protons) increases (1) Increased strength of van der Waals/ dispersion / London forces / temporary dipoles / induced dipoles / attraction between nucleus and electrons on other atom (1) (i) (ii) P or S or Cl / P4, S2, S8, Cl12 / names The atoms of silicon are held together by covalent bonds across the whole structure (1) High energy required (to break bonds) (1) consequential on indication of covalent. Mention of ionic or metallic or van der Waals forces loses both marks. 1. Magnesium ion has larger charge (density) than sodium / magnesium contributes two electrons per atom to the sea of electrons. (1) 2. Hence magnesium (ions) have greater attraction for (sea of) electrons than sodium. (1) 3. Melting requires energy to overcome this attraction, hence greater attraction means higher melting temperature (1) This mark is consequential upon the concept of metallic bonding.

3 1

(b)

(iii)

3
[9]

19.

(a)

31e, 38n, 31p All correct (2) 2 correct (1)

(b)

(1) 100 = (4140 + 2840)/100 = 69.8 (1) -1 for more or less than 3 SF Metallic/ metal

( 69 60) + ( 71 40)

2 1
[5]

(c)

20.

(a)

(i)

(1s )2s 2p 2 2 2 2 OR 2s 2p 2py 2pz

(ii)

2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p / 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p

11

(b)

Krypton because greater/ stronger (NOT more) van der Waals/ London/ dispersion/ temporary or induced dipole forces / attractions (1) Because of larger number of electrons/ extra shell(s) of electrons (1) 2

(c)

(i)

Sample bombarded/ fired at by electrons/ electron gun (1) Knocks out/ loses/ removes electrons from the sample Or equation (1) 2 1 1
[8]

(ii) (iii)

Electric/electrostatic field/ (negatively) charged plates/ potential difference Magnetic field/ (electro)magnet

21.

(a)

Weighted/ reference to abundance average mass of atoms/ isotopes (in sample) (1) Relative to (mass of one atom of)
19 9 F

12

C (1)

(b)

F and atomic no.9(1) mass no.19 (1) (c) Any (named) group 3 element (1) Big jump between 3 and 4 I.E. /1 three electrons removed easily./ th 4 electron in lower energy level/ gained stable octet after 3e removed (1)
rd th st

2
[6]

22.

Si: giant molecular/ atomic/ structure OR macro molecular/ atomic/ structure OR Lattice OR network OR diagram with a minimum of 5 atoms shown with continuation (1) P: molecular OR exists as P4 (1) Si: covalent bonds to break (1) P: intermolecular forces/ van der Waals forces between molecules to overcome (1) Therefore more energy to separate silicon atoms (1) dependent on a reasonable explanation for Si and P 5
[5]

12

23.

(a)

Diagram showing Electrons 2,8 (1) Charge 2+ (1) Energy/light/radiation is emitted outside the visible spectrum/ in UV region or frequency/wavelength/emission outside visible region.

(b)

24.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Same numbers of protons/electrons (1) Different numbers of neutrons (1) X 69/100 + (100 X) 71 /100 = 69.8 Method (1) X = 60% Answer (1) Ga(g) e Ga (g) Entities (1) states (1) As the ion becomes more positive it is harder to remove (negative) electrons / same nuclear charge attracting fewer electrons An electron is removed from a lower/different quantum shell (1) which is closer to the nucleus (1) NOT shielding arguments GaCl3 / Ga2Cl6 Conductivity measurement / electrodes and simple circuit / electrolyse solution (1) (High) reading for electrical conductivity / bulb lights/ high meter reading/ C12 formed (1) Microscope slide, filter paper etc / U-tube method provided detailed 1 max ALLOW AgNO3(aq) (1) white ppt (1)
() +

(b)

(i)

(ii) (iii)

2 1

(c)

(i) (ii)

2
[12]

25.

(a)

(i)

Idea of impact with energy fast electrons strike sample/ high energy/accelerated electrons /electrons fired at sample/ sample bombarded with /blasted with electrons from electron gun (1) + Removes an electron/ knock out electrons/ eqn X X + e (1) magnetic field /magnet / electromagnet NOT charged plates ALLOW magnetic plates

2 1

(ii)

13

(b)

(60.4 69) + (39.6 71) / 60.4 + 39.6 (1) = 69.8 (1) 69.792 scores 1 (out of 2) (i) B (1) mass no. 10 (1) OR 10 10 B / B (2) If + is added max (1) ie for mass number ..2s 2p
2 1

(c)

2 1

(ii) (iii)

BCl3 If an equation for formation of BCl3 is given, look for BCl3 and ignore rest

1
[9]

26.

(a)

(i)

ALLOW 3 or 4 sig figs penalise once only MUST be some working moles P = 93/31 = 3.0 (1) moles PCl3 also = 3.0 (1) mass PCl3 = 137.5 3.0 = 412.5 / 413 (g) (1) OR alternative route Max 2 if wrong units

(ii) (iii)

moles Cl2 = 3/2 3 = 4.5 (1) volume of C12 = 4.5 24 = 108 (dm ) (1) - consequential on 1 mark Cl2 with attempt at reason (1) because gains electrons / ox. no. becomes more negative / oxidation number decreases / 0 1 OR P loses electrons / oxidation number increases / 0 +3 (1) Outer shell of P in a molecule (1) Cl lone pairs / six more electrons around each Cl (1) Lone pair must be in the same space. Trigonal pyramidal diag. (1) Must be some attempt to show 3-D. A poor diagram can be rescued by a correct name. 100 108 (1) NOT consequential 2 1
[12]
3 st

(b)

(i)

(ii)

(c)

Tetrahedral

14

27.

(a)

bonding: (giant) covalent (1) Diag. shows at least 5 carbon atoms correctly joined (1) plus a hexagonal ring (1) Must NOT be graphite ions mobile(in molten) / can move (1) NOT free on its own fixed positions in solid / cannot move (1) + Max 1 if only one ion mentioned eg Na

(b)

2
[5]

28.

(a)

(i)

energy/enthalpy/heat energy change per mole (1) Change required for removal of one electron / to form singly positive charged ion (1) from gas atoms (1) + Could get 2 marks for X(g) X (g) + e

(ii)

increases plus some attempt at an explanation (1) nucleus more positive / more protons/increased charge (1) outer electrons in same shell / same shielding/electrons being lost from the same shell OR atoms smaller so greater attraction/need more energy to be removed (1) Decreases 0 (out of 3) 3 N (g) + e N (g) species (1) both state symbols (1) (energy needed to overcome) repulsion (1) must relate to negatively charged species. between electron and negative ion (1) ACCEPT negative particles if eqn in (i) correct If repulsion between electrons coming in and those already there st ALLOW 1 mark
() 2

(b)

(i)

(ii)

2
[10]

29.

160

1
[1]

30.

1s 2s 2p 3s

15

31.

(a)

(i)

C2H6(g)/(I) C2H4(g) + H2(g) If a state symbol is missing (0) If (aq) (0) At high pressure reaction goes in direction to reduce pressure/to oppose change by Le Chateliers principle (1) towards side with fewer molecules/moles (1)

(ii)

(b)

Shapes of orbitals between and above carbon

If p orbitals drawn msut show overlapping Shapes (1) ACCEPT crescents for bonds NOT lines for bond Labels (1) (c) Addition of bromine water/solution (1) from yellow/brown/orange to colourless (1) OR acidified potassium manganate(VII) (1) from pink/purple to colourless (1) Addition (1) Elecrophilic/electrophile OR appropriate explanation (1) 2

(d)

2
[9]

32.

(a)

(i)

1 ACCEPT all dots/crosses (ii)

Trigonal pyramid/Tetrahedral/Three leg stool shape (1) must be some attempt at 3D or correct name 107 ALLOW 92-108 (1)

16

(iii)

repulsion between four pairs of electrons gives tetrahedral shape (1)) Greater repulsion of non-bonding electrons/lone pair closes down tetrahedral bond angle (1) PH3(g) P(g) + 3H(g) Hess applied (1) Multiples (1) 1 Correct answer + 963(.2)/960 kJ mol (1) Answer to (ii) divided by 3 1 + 321(.1)/320 kJ mol

2 1

(b)

(i) (ii)

3 1
[10]

(iii)

33.

(a)

(i)

The mass of an atom (of the isotope) (1) NOT average mass. th 12 relative to 1/12 the mass of a C atom OR 12 relative to C = 12 (1) stand alone mark An answer all in moles can get 2 marks Atom need only be mentioned once. If not mentioned 1 (out of 2) Both have 35 protons (1) 79 Br has 44 neutrons (1) 81 Br has 46 neutrons (1)
79 +

(ii)

(b)

( Br Br) (1) 79 81 + ( Br Br) (1) 81 81 + ( Br Br) (1) 1 for no charge then check the rest 79 79 If give Br + Br etc with or without charge 1 (out of 3) 79 + 79all three must be given 1 (out of 3)

79

3
[8]

34.

(a)

Al atom is (1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p (1) 3+ 2 2 6 Al ion is (1s ) 2s 2p (1)

17

(b)

The structure is a regular array / lattice of positive ions (1) NOT nuclei surrounded by delocalised/ a sea of electrons (1) st 1 two marks can be on a diagram (It conducts electricity) because the electrons are mobile. (1) (i) Energy/enthalpy change per mole (1) + () For E(g) E (g) + e (2) OR equivalent in words In aluminium the outer electron is in the (3)p orbital whereas in magnesium it is in the (3)s orbital (1) comparison between p and s required

(c)

(ii)

so aluminiums outer electron is in a higher energy (level) OR the (3)p electron is more shielded (and so less energy is needed to remove it.) (1) 2
[10]

35.

(a)

(i)

H + I OR all dots/crosses

shared pair (1) st correct outer shell (1) consequential on 1 mark (ii) Because HI has more electrons (1) NOT iodine/iodide NOT because atoms are bigger/heavier it has stronger/larger induced dipole / vdW / London / dispersion forces (1) more energy is required to separate the molecules/break/overcome vdW forces (1)

18

(b)

(i)

HI + H2O H3O + I IGNORE state symbols + NOT HI H (aq)+I (aq) It forms (hydrated) hydrogen/hydroxonium ions + Any reference to H will suffice NOT proton donor CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) equation (1) state symbols consequential on correct equation (1) Because the surface of the calcium oxide gets coated with insoluble/sparingly soluble / impermeable calcium sulphate A protective layer of . impermeable and coated

(ii)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

1
[10]

36.

(a)

bond: diagram showing the head on overlap between two (s or p or s & p) orbitals (1),
(1 ) (1 )

(1 ) (1 ) N O T o n its o w n

bond: diagram showing the side by side overlap of two (p) orbitals (1)

(1 ) (b u t n o t a lo n e ) (1 ) (b u t n o t a lo n e )

(1 )

(1 )

19

(b)

(i)

Methane is tetrahedral (1) stated or drawn 3D It has 4 pairs of electrons (1) Which repel to a position of maximum separation / minimum repulsion could be awarded from (ii) (1) can score even if first two are wrong Do not allow atoms or bonds repelling Shape of CO2 is linear (1) can be a diagram 1 mark is stand alone because there are 2 pairs of electrons / 2 sets of bonding electrons / 2 areas of negative charge/2 double bonds (1)
st

(ii)

2
[7]

37.

Too many electrons No electrons between the positive ions Positive ions touching / should have gaps

) ) Any two ) 2
[2]

Check words like ion / molecule / atom / electron / are correctly used to award full marks

38.

(a)

Mg + O2 MgO IGNORE state symbols ALLOW multiples Correct number of electrons on both ions (must include inner shell) (1) Drawn or 2,8 Correct charges on each ion (1) Free standing marks ACCEPT all dots/ crosses or combination Max 1 if elements not identified

(b)

(c)

(Electrostatic) attraction between positive ions and electrons (1) Symbol with correct charge can be specified NOT nuclei/ protons for positive ions NOT held together for attraction Electrons delocalised / sea of electrons free moving (1) are mobile / can move / flow (under a potential difference) (1) NOT free on its own NOT carry the charge (1)

3
[6]

20

39.

(a)

(i)

(1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 4s OR 2 2 6 2 6 0 2 (1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s OR 2 2 6 2 6 2 0 (1s )2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d ALLOW subscript numbers in place of superscripts 2p 2px 2py 2pz numbers must be superscript 3p 3px 3py 3pz numbers must be superscript IGNORE caps
6 2 2 2 6 2 2 2

(b)

(i)

Energy/ enthalpy / heat energy change / required per mole (1) NOT evolved for the removal of 1 electron (1) from gaseous atoms NOT molecules (1) OR + nd rd X(g) X (g) + e states required for 2 and 3 marks (2) Can be actual symbol of an element ACCEPT - e
(-)

(ii)

(Even though) there is a greater nuclear charge / number of protons OR nuclear charge increases down the group (1) outer / valency electron(s) further from nucleus NOT shell on its own (1) and more shielded OR more (filled) inner shells/electrons (1) 3 Similarity: number of protons (proton number) (1) IGNORE electrons NOT atomic number Difference: number of neutrons [correct numbers can be given] NOT atomic mass or number of nucleons (1)

(c)

(i)

(ii)

( 24 78.6) + ( 25 10.1) + ( 26 11.3)

= 24.3

Correct answer to 3 SF with some working (2) IGNORE g or g mol other wrong units lose a mark
-1

2
[11]

21

40.

(a)

(i)

moles silicon = 10/28 = 0.357 (1) moles SiCl4 = 0.357 (1) mass = 0.357 170 = 60.7 / 60.69 (g) ALLOW 2- 4 SF (1) OR by mass ratio Units not required but if given must be correct. Correct answer with some recognisable working (3) Correct answer with no working (1) moles chlorine = 2 0.357 moles Si 2 (1) 3 vol = 0.714 24.0 = 17.1 (dm ) moles Cl2 24 (1) ALLOW TE from (i) ALLOW 2 4 SF Units not required, but if given must be correct Correct answer with some recognisable working (2) Correct answer with no working (1) Penalise SF once only across (i) and (ii) Penalise units once across (i) and (ii) 10/28 = 0.357 60.71 17.14 10/28 = 0.36 61.2 17.3 10/28 = 0.4 loses SF mark 68 19.2 (1) (1)

(ii)

ratio

10/28

mass vol

60.69 17.14

22

(b)

(1) Wedges not required e.g. Atoms can be represented by circles etc provided there are 4 of one type and 1 of another tetrahedral (1) Any angle in range 109 109.5 (1) degree symbol can be shown on diagram (1) 4 (bond) pairs of electrons / 4 bonding pairs (1) NOT bonds NOT atoms NOT groups of electrons Repel to position of minimum repulsion / potential energy NOT Equal repulsion (1) OR Repel to position of maximum separation th 4 mark cannot be awarded if atoms referred to (c) (i) Si and Cl have different electronegativities / Cl attracts the bonding electrons very / more strongly / Si less electronegative than Cl / Cl very electronegative symmetrical molecule / chlorines equally spaced (1) bond polarities / dipoles / vectors cancel OR Centres of positive and negative charge coincide / vectors cancel. (1)

(ii)

2
[13]

41.

(a)

(i)

Mg (g) Mg (g) + e ((g)) / Mg (g) - e ((g)) Mg (g) Equation (1) State symbols (1) nd st 2 mark dependent on 1 except e on wrong side OR st rd 1 or 3 ionisation energy equation quoted OR st nd cumulative 1 and 2 ionisation energy quoted

2+

()

()

2+

2 1

(ii)

B / b can be shown on graph

23

(b)

Dots and crosses (1) all dots/ crosses acceptable Ensure that all electrons are being shown Charges (1) 2 mark independent of 1
nd nd st

2 F ion and square brackets not essential ALLOW Fl for F If one of the ions is completely correct (electrons & charge) 1 (out of 2)

2
[5]

42.

(a)

(i)

Protons = 19 and electrons = 19 (1) neutrons = 20 (1) ACCEPT as words or numbers 2

(ii)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p (3d )4s ALLOW subscripts MUST be in this order

(b)

(i) (ii)

MnO4

Purple /violet / mauve / lilac / pink colour has moved towards/ is at the positive / left-hand electrode / anode + If purple colour associated with K (0)

(iii)

Blue colour moves towards the negative / right-hand electrode /cathode (1) 2+ The Cu /positive copper ion (is blue) (and is attracted to it) (1) ALLOW: Red/brown deposit forms on cathode (1) 2+ (-) Cu + 2e Cu or in words (1) OR Effervescence at anode (1) () 4OH - 4e 2H2O + O2, or in words (1) 2
[7]

24

43.

(a)

(i)

moles Na = 92 / 23 = 4 = moles NaCl mass NaCl = 4 58.5 = 234 (g) Penalise use of atomic numbers once Incorrect answer scores (1) only if moles (NaCl) mentioned OR 23g Na 58.5g NaCl (1) 92 58.5 = 234 (g ) (1) Mass NaCl = 23 2

(ii)

4 3 = 0.40 mol dm 10
consequential on (a)(i) units required

OR

234 = 23.4 g dm3 10

(iii)

moles chlorine = 2 3 vol = 2 24 = 48 (dm ) Consequential on (a)(i) Correct answer (some working) (2) Correct answer (no working) (1) Incorrect answer scores (1) only if moles of Cl2 mentioned

(b)

Regular pattern or lattice of (sodium) ions in a sea of electrons / delocalised electrons ALLOW cloud of electrons electrons are mobile / free to move (under an applied potential and so conduct electricity) NOT free on its own or carry the charge

(c)

(i)

Energy (allow enthalpy) required per mole to remove 1 electron (per atom) from gaseous atoms OR + X(g) X (g) + e Species (1) State symbols (1) only on correct equation Electron affinity defined (0)

25

(ii)

chlorine has more protons / nucleus more positive Same shielding / same number of inner electrons/atomic radius less ALLOW outer electron(s) in same shell (so more energy required) OR effective nuclear charge increases ( 1) 2
[13]

44.

(a)

3. 5 = 0.50 / 1 2 (1) 7 If candidate does first part only, working must be shown
Number of moles / Number of atoms = 3.01 10 (1) 23 ACCEPT 3.0 OR 3 OR 3.010(10 ) 23 NOT 3.01 If all working shown, allow TE for 2 mark Ignore units Correct answer with no working (2)
+ + nd 23

(b)

(i)

2Li((s)) + 2H ((aq)) 2Li ((aq)) + H2((g)) ALLOW multiples Ignore state symbols
+ + C l

(ii)

++ Li

(1)

(1) Allow all dots or all crosses on Cl Max 1 if no/wrong charges If covalent (0) Do NOT penalise if electrons not shown in pairs Maximum 1 if Li and Cl not labelled Li and Cl symbols can go below diagram Square brackets not essential Allow number of protons/positive charges in nucleus as alternative to symbols for Li and Cl

26

(iii)

Any two from: Temp 298 K/ 25 C OR at a specified temperature Unit of temperature needed NOT room temperature (Acid/solution) concentration 1 mol dm
5 5 3

/ 1 molar

Pressure 1 atm / 10 Pa / 1.01 10 Pa/10 k Pa / 5 2 101 k Pa/10 N m / 76 cm Hg NOT pressure of hydrogen OR pressure of reactants NOT atmospheric pressure Must be the most stable/usual/normal physical states NOT standard states If more than 2 conditions given, deduct 1 mark for each incorrect answer

2
[7]

45.

(a)

P ro to n s E le c tro n s N e u tro n s

18 18 22

(1 ) (1 )

(b)

Position depends on proton number/ atomic number (not mass) / Ar atom has 1 less proton than K atom. IGNORE references to number of protons = number of electrons Average = 36 1.34 + 38 0.16 + 40 98.5 100 (1) = 39.9 1 for more or less than 3 SF IGNORE units
2 2 6 2 6

(c)

(1) 2

(d)

1s 2s 2p 3s 3p Numbers following letters can be subscript or superscript s and p can be upper or lower case
+ ()

(e)

(i)

Ar(g) Ar (g) + e ((g)) () + OR Ar(g) e ((g)) Ar (g) Symbol of Ar must be correct Potassium value well below sulphur in range 250-750 (1) Low ionisation energy as electron which is removed is more shielded / further from the nucleus / in a higher energy level (1) NOT just because electron is in fourth shell

(ii)

27

(iii)

Sulphur has 4 electrons in (3) p / phosphorus has 3 (1) Plus any one from: Electrons in shared p orbitals repel (so are lost more easily) (1) half-filled sub-shells are (more) stable (1) phosphorus has half-filled sub-shell (1)

(iv)

Chlorine has more protons/greater nuclear charge (1) Shielding unchanged /electrons in same shell/ electrons same distance from nucleus (1) Could be answered in terms of S having fewer protons

(f)

Argon inert / unreactive so filament cant react/ vaporises less easily/ lasts longer (1)

1
[14]

46.

(a)

..2s 2p OR 1s 2s 2p ALLOW capitals and subscripts

OR (1s )2s 2px 2py

(b) (c)

large gap/jump between 4 and 5 ionisation energies (so fifth in inner shell) 4 pairs of electrons around C atom (1) all lone pairs shown (1) Mark independently
x x

Cl
x x

x x

x x x o x x

Cl
x o x o

x x

x x x o x x

C l
x x

x x

x x

Cl
x x

ALLOW all dots/crosses Any attempt at an ionic diagram (0) (d) (i) High energy/fast/gun electrons hit/strike OR bombarded by electrons (1) Removes/knocks out electron (1) OR equation eg X X + e IGNORE state symbols st If knock out is mentioned, hit/strike is not required in 1 mark (ii) magnetic field/magnet/electromagnet/magnetic plates
+ ( )

28

(e)

(i)

mass of one atom (of the isotope) (1) th relative to 1/12 of the mass of (1) a carbon -12 atom (1) OR 2 and 3 marks can be awarded as follows: 12 On a scale where a C atom (1) has a mass of 12 (NOT grams) (1) Word atom need only be mentioned once Word mass need only be mentioned once If define R.A.Mmax1
nd rd

3 1

(ii) (iii)

162 IGNORE units (atoms with) same no. of protons (1) NOT same atomic number different number of electrons loses 1 mark but IGNORE same number of electrons different number of neutrons (1) NOT different mass number Penalise incorrect reference to number of electrons
st

(iv)

same number of electrons

IGNORE same number of protons 1

OR same electronic configuration/pattern/structure NOT same number in outer orbit

47.

(a)

(i) (ii)

Covalent Induced-dipole(-induced dipole)/dispersion/London/v der Waals/vdw Temporary or instantaneous can be used instead of induced NOT dipole forces NOT permanent dipole NOT dipole-dipole

(iii)

polymer has stronger/more vdw/intermolecular forces (1) ALLOW dipole forces because it has more electrons/larger electron cloud/more contact area (1) NOT larger molecules/surface area so more energy/heat needed to overcome/break these forces OR so more energy/heat needed to separate these molecules (1) NOT breaking bonds rd 3 mark is NOT stand alone

29

(b)

strong attraction between Mg ions/Mg /cations/metal ions (1) NOT electrostatic forces/metallic bonds and delocalised/sea of electrons (1) Mark independently 2
[7]

2+

48.

(a)

(i)

1/l, 0 1/l, 0 minus can be either side, sub or superscript iodine nos correct (1) chlorine nos correct (1) 2

(ii)

chlorine oxidation number goes down/goes from 0 to 1, so reduced (1) iodine oxidation number goes up/goes from 1 to 0, so oxidised (1) Mark consequentially on (a)(i) 2

(iii)

moles NaI =

30.0 = 0.2 (1) 150

moles I2 = 0.1 (1) mass of I2 = 0.1 254 = 25.4 (g) (1) OR 300g NaI (1) 254g I2 (1) 30.0

254 = 25.4(g) (1) 300

Correct answer with some working (3) Use of atomic numbers 2 max Penalise wrong units
3

(iv)

vol = 0.1 24 = 2.4 (dm ) If not 2.4, check for consequential on (a)(iii) black/grey/grey-black (1) NOT blue-black NOT purple IGNORE shiny/silvery Solid (1)

(b)

(i)

30

(ii)

I(g) I (g) + e

()

OR

I(g) e

()

I (g)

species (1) state symbols (1) - award state symbols mark only if species correct and in correct place, or if wrong halogen used If I2 OR I2 (0)

2
[12]

49.

(a)

(i)

4 pairs of electrons /2 lone pairs and 2 bond pairs (1) so electron pairs arranged tetrahedrally OR Arranged to give maximum separation/minimum repulsion (1)
()

(ii)

103 105

(1) 2

lone pair repulsion> bond pair repulsion (1) (b) (i) trigonal planar diagram (1) e.g two opposite wedges gets (1) three wedges of two types gets (1) one wedge only gets (0) IGNORE name 120 (ii)
()

marked on diagram (1) - stand alone

B and Cl have different electronegativities / Cl more electronegative than B OR different electronegativities explained Dipoles (or vectors) cancel/symmetrical molecule/centres of positive and negative charges coincide IGNORE polarity cancels Induced-dipole(-induced dipole)/dispersion/London/v der Waals/vdw Temporary or instantaneous can be used instead of induced NOT dipole forces NOT permanent dipole NOT dipole-dipole

(iii)

(iv)

31

(c)

14.9 = (0.481) 31 0.481 =1 0.481

85.1 = (2.40) (1) 35.5 2.40 = 5 , so PCl5 (1) 0.481

Use of atomic number max 1

50.

(a)

L=

79.0 (1) 1.31 10 22

= 6.03 10 (1) 1 mark for SF error 23 Final answer must be 6.03 10 for 2nd mark Correct answer with no working (2) 23 23 6 10 / 6.02 10 quoted with no working (0) Error in method, max (1) (b) 80 is the average mass of Br atoms / isotopes OR There must be another/at least one Br isotope of mass greater than 80/with more than 45 neutrons NOT naturally occurring isotope has mass 80

1
[3]

51.

(a)

(i)

H(g) +

O(g)

Cl(g)

in top RH box 1

H2(g) + O2(g) + Cl2(g) in lower box Brackets around the state symbols are not required
1

(ii)

589 667 = 78 (kJ mol ) ALLOW final answer on its own

(iii)

667 464 = (+)203 (kJmol ) ALLOW final answer on its own

32

(b)

(i)

(1 ) H
+

(1 )
+ + +

(1 )
+ + + +

(1 )
+ +

C l
+ +

ALLO W

Cl
+ +

ALLOW all dots/crosses ALLOW 1 max if electrons are correct but atoms are not identified If ionic dot and cross diagram (0) (ii) 100 106 (1) as lone / non-bonding pairs take up more space/ repel more strongly than bonded pairs (1) NOT bonds being repelled/H and Cl being repelled (c) No change (1) as number of gaseous reactant molecules = number of gaseous product molecules (1) ALLOW 1 max if candidates state or imply a very small change with correct justification eg hardly changes doesnt change much very little effect/change

2
[9]

52.

(a)

(i)

2(-)chloropropane H Cl H

C H

C H

C H

H
No internal TE from name to structure 2

MUST be fully displayed

33

(ii) IG N O R E re s t o f m o le c u le C

(1 )
+

Cl O H

(1 ) Mark independently Must attack the carbon ALLOW attack by oxygen or negative charge or lone pair

ACCEPT
NOT C (b) (i)
+

O H

NO T

O H

Elimination NOT in conjunction with additional incorrect information eg nucleophile Sodium hydroxide / NaOH/potassium hydroxide / KOH (1) Any additional incorrect reagent (0) st NOT alkali on its own for 1 mark Alcoholic solution / ethanolic solution and heat / warm / reflux (1) nd 2 mark is dependent on mention of correct reagent or alkali nd aqueous negates 2 mark eg KOH(aq) + heat (1) ie reagent mark NaOH(alc) + heat (2)

(ii)

2 1

(c)

(i) (ii)

Hydrogen/H bonding

C H C H 3C H

180 O H H O

CH

3 3

C H CH

H-bond and rest of molecule (1) angle must be between 3 atoms for a correct H bond (1) ALLOW HOH 106-108

34

(d)

(i) H C H CH C H
3

H C H

CH C H

IGNORE any n in this diagram

Brackets optional but continuation must be shown 4 carbon chain with 6Cs overall in structure (1) methyl groups can be on C1 and C3, C1 and C4, C2 and C4, C2 and C3 (1) H C H CH C H n 1 max 2
3

(ii)

(big molecule) so large number of electrons (1) Hence large/strong van der Waals forces (to be overcome to change state)(1) 2
[14]

53.

(a) Neutrons Electrons 12 14 10 1 mark each number Accept words or numbers (b) 1s 2s 1s 2s Arrows can be for for Accept both arrows up or both down Reject numbers 2p 2p 3s 3p 3s 3p 3

24 12Mg 26 12Mg 24 2+ 12Mg

Mg

Cl

35

(c)

Mg(s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2(s) Formulae (1) State symbols (1) only if formulae correct or near miss for MgCl 2 (e.g. MgCl/Mg2Cl) Accept multiples 2+ Accept Mg (Cl )2(s) Reject Mg + 2Cl for MgCl2 (0 mark)
2+

(d)

(56.25 70) + (37.50 72) + (6.25 74) (1) 100 = 71 (1) Any unit max 1 nd 2 mark consequential on fraction provided 70, 72 and 74 used
Accept answer 2 SF Reject use of Ar (0 mark) Reject just 71 with no working (0 mark)

(e)

4.73 moles (1) 71

(f)

Type Metallic(1) Attraction between Mg Stand alone Accept cations/positive ions /magnesium ions Reject atoms/nuclei/ions force between if used instead of attraction
2+

(1) 3

And (surrounding) sea of electrons/delocalised electrons (1)

36

(g)

Ionic (1)
o o
O R

oo o M g o oo

2+

o o

o o

oo

o Cl o oo

o o

oo

o Cl o oo

oo o M g o oo

2+ o o

oo

o Cl o oo

Correct charges and number of ions (1) Correct electronic structures (1) Stand alone Accept diagram without brackets Accept Mg with no electrons shown 2+ ie [Mg] Reject any suggestion of electrons being shared Reject [Mg ]
+

[17]

54.

(a)

Penalise lack of nucleus/atom once only in (i) and (ii) Penalise use of element each time it occurs (i) The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (of an element) OR The number of protons in an atom/nucleus (of an element) Reject the number of protons in an element Reject the number of protons (ii) The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus (of an atom) OR number of nucleons (in the nucleus of an atom) Accept and neutrons instead of plus the number of Reject the number of protons plus neutrons in an element

37

(b)

(i)

C and L (1) (Group 0 elements) have the highest (first) ionisation energy (of each period) (1) Accept implied e.g. immediately precedes large drop Reject high first I.E. Stand alone Accept group 0 elements have the highest peaks on the graph Accept highest (effective) nuclear charge/highest number of protons in period Reject filled shell Reject smallest atom Reject same shielding 2

(ii)

F (1) Third after noble gas/C (1) Or first element in period with p electron (1) Accept first mini dip after big drop Accept lowest after Group 1/D in same period (1) Accept (in F, e removed from) p orbital is at a higher energy level than s orbital (in E) Reject just electron in p orbital Reject just s orbitals shield p

(iii)

Increase in (effective) nuclear charge (1) Same shielding OR same number of electrons in inner shell/orbitals (1) Stand alone Accept number of protons/atomic number Reject same distance from nucleus Reject increased size of nucleus Reject same number of shells Reject electrons in same shell
[8]

38

55.

(a)

(i)

Minimum of one shaded blob and one clear blob labelled (1) Labels are: + Na or sodium ion and Cl or chloride ion Reject Na and Cl (ie no charge) Reject sodium / chlorine

(ii)

Strong (force of) attraction between (oppositely charged) ions (1) Accept held together by strong ionic forces/bonds Accept attraction may be implied by breaking bonds a lot of energy needed to separate ions (1) Accept a lot of energy implies strong Accept break ionic bonds Accept break lattice Reject any reference to atoms or molecules Or covalent bonds Or intermolecular forces Or metallic bonds (scores zero) Reject all the bonds need to be broken 2

(b)

Covalent between carbon atoms in plane (1) Van der Waals between planes of carbon atoms (1) Accept induced dipole/ dispersion/ London forces/temporary dipoles Names not linked to bonds (max 1) Reject giant covalent delocalised e 2

(c)

Covalent Label not needed Reject giant covalent BUT do not penalise twice 1

(d)

Covalent bonds in diamond are shorter than the distance between layers in graphite (1) The atoms in diamond are packed closer together (1) Accept layers in graphite are far apart (1)
[8]

39

56.

(a)

SrF2 (1) Reject SRF2

(b)

fluoride ion showing all 10 electrons and a single negative charge

F 1 Accept all electrons can be the same

Can show rings ALLOW Fl for F Reject

F
[2]

57.

(a) (b) (c)

Isotope(s) 40 (i) (ii) mass spectrometer Accept mass spectrometry (60.2 69 + 39.8 71) 100 (1) = 69.796 = 69.8 (1) must be 3sf Accept correct answer with no working (2) 1 Allow g or g mol or g/mol Reject 1, 2, 4 or 5sf Units of % (1 mark)
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 1

1 1 1

(d)

(i)

(1s ) 2s 2p 3s 3p (1) 3d 4s 4p (1) Accept capitals/ subscripts/ any order

40

(ii)

Ga(g) Ga (g) + e ((g)) () + or Ga(g) e ((g)) Ga (g) Mark independently formulae (1) state symbols (1) Accept Ga (g) + e
1+ ()

()

Reject (s) is wrong take care to distinguish from (g) (iii) B Accept 579,1979,2963, 6200
[10]

58.

(a)

79 35 Br 81 35 Br

: 44 neutrons (1) : 35 protons (1) 36 electrons (1) 3

81 35 Br :

(b)

Na Br

2s 2p 3s (1) 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p (1)
2 2 6 2 6 10 2 5

Ignore repeat of 1s

2
2 10 5

Allow subscripts and ignore capital letters Allow 4s 3d 4p

Allow p as pxpypz with 2 in each (c) They have the same (number of protons and) electron(ic) configuration Same (number of protons and)electronic structure Same (number of protons and)electron arrangement same (number of protons and)number of electrons MUST MENTION ELECTRONS Reject just Same number of protons Reject just same number of electron shells Reject same number of outer electrons Reject same number of electrons in outer shell Reject correct answer followed by reference to outer shell scores (0)

41

(d)

Mass spectrometer Allow variations of spelling Reject mass spec (1)

(e)

(78.93 50.54) + (80.91 49.46) (1) 100 = 79.91(1) nd 2 mark consequential on transcription error data used Correct answer with no working scores 2 Answer to 4 S.F. with NO units but allow g/mol
Between the atoms: Covalent (1) Between the molecules :Induced dipole-(induced) dipole OR dispersion OR London OR van der Waals OR instantaneous OR Temp dipole (1) (forces) Accept variations on van der Waals such as de and walls, vdW Reject dipole-dipole OR JUST intermolecular forces Reject IDID

(f)

[11]

59.

Ionic / electrovalent (1) .. .. + .. + [Na] [: Br :] OR [: Na :] [: Br :] .. .. .. 1 mark for correct charges 1 mark for electrons Penalise wrong symbol only once Allow dots or crosses If choose to give inner shell electrons they must be correct
+

Accept charge could be on central atom e.g. Na [ ] not necessary If charges omitted can score electrons mark provided not covalent i.e. sig gap between Na & Br Arrow to show transfer of an electron on its own does not score as this does not answer the question Anything that looks covalent scores zero.
[3]

42

60.

(a)

(i)

Enthalpy/heat/ energy required/change to remove 1 electron (1) from each of one mole (1) of gaseous atoms (of an element) (1) Ignore references to gaseous electrons Accept X(g) X (g) + e 2 marks for the change and the state but not the mol Accept isolated atoms in place of gaseous If incorrect equation given after correct def 1 mark
+ 2+ () +

(ii)

O (g) O (g) + e Or + () 2+ O (g) e O (g) State symbols required Reject E (for element) in place of O

(b)

(i)

There is a large increase after the removal of 6 electrons (1) Accept large increase before removal of 7 electron Accept (big) jump between 6 and 7 (Group) 6 (1) Stand alone (Need to look at diagram for annotation) 2
th

(ii)

Sulphur / S / S8 Not CQ 1

(c)

S8 1 mark S8 1 mark Stand alone Accept S8

2
[9]

43

61. x x x x x C a x x x x x

2+ x o o O o x o 2 o o

x x x x

x x x x

o o

Brackets not essential Electrons correct for both ions (1) Charges (allow 2+ or +2 and 2 or 2) (1) Accept electrons can all be dots and/or crosses Accept either ion completely correct (i.e. electrons and charge) (1) Charges can be shown outside structure, or inside against symbol
[2]

62. H
+

(a) Protons 1 3 Electrons 2 2 2

Li

1 mark per row (2) Allow (1) for correct electrons column

(b)

H is larger (0) Same number of electrons for each ion . (1) + H has only 1 proton to hold them in place, whereas Li has 3 protons to pull them in more tightly (1) nuclear charge can be used instead of protons 3 points to consider: 1 per error, or omission, from total of 2 + H has a lower proton: electron ratio than Li (1 max) + H has fewer protons than electrons, whereas Li has more protons than electrons (1 max) + 2 correct key points, but Li larger (1 max) Allow TE from (a) if, and only if protons for Li > protons for H and number of electrons are the same for each ion
+

Accept H is smaller, based on 0 for the electrons in table (i.e. + misread as H ) plus justification (1 max)
[4]

44

63.

(a)

Group 1 / alkali metals (1) (Relatively) large jump / gap / difference between Em 1 and Em2 (1) 2 mark dependent on 1
nd st st

Accept substantial drop for 1 ionisation energy from Q to R

(b)

69159000 (kJ mol ) (actual value: 7733 kJ mol ) (1) 500730 (kJ mol ) (actual value: 578 kJ mol ) (1)
1 1

(c)

Q must be a noble gas /in group 8/0, since Q and R have consecutive atomic numbers (and R is in group 1) Accept Q as it has a very high / the highest first ionisation energy NOT high ionisation energies (generally)
2+ 3+

(d)

R (g) R (g) + e( )((g)) symbols and charges (1) state symbols (1) [Mark independently] Accept R
2+

2
3+

(g) e R (g)

(e)

Outermost electron(s) for an atom of X is /are in a shell further from the nucleus / shell of higher energy than that of R. Accept answer based on better shielding from inner electrons

[8]

64.

(a)

(i)

Copper 10 1 .3d 4s Accept subscripts/ignore capitals 4s inside 3d Reject 3d 4s

(ii)

Bromide ion 10 2 6 .3d 4s 4p Accept subscript/ignore capitals 4s inside 3d Reject 4p inside 3d

45

(b)

The average mass (taking into account the abundance of each isotope) of the atoms (of that element) (1) relative to 1/12th the (mass of a) carbon 12 atom Or 12 relative to C = 12 (exactly) (1) second mark stand alone Accept weighted/mean in place of average Atoms must be mentioned at least once to score (2) Accept average mass of a mole of atoms of an element relative th 12 12 to 1/12 mole of C / relative to one mole of C = 12 (exactly) (2)

(c)

[62.93 69.17] + [64.93 30.83] (1) 100 = 63.55 (1) must be to 2 decimal places
cq only on transcription error e.g. 69.71 provided answer to 2 d.p. Accept 63.54 with some working scores (1) Correct answer alone scores (2 Answer should have no unit, but allow unit of g mol but not grams or g
1

(d) Cu

(i) C

57.5 63.5
0.906 2.01

5.40 12
0.450 1

36.2 16
2.26 5.02

0.900 1
0.900 2.00 Use of atomic number scores 0

Empirical formula Cu2CO5H2 (1) for dividing by atomic mass (1) stating empirical formula Correct answer without working scores (2)

46

(ii)

Empirical formula mass = 221 = Mr Molecular formula Cu2CO5H2 Must show use of 221 If use atomic number in (i) allow mark for Cu2CO5H and 220 Allow any formula that adds up to the correct molecular formula
65 37

(e)

(Highest = Cu + 2 Cl) = 139 (1) 63 35 (Lowest = Cu + 2 Cl) = 133 (1) Ignore units

2
[11]

65.

(a)

Energy/Enthalpy/heat change per mole for the (1) Accept required instead of change Removal of one electron (per atom) (1) From 1 mole of gaseous atoms (1) If wrong equation given with a correct definition (max 2) X(g) X (g) + e( ) can score last 2 marks
+

(b)

Increase in shielding/screening (1) Increase in nuclear charge/more protons/atomic number (1) Increase in distance (of outermost electron)/larger atomic radius OR (increase in) shielding outweighs nuclear charge (increase) (1) Accept electron at higher energy level Ignore references to: effective nuclear charge OR nuclear attraction 3

(c)

(i)

Na:Mg:Al metallic (structure) Si giant atomic (structure) P:S:Cl:Ar simple molecular All three correct 1 mark

(ii)

strong covalent bonds (1) (throughout the lattice and lots of energy) need to break many bonds (1) 2

47

(iii)

Aluminium supplies more electrons (per atom)/Al ion is more highly charged/Al ion is smaller/ Al ion has a higher charge density (1) Accept reverse for Na The (attractive) forces between the aluminium ions and the electrons are stronger/require more energy to break than in the case of sodium. (1) Reject any reference to bonding other than metallic bond/ sea of electrons/ delocalised system
[11]

66.

(i)

Electrons have opposite spin Reject a paired spin of the electrons Reject to show they repel each other Reject going in different directions Reject due to reverse spin Reject moving in opposite directions

(ii)

Start from n = 3 energy level and going upwards at least to another energy level (1) End at or just above n = energy level (1) Reject arrow into writing

(iii)

No because energy levels split into two (1) (2)s and (2)p (with the 2p higher than the 2s) (1) Accept no because there are 2s and 2p (1) Accept sublevels (1) /Subshells Reject no because increasingly hard to remove successive electrons

(iv)

1 electron in the n = 4 energy level and 8 electrons in the n = 3 energy level Accept 2,8,8,1 for potassium Accept n = 3 full, n = 4 1 electron Reject one more level of electrons Reject an extra full energy level Reject more electrons in n=3

[6]

48

67.

(a)

(i)

High energy/fast/gun electrons hit/strike OR bombarded by electrons (1) Removes/knocks out /causes loss of electron OR equation e.g. + () XX +e OR + X + e X + 2e (1) IGNORE state symbols st If knock out is mentioned, hit/strike is not required in 1 mark Any suggestion that a negative ion is produced score zero overall Reject if just forms a cation/positive ion, not sufficient for second mark

(ii)

Mass (1) Accept weight Charge (1) Accept Mass: charge ratio OR m/e OR m/z (1) Ignore the following: speed kinetic energy size/volume radius charge density density

49

(b)

1 mark (stand alone) The mass of an atom (of the isotope) (1) 2 mark (stand alone) th 12 Relative to 1/12 the mass of a C (atom) OR 12 Relative to C = 12(exactly) OR 12 On a scale where C has a mass of 12 (1) If atom missing from 1 mark it can score if mentioned in 2 Accept st 1 mark The mass of a mole of the isotope (1) 2 mark th 12 Relative to 1/12 the mass of a mole of C OR 12 On a scale where a mole of C has a mass of 12 g (1) Must mention the word mole at least once in these definitions Answer must be either consistently atoms or moles in order to be awarded both Reject average mass/weighted average/ Reject element instead of isotope
nd st nd nd

st

mark

(c)

[(49.95 4.345) + (51.94 83.79) + (52.94 9.501) + (53.94 2.364)]/100 (1) = 51.9958 = 52.00 must be to 4 SF (1) Correct answer to 4SF with no working (2) 1 Should not have units but allow g mol Allow error carried forward only on transcription error of mass or percentage Accept 51.99 scores (1) not (2) Reject 52 Reject 52.0 Reject 52.00 g

50

1s

(d) 2s

2p

3s

3p

3d

4s

2 marks for fully correct configuration 1 mark if 26 electrons with 2 in 4s but the 3d electrons shown as pairs Ignore the way the arrow heads point in the singly occupied 3d boxes. Allow half arrows or | or or any combination in any box 2
[10]

Accept vertical lines in place of arrows 1 max

68.

(a)
F ir s t io n is a t io n e n e r g y o f t h e e le m e n t s L i t o N e 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 E n e rg y 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 Li Be B C N O F Ne E le m e n ts

General increase, starting with carbon above boron (1) Dip from N to O only (1) Accept lines joining points do not need to be drawn in. Accept a very small drop from N to O 2

51

(b)

The nuclear charge/proton number increases / becomes more positive (1) The (inner shell) shielding is the same/same number of inner shell electrons/ no or little increase in shielding (1) Either Outer electron closer to nucleus /atomic radius decreases /size of atom decreases Or electrons being removed are in same shell Or Outer electrons are in same shell (1) Reject Atomic Number increasing 3

(c)

In boron the extra electron is in a p orbital /new sub-shell (1) Either Which has extra shielding (by the s orbital electrons) OR Which is at a higher energy (level than the s orbital in Be) (1) Accept reverse argument for beryllium Reject shell for sub-shell Reject answers that refer to full shell being left do not score second mark Further from the nucleus
[7]

69.

(i) (ii)

112

(188 15.2) + (189 17.4) + (190 26.4) + (192 41.0) (1) 100 = 190.3 (1)
Correct answer with no working (2) Ignore units Accept 190.34/190.342 with no working = max 1 Reject 190 Reject 190.34 Reject 190.342
[3]

70.

(a)

(i)

metallic Reject metal

(ii)

attraction between ions and delocalised electrons

is stronger in lithium (1) With reference to atoms 1 max as lithium ion is smaller / lithium ion has greater charge density/ electrons closer to nucleus (1) Accept reverse argument (b) (i) x C l x (1 ) o o o o o Cl o o o o o o o o o 2

o X

o o

(1 ) Accept all dots and crosses Accept charges next to element symbols Reject correct electronic structure but wrong or no charges max 1 Reject covalent structures = 0 (ii) Electrons are promoted (to higher energy level). (1) Then they fall back to lower levels (they emit light of particular wavelength). (1) (iii) strontium / calcium Accept rubidium

2 1
[8]

71.

B
[1]

53

72.

C
[1]

73.

D
[1]

74.

B
[1]

75.

(a) (b) (c)

A B D

1 1 1
[3]

76.

(a)

A Cu(g) + B Cu (g) C 2Br(g) 2 marks for all correct but max 1 if state symbols wrong/ missing 1 mark for 2 correct D Hf
()

/ (standard) enthalpy (change) of formation (of CuBr2) (1)

(b)

Hf = Ha(Cu) + Em1(Cu) + Em2(Cu) + 2 Ha(1/2 Br2) + 2 Eaff(Br) + Hlatt OR Lattice energy = D(other enthalpy changes) (1) Can be shown using the numbers = 141.8 (338.3 + 746 + 1958 + 2 111.9 + 2 342.6) = 141.8 2580.9 1 = 2722.7 = 2723 (kJ mol ) (2) max 1 if no multiples of 2 for Br max 2 (out of 3) if positive sign 3

(c)

(i)

QWC Not 100 % ionic/ has some covalent character Reject answers where it is not clear that bonding has some intermediate character, but not entirely ionic or covalent 1

54

(ii)

Non-spherical bromide / negative ion with bulge towards copper / positive ion (1)

1
[8]

55