Scribd
Upload
51 views27 pages

Chap 3.1

This document provides an overview of nodal analysis techniques for circuit analysis. It begins with an introduction to nodal analysis and defining nodes. It then presents the steps of nodal analysis, which include selecting a reference node, writing KCL equations at each node, and solving the equations. Several examples are worked through, including examples using supernodes to handle circuits with voltage sources between nodes. The document also discusses dependent sources and provides exercises for readers to practice applying nodal analysis.

Uploaded by

Muhd Rzwan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
51 views27 pages

Chap 3.1

This document provides an overview of nodal analysis techniques for circuit analysis. It begins with an introduction to nodal analysis and defining nodes. It then presents the steps of nodal analysis, which include selecting a reference node, writing KCL equations at each node, and solving the equations. Several examples are worked through, including examples using supernodes to handle circuits with voltage sources between nodes. The document also discusses dependent sources and provides exercises for readers to practice applying nodal analysis.

Uploaded by

Muhd Rzwan
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 27

Chapter 3.

1
Methods of analysis in circuit
Topic & Structure of the lesson

Nodal analysis
Application of super-node in nodal analysis
Mesh analysis
Application of super-mesh in mesh analysis

The story so far
3
Fundamental Electrical Quantities
Current
Voltage
Power
Electrical Circuit Elements
Resistors
Voltage
Sources
Current
Sources
Circuits!
KVL
KCL
What now?
More advanced circuit analysis!
Nodal Analysis
Extension of KCL concepts
Loop Analysis
Extension of KVL concepts
Thevenin / Norton equivalent circuits
Ways to make complex circuits simple
Supernode, supermesh, superposition..!
4
NODAL ANALYSIS
Nodal Analysis of electronic circuits is based on
assigning Nodal voltages at various nodes of the
circuit with respect to a reference and then
finding these nodal voltages to analyze the
circuit.
As shown in Figure, a node
is a point in a circuit where
two or more wires meet. At
these nodes one can assign
a nodal voltage with respect
to the reference ground
shown.
NODAL ANALYSIS
Step 1
Select one of the n
e
essential node as the
reference node.

The circuit below consists of how Many essential node?
3n
e
NODAL ANALYSIS
Step 2
List n
e
-1 3-1=2 equations by KCL then Solve them:
Note: To Apply Kirchoffs Current Law (KCL) at each node, it is
important to note that we will consider current move from
high potential to lower potential.
NODAL ANALYSIS
Step 2 (cont.)
Now Apply Ohms Law to defined the current based
on the nodal voltage
NODAL ANALYSIS
Step 2(cont.)
Solve for node 1:
The direction of current were
chosen with an understanding that
the source voltage is driving current
towards the ground.
NODAL ANALYSIS
Step 2(cont.)
Solve for node 2:
The two couple equation can be
solve by substitution or matrix
approach. In matrix formula:
Given the following circuit. Set-up the equations
to solve for V
1
and V
2
. Also solve for the voltage V
6
.
R
2 R
3
R
1
R
4
R
5
R
6
I
1
v
1
v
2
+
_
v
6
- -
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 1
R
2 R
3
R
1
R
4
R
5
R
6
I
1
v
1
v
2
+
_
v
6
- -
0
6 5
2
4
2
3
1 2
1
3
2 1
2 1
1
=
+
+ +

+
+
R R
V
R
V
R
V V
I
R
V V
R R
V
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 1 (cont.)
0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
2
6 5 4 3
1
3
1 2
3
1
3 2 1
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ + +
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
V
R R R R
V
R
I V
R
V
R R R
v
1
v
2
10 O
5 O
20 O
4 A
2 A
- -
Find V
1
and V
2.

At v
1
:
2
5 10
2 1 1
=

+
V V V
At v
2
:
6
20 5
2 1 2
= +
V V V
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 2
Equation 1
Equation 2
From Equation 1:
V
1
+ 2V
1
2V
2
= 20
or
3V
1
2V
2
= 20
From Equation 2:
4V
2
4V
1
+ V
2
= -120
or
-4V
1
+ 5V
2
= -120
Solution: V
1
= -20 V, V
2
= -40 V
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 2 (cont.)
R
1
R
3
I
v
2
v
1
+
_
R
2
R
4
E
At V
1
:
I
R
V V
R
V
R
E V
=

+ +

3
2 1
2
1
1
1
At V
2
:
I
R
V V
R
V
=

+
3
1
2
4
2
Equation 1
Equation 2
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 3 with voltage source
Collecting terms in Equations 1 and 2 gives
1
2
3
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
1
R
E
I V
R
V
R R R
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
I
V
R R
V
R
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|

2
4
1
3
1
1
2
1
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 3 with voltage source
v
2
v
1
6 O
4 O
10 O
5 A
+
_
10 V
- -
What do we do first?
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 4
v
2
v
1
6 O
4 O
10 O
5 A
+
_
10 V
- -
At v
1
:
5
4
2
10
1
10
1
=
+
+
V V V
At v
2
:
0
4
1
10
2
6
2
=

+
V V V
Equation 1
Equation 2
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 4 (cont.)
Clearing Equation 1
4V
1
+ 10V
1
+ 100 10V
2
= -200
or
14V
1
10V
2
= -300
Clearing Equation 2
4V
2
+ 6V
2
60 6V
1
= 0
or
-6V
1
+ 10V
2
= 60
V
1
= -30 V, V
2
= -12 V, I
1
= -2 A
NODAL ANALYSIS
Example 4 (cont.)
Given the following circuit. Solve for the indicated nodal voltages.
+
_
6 A
5 O
4 O
2 O
10 O
v
1
v
2
v
3
10 V
x
x
x
x
When a voltage source appears between two nodes, an easy way to
handle this is to form a super node. The super node encircles the
voltage source and the tips of the branches connected to the nodes.
super node
NODAL ANALYSIS
Super node
+
_
6 A
5 O
4 O
2 O
10 O
v
1
v
2
v
3
10 V
At V
1

6
2 5
3 1 2 1
=

+
V V V V
At supernode
0
2
1 3
10
3
4
2
5
1 2
=

+ + +
V V V V V V
Constraint Equation
V
2
V
3
= -10 Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
NODAL ANALYSIS
Super node
7V
1
2V
2
5V
3
= 60
-14V
1
+ 9V
2
+ 12V
3
= 0
Solving 3 eq gives:
V
1
= 30 V, V
2
= 14.29 V, V
3
= 24.29 V
Consider the circuit below. We desire to solve for the node voltages
V
1
and V
2
.
10 O
2 O
4 O
5 O
2 A
+
_
10 V
5V
x
- -
v
1 v
2
V
x
+
_
In this case we have a dependent source, 5V
x
, that must be reckoned
with. Actually, there is a constraint equation of
0
1 2
= V V V
x
NODAL ANALYSIS
Super node
10 O
2 O
4 O
5 O
2 A
+
_
10 V
5V
x
- -
v
1 v
2
V
x
+
_
At node V
1

2
2 5 10
10
2 1 1 1
=

+ +
V V V V
At node V
2

2
4
5
2
2 1 2
=

x
V V V V
The constraint equation:
2 1
V V V
x
=
NODAL ANALYSIS
Super node
Solving 3 equation gives:



Which yield:
V V V V 03 . 5 , 9 . 6
2 1
= =
8 8 7
30 5 8
2 1
2 1
= +
=
V V
V V
NODAL ANALYSIS
Exercise 1
Given the following circuit. Solve for the indicated nodal voltages.
NODAL ANALYSIS
Exercise 2
Given the following circuit. Find Vo using Nodal Analysis.
Vo=4V
NODAL ANALYSIS
Exercise 2
Given the following circuit. Find Ix using Nodal Analysis.
Vo=4/3 mA


To Be Continue
Q & A??

You might also like